April–June 2021 in science#June
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This article lists a number of significant events in science that have occurred in the second quarter of 2021.
Events
=April=
File:Science Summary for April 2021.webm
File:Brazilian Amazon.jpg is an origin of neotropical rainforests like the Amazonia and replaced its species composition.]]
- 2 April – Scientists report that the event that caused the mass-extinction of dinosaurs gave rise to neotropical rainforest biomes like the Amazonia, replacing species composition and structure of local forests. During ~6 million years of recovery to former levels of plant diversity, they evolved from widely spaced gymnosperm-dominated forests to the forests with thick canopies which block sunlight, prevalent flowering plants and high vertical layering as known today.{{cite news |title=Dinosaur-killing asteroid strike gave rise to Amazon rainforest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56617409 |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=Mónica R. |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Carlos |last3=Parra |first3=Felipe de la |last4=Caballero-Rodríguez |first4=Dayenari |last5=Herrera |first5=Fabiany |last6=Wing |first6=Scott |last7=Turner |first7=Benjamin L. |last8=D'Apolito |first8=Carlos |last9=Romero-Báez |first9=Millerlandy |last10=Narváez |first10=Paula |last11=Martínez |first11=Camila |last12=Gutierrez |first12=Mauricio |last13=Labandeira |first13=Conrad |last14=Bayona |first14=German |last15=Rueda |first15=Milton |last16=Paez-Reyes |first16=Manuel |last17=Cárdenas |first17=Dairon |last18=Duque |first18=Álvaro |last19=Crowley |first19=James L. |last20=Santos |first20=Carlos |last21=Silvestro |first21=Daniele |title=Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests |journal=Science |date=2 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6537 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1126/science.abf1969 |pmid=33795451 |bibcode=2021Sci...372...63C |s2cid=232484243 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350569900 |access-date=9 May 2021|issn=0036-8075}}
File:Hut 8 Medicine Hat box 1.jpg within China are about to exceed the total annual carbon emissions of countries like Italy (within an estimated ~3 years).]]
- 6 April
- A study finds that carbon emissions from Bitcoin mining in China – where a majority of the proof-of-work algorithm that generates current economic value is computed, largely fueled by nonrenewable sources – have accelerated rapidly, would soon exceed total annual emissions of European countries like Italy and Spain in 2016 and interfere with climate change mitigation commitments.{{cite news |last1=Lu |first1=Donna |title=Bitcoin mining emissions in China will hit 130 million tonnes by 2024 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2273672-bitcoin-mining-emissions-in-china-will-hit-130-million-tonnes-by-2024/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=New Scientist}}{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Shangrong |last2=Li |first2=Yuze |last3=Lu |first3=Quanying |last4=Hong |first4=Yongmiao |last5=Guan |first5=Dabo |last6=Xiong |first6=Yu |last7=Wang |first7=Shouyang |title=Policy assessments for the carbon emission flows and sustainability of Bitcoin blockchain operation in China |journal=Nature Communications |date=6 April 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1938 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22256-3 |pmid=33824331 |pmc=8024295 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1938J|issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}
- COVID-19 pandemic: Scientists report the "estimated incidence of a neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the following 6 months" after diagnosed COVID-19 infection was 33.62% with 12.84% "receiving their first such diagnosis" and higher risks being associated with COVID-19 severity.{{cite news |title=The early results are in: Two-thirds of Australia's severe COVID sufferers are in for the long haul |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2021-05-10/covid-19-what-we-know-about-the-long-term-impacts-on-body-mind/100113934 |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=www.abc.net.au |date=9 May 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Taquet |first1=Maxime |last2=Geddes |first2=John R. |last3=Husain |first3=Masud |last4=Luciano |first4=Sierra |last5=Harrison |first5=Paul J. |title=6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |date=1 May 2021 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=416–427 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5 |pmid=33836148 |pmc=8023694|issn=2215-0366|doi-access=free }}
File:Eco-sustainable 3D printed house "Tecla".jpg from clay, Tecla, is completed.]]
- 7 April
- Physicists report that results from muon g-2 studies involving the muon subatomic particle challenge the Standard Model and, accordingly, may require an updating of currently understood physics.{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Finding From Particle Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics - It's not the next Higgs boson — yet. But the best explanation, physicists say, involves forms of matter and energy not currently known to science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/science/particle-physics-muon-fermilab-brookhaven.html |date=7 April 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=7 April 2021 }}{{cite news |last=Marc |first=Tracy |title=First results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment strengthen evidence of new physics |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2021/04/first-results-from-fermilabs-muon-g-2-experiment-strengthen-evidence-of-new-physics/ |date=April 7, 2021 |work=Fermilab |accessdate=April 7, 2021 }}{{cite journal |author=B. Abi, T. Albahri |title=Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2021-04-07 |volume=126 |issue=14 |pages=141801 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.141801 |pmid=33891447 |arxiv=2104.03281 |bibcode=2021PhRvL.126n1801A |s2cid=233169085 }}
- NOAA reports the largest annual increase in methane emissions since records began, with a rise of 14.7 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020.{{cite news |title=Despite pandemic shutdowns, carbon dioxide and methane surged in 2020 |url=https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2742/Despite-pandemic-shutdowns-carbon-dioxide-and-methane-surged-in-2020 |date=April 7, 2021 |work=NOAA |accessdate=April 10, 2021 }}
- A study finds that humans engaged in problem-solving tend to overlook subtractive changes, including those that are critical elements of efficient solutions. This tendency to solve by creating or adding elements is shown to intensify with higher cognitive loads in the case of individuals.{{cite news |title=People add by default even when subtraction makes more sense |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/psychology-numbers-people-add-default-subtract-better |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=Science News |date=7 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Gabrielle S. |last2=Converse |first2=Benjamin A. |last3=Hales |first3=Andrew H. |last4=Klotz |first4=Leidy E. |title=People systematically overlook subtractive changes |journal=Nature |date=April 2021 |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=258–261 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03380-y |pmid=33828317 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..258A |s2cid=233185662 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03380-y |access-date=10 May 2021|issn=1476-4687}}
- Scientists report one of the two oldest known reconstructed modern human genomes to date (~45.000 ya) which was found in Koněprusy Caves, Czech Republic, includes long Neanderthal segments and considered to be close to a population that later branched to present-day Europeans and Asians.{{cite news |title=Neanderthal ancestry identifies oldest modern human genome |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-04-neanderthal-ancestry-oldest-modern-human.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=phys.org}}{{cite journal |last1=Prüfer |first1=Kay |last2=Posth |first2=Cosimo |last3=Yu |first3=He |last4=Stoessel |first4=Alexander |last5=Spyrou |first5=Maria A. |last6=Deviese |first6=Thibaut |last7=Mattonai |first7=Marco |last8=Ribechini |first8=Erika |last9=Higham |first9=Thomas |last10=Velemínský |first10=Petr |last11=Brůžek |first11=Jaroslav |last12=Krause |first12=Johannes |title=A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=7 April 2021 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=820–825 |doi=10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x |pmid=33828249 |pmc=8175239|issn=2397-334X|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021NatEE...5..820P }}
- Scientists confirm, with new genomic data, that initial European modern humans mixed with Neanderthals with continuity to later people in Eurasia and report that such admixture appears to have been more common than previously thought.{{cite news |title=Europe's oldest known humans mated with Neandertals surprisingly often |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/europe-oldest-known-humans-mated-neandertals-dna-fossils |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=Science News |date=7 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Hajdinjak |first1=Mateja |last2=Mafessoni |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Skov |first3=Laurits |last4=Vernot |first4=Benjamin |last5=Hübner |first5=Alexander |last6=Fu |first6=Qiaomei |last7=Essel |first7=Elena |last8=Nagel |first8=Sarah |last9=Nickel |first9=Birgit |last10=Richter |first10=Julia |last11=Moldovan |first11=Oana Teodora |last12=Constantin |first12=Silviu |last13=Endarova |first13=Elena |last14=Zahariev |first14=Nikolay |last15=Spasov |first15=Rosen |last16=Welker |first16=Frido |last17=Smith |first17=Geoff M. |last18=Sinet-Mathiot |first18=Virginie |last19=Paskulin |first19=Lindsey |last20=Fewlass |first20=Helen |last21=Talamo |first21=Sahra |last22=Rezek |first22=Zeljko |last23=Sirakova |first23=Svoboda |last24=Sirakov |first24=Nikolay |last25=McPherron |first25=Shannon P. |last26=Tsanova |first26=Tsenka |last27=Hublin |first27=Jean-Jacques |last28=Peter |first28=Benjamin M. |last29=Meyer |first29=Matthias |last30=Skoglund |first30=Pontus |last31=Kelso |first31=Janet |last32=Pääbo |first32=Svante |title=Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry |journal=Nature |date=April 2021 |volume=592 |issue=7853 |pages=253–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 |pmid=33828320 |pmc=8026394 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..253H|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}
- 8 April – Scientists report rough spectral signatures of 958 molecules that may be involved in the atmospheric production or consumption of phosphine, which could prevent misassignments and, if accuracy is improved, be used in future detections and identifications of molecules on other planets such as Venus.{{cite news |title=Life on Venus? Scientists Shed More Light on Molecules Linked to Life on Other Planets |url=https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-venus-scientists-shed-more-light-on-molecules-linked-to-life-on-other-planets/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=SciTechDaily |date=13 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Zapata Trujillo |first1=Juan C. |last2=Syme |first2=Anna-Maree |last3=Rowell |first3=Keiran N. |last4=Burns |first4=Brendan P. |last5=Clark |first5=Ebubekir S. |last6=Gorman |first6=Maire N. |last7=Jacob |first7=Lorrie S. D. |last8=Kapodistrias |first8=Panayioti |last9=Kedziora |first9=David J. |last10=Lempriere |first10=Felix A. R. |last11=Medcraft |first11=Chris |last12=O'Sullivan |first12=Jensen |last13=Robertson |first13=Evan G. |last14=Soares |first14=Georgia G. |last15=Steller |first15=Luke |last16=Teece |first16=Bronwyn L. |last17=Tremblay |first17=Chenoa D. |last18=Sousa-Silva |first18=Clara |last19=McKemmish |first19=Laura K. |title=Computational Infrared Spectroscopy of 958 Phosphorus-Bearing Molecules |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |date=2021 |volume=8 |page=43 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2021.639068 |arxiv=2105.08897 |bibcode=2021FrASS...8...43Z|issn=2296-987X|doi-access=free }} On 10 April, a news report informs about a launched NASA-funded mission to design and test robotic balloons for future scientific exploration of Venus.{{cite news |title=Robotic Balloons To Explore Venus? This Northwest Company Is Working On It |url=https://www.nwpb.org/2021/04/10/robotic-balloons-to-explore-venus-this-northwest-company-is-working-on-it/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Northwest Public Broadcasting |date=11 April 2021}} On 19 April scientists who reported the detection of well-established or likely biosignature, monophosphine, on Venus publish a preprint recovering the detection of PH3 in the Venusian atmosphere – which was challenged by critical studies – with the proposed SO2-attribution alternative being inconsistent with the available data.{{cite journal|last1=Greaves |first1=Jane S. |last2=Richards |first2=Anita M. S. |last3=Bains |first3=William |last4=Rimmer |first4=Paul B. |last5=Clements |first5=David L. |last6=Seager |first6=Sara |last7=Petkowski |first7=Janusz J. |last8=Sousa-Silva |first8=Clara |last9=Ranjan |first9=Sukrit |last10=Fraser |first10=Helen J. |title=Reply to: No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=19 April 2021 |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=636–639 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01424-x |arxiv=2104.09285 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..636G |s2cid=233296859 }}
