:List of Internet top-level domains
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Multiple issue|
{{Update|date=May 2021}}
{{MOS|date=December 2024}}
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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.{{cite web|title=IANA — Root Zone Database|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|website=iana.org|access-date=31 May 2020}} IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021, the IANA Root Zone Database listed 1,502 top-level domains, including active, reserved, retired, and special-use domains.[https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db Root Zone Database]. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved April 1, 2021. By March 31, 2025, the number of actively delegated top-level domains had decreased to 1,264, reflecting removals, retirements, and changes in the root zone database.[https://www.dnib.com/articles/the-domain-name-industry-brief-q1-2025 The Domain Name Industry Brief, Q1 2025]. Domain Name Industry Brief. Retrieved May 27, 2025.{{cite web|title=IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format|url=https://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=Iana.org}}{{cite web|title=Daily TLD DNSSEC Report|url=http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/|website=icann.org|publisher=ICANN|access-date=31 May 2020|date=31 May 2020|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325014841/http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/|url-status=dead}} {{As of|2021|3}}, the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains. Those are not represented in IANA's listing and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).{{cite web|title=Root Zone file|url=https://www.internic.net/domain/root.zone|access-date=20 June 2020}}
{{TOC limit|2}}
{{clear}}
Types
{{main|Top-level domain#Types}}
IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/|title=IANA root zone database|publisher=Iana.org|access-date=10 November 2015}}
- infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
- generic top-level domains (gTLD)
- generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
- sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
- country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
- test top-level domains (tTLD)
Original top-level domains
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, prior to predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.
- Name: DNS names
- Entity: intended use
- Administrator: managers
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
! Name ! Entity ! Administrator{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|title=Root Zone Database|publisher=iana.org|access-date=21 October 2014}} ! Notes ! IDN ! DNSSEC ! SLD ! IPv6 | |||||||
| valign="top"
| .com | commercial | Verisign
| This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,{{cite book|author1=((National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications))|author2=National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board|author1-link=National Research Council (United States) |title=Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation|date=7 August 2005|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-09640-9|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11258/chapter/1|language=en}} to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| .org | organization | Public Interest Registry | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."{{Ref RFC|920}}{{Ref RFC|1591}} While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .net | network | Verisign
| This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."{{Ref RFC|1591}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| .int | international | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .edu | education | Educause (via Verisign) | The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .gov | U.S. national and state government agencies | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) | The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .mil | U.S. military | United States Department of Defense | The .mil TLD is restricted to departments, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
Infrastructure top-level domains
| class="wikitable" | ||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
! Infrastructure !! Entity !! Notes!! IDN !! DNSSEC | ||||
| .arpa | "Address and Routing Parameter Area" | Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. | {{no}} | {{yes}} |
Country code top-level domains
{{Main|Country code top level domain#Lists}}
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. {{As of|June 2022}}, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.
=Proposed internationalized cTLDs=
{{anchor|ICANN}} ICANN-era generic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Target market: intended use
- Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
- Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
=English=
{{main|List of English-language generic Internet top-level domains}}
= Chinese =
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Chinese term !Translation !class="unsortable"|Restrictions !Operator !IDN | ||||||
| valign="top"
| .ren | 人 rén | "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin | Restricted TLD{{cite web|url=http://domainnamewire.com/2014/09/08/new-tlds-dot-london-global/|title=New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more|work=Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012053445/http://domainnamewire.com/2014/09/08/new-tlds-dot-london-global/|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=dead}} | (Cancelled){{cite web|url=http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146285/n1146352/n3054355/n3057709/n3057714/c7563200/content.html|title=关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示|date=9 December 2019|access-date=9 December 2019|language=zh}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| valign=top
| .shouji | 手机 shǒujī | mobile phone | {{sdash}} | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
| | | ||
| valign=top
| .tushu | 图书 túshū | books | {{sdash}} | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
| | | ||
| valign=top
| .wanggou | 网购 wǎnggòu | online shopping | {{sdash}} | Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
| | | ||
| valign=top
| 微博 wēibó | microblogging | {{sdash}} | Sina Corporation
| | | ||
| valign=top