- 9 April
- Neuralink reveals a male macaque with chips embedded on each side of its brain, playing a mind-controlled version of Pong.{{cite news |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink 'shows monkey playing Pong with mind' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-56688812 |date=April 9, 2021 |work=BBC |accessdate=April 10, 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Monkey MindPong |url=https://neuralink.com/blog/ |date=April 9, 2021 |work=Neuralink |accessdate=April 10, 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Elon Musk startup shows monkey with brain chip implants playing video game |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/09/elon-musk-neuralink-monkey-video-game |date=April 9, 2021 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=April 10, 2021 }}
- Scientists show that the brains of early Homo from Africa and Dmanisi, Western Asia "retained primitive, great ape-like organization of the frontal lobe" until ~1.5 million years ago and therefore long after Homo emerged and first dispersed from Africa – much later than previously thought (~2.5 Mya).{{cite news |title=Ancient humans may have had apelike brains even after leaving Africa |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-humans-brain-apelike-modern-africa-evolution |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Science News |date=8 April 2021}}{{cite news |last1=Aubourg |first1=Lucie 04/08/21 AT 5:32 |title=Mind Blown: Modern Brains Evolved Much More Recently Than Thought |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/mind-blown-modern-brains-evolved-much-more-recently-thought-3177416 |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=International Business Times |date=8 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=León |first1=Marcia S. Ponce de |last2=Bienvenu |first2=Thibault |last3=Marom |first3=Assaf |last4=Engel |first4=Silvano |last5=Tafforeau |first5=Paul |last6=Warren |first6=José Luis Alatorre |last7=Lordkipanidze |first7=David |last8=Kurniawan |first8=Iwan |last9=Murti |first9=Delta Bayu |last10=Suriyanto |first10=Rusyad Adi |last11=Koesbardiati |first11=Toetik |last12=Zollikofer |first12=Christoph P. E. |title=The primitive brain of early Homo |journal=Science |date=9 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6538 |pages=165–171 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz0032 |pmid=33833119 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..165P |s2cid=233185978 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz0032 |access-date=9 May 2021|issn=0036-8075}}
- Scientists present a tool for epigenome editing, CRISPRoff, that can heritably silence the gene expression of "most genes" and allows for reversible modifications.{{cite news |title=New, reversible CRISPR method can control gene expression while leaving underlying DNA sequence unchanged |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-04-reversible-crispr-method-gene-underlying.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=phys.org}}{{cite journal |last1=Nuñez |first1=James K. |last2=Chen |first2=Jin |last3=Pommier |first3=Greg C. |last4=Cogan |first4=J. Zachery |last5=Replogle |first5=Joseph M. |last6=Adriaens |first6=Carmen |last7=Ramadoss |first7=Gokul N. |last8=Shi |first8=Quanming |last9=Hung |first9=King L. |last10=Samelson |first10=Avi J. |last11=Pogson |first11=Angela N. |last12=Kim |first12=James Y. S. |last13=Chung |first13=Amanda |last14=Leonetti |first14=Manuel D. |last15=Chang |first15=Howard Y. |last16=Kampmann |first16=Martin |last17=Bernstein |first17=Bradley E. |last18=Hovestadt |first18=Volker |last19=Gilbert |first19=Luke A. |last20=Weissman |first20=Jonathan S. |title=Genome-wide programmable transcriptional memory by CRISPR-based epigenome editing |journal=Cell |date=29 April 2021 |volume=184 |issue=9 |pages=2503–2519.e17 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.025 |pmid=33838111 |pmc=8376083 |s2cid=233195037|issn=0092-8674}}
- 12 April
- The magazine Scientific American announces that it will stop using the term "climate change" in articles about human-caused global warming and substitute "climate emergency" instead.{{cite news |title=Citing grave threat, Scientific American replaces 'climate change' with 'climate emergency' |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/citing-grave-threat-scientific-american-replacing-climate-change-with-climate-emergency-181629578.html |date=April 12, 2021 |work=Yahoo!|accessdate=April 13, 2021 }}
- News outlets report that the first prototype 3D printed house made out of clay, Tecla, has been completed. The low-carbon housing was printed by two large arms from a mix that includes locally sourced soil and water.{{cite news |last1=Palumbo |first1=Jacqui |title=Is this 3D-printed home made of clay the future of housing? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/tecla-3d-printed-house-clay/index.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=CNN}}{{cite news |title=First 3D printed clay house completed |url=https://www.wlns.com/dont-miss/first-3d-printed-clay-house-completed/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=WLNS 6 News |date=14 April 2021}}{{cite web |title=Mario Cucinella Architects and WASP creates 3D-printed sustainable housing prototype |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2021/04/23/mario-cucinella-architects-wasp-3d-printed-housing/ |website=Dezeen |access-date=9 May 2021|date=23 April 2021}} Such buildings could be highly cheap, well-insulated, stable, get produced rapidly, require only very little easily learnable manual labor, mitigate carbon emissions from concrete, require less energy, reduce homelessness, help enable intentional communities, and enable the provision of housing for victims of natural disasters as well as for migrants to Europe near their homes, rather than political facilitation of their influx.
- Scientists develop a prototype and design rules for both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with conversion efficiencies of 26% and above, Earth's highest for this type of solar cell.{{cite news |title=Both-sides-contacted solar cell sets new world record of 26 percent efficiency |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-both-sides-contacted-solar-cell-world-percent.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=techxplore.com}}{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Armin |last2=Müller |first2=Ralph |last3=Benick |first3=Jan |last4=Feldmann |first4=Frank |last5=Steinhauser |first5=Bernd |last6=Reichel |first6=Christian |last7=Fell |first7=Andreas |last8=Bivour |first8=Martin |last9=Hermle |first9=Martin |last10=Glunz |first10=Stefan W. |title=Design rules for high-efficiency both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with balanced charge carrier transport and recombination losses |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2021 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00805-w |bibcode=2021NatEn...6..429R |s2cid=234847037 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00805-w |access-date=10 May 2021|issn=2058-7546}}
- 13 April
- Scientists report the discovery of a billion-years-old, likely holozoan, protist, Bicellum brasieri, showing that the evolution of differentiated multicellularity – such as of animal lineages – occurred at least 1 bn years ago and possibly mainly in freshwater lakes rather than the ocean.{{cite news |title=Billion-year-old fossil reveals missing link in the evolution of animals |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-04-billion-year-old-fossil-reveals-link-evolution.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=phys.org}}{{cite news |title=Scientists Find Billion-Year-Old Fossil Life, 'Something Which Has Never Been Described Before' |url=https://gizmodo.com/scientists-find-billion-year-old-fossil-life-something-1846792843 |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Gizmodo}}{{cite journal |last1=Strother |first1=Paul K. |last2=Brasier |first2=Martin D. |last3=Wacey |first3=David |last4=Timpe |first4=Leslie |last5=Saunders |first5=Martin |last6=Wellman |first6=Charles H. |title=A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity |journal=Current Biology |date=13 April 2021 |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=2658–2665.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.051 |pmid=33852871|issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}
- In a preprint, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for quantum communication transmissions sent by ETI using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches of SETI should also target interstellar quantum communications.{{cite news |title=We could detect alien civilizations through their interstellar quantum communication |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-04-alien-civilizations-interstellar-quantum.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=phys.org}}{{cite journal |last1=Hippke |first1=Michael |title=Searching for interstellar quantum communications |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=13 April 2021|volume=162 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/abf7b7 |arxiv=2104.06446 |bibcode=2021AJ....162....1H |s2cid=233231350 |doi-access=free }}
- COVID-19 pandemic: Scientists report that patients who consistently met scientific guidelines of 150+ min/week exercise or similar physical activity had a smaller risk of hospitalisation and death due to COVID-19, even when considering likely risk factors such as elevated BMI.{{cite news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Gretchen |title=Regular Exercise May Help Protect Against Severe Covid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/14/well/move/exercise-covid-19-working-out.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=14 April 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Sallis |first1=Robert |last2=Young |first2=Deborah Rohm |last3=Tartof |first3=Sara Y. |last4=Sallis |first4=James F. |last5=Sall |first5=Jeevan |last6=Li |first6=Qiaowu |last7=Smith |first7=Gary N. |last8=Cohen |first8=Deborah A. |title=Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients |journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine |date=8 April 2021 |volume=55 |issue=19 |pages=1099–1105 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080 |pmid=33849909 |pmc=8050880|issn=0306-3674|doi-access=free }}
- 14 April – Astronomers report that the supermassive black hole M87*, first, and to date, the only black hole to be imaged, will be further studied by many observatories from around the world and present results of simultaneous observations and their subsequent analysis.{{cite news |last1=Edmonds |first1=Peter |last2=Cofield |first2=Calla |title=Telescopes Unite in Unprecedented Observations of Famous Black Hole - Some of the world's most powerful telescopes simultaneously observed the supermassive black hole in galaxy M87, the first black hole to be directly imaged. |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/telescopes-unite-in-unprecedented-observations-of-famous-black-hole |date=14 April 2021 |work=NASA |accessdate=14 April 2021 }}{{cite journal |title=Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=1 April 2021 |volume=911 |issue=1 |pages=L11 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/abef71|arxiv=2104.06855|issn=2041-8205|doi-access=free |last1=Algaba |first1=J. C. |last2=Anczarski |first2=J. |last3=Asada |first3=K. |last4=Baloković |first4=M. |last5=Chandra |first5=S. |last6=Cui |first6=Y.-Z. |last7=Falcone |first7=A. D. |last8=Giroletti |first8=M. |last9=Goddi |first9=C. |last10=Hada |first10=K. |last11=Haggard |first11=D. |last12=Jorstad |first12=S. |last13=Kaur |first13=A. |last14=Kawashima |first14=T. |last15=Keating |first15=G. |last16=Kim |first16=J.-Y. |last17=Kino |first17=M. |last18=Komossa |first18=S. |last19=Kravchenko |first19=E. V. |last20=Krichbaum |first20=T. P. |last21=Lee |first21=S.-S. |last22=Lu |first22=R.-S. |last23=Lucchini |first23=M. |last24=Markoff |first24=S. |last25=Neilsen |first25=J. |last26=Nowak |first26=M. A. |last27=Park |first27=J. |last28=Principe |first28=G. |last29=Ramakrishnan |first29=V. |last30=Reynolds |first30=M. T. |bibcode=2021ApJ...911L..11E |display-authors=1 }}
File:Mars helicopter on sol 46.png performs the first powered aircraft flight on another planet in human history.]]
File:Tianhe before launch 02.png is put into orbit.]]
- 15 April
- COVID-19 pandemic: The CDC, according to numerous media sources, reports that there were 5,800 COVID-19 breakthrough infections, and 74 deaths, in people fully vaccinated for the COVID-19 virus.{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Ben |last2=Brubeck |first2=Hilary |title=CDC: 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/infected-after-covid-vaccination-cdc-numbers-breakthrough-infections-2021-4 |date=15 April 2021 |work=Business Insider |accessdate=18 April 2021 }}{{cite news |last=Krieger |first=Lisa M. |title=COVID vaccines: The mystery of "breakthrough" infections after shots - CDC reports 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/04/15/cdc-reports-5800-covid-19-infections-74-deaths-in-fully-vaccinated-people/ |date=15 April 2021 |work=The Mercury News |accessdate=18 April 2021 }}{{cite news |last1=Tinker |first1=Ben |last2=Fox |first2=Maggie |title=So far, 5,800 fully vaccinated people have caught Covid anyway, CDC says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/14/health/breakthrough-infections-covid-vaccines-cdc/index.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=CNN}} On 21 April, scientists report that in a cohort of 417 vaccinated persons 2 women had vaccine breakthrough infections and identify their variants' viral mutations.{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Jacqueline |title=Only 2 'breakthrough' infections among hundreds of fully vaccinated people, new study finds |url=https://us.cnn.com/2021/04/21/health/two-breakthrough-infections-covid-19/index.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=CNN}}{{cite journal |last1=Hacisuleyman |first1=Ezgi |last2=Hale |first2=Caryn |last3=Saito |first3=Yuhki |last4=Blachere |first4=Nathalie E. |last5=Bergh |first5=Marissa |last6=Conlon |first6=Erin G. |last7=Schaefer-Babajew |first7=Dennis J. |last8=DaSilva |first8=Justin |last9=Muecksch |first9=Frauke |last10=Gaebler |first10=Christian |last11=Lifton |first11=Richard |last12=Nussenzweig |first12=Michel C. |last13=Hatziioannou |first13=Theodora |last14=Bieniasz |first14=Paul D. |last15=Darnell |first15=Robert B. |title=Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=21 April 2021 |volume=384 |issue=23 |pages=2212–2218 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2105000 |pmid=33882219 |pmc=8117968|doi-access=free }}
- Scientists report the creation, for the first time, of human-monkey hybrid embryos.{{cite news |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |title=First monkey–human embryos reignite debate over hybrid animals - The chimaeras lived up to 19 days — but some scientists question the need for such research. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01001-2 |date=15 April 2021 |work=Nature |accessdate=16 April 2021 }}{{cite news |last=Wells |first=Sarah |title=Researchers Generate Human-Monkey Chimeric Embryos - Don't worry, there are not human-monkey babies — yet. |url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/human-monkey-hybrids |date=15 April 2021 |work=Inverse |accessdate=16 April 2021 }}{{cite journal |author=Tan, Tao |title=Chimeric contribution of human extended pluripotent stem cells to monkey embryos ex vivo |date=15 April 2021 |journal=Cell |volume=184 |number=8 |pages=2020–2032.e14 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.020 |pmid=33861963 |s2cid=233247345 |doi-access=free }}
- Biologists report that an estimated 2.5 billion adult Tyrannosaurus rex dinosaurs roamed the Earth over the 2.4 million years of their existence.{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=How Many Tyrannosaurus Rexes Ever Lived on Earth? Here's a New Clue. - An estimation of the iconic predator's total population can teach us things about dinosaurs that fossils cannot. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/15/science/tyrannosaurus-rex-population.html |date=15 April 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=17 April 2021 }}{{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Charles R. |title=Absolute abundance and preservation rate of Tyrannosaurus rex |date=16 April 2021 |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6539 |pages=284–287 |doi=10.1126/science.abc8300 |pmid=33859033 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..284M |doi-access=free }}
- A study assesses that only 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and faunally "intact", with low human footprint and healthy populations of native animal species.{{cite news |last=Carrington |first=Damian |date=April 15, 2021 |title=Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/just-3-of-worlds-ecosystems-remain-intact-study-suggests |work=The Guardian |location= |access-date=April 16, 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Plumptre|first1=Andrew J. |last2=Baisero |first2=Daniele |date=2021 |title=Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities? |url= |journal=Frontiers in Forests and Global Change |volume=4 |issue= |pages= |doi=10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635|bibcode=2021FrFGC...4.6635P |doi-access=free |hdl=10261/242175 |hdl-access=free }}
- Researchers demonstrate the whitest ever paint formulation, which reflects up to 98.1% of sunlight and could be used in place of air conditioners.{{cite news |title=Whitest-ever paint could help cool heating Earth, study shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/15/whitest-ever-paint-could-help-cool-heating-earth-study-shows |date=April 15, 2021 |work=The Guardian|accessdate=April 16, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xiangyu |last2=Peoples |first2=Joseph |last3=Yao |first3=Peiyan |last4=Ruan |first4=Xiulin |title=Ultrawhite BaSO4 Paints and Films for Remarkable Daytime Subambient Radiative Cooling |journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces |date=15 April 2021 |volume=13 |issue=18 |pages=21733–21739 |doi=10.1021/acsami.1c02368 |pmid=33856776 |s2cid=233259255 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c02368 |access-date=9 May 2021 |issn=1944-8244}}
- 16 April – Scientists report that in the case of Alaskan forests, such boreal forests recovered from wildfires by shifting to a deciduous-coniferous mix, which could offset the carbon emitted during the fires.{{cite news |last1=Sawal |first1=Ibrahim |title=Alaskan forests may store more carbon after being burned by wildfire |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2274752-alaskan-forests-may-store-more-carbon-after-being-burned-by-wildfire/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=New Scientist}}{{cite journal |last1=Mack |first1=Michelle C. |last2=Walker |first2=Xanthe J. |last3=Johnstone |first3=Jill F. |last4=Alexander |first4=Heather D. |last5=Melvin |first5=April M. |last6=Jean |first6=Mélanie |last7=Miller |first7=Samantha N. |title=Carbon loss from boreal forest wildfires offset by increased dominance of deciduous trees |journal=Science |date=16 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6539 |pages=280–283 |doi=10.1126/science.abf3903 |pmid=33859032 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..280M |s2cid=233245004 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf3903 |access-date=9 May 2021|issn=0036-8075}}
- 17 April – New Horizons reaches a distance of 50 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, while remaining fully operational.{{cite magazine |title=After Visiting Pluto, NASA's New Horizons Spacecraft Reaches Another Cosmic Milestone |url=https://time.com/5955695/new-horizons-50-au/ |date=April 16, 2021 |magazine=Time|accessdate=April 18, 2021 }}
- 19 April – NASA's Ingenuity helicopter, part of the Mars 2020 mission, performs the first powered aircraft flight on another planet in history. The test location is named "Wright Brothers Field".{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |title=Live Updates: NASA Waits for Results From Mars Helicopter's First Flight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html |website=The New York Times |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021}}{{cite web | title = Mars Helicopter Tech Demo | work= Watch Online | publisher = NASA | date = April 18, 2021| url = https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Watch-Online | accessdate = 2021-04-18 }}{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Alana |last2=Hautaluoma |first2=Grey |last3=Agle |first3=DC |last4=Northon |first4=Karen |title=Release 21-039 - NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight |date=19 April 2021 |work=NASA |accessdate=19 April 2021 }}
- 20 April
- Perseverance performs a test of its MOXIE instrument to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen for the first time on Mars.{{cite news |title= NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen From Red Planet |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8926/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/ |date=April 21, 2021 |work=NASA|accessdate=April 21, 2021 }}
- The Ivanti Pulse Connect Secure data breach of unauthorized access to the networks of high-value targets since at least June 2020 via {{CVE|2021-22893}} across the U.S. and some E.U. nations{{additional citation needed|date=May 2021}} due to their use of vulnerable, proprietary software is reported.{{cite news |last1=Goodin |first1=Dan |title=More US agencies potentially hacked, this time with Pulse Secure exploits |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/04/more-us-agencies-potentially-hacked-this-time-with-pulse-secure-exploits/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Ars Technica |date=30 April 2021}}{{cite web |title=Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day |url=https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/04/suspected-apt-actors-leverage-bypass-techniques-pulse-secure-zero-day.html |website=FireEye |access-date=9 May 2021}}
- Scientists show that a class of warp drives that are slower than light, could control the rate of time within the spaceship and are sourced from positive energy could in principle possibly be constructed based on known physical principles. Furthermore, they provide a new argument "why superluminal warp drive solutions may always violate weak energy conditions" and that the concept proposed in a study published in March {{see below|above}} "likely forms a new class of warp drive spacetimes".{{cite news |title=A potential model for a real physical warp drive |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-potential-real-physical-warp.html |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=phys.org}}{{cite journal |last1=Bobrick |first1=Alexey |last2=Martire |first2=Gianni |title=Introducing physical warp drives |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=20 April 2021 |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=105009 |doi=10.1088/1361-6382/abdf6e |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/abdf6e |access-date=9 May 2021 |issn=0264-9381|arxiv=2102.06824|bibcode=2021CQGra..38j5009B |s2cid=231924903 }}
- 23 April
- A malaria vaccine with 77% efficacy after 1 year – and first to meet the WHO's goal of 75% efficacy – is reported by the University of Oxford.{{cite news |title=Malaria vaccine hailed as potential breakthrough |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-56858158 |date=April 23, 2021 |work=BBC News|accessdate=April 23, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Datoo |first1=Mehreen S. |last2=Natama |first2=Magloire H. |last3=Somé |first3=Athanase |last4=Traoré |first4=Ousmane |last5=Rouamba |first5=Toussaint |last6=Bellamy |first6=Duncan |last7=Yameogo |first7=Prisca |last8=Valia |first8=Daniel |last9=Tegneri |first9=Moubarak |last10=Ouedraogo |first10=Florence |last11=Soma |first11=Rachidatou |last12=Sawadogo |first12=Seydou |last13=Sorgho |first13=Faizatou |last14=Derra |first14=Karim |last15=Rouamba |first15=Eli |last16=Orindi |first16=Benedict |last17=Lopez |first17=Fernando Ramos |last18=Flaxman |first18=Amy |last19=Cappuccini |first19=Federica |last20=Kailath |first20=Reshma |last21=Elias |first21=Sean |last22=Mukhopadhyay |first22=Ekta |last23=Noe |first23=Andres |last24=Cairns |first24=Matthew |last25=Lawrie |first25=Alison |last26=Roberts |first26=Rachel |last27=Valéa |first27=Innocent |last28=Sorgho |first28=Hermann |last29=Williams |first29=Nicola |last30=Glenn |first30=Gregory |last31=Fries |first31=Louis |last32=Reimer |first32=Jenny |last33=Ewer |first33=Katie J. |last34=Shaligram |first34=Umesh |last35=Hill |first35=Adrian V. S. |last36=Tinto |first36=Halidou |title=Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |date=5 May 2021 |volume=397 |issue=10287 |pages=1809–1818 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00943-0 |pmid=33964223 |pmc=8121760 |issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free }}