| .xihuan | 喜欢 xǐhuān | like | {{sdash}} | QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
| | | ||
| valign=top
| .xin | 信 xìn | credit; honest | {{sdash}} | Alibaba Group
| | |
= French =
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Translation !class="unsortable"|Restrictions !Operator !IDN | |||||
| valign=top
| .arte | "ARTE means Association relating to European television" | {{sdash}} | Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. | {{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|title=IANA Root Zone Database|publisher=Iana.org|access-date=25 July 2018}} | |
| valign=top
| .clinique | "clinic or hospital"
| — | The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. | |||
| valign="top"
| .luxe | "luxury"
| — | Minds + Machines | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| .maison | "house" | {{sdash}} | Identity DigitalOperating as Victor Frostbite, LLC | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign=top
| .moi | "me"
| — | Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | |||
| valign="top"
| .rsvp | Invitations and replies | {{sdash}} | Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [http://www.google.com/registry/faqs.html]. | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .sarl | Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company | {{sdash}} | Identity DigitalOperating as Delta Orchard, LLC | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
= German =
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Translation !class="unsortable"|Restrictions !Operator !IDN | |||||
| valign=top
| .epost | {{sdash}} | Deutsche Post AG | |||
| valign=top
| .gmbh | GmbH | Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| .haus | "house" | {{sdash}} | Identity DigitalDomain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group. | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .immobilien | "real estate" | {{sdash}} | Identity Digital | {{yes}}{{cite web|title=IANA — Repository of IDN Practices|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables|website=iana.org|access-date=22 September 2014}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .jetzt | "now" | {{sdash}} | Identity Digital | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .kaufen | "buy" | {{sdash}} | Identity Digital | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign=top
| .kinder | "children" | restricted .brand TLD | Ferrero Trading Lux S.A. | ||
| valign="top"
| .reise | "travel" | Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.§5, [https://www.laseoexperts.com/reise-domain-registration-policy/ Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220142259/https://www.laseoexperts.com/reise-domain-registration-policy/ |date=20 February 2020 }}, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014. | Identity Digital | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .reisen | "traveling" | {{sdash}} | Identity DigitalOperating as New Cypress, LLC | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .schule | "school" | {{sdash}} | Identity DigitalOperating as Outer Moon, LLC | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .versicherung | "insurance" | {{sdash}} | {{yes|Latin script}} | {{yes}} |
= Hindi =
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Translation !class="unsortable"|Restrictions !Operator !IDN | |||||
| valign="top"
| .desi | देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia See also Desi | {{sdash}} | Desi Networks | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .shiksha | शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education". | {{sdash}} | Identity Digital | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
= Italian =
= Portuguese =
= Spanish =
Internationalized generic top-level domains
All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.
- Notes: general remarks and intended use
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
=[[Arabic script]]=
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!class="unsortable"|DNS Name !IDN !Language !Script !Transliteration !English Translation !class="unsortable"|Notes | |||||||
| valign="top"
| {{nowrap|xn--4gbrim}}{{cite web|title=Delegated Strings|url=http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=Newgtlds.icann.org}} | dir="auto" | .موقع | Arabic | Arabic | mawqiʿ | "site" or "location" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .كوم | Arabic | kūm | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl | ||
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .موبايلي | Arabic | mūbāylī | Mobily | Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L. | ||
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .كاثوليك | Arabic | kāthūlīk | Catholic | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication) | ||
| valign="top" | dir="auto" | .شبكة | Arabic | Arabic | shabaka | "network" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .بيتك | Arabic | baytak | your home | Owned by: Kuwait Finance House | ||
| valign="top" | dir="auto" | .بازار | Persian | Arabic | bâzâr | "market", "bazaar" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
=[[Chinese characters]]=
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!class="unsortable"|DNS Name !IDN !Language !Script !Transliteration !English Translation !class="unsortable"|Notes | |||||||
| valign="top" | .在线 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | zàixiàn | "online" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.{{cite web|url=http://domainnamewire.com/2014/03/19/chinese-government-buys-20000-new-idn-domain-names/|title=Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names|work=Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views|date=19 March 2014|access-date=21 October 2014}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .中文网 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | Zhōngwén wǎng | "(written) Chinese (language) network" | Open TLD. The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities. | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .网址 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhǐ | "network address" or "website" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .网站 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngzhàn | "website" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .网络 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǎngluò | "network" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .公司 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | gōngsī | "business organization" or "company" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .商城 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | shāngchéng | "mall" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .机构 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jīgòu | "agency" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .我爱你 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | wǒ ài nǐ | "I love you" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .商标 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | shāngbiāo | "trademark" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .世界 | Chinese and Japanese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) | shìjiè sekai | "world" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .集团 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | jítuán | "conglomerate" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .慈善 | Chinese and Japanese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai) | císhàn jizen | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .八卦 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | bāguà | "gossip" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .公益 | Chinese and Japanese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) | gōngyì kōeki | "philanthropy" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .购物 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | gòuwù | "shopping" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .手机 | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | shǒujī | "cell phone" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .政府 | Hani Chinese | Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) | zhèngfǔ | "public affairs | Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions{{cite web|url=https://icannwiki.org/.%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C|title=.政府 - ICANNWiki|access-date=17 September 2023}} | {{yes}} |
=[[Cyrillic script]]=
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!class="unsortable"|DNS Name !IDN !Language !Script !Transliteration !English Translation !class="unsortable"|Notes | |||||||
| valign="top" | .дети | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | dyeti | "kids" or "children" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign=top | .католик | Cyrillic | Katolik | "сatholic" (as noun) | Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications) | ||
| valign="top" | .ком | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | kom | "com" | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl | |
| valign="top" | .онлайн | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | onlain | "online" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .орг | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | org | "org" or "organization" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .сайт | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | sait | "site" | Open TLD | {{yes}} |
= [[Japanese writing system|Japanese characters]] =
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||
| DNS Name
!IDN !Language !Script !Transliteration !English Translation !Notes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| valign="top" | .みんな | Japanese | Hiragana | minna | everyone | Open TLD{{cite web|title=Google Registry – Google|url=http://www.google.com/registry/|access-date=21 October 2014}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | .セール | Japanese | Katakana | sēru | sale | Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc. | |
| valign="top" | .ファッション | Japanese | Katakana | fasshon | fashion | ||
| valign="top" | .ストア | Japanese | Katakana | sutoa | store | ||
| valign="top" | .ポイント | Japanese | Katakana | pointo | point | ||
| valign="top" | .クラウド | Japanese | Katakana | kuraudo | cloud | ||
| valign="top" | .コム | Japanese | Katakana | komu | com | Owned by: VeriSign Sarl |
=Other script=
Geographic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: Target geographic area
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
= Africa =
= Asia =
= Europe =
| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Geographic TLDs in France | ||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Entity ! class="unsortable" |Notes !IDN | ||||
| valign="top"
| .alsace | {{flag|Alsace}} | "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."{{cite web | url=https://www.mondomaine.alsace/en/#arguments | title=Book your extension .alsace }} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| .bzh
|{{flag|Brittany}}; Breton language and culture |Breizh in Breton.{{cite web|url=https://www.pik.bzh/|title=.BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne|website=.BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne}} This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture | {{yes|French}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .cat
|{{flag|Catalonia}}; Catalan language and culture |This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.{{in lang|ca}} [http://fundacio.cat/ca/domini Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat]. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014. | {{yes|Catalan}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .corsica
|{{flag|Corsica}} |TLD Related to Corsican Culture | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .eus
|{{Flagdeco|Basque Country}} Basque, Spain and France |Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.{{cite web|title=.eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten|url=http://nic.eus/|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=Nic.eus}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .paris
|{{flag|Paris}} |"Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"{{Cite web |title=.paris Registration Policy |url=https://cdn.paris.fr/paris/2021/09/01/d99971a614c63c3c97e99e4976154ccd.pdf |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=cdn.paris.fr}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Geographic TLDs in Spain !Name !Entity !Notes !IDN | ||||
| valign="top"
| .bcn | rowspan="2" | {{Flag|Barcelona}} | {{yes}} | ||
| valign="top" | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .cat
|{{flag|Catalonia}}; Catalan language and culture |This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.{{in lang|ca}} [http://fundacio.cat/ca/domini Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat]. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014. | {{yes|Catalan}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .eus