- Scientists report that of ~39 million groundwater wells 6-20% are at high risk of running dry if local groundwater levels decline by a few meters, or – as with many areas and possibly more than half of major aquifers{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=James S. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Grant |title=The hidden crisis beneath our feet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867 |journal=Science |access-date=10 May 2021 |pages=344–345|doi=10.1126/science.abh2867 |date=23 April 2021|volume=372 |issue=6540 |pmid=33888627 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..344F |s2cid=233353241 }} – continue to decline.{{cite news |title=The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=ScienceDaily}}{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |title=Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry |journal=Science |date=23 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=418–421 |doi=10.1126/science.abc2755 |pmid=33888642 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..418J |s2cid=233353207 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755 |access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0036-8075}}
- 27 April – Astronomers report the discovery of TOI-1431b, an "ultra-hot Jupiter" with a dayside temperature of ~3,000K (2,700 °C), making it one of the hottest exoplanets found to date.{{cite news |title='Hellish' new planet discovered |url=https://www.usq.edu.au/news/2021/04/hellish-new-planet |date=April 27, 2021 |work=University of Southern Queensland |accessdate=April 27, 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429195829/https://www.usq.edu.au/news/2021/04/hellish-new-planet |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |title=TOI-1431b/MASCARA-5b: An Ultra-hot Jupiter Orbiting One of the Hottest & Brightest Known Exoplanet Host Stars |date=25 April 2021|arxiv=2104.12078 |author1=Brett Christopher Addison |last2=Knudstrup |first2=Emil |last3=Wong |first3=Ian |last4=Hebrard |first4=Guillaume |last5=Dorval |first5=Patrick |last6=Snellen |first6=Ignas |last7=Albrecht |first7=Simon |last8=Bello-Arufe |first8=Aaron |last9=Almenara |first9=Jose-Manuel |last10=Boisse |first10=Isabelle |last11=Bonfils |first11=Xavier |last12=Dalal |first12=Shweta |last13=Demangeon |first13=Olivier |last14=Hoyer |first14=Sergio |last15=Kiefer |first15=Flavien |last16=Santos |first16=N. C. |last17=Nowak |first17=Grzegorz |last18=Luque |first18=Rafael |last19=Stangret |first19=Monika |last20=Palle |first20=Enric |last21=Tronsgaard |first21=Rene |last22=Antoci |first22=Victoria |last23=Buchhave |first23=Lars A. |last24=Gunther |first24=Maximilian N. |last25=Daylan |first25=Tansu |last26=Murgas |first26=Felipe |last27=Parviainen |first27=Hannu |last28=Esparza-Borges |first28=Emma |last29=Crouzet |first29=Nicolas |last30=Narita |first30=Norio |journal=Posters from the Tess Science Conference Ii (Tsc2|page=64|doi=10.5281/zenodo.5126266|bibcode=2021tsc2.confE..64A|s2cid=233393912|display-authors=1 }}
- 29 April – The first, core module of the Chinese Tiangong space station, Tianhe, is placed in low Earth orbit. It is one of three permanent modules intended to be fully assembled in 2022 for a designed lifespan of 10–15 years, is 16.6 m in size and could host three astronaut scientists.{{cite news |last1=Gamillo |first1=Elizabeth |title=China Launches First Module of New Space Station Into Orbit |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/china-launches-first-module-space-station-orbit-180977632/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Smithsonian}}
=May=
File:Science Summary for May 2021.webm
- 1 May
- A study that follows up on the randomized Abecedarian Early Intervention Project shows that 5 years of cognitively and linguistically stimulating center-based care starting between 3 and 21 weeks of age can result in significant changes in midlife brain structure in males.{{cite news |title=Scientists say active early learning shapes the adult brain |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-scientists-early-adult-brain.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Farah |first1=Martha J. |last2=Sternberg |first2=Saul |last3=Nichols |first3=Thomas A. |last4=Duda |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Lohrenz |first5=Terry |last6=Luo |first6=Yi |last7=Sonnier |first7=Libbie |last8=Ramey |first8=Sharon L. |last9=Montague |first9=Read |last10=Ramey |first10=Craig T. |title=Randomized Manipulation of Early Cognitive Experience Impacts Adult Brain Structure |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |date=2021-05-01 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1197–1209 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_01709 |pmid=34428792 |hdl=10919/103551 |s2cid=233638156 |hdl-access=free }}
- A meta-analysis of randomized trials suggests that lowering blood pressure at normal or high-normal blood pressure ranges is effective for prevention of major cardiovascular disease.{{cite news |title=Many more people could benefit from blood pressure-lowering medication |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-04-people-benefit-blood-pressure-lowering-medication.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite web |title=expert reaction to study looking at pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure {{!}} Science Media Centre |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-looking-at-pharmacological-blood-pressure-lowering-for-primary-and-secondary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease-across-different-levels-of-blood-pressure/ |access-date=14 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Rahimi |first1=Kazem |last2=Bidel |first2=Zeinab |last3=Nazarzadeh |first3=Milad |display-authors=et al. |title=Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis |journal=The Lancet |date=2021-05-01 |volume=397 |issue=10285 |pages=1625–1636 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00590-0 |pmid=33933205 |pmc=8102467 |language=English |issn=0140-6736}}
- 4 May
- Genetic signatures linked to extreme longevity in humans are identified by researchers and include genes for efficient DNA repair.{{cite news |title=Do people aged 105 and over live longer because they have more efficient DNA repair? |url=https://elifesciences.org/for-the-press/53c636fb/do-people-aged-105-and-over-live-longer-because-they-have-more-efficient-dna-repair |date=May 4, 2021 |work=eLife|accessdate=May 7, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Garagnani |first1=Paolo |display-authors=et al. |title=Whole-genome sequencing analysis of semi-supercentenarians |journal=eLife |date=2021-05-04 |volume=10 |pages=e57849 |doi=10.7554/eLife.57849 |pmid=33941312 |pmc=8096429 |issn=2050-084X |doi-access=free }}
- A study assesses benefits of fast action to reduce methane emissions when compared to slower climate change mitigation of this form.{{cite journal |last1=Ocko |first1=Ilissa B |last2=Sun |first2=Tianyi |last3=Shindell |first3=Drew |last4=Oppenheimer |first4=Michael |last5=Hristov |first5=Alexander N |last6=Pacala |first6=Stephen W |last7=Mauzerall |first7=Denise L |last8=Xu |first8=Yangyang |last9=Hamburg |first9=Steven P |title=Acting rapidly to deploy readily available methane mitigation measures by sector can immediately slow global warming |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=2021-05-01 |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=054042 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abf9c8 |bibcode=2021ERL....16e4042O |s2cid=234859914 |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free }} On 6 May a U.N. report assesses benefits and costs of rapidly mitigating methane emissions.{{cite web |title=Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions |date=5 May 2021 |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-methane-assessment-benefits-and-costs-mitigating-methane-emissions |access-date=13 June 2021}}
- 5 May – Scientists report that Mediterranean diets protect against memory decline and mediotemporal atrophy such as in Alzheimer's by decreasing amyloidosis and tau-pathology.{{cite news |title=Study: Mediterranean diet may help ward off dementia |url=https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2021/05/07/dementia-prevention-mediterranean-diet-study/1101620358925/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=UPI |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Ballarini |first1=Tommaso |last2=Lent |first2=Debora Melo van |last3=Brunner |first3=Julia |display-authors=et al. |title=Mediterranean Diet, Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers and Brain Atrophy in Old Age |journal=Neurology |date=2021-05-05 |volume=96 |issue=24 |pages=e2920–e2932 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000012067 |pmid=33952652 |pmc=8253566 |s2cid=233869025 |url=https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2021/05/04/WNL.0000000000012067 |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0028-3878}}
- 6 May
- Researchers find that China's CO2 emissions surpassed that of all OECD countries combined for the first time in 2019.{{cite news |last1=Schonhardt |first1=Sara |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceed Those of All Other Developed Countries Combined |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-greenhouse-gas-emissions-exceed-those-of-all-other-developed-countries-combined/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Scientific American |language=en}}{{cite news |title=China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019 |url=https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/ |website=Rhodium Group |access-date=14 June 2021}} On 20 May China's CO2 emissions are found to be 9% higher than pre-COVID-19-pandemic levels in 2021-Q1 with CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and cement production having grown by 14.5% compared to 2020.{{cite news |title=China's CO2 emissions 9pc higher than pre-pandemic in 2021 Q1: research |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3134322/chinas-co2-emissions-9-cent-higher-pre-pandemic-levels-2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=South China Morning Post |date=2021-05-21 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=He |first1=Laura |title=China's construction boom is sending CO2 emissions through the roof |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/21/economy/china-co2-emissions-construction-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=CNN}}{{cite web |title=Analysis: China's carbon emissions grow at fastest rate for more than a decade |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-chinas-carbon-emissions-grow-at-fastest-rate-for-more-than-a-decade |website=Carbon Brief |access-date=19 June 2021 |language=en |date=2021-05-20}}
- Researchers report that bees were successfully trained to detect COVID-19 infections via samples.{{cite news |title=Bees in the Netherlands trained to detect COVID-19 infections |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/oddly-enough/bees-netherlands-trained-detect-covid-19-infections-2021-05-06/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=2021-05-06}}
- Researchers publish the first in-depth study of Web browser tab interfaces in over a decade and provide UI design considerations.{{cite news |title=Overcoming tab overload: Researchers develop tool to better manage browser tabs |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-tab-overload-tool-browser-tabs.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Joseph Chee |last2=Hahn |first2=Nathan |last3=Kim |first3=Yongsung |last4=Coupland |first4=Julina |last5=Breneisen |first5=Bradley |last6=Kim |first6=Hannah S |last7=Hwong |first7=John |last8=Kittur |first8=Aniket |title=Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=When the Tab Comes Due:Challenges in the Cost Structure of Browser Tab Usage |date=2021-05-06 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1145/3411764.3445585 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|isbn=9781450380966 |s2cid=233987809 |doi-access=free }}
- 7 May
- Operation of the U.S. Colonial Pipeline is interrupted by a ransomware cyber intrusion.{{cite news |title=Cyber attack shuts down U.S. fuel pipeline 'jugular,' Biden briefed |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/colonial-pipeline-halts-all-pipeline-operations-after-cybersecurity-attack-2021-05-08/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=2021-05-08}}
- Researchers address a key problem of perovskite solar cells by increasing their stability and long-term reliability with a form of "molecular glue".{{cite news |title="Molecular glue" strengthens the weak point in perovskite solar cells |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/molecular-glue-strengthens-perovskite-solar-cells-stability/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=2021-05-10}}{{cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Zhenghong |last2=Yadavalli |first2=Srinivas K. |last3=Chen |first3=Min |last4=Abbaspourtamijani |first4=Ali |last5=Qi |first5=Yue |last6=Padture |first6=Nitin P. |title=Interfacial toughening with self-assembled monolayers enhances perovskite solar cell reliability |journal=Science |date=2021-05-07 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=618–622 |doi=10.1126/science.abf5602 |pmid=33958474 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..618D |s2cid=233872843 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf5602 |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}
- Two studies complement research published September 2020 by quantum-entangling two mechanical oscillators.{{cite news |title=Vibrating drumheads are entangled quantum mechanically |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/vibrating-drumheads-are-entangled-quantum-mechanically/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=Physics World |date=2021-05-17}}{{cite journal |last1=Lépinay |first1=Laure Mercier de |last2=Ockeloen-Korppi |first2=Caspar F. |last3=Woolley |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Sillanpää |first4=Mika A. |title=Quantum mechanics–free subsystem with mechanical oscillators |journal=Science |date=2021-05-07 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=625–629 |doi=10.1126/science.abf5389 |pmid=33958476 |arxiv=2009.12902 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..625M |s2cid=221971015 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf5389 |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}{{cite journal |last1=Kotler |first1=Shlomi |last2=Peterson |first2=Gabriel A. |last3=Shojaee |first3=Ezad |last4=Lecocq |first4=Florent |last5=Cicak |first5=Katarina |last6=Kwiatkowski |first6=Alex |last7=Geller |first7=Shawn |last8=Glancy |first8=Scott |last9=Knill |first9=Emanuel |last10=Simmonds |first10=Raymond W. |last11=Aumentado |first11=José |last12=Teufel |first12=John D. |title=Direct observation of deterministic macroscopic entanglement |journal=Science |date=2021-05-07 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=622–625 |doi=10.1126/science.abf2998 |pmid=33958475 |arxiv=2004.05515 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..622K |s2cid=233872863 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf2998 |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}
- 10 May – A pan-coronavirus mRNA nanoparticle vaccine with activity against all major SARS-CoV-2 variants is described in Nature, showing potent effect in macaques.{{cite news |title=New vaccine blocks COVID-19 and variants, plus other coronaviruses |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-05-vaccine-blocks-covid-variants-coronaviruses.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Neutralizing antibody vaccine for pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03594-0 |date=May 10, 2021 |work=Nature|accessdate=May 10, 2021 }}
- 11 May
- NASA reports on the continuous measurement, for the first time, of the density of material in interstellar space by the Voyager 1 space probe and the detection of interstellar sounds of vibrations of dense interstellar plasma.{{cite news |last1=Hatfield |first1=Miles |last2=Cofield |first2=Calla |title=As NASA's Voyager 1 Surveys Interstellar Space, Its Density Measurements Are Making Waves |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/as-nasas-voyager-1-surveys-interstellar-space-its-density-measurements-are-making-waves |date=11 May 2021 |work=NASA |accessdate=11 May 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Ocker |first1=Stella Koch |last2=Cordes |first2=James M. |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Shami |last4=Gurnett |first4=Donald A. |last5=Kurth |first5=William S. |last6=Spangler |first6=Steven R. |title=Persistent plasma waves in interstellar space detected by Voyager 1 |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=2021-05-10 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=761–765 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01363-7 |pmid=35005245 |pmc=8740711 |arxiv=2105.04000 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..761O |s2cid=234342819 |language=en |issn=2397-3366}}
- A new record for the smallest single-chip system is achieved, occupying a total volume of less than 0.1 mm3.{{cite news |title=Tiny, Wireless, Injectable Chips Use Ultrasound to Monitor Body Processes |url=https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/press-releases/shepard-injectable-chips-monitor-body-processes |date=May 12, 2021 |work=Columbia University|accessdate=May 14, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Chen |last2=Andino-Pavlovsky |first2=Victoria |last3=Lee |first3=Stephen A. |last4=Costa |first4=Tiago |last5=Elloian |first5=Jeffrey |last6=Konofagou |first6=Elisa E. |last7=Shepard |first7=Kenneth L. |title=Application of a sub–0.1-mm3 implantable mote for in vivo real-time wireless temperature sensing |journal=Science Advances |date=2021-05-01 |volume=7 |issue=19 |pages=eabf6312 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf6312 |pmid=33962948 |pmc=8104878 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.6312S |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}
- Scientists estimate, with higher resolution data, that land-use change has affected 17% of land in 1960–2019, or when considering multiple change events 32%, "around four times" previous estimates and investigate its drivers.{{cite news |title=Nearly a fifth of Earth's surface transformed since 1960 |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-05-earth-surface.html |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=Karina |last2=Fuchs |first2=Richard |last3=Rounsevell |first3=Mark |last4=Herold |first4=Martin |title=Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-11 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2501 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22702-2 |pmid=33976120 |pmc=8113269 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2501W |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
- News reports inform about open source oxygen concentrators of which some are developed, locally manufactured – with prices below imported products – and used during a COVID-19 pandemic wave in India.{{cite news |title=Indian tech cos join hands to make open source based oxygen concentrators; to be priced at around Rs 40k |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/indian-tech-cos-join-hands-to-make-open-source-based-oxygen-concentrators-to-be-priced-at-around-rs-40k/articleshow/82879972.cms |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}{{cite news |title=Open Source Oxygen Concentrators Reference Designs {{!}} Three Examples |url=https://www.electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/industry-grade-projects/open-source-oxygen-concentrators-reference-designs |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Electronics For You |date=2021-05-11}}
- Scientists report that degrowth scenarios, where economic output either "declines" or declines in terms of contemporary economic metrics such as current GDP, have been neglected in considerations of 1.5 °C scenarios reported by the IPCC, finding that investigated degrowth scenarios "minimize many key risks for feasibility and sustainability compared to technology-driven pathways" with a core problem of such being feasibility in the context of contemporary political decision-making and rebound- and relocation-effects.{{cite news |title=1.5°C degrowth scenarios suggest need for new mitigation pathways |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-05-degrowth-scenarios-mitigation-pathways.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite news |title=1.5°C degrowth scenarios suggest need for new mitigation pathways: Research |url=https://scienmag.com/1-5c-degrowth-scenarios-suggest-need-for-new-mitigation-pathways-research/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News}}{{cite journal |last1=Keyßer |first1=Lorenz T. |last2=Lenzen |first2=Manfred |title=1.5 °C degrowth scenarios suggest the need for new mitigation pathways |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-11 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2676 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22884-9 |pmid=33976156 |pmc=8113441 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2676K |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
- 12 May
- Scientists report to the United States Congress of the continuing threat of COVID-19 variants and COVID-19 escape mutations.{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists warn U.S. lawmakers about the continued threat of coronavirus variants|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/12/science/covid-variant-mutation-tracking.html |date=12 May 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=13 May 2021 }}
- The first use of a brain-computer interface to decode neural signals for handwriting is demonstrated and shows a character output speed of more than double the previous record.{{cite news |title=Brain Computer Interface Turns Mental Handwriting into Text on Screen |url=https://www.hhmi.org/news/brain-computer-interface-turns-mental-handwriting-into-text-on-screen |date=May 12, 2021 |work=Howard Hughes Medical Institute|accessdate=May 14, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Willett |first1=Francis R. |last2=Avansino |first2=Donald T. |last3=Hochberg |first3=Leigh R. |last4=Henderson |first4=Jaimie M. |last5=Shenoy |first5=Krishna V. |title=High-performance brain-to-text communication via handwriting |journal=Nature |date=May 2021 |volume=593 |issue=7858 |pages=249–254 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03506-2 |pmid=33981047 |pmc=8163299 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..249W |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
- 14 May
- The China National Space Administration lands its Zhurong mission spacecraft at Utopia Planitia on Mars, making China the second nation to deliver a rover to the planet.{{cite web |title=China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |website=BBC News |access-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515015422/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |date=May 15, 2021 |quote=China has successfully landed a spacecraft on Mars, state media announced early on Saturday. The six-wheeled Zhurong robot was targeting Utopia Planitia... |url-status=live}}
- Archivists initiate a rescue mission to secure enduring access to humanity's largest public library of scientific articles, Sci-Hub, due to the site's increased legal troubles, using Web and BitTorrent technologies.{{cite news |title=Archivists Want to Make Sci-Hub 'Un-Censorable' |url=https://gizmodo.com/archivists-want-to-make-sci-hub-un-censorable-1846898276 |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=Gizmodo |language=en-us}}
- 17 May – The largest, UK Biobank-based, genome-wide association study of mitochondrial DNA unveils 260 new associations with phenotypes including lifespan and disease risks for e.g. type 2 diabetes.{{cite news |title=Mothers can influence offspring's height, lifespan and disease risk through mitochondria |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-05-mothers-offspring-height-lifespan-disease.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Yonova-Doing |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Calabrese |first2=Claudia |last3=Gomez-Duran |first3=Aurora |last4=Schon |first4=Katherine |last5=Wei |first5=Wei |last6=Karthikeyan |first6=Savita |last7=Chinnery |first7=Patrick F. |last8=Howson |first8=Joanna M. M. |title=An atlas of mitochondrial DNA genotype–phenotype associations in the UK Biobank |journal=Nature Genetics |date=2021-05-17 |volume=53 |issue=7 |pages=982–993 |doi=10.1038/s41588-021-00868-1 |pmid=34002094 |pmc=7611844 |s2cid=234768578 |language=en |issn=1546-1718}}