|{{Flagdeco|Basque Country}} Basque, Spain and France |Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically. | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .gal
|{{flag|Galicia}} |This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.{{cite web|title=Dominio .gal|url=http://www.dominio.gal|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=Dominio.gal}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .madrid
|{{flag|Madrid}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Geographic TLDs in Germany !Name !Entity !Notes !IDN | ||||
| valign="top"
| .bayern | {{flag|Bavaria}} | {{cite web|url=https://nic.bayern/|title=Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau|website=nic.bayern}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .berlin | {{flag|Berlin}} | Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.{{in lang|de}} [http://nic.berlin berlin Top-Level-Domain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218062716/http://nic.berlin/|date=18 December 2014}}. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014. | {{yes|Latin and Cyrillic scripts}} | {{yes}} |
| .cologne
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Cologne}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .koeln | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .hamburg
|{{flag|Hamburg}} | | {{yes|Latin script}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .nrw
|{{flag|North Rhine-Westphalia}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .ruhr
|Ruhr | {{yes|German}} | {{yes}} | ||
| .saarland
|{{flag|Saarland}} |{{cite web|title=dotSaarland GmbH|url=http://nic.saarland/|access-date=28 October 2014}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
= North America =
= Oceania =
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Entity !class="unsortable"|Notes !IDN | ||||
| valign="top"
| .kiwi | {{flagicon|New Zealand}} New Zealanders | {{cite web|url=https://www.hello.kiwi/why-dotkiwi|title=Why .kiwi?|publisher=Hello.kiwi|access-date=21 October 2014}} | {{yes|Latin script}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | {{flag|Melbourne}}, Australia | {{cite web|url=http://nic.melbourne/|title=nic.melbourne - Home page|author=Twenty4|work=nic.melbourne|access-date=21 October 2014}} | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top"
| .sydney | {{flag|Sydney}}, Australia | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/sydney.html IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data], IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014. | {{unknown}} | {{yes}} |
= South America =
Internationalized geographic top-level domains
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!DNS name !Display name !Entity !Language !Script !Transliteration !class="unsortable" |Notes !Other TLD !IDN | |||||||||
| valign="top" | dir="auto" | .佛山 | Foshan, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | fat{{sup|6}} saan{{sup|1}} | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/{{nowrap|xn--1qqw23a}}.html IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data], IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014. | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | |
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .广东 | Guangdong, China | Chinese | Chinese (Simplified) | gwong{{sup|2}} dung{{sup|1}} | ||||
| valign="top" | dir="auto" | {{interlanguage link|.москва|ru|.МОСКВА_и_.MOSCOW}} | Moscow, Russia | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | moskva | {{cite web|url=http://nic.москва/|title=О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development}} | .moscow | {{yes|Russian}} | {{yes}} |
| valign="top" | dir="auto" | .рус | Russian language, post-Soviet states | Russian | Cyrillic (Russian) | rus | .su | |||
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .ابوظبي | Abu Dhabi | Arabic | Arabic | Abū Ẓabī | .abudhabi | |||
| valign=top | dir="auto" | .عرب | Arab | Arabic | Arabic | ‘Arab |
Brand and corporate top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Entity: company and/or brand
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
Internationalized brand top-level domains
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||||||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!DNS name !! IDN TLD !! Entity !! Script !! Transliteration !! Comments !! DNSSEC | ||||||
| xn--jlq480n2rg
|.亚马逊 |Chinese (Simplified) |Yàmǎxùn | {{yes}} | ||||||
| xn--cckwcxetd
|.アマゾン |Katakana |amazon |{{yes}} | ||||||
| valign=top
| xn--mgba3a3ejt | .ارامكو | Aramco Services Company | Arabic | |||
| valign=top
| xn--mgbaakc7dvf | .اتصالات | Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) | Arabic | |||
| valign=top
| xn--8y0a063a | .联通 | China United Network Communications Corporation Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Liántōng | ||
| valign="top"
| xn--6frz82g | .移动 | China Mobile Communications Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Yídòng | ||
| valign="top"
| xn--fiq64b | .中信 | CITIC Group | Chinese | zhōngxìn | {{cite web|title=Nic.中信|url=http://www.nic.xn--fiq64b|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306204218/http://www.nic.xn--fiq64b/|archive-date=6 March 2015|access-date=21 October 2014|publisher=nic.中信}} | {{yes}} |
| valign=top
| xn--5su34j936bgsg | .香格里拉 | Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited | Chinese | Xiānggélǐlā | ||
| valign=top
| xn--b4w605ferd | .淡马锡 | Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited | Chinese (Simplified) | Dànmǎxī | ||
| valign=top
| xn--3oq18vl8pn36a | .大众汽车 | Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. | Chinese (Simplified) | Dàzhòngqìchē | ||
| valign="top"
| xn--vermgensberater-ctb | .vermögensberater | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vermgensberater-ctb.html IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data]. Accessed on line 1 December 2014. | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| xn--vermgensberatung-pwb | .vermögensberatung | Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft | Latin | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--vermgensberatung-pwb.html IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data]. Accessed on line 1 December 2014. | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