- 18 May – Google demonstrates a research project called LaMDA, an automatic language generation system designed to sustain a conversation with a person on any topic.{{cite news |title=Google showed off its next-generation AI by talking to Pluto and a paper airplane |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/18/22442328/google-io-2021-ai-language-model-lamda-pluto |date=May 18, 2021 |work=The Verge|accessdate=May 21, 2021 }}{{cite news |title=LaMDA: our breakthrough conversation technology |url=https://blog.google/technology/ai/lamda/ |date=May 18, 2021 |work=Google|accessdate=May 21, 2021 }}
- 19 May – CRISPR gene editing is demonstrated to decrease LDL cholesterol in vivo in Macaca fascicularis by 60%.{{cite journal |last1=Musunuru |first1=Kiran |display-authors=et al. |title=In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates |journal=Nature |date=May 2021 |volume=593 |issue=7859 |pages=429–434 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03534-y |pmid=34012082 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..429M |s2cid=234790939 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03534-y |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
- 20 May – A new record high resolution for atomic imaging is reported, with instrumental blurring reduced to less than 20 picometres.{{cite news |title=Cornell researchers see atoms at record resolution |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/05/cornell-researchers-see-atoms-record-resolution |date=May 20, 2021 |work=Cornell University|accessdate=May 22, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhen |last2=Jiang |first2=Yi |last3=Shao |first3=Yu-Tsun |last4=Holtz |first4=Megan E. |last5=Odstrčil |first5=Michal |last6=Guizar-Sicairos |first6=Manuel |last7=Hanke |first7=Isabelle |last8=Ganschow |first8=Steffen |last9=Schlom |first9=Darrell G. |last10=Muller |first10=David A. |title=Electron ptychography achieves atomic-resolution limits set by lattice vibrations |journal=Science |date=2021-05-21 |volume=372 |issue=6544 |pages=826–831 |doi=10.1126/science.abg2533 |pmid=34016774 |arxiv=2101.00465 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..826C |s2cid=230435950 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abg2533 |access-date=15 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}
- 21 May – A study finds that papers in leading journals with findings that can't be replicated tend to be cited more than reproducible science. Results that are published unreproducibly are more likely to be wrong, may slow progress and, according to an author, "a simple way to check how often studies have been repeated, and whether or not the original findings are confirmed" is needed.{{cite news |title=A new replication crisis: Research that is less likely to be true is cited more |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-05-replication-crisis-true-cited.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Research findings that are probably wrong cited far more than robust ones, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/may/21/research-findings-that-are-probably-wrong-cited-far-more-than-robust-ones-study-finds |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=2021-05-21 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Serra-Garcia |first1=Marta |last2=Gneezy |first2=Uri |title=Nonreplicable publications are cited more than replicable ones |journal=Science Advances |date=2021-05-01 |volume=7 |issue=21 |pages=eabd1705 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd1705 |pmid=34020944 |pmc=8139580 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.1705S |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}
- 24 May – Researchers partially restore eyesight of a patient with Retinitis pigmentosa using eye-injected viral vectors for genes encoding the light-sensing channelrhodopsin protein ChrimsonR found in glowing algae, and light stimulation of them via engineered goggles that transform visual information of the environment.{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Scientists Partially Restored a Blind Man's Sight With New Gene Therapy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/24/science/blindness-therapy-optogenetics.html |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=2021-05-24}}{{cite journal |last1=Sahel |first1=José-Alain |last2=Boulanger-Scemama |first2=Elise |last3=Pagot |first3=Chloé |last4=Arleo |first4=Angelo |last5=Galluppi |first5=Francesco |last6=Martel |first6=Joseph N. |last7=Esposti |first7=Simona Degli |last8=Delaux |first8=Alexandre |last9=de Saint Aubert |first9=Jean-Baptiste |last10=de Montleau |first10=Caroline |last11=Gutman |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Audo |first12=Isabelle |last13=Duebel |first13=Jens |last14=Picaud |first14=Serge |last15=Dalkara |first15=Deniz |last16=Blouin |first16=Laure |last17=Taiel |first17=Magali |last18=Roska |first18=Botond |title=Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy |journal=Nature Medicine |date=2021-05-24 |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1223–1229 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4 |pmid=34031601 |s2cid=235203605 |language=en |issn=1546-170X|doi-access=free }}
- 25 May
- Scientists at Japan's RIKEN institute demonstrate a "dry transfer technique" enabling the precise positioning of optical-quality carbon nanotubes, without the need for a solvent.{{cite news |title=Engineering matter at the atomic level |url=https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/research_news/pr/2021/20210525_6/index.html |date=May 25, 2021 |work=Riken|accessdate=May 25, 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Otsuka |first1=Keigo |last2=Fang |first2=Nan |last3=Yamashita |first3=Daiki |last4=Taniguchi |first4=Takashi |last5=Watanabe |first5=Kenji |last6=Kato |first6=Yuichiro K. |title=Deterministic transfer of optical-quality carbon nanotubes for atomically defined technology |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-25 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3138 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23413-4 |pmid=34035306 |pmc=8149403 |arxiv=2012.01741 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3138O |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
- The maximum lifespan for humans is placed at between 120 and 150, according to a longitudinal analysis of blood markers.{{cite news |title=Humans Could Live up to 150 Years, New Research Suggests |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/humans-could-live-up-to-150-years-new-research-suggests/ |date=May 25, 2021 |work=Scientific American|accessdate=May 28, 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Gero scientists found a way to break the limit of human longevity |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-05/g-gsf052321.php |date=May 25, 2021 |work=EurekAlert!|accessdate=May 28, 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Longitudinal analysis of blood markers reveals progressive loss of resilience and predicts human lifespan limit |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23014-1 |date=May 25, 2021 |work=Nature|accessdate=May 28, 2021 }}
- Scientists elaborate mechanics of memory consolidation during sleep which may allow purposely enabling or strengthening this reactivation of experiences and information.{{cite news |title=Press (re)play to remember: How the brain strengthens memories during sleep |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-05-replay-brain-memories.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Schreiner |first1=Thomas |last2=Petzka |first2=Marit |last3=Staudigl |first3=Tobias |last4=Staresina |first4=Bernhard P. |title=Endogenous memory reactivation during sleep in humans is clocked by slow oscillation-spindle complexes |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-25 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3112 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23520-2 |pmid=34035303 |pmc=8149676 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3112S |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
- 26 May
- Scientists develop a light-responsive days-lasting modulator of circadian rhythms of tissues via Ck1 inhibition which may be useful for chronobiology research and repair of organs that are "out of sync".{{cite news |title=Resetting the biological clock by flipping a switch |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-05-resetting-biological-clock-flipping.html |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Kolarski |first1=Dušan |last2=Miró-Vinyals |first2=Carla |last3=Sugiyama |first3=Akiko |last4=Srivastava |first4=Ashutosh |last5=Ono |first5=Daisuke |last6=Nagai |first6=Yoshiko |last7=Iida |first7=Mui |last8=Itami |first8=Kenichiro |last9=Tama |first9=Florence |last10=Szymanski |first10=Wiktor |last11=Hirota |first11=Tsuyoshi |last12=Feringa |first12=Ben L. |title=Reversible modulation of circadian time with chronophotopharmacology |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021-05-26 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3164 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23301-x |pmid=34039965 |pmc=8155176 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3164K |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
- 27 May – The U.S. Department of Energy launches Perlmutter, a next-generation supercomputer with four exaflops of AI performance, the world's fastest when measured by 16-bit and 32-bit mixed-precision math.{{cite news |title=US Energy Department launches the Perlmutter AI supercomputer |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/us-energy-department-launches-the-perlmutter-ai-supercomputer/ |date=May 27, 2021 |work=ZDNet|accessdate=May 28, 2021 }}
- 28 May
- Biologists report the development of a new updated classification system for cell nuclei and find a way of transmuting one cell type into that of another.{{cite news |author=Baylor College of Medicine |title=Biologists Construct a "Periodic Table" for Cell Nuclei – And Discover Something Strange, Baffling and Unexpected |url=https://scitechdaily.com/biologists-construct-a-periodic-table-for-cell-nuclei-and-discover-something-strange-baffling-and-unexpected/ |date=29 May 2021 |work=ScioTechDaily |accessdate=29 May 2021 }}{{cite journal |last=Hoencamp |first=Claire |display-authors=et al. |title=3D genomics across the tree of life reveals condensin II as a determinant of architecture type |date=28 May 2021 |journal=Science |volume=372 |issue=6545 |pages=984–989 |doi=10.1126/science.abe2218 |pmid=34045355 |pmc=8172041 }}
- China's EAST tokamak sets a new world record for superheated plasma, sustaining a temperature of 120 million °C for 101 seconds and a peak of 160 million °C for 20 seconds.{{cite news |title=Chinese 'Artificial Sun' experimental fusion reactor sets world record for superheated plasma time |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-May-2021/chinese-artificial-sun-experimental-fusion-reactor-sets-world-record-for-superheated-plasma-time |date=May 29, 2021 |work=The Nation|accessdate=May 31, 2021 }}
- 29 May – Medical scientists in Vietnam report a new, more contagious, form of the COVID-19 virus, that may be a mixture of the variants first detected in India and Britain.{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elain |last2=Kolata |first2=Gina |title=Vietnam says it has detected a more contagious hybrid of variants first seen in India and Britain. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/29/world/vietnam-new-covid-variant.html |date=29 May 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=29 May 2021 }}
- 30 May – The most comprehensive 3D map of the human brain – of a 1 mm3 sized millionth of a brain and requiring 1.4 petabytes of storage space – is published.{{cite news |title=Google and Harvard map brain connections in unprecedented detail |url=https://newatlas.com/biology/google-harvard-human-brain-connectome/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=2021-06-02}}{{cite journal |last1=Shapson-Coe |first1=Alexander |last2=Januszewski |first2=Michał |last3=Berger |first3=Daniel R. |last4=Pope |first4=Art |last5=Wu |first5=Yuelong |last6=Blakely |first6=Tim |last7=Schalek |first7=Richard L. |last8=Li |first8=Peter |last9=Wang |first9=Shuohong |last10=Maitin-Shepard |first10=Jeremy |last11=Karlupia |first11=Neha |last12=Dorkenwald |first12=Sven |last13=Sjostedt |first13=Evelina |last14=Leavitt |first14=Laramie |last15=Lee |first15=Dongil |last16=Bailey |first16=Luke |last17=Fitzmaurice |first17=Angerica |last18=Kar |first18=Rohin |last19=Field |first19=Benjamin |last20=Wu |first20=Hank |last21=Wagner-Carena |first21=Julian |last22=Aley |first22=David |last23=Lau |first23=Joanna |last24=Lin |first24=Zudi |last25=Wei |first25=Donglai |last26=Pfister |first26=Hanspeter |last27=Peleg |first27=Adi |last28=Jain |first28=Viren |last29=Lichtman |first29=Jeff W. |title=A connectomic study of a petascale fragment of human cerebral cortex |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.29.446289v1 |journal=bioRxiv |access-date=13 June 2021 |pages=2021.05.29.446289 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2021.05.29.446289 |date=2021-05-30|s2cid=235270687 }}
=June=
File:Science Summary podcast for June 2021.webm
- 2 June
- NASA selects DAVINCI+ and VERITAS, two proposed spacecraft to study the atmosphere and surface of Venus, as the next missions in its Discovery Program.{{cite news |title=NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study 'Lost Habitable' World of Venus |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus |date=June 2, 2021 |work=NASA|accessdate=June 3, 2021 }}
- A new study provides experimental evidence of asymmetric response of interfacial water to applied electric field by using a single layer graphene electrode and a novel surface-sensitive non-linear spectroscopy technique with implications for various water-related processes such as in water purification.{{Cite web|title=What we know about water may have just changed dramatically|url=https://scienmag.com/what-we-know-about-water-may-have-just-changed-dramatically/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News|date=4 June 2021|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|title=What We Know About Water May Have Just Changed Dramatically|url=https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2021/06/what-we-know-about-water-may-have-just-changed-dramatically/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=USC Viterbi {{!}} School of Engineering|language=en-US}}{{Cite journal|last1=Montenegro|first1=Angelo|last2=Dutta|first2=Chayan|last3=Mammetkuliev|first3=Muhammet|last4=Shi|first4=Haotian|last5=Hou|first5=Bingya|last6=Bhattacharyya|first6=Dhritiman|last7=Zhao|first7=Bofan|last8=Cronin|first8=Stephen B.|last9=Benderskii|first9=Alexander V.|date=2021-06-02|title=Asymmetric response of interfacial water to applied electric fields|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03504-4|journal=Nature|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=62–65|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03504-4|pmid=34079138|bibcode=2021Natur.594...62M|s2cid=235321882|issn=0028-0836}}
- Scientists report that COVID-19 caused substantial changes to blood cells, sometimes persisting for months after hospital discharge, with implications for COVID-19 diagnostics and treatment.{{cite news |title=How a COVID-19 infection changes blood cells in the long run |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-covid-infection-blood-cells.html |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |title=Physical phenotype of blood cells is altered in COVID-19 |journal=Biophysical Journal |date=2 June 2021 |doi=10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.025 |language=en |issn=0006-3495|last1=Kubánková |first1=Markéta |last2=Hohberger |first2=Bettina |last3=Hoffmanns |first3=Jakob |last4=Fürst |first4=Julia |last5=Herrmann |first5=Martin |last6=Guck |first6=Jochen |last7=Kräter |first7=Martin |volume=120 |issue=14 |pages=2838–2847 |pmid=34087216 |pmc=8169220 |bibcode=2021BpJ...120.2838K }}
- 3 June – Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of offshore wind farms, cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in strategic decision-making.{{cite news |title=Are wind farms slowing each other down? |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Naveed |last2=Geyer |first2=Beate |last3=Rockel |first3=Burkhardt |last4=Sommer |first4=Philipp S. |last5=Schrum |first5=Corinna |title=Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3 |pmid=34083704 |pmc=8175401 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111826A |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}
File:Enceladus - November 30 2010 (23526484668).jpg, a possible sign of microbial life, on Enceladus.]]
- 7 June
- Astronomers report detecting substantial amounts of methane, a possible sign of microbial life, on Enceladus, a moon of the planet Saturn.{{cite news |last=Gooden |first=Tai |title=One of Saturn's Moons Has Shown Possible Signs of Microbial Life |url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/one-saturn-moons-shown-possible-143113838.html |date=7 July 2021 |work=Yahoo News |accessdate=7 July 2021 }}{{cite journal |author=Affholder, Antonin |display-authors=et al. |title=Bayesian analysis of Enceladus's plume data to assess methanogenesis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01372-6 |date=7 June 2021 |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=805–814 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01372-6 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..805A |s2cid=236220377 |accessdate=7 July 2021 }}
- Biologists report the restoration of bdelloid rotifers after being frozen for ~24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost.{{cite news |last=Renault |first=Marion |title=This Tiny Creature Survived 24,000 Years Frozen in Siberian Permafrost – The microscopic animals were frozen when woolly mammoths still roamed the planet, but were restored as though no time had passed. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/science/frozen-rotifers-siberia.html |date=7 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=7 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Shmakova |first1=Lyubov |last2=Malavin |first2=Stas |last3=Iakovenko |first3=Nataliia |last4=Vishnivetskaya |first4=Tatiana |last5=Shain |first5=Daniel |last6=Plewka |first6=Michael |last7=Rivkina |first7=Elizaveta |title=A living bdelloid rotifer from 24,000-year-old Arctic permafrost |journal=Current Biology |date=7 June 2021 |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=R712–R713 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.077 |pmid=34102116 |s2cid=235365588 |language=English |issn=0960-9822|doi-access=free }}
- The Juno spacecraft performs its only flyby of Jupiter's moon Ganymede, the first flyby of the moon by any spacecraft in over 20 years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/juno-mission-flyby-jupiter-moon-ganymede-recap|title = Hello, Ganymede! NASA's Juno makes closest visit to Jupiter's largest moon since 2000|website = Space.com|date = 7 June 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/see-the-first-images-nasas-juno-took-as-it-sailed-by-ganymede|title = See the First Images NASA's Juno Took as It Sailed by Ganymede|website = Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}
- 8 June – Toshiba achieves quantum communications over optical fibres exceeding 600 km in length, a new world record distance.{{cite news |title=Toshiba Announces Breakthrough in Long Distance Quantum Communication |url=https://www.toshiba.eu/pages/eu/Cambridge-Research-Laboratory/toshiba-announces-breakthrough-in-long-distance-quantum-communication |date=12 June 2021 |work=Toshiba|accessdate=12 June 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Researchers create an 'un-hackable' quantum network over hundreds of kilometers using optical fiber |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/researchers-created-an-un-hackable-quantum-network-over-hundreds-of-kilometers-using-optical-fiber/ |date=8 June 2021 |work=ZDNet|accessdate=12 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Pittaluga |first1=Mirko |last2=Minder |first2=Mariella |last3=Lucamarini |first3=Marco |last4=Sanzaro |first4=Mirko |last5=Woodward |first5=Robert I. |last6=Li |first6=Ming-Jun |last7=Yuan |first7=Zhiliang |last8=Shields |first8=Andrew J. |title=600-km repeater-like quantum communications with dual-band stabilization |journal=Nature Photonics |date=July 2021 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=530–535 |doi=10.1038/s41566-021-00811-0 |arxiv=2012.15099 |bibcode=2021NaPho..15..530P |s2cid=229923162 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-021-00811-0 |access-date=19 July 2021 |language=en |issn=1749-4893}}
- 9 June
- Astronomers at the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) report the detection of over 500 Fast Radio Bursts from outer space.{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Jennifer |title=CHIME Telescope Detects More Than 500 Mysterious Fast Radio Bursts From Outer Space |url=https://scitechdaily.com/chime-telescope-detects-more-than-500-mysterious-fast-radio-bursts-from-outer-space/ |date=9 June 2021 |work=SciTechDaily |accessdate=10 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Pleunis |first1=Ziggy |last2=Good |first2=Deborah C. |last3=Kaspi |first3=Victoria M. |last4=Mckinven |first4=Ryan |last5=Ransom |first5=Scott M. |last6=Scholz |first6=Paul |last7=Bandura |first7=Kevin |last8=Bhardwaj |first8=Mohit |last9=Boyle |first9=P. J. |last10=Brar |first10=Charanjot |last11=Cassanelli |first11=Tomas |last12=Chawla |first12=Pragya |last13=Fonseca |first13=Emmanuel |last14=Gaensler |first14=B. M. |last15=Josephy |first15=Alexander |last16=Kaczmarek |first16=Jane F. |last17=Leung |first17=Calvin |last18=Lin |first18=Hsiu-Hsien |last19=Masui |first19=Kiyoshi W. |last20=Mena-Parra |first20=Juan |last21=Michilli |first21=Daniele |last22=Ng |first22=Cherry |last23=Patel |first23=Chitrang |last24=Rafiei-Ravandi |first24=Masoud |last25=Rahman |first25=Mubdi |last26=Sanghavi |first26=Pranav |last27=Shin |first27=Kaitlyn |last28=Smith |first28=Kendrick M. |last29=Stairs |first29=Ingrid H. |last30=Tendulkar |first30=Shriharsh P. |title=Fast Radio Burst Morphology in the First CHIME/FRB Catalog |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |arxiv=2106.04356 |date=8 June 2021|volume=923 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac33ac |bibcode=2021ApJ...923....1P |s2cid=235368275 |doi-access=free }}
- Researchers from Google report a machine learning approach for microchip floorplanning that can outperform human designers.{{cite news |title=AI system outperforms humans in designing floorplans for microchips |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01515-9 |date=9 June 2021 |work=Nature |accessdate=10 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Mirhoseini |first1=Azalia |last2=Goldie |first2=Anna |last3=Yazgan |first3=Mustafa |last4=Jiang |first4=Joe Wenjie |last5=Songhori |first5=Ebrahim |last6=Wang |first6=Shen |last7=Lee |first7=Young-Joon |last8=Johnson |first8=Eric |last9=Pathak |first9=Omkar |last10=Nazi |first10=Azade |last11=Pak |first11=Jiwoo |last12=Tong |first12=Andy |last13=Srinivasa |first13=Kavya |last14=Hang |first14=William |last15=Tuncer |first15=Emre |last16=Le |first16=Quoc V. |last17=Laudon |first17=James |last18=Ho |first18=Richard |last19=Carpenter |first19=Roger |last20=Dean |first20=Jeff |title=A graph placement methodology for fast chip design |journal=Nature |date=June 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7862 |pages=207–212 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03544-w |pmid=34108699 |bibcode=2021Natur.594..207M |s2cid=235395490 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03544-w |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
- Researchers report the development of quantum nonlinear light microscopy with higher sensitivity and beyond the biological photodamage limit.{{cite news |title=Quantum microscope uses entanglement to reveal biological structures |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-microscope-uses-entanglement-to-reveal-biological-structures/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Physics World |date=15 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Casacio |first1=Catxere A. |last2=Madsen |first2=Lars S. |last3=Terrasson |first3=Alex |last4=Waleed |first4=Muhammad |last5=Barnscheidt |first5=Kai |last6=Hage |first6=Boris |last7=Taylor |first7=Michael A. |last8=Bowen |first8=Warwick P. |title=Quantum-enhanced nonlinear microscopy |journal=Nature |date=June 2021 |volume=594 |issue=7862 |pages=201–206 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03528-w |pmid=34108694 |bibcode=2021Natur.594..201C |s2cid=235395587 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03528-w |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
File:Optical appearance of self-assembled films of sustainable packaging alternative to plastic.webp packaging alternative to plastic molecularly similar to high-strength spider silk.]]