|white-space:nobreak| xn--qcka1pmc | .グーグル | Katakana | gūguru | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--qcka1pmc.html IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data]. Accessed on line 24 November 2014. | {{yes}} | |
| valign="top"
| xn--flw351e | .谷歌 | Chinese | gǔgē | [https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/xn--flw351e.html IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data]. Accessed on line 24 November 2014. | {{yes}} | |
| valign=top
| xn--estv75g | .工行 | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited | Chinese | Gōngháng | ||
| valign=top
| xn--w4rs40l | .嘉里 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐ | ||
| valign=top
| xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra | .嘉里大酒店 | Kerry Trading Co. Limited | Chinese | Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn | ||
| valign=top
| xn--kcrx77d1x4a | .飞利浦 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Chinese (Simplified) | Fēilìpǔ | ||
| valign=top
| xn--jlq61u9w7b | .诺基亚 | Nokia Corporation | Chinese (Simplified) | Nuòjīyà | {{cite web|access-date=7 December 2022|title=DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/xn--jlq61u9w7b/Y4_Aog/dnssec/|website=dnsviz.net}} | |
| valign=top
| xn--fzys8d69uvgm | .電訊盈科 | PCCW Enterprises Limited | Chinese (Traditional) | din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 | ||
| valign="top"
| xn--cg4bki | .삼성 | Samsung | Hangul | samseong | {{cite web|title=WHOIS 서비스란?|url=http://whois.nic.xn--cg4bki/|access-date=21 October 2014|website=Whois.nic}} | {{yes}} |
Special-use domains
ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/special-use-domain-names/special-use-domain-names.xhtml |title=Special-use domain names |publisher=Iana.org |access-date=8 January 2018}}
| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Entity !class="unsortable"|Notes !IDN | |||
| valign="top"
| .example | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example. (example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) | {{unknown}} | ||
| valign="top" | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. | {{unknown}} | |
| valign="top"
| .invalid | Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. | {{unknown}} | |
| valign="top"
| .local | Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).{{Cite IETF |rfc = 6762 |title = Multicast DNS |publisher = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)}} | {{unknown}} | |
| valign="top"
| .onion | Connection to the Tor network. | {{unknown}} | |
| valign="top"
| .test | Meant for testing DNS software. | {{unknown}} |
Non-IANA domains
Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.
=[[Internet Engineering Task Force]] proposals for local TLDs=
The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.
=Blockchain-registered=
Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.{{Cite book |last=Werbach |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHp8DwAAQBAJ&dq=blockchain+human-readable+references+to+smart+contract+addresses&pg=PA213 |title=The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust |date=2018-12-11 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-34978-9 |language=en}} Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them
| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Notes | |
| {{N/A|N/A}}
|Handshake |Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.{{cite web|title=A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/07/844900/handshake-network-dns-live/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en}} | |
| valign="top"
| .eth | Ethereum
|Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,{{cite web|title=The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-gold-rush-is-on-for-ethereum-domain-names/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Vice.com|date=11 May 2017 |language=en}} though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made. |
| valign="top"
| .crypto | Ethereum
|.crypto aims to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the TLD is the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domain as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.{{cite web|last=Francisco|first=Kieren McCarthy in San|title=Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto|url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/03/31/opera_android_dot_crypto/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.theregister.com|language=en}} |
| valign="top"
| .bit | Namecoin
|Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.{{cite web|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|title=OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/opennic-drops-support-for-bit-domain-names-after-rampant-malware-abuse/|access-date=2021-08-02|website=ZDNet|language=en}} |
=Alternate roots=
In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.
| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!Name !Root !Notes | |
| {{N/A|N/A}}
|Handshake |The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here. | |
| valign="top"
| .bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate | OpenNIC
| |
| valign="top"
| .fur | FurNIC
| |
| valign="top"
| .lib .coin .emc .bazar | Emercoin
| |
| valign="top"
| .ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm | New Nations
| |
See also
- Top-level domain
- Country code top-level domain
- Generic top-level domain
- IDN Test TLDs
- ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, the standard for two-letter country codes, which most ccTLDs are based on
- Proposed top-level domain
- Second-level domain, information about .co.jp, .co.uk, .co.kr, .co.nf, etc.
- Public Suffix List
Explanatory notes
{{reflist|group=n}}
=Internet Domain Notes=
{{reflist|group=ID}}
Citations
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
External links
- [https://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format]
- [https://dnib.com Verisign's "Domain Name Industry Brief" site, with reports and dashboards]
- [https://publicsuffix.org The Public Suffix List / PSL – Maintained by Mozilla]
- [https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/registries/registries-agreements-en Registry Agreements] at ICANN
- [https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/gtld-registry-agreement-termination-2015-10-09-en Registry Agreement Termination Info Page] at ICANN
- [https://domain.ahmetcadirci.com/ Domain Uzantıları]
{{Generic top-level domains}}
Category:International telecommunications
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