- 10 June
- A trial of mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia bacteria results in a 77% reduction of dengue fever incidence and 86% reduction of hospitalisations in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.{{cite news |title='Miraculous' mosquito hack cuts dengue by 77% |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57417219 |date=10 June 2021 |work=BBC News |accessdate=10 June 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Randomised Controlled Trial |url=https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/randomised-control-trial-rct |date=10 June 2021 |work=World Mosquito Program |accessdate=10 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Utarini |first1=Adi |last2=Indriani |first2=Citra |last3=Ahmad |first3=Riris A. |last4=Tantowijoyo |first4=Warsito |last5=Arguni |first5=Eggi |last6=Ansari |first6=M. Ridwan |last7=Supriyati |first7=Endah |last8=Wardana |first8=D. Satria |last9=Meitika |first9=Yeti |last10=Ernesia |first10=Inggrid |last11=Nurhayati |first11=Indah |last12=Prabowo |first12=Equatori |last13=Andari |first13=Bekti |last14=Green |first14=Benjamin R. |last15=Hodgson |first15=Lauren |last16=Cutcher |first16=Zoe |last17=Rancès |first17=Edwige |last18=Ryan |first18=Peter A. |last19=O'Neill |first19=Scott L. |last20=Dufault |first20=Suzanne M. |last21=Tanamas |first21=Stephanie K. |last22=Jewell |first22=Nicholas P. |last23=Anders |first23=Katherine L. |last24=Simmons |first24=Cameron P. |title=Efficacy of Wolbachia-Infected Mosquito Deployments for the Control of Dengue |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=10 June 2021 |volume=384 |issue=23 |pages=2177–2186 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2030243 |pmid=34107180 |pmc=8103655 |issn=0028-4793}}
- A Venus-orbiting spacecraft, EnVision, is chosen by the European Space Agency as the fifth Medium-class mission in its Cosmic Vision plan, targeting a launch in the early 2030s.{{cite news |title=Europe will join the space party at Planet Venus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57416589 |date=10 June 2021 |work=BBC News |accessdate=10 June 2021 }}
- Researchers report the development of the first quantum brain scanner which uses magnetic imaging and could become a novel whole-brain scanning approach.{{cite news |title=Researchers build first modular quantum brain sensor, record signal |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-modular-quantum-brain-sensor.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite arXiv |last1=Coussens |first1=Thomas |last2=Abel |first2=Christopher |last3=Gialopsou |first3=Aikaterini |last4=Bason |first4=Mark G. |last5=James |first5=Tim M. |last6=Orucevic |first6=Fedja |last7=Kruger |first7=Peter |title=Modular optically-pumped magnetometer system |date=10 June 2021|class=physics.atom-ph |eprint=2106.05877 }}
- Researchers report the development of a plant proteins-based biodegradable packaging alternative to plastic molecularly similar to high-strength spider silk.{{cite news |title='Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-vegan-spider-silk-sustainable-alternative.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Kamada |first1=Ayaka |last2=Rodriguez-Garcia |first2=Marc |last3=Ruggeri |first3=Francesco Simone |last4=Shen |first4=Yi |last5=Levin |first5=Aviad |last6=Knowles |first6=Tuomas P. J. |title=Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films |journal=Nature Communications |date=10 June 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3529 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6 |pmid=34112802 |pmc=8192951 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3529K |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}
File:DNA Repair.jpgs, long thought to only transcribe DNA into DNA or RNA, can also write RNA segments into DNA.]]
- 11 June – Biologists report that DNA polymerases, long thought to only transcribe DNA into DNA or RNA, can also write RNA segments into DNA. Polθ was found to promote RNA-templated DNA repair, with large implications for many fields of biology.{{cite news |title=New discovery shows human cells can write RNA sequences into DNA |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-discovery-human-cells-rna-sequences.html |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Chandramouly |first1=Gurushankar |last2=Zhao |first2=Jiemin |last3=McDevitt |first3=Shane |last4=Rusanov |first4=Timur |last5=Hoang |first5=Trung |last6=Borisonnik |first6=Nikita |last7=Treddinick |first7=Taylor |last8=Lopezcolorado |first8=Felicia Wednesday |last9=Kent |first9=Tatiana |last10=Siddique |first10=Labiba A. |last11=Mallon |first11=Joseph |last12=Huhn |first12=Jacklyn |last13=Shoda |first13=Zainab |last14=Kashkina |first14=Ekaterina |last15=Brambati |first15=Alessandra |last16=Stark |first16=Jeremy M. |last17=Chen |first17=Xiaojiang S. |last18=Pomerantz |first18=Richard T. |title=Polθ reverse transcribes RNA and promotes RNA-templated DNA repair |journal=Science Advances |date=11 June 2021 |volume=7 |issue=24 |pages=eabf1771 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf1771 |pmid=34117057 |pmc=8195485 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.1771C |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}
- 14 June – Astronomers describe the largest known spinning structures in the Universe, consisting of "tendrils" of galaxies spanning hundreds of millions of light-years in length.{{cite news |title=Discovery of the largest rotation in the universe |url=https://www.aip.de/en/news/discovery-of-the-largest-rotation-in-the-universe/ |date=14 June 2021 |work=Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam |accessdate=20 June 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Astronomers discover largest known spinning structures in the universe |url=https://www.space.com/largest-spinning-structures-universe-discovered |date=14 June 2021 |work=Space.com |accessdate=20 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Peng |last2=Libeskind |first2=Noam I. |last3=Tempel |first3=Elmo |last4=Kang |first4=Xi |last5=Guo |first5=Quan |title=Possible observational evidence for cosmic filament spin |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=14 June 2021 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=839–845 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01380-6 |arxiv=2106.05989 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..839W |s2cid=235417561 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01380-6 |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en |issn=2397-3366}}
File:Effects of exposure to PFASs on human health.svg are widely designed with formulations and disposals that are known to be harmful to human health and ecosystems, often containing PFAS.]]
- 15 June
- Scientists report measurements of the rapidly increasing rate of the Earth's energy budget imbalance of global warming.{{cite news |last1=Ramirez |first1=Rachel |title=The amount of heat the Earth traps has doubled in just 15 years, study shows |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/17/us/earth-trapped-heat-doubled/index.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=CNN}}{{cite journal |last1=Loeb |first1=Norman G. |last2=Johnson |first2=Gregory C. |last3=Thorsen |first3=Tyler J. |last4=Lyman |first4=John M. |last5=Rose |first5=Fred G. |last6=Kato |first6=Seiji |title=Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating Rate |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2021 |volume=48 |issue=13 |pages=e2021GL093047 |doi=10.1029/2021GL093047 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4893047L |language=en |issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free }}
- Scientists complement extensive evidence that cosmetics are widely designed with formulations and disposals that are known to be harmful to human health and ecosystems, often containing PFAS.{{cite news |title=Many cosmetics contain hidden, potentially dangerous 'forever chemicals' |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/cosmetics-makeup-pfas-chemicals |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Science News |date=15 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Heather D. |last2=Venier |first2=Marta |last3=Wu |first3=Yan |last4=Eastman |first4=Emi |last5=Urbanik |first5=Shannon |last6=Diamond |first6=Miriam L. |last7=Shalin |first7=Anna |last8=Schwartz-Narbonne |first8=Heather |last9=Bruton |first9=Thomas A. |last10=Blum |first10=Arlene |last11=Wang |first11=Zhanyun |last12=Green |first12=Megan |last13=Tighe |first13=Meghanne |last14=Wilkinson |first14=John T. |last15=McGuinness |first15=Sean |last16=Peaslee |first16=Graham F. |title=Fluorinated Compounds in North American Cosmetics |journal=Environmental Science & Technology Letters |date=15 June 2021 |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=538–544 |doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240 |bibcode=2021EnSTL...8..538W |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00240 |access-date=11 July 2021|hdl=20.500.11850/495857 |s2cid=236284279 |hdl-access=free }}
- 16 June – Astronomers report that the Great Dimming of Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star, resulted from expulsion of a substantial amount of dust from the star, and not a sign of its destruction.{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Betelgeuse Merely Burped, Astronomers Conclude - The dramatic dimming of the red supergiant in 2019 was the product of dust, not a prelude to destruction, a new study has found. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/science/betelgeuse-montarges-star-supernova.html |date=17 June 2021 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=17 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |author=Montargès, M. |display-authors=et al. |title=A dusty veil shading Betelgeuse during its Great Dimming |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03546-8 |date=16 June 2021 |journal=Nature |volume=594 |issue=7863 |pages=365–368 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03546-8 |pmid=34135524 |arxiv=2201.10551 |bibcode=2021Natur.594..365M |s2cid=235460928 |accessdate=17 June 2021 }}
- 17 June
- The first, three-person crew is sent to the Chinese space station Tiangong, which to date consists of the first and core module Tianhe.{{cite news |title=China set to send first crew to new space station Thursday |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/china-set-send-crew-space-station-thursday-78304878 |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=ABC News |language=en}}
- Researchers present a quantum computing demonstrator that fits inside two 19-inch racks, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.{{cite news |title=Quantum computer is smallest ever, claim physicists |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-computer-is-smallest-ever-claim-physicists/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Physics World |date=7 July 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Pogorelov |first1=I. |last2=Feldker |first2=T. |last3=Marciniak |first3=Ch. D. |last4=Postler |first4=L. |last5=Jacob |first5=G. |last6=Krieglsteiner |first6=O. |last7=Podlesnic |first7=V. |last8=Meth |first8=M. |last9=Negnevitsky |first9=V. |last10=Stadler |first10=M. |last11=Höfer |first11=B. |last12=Wächter |first12=C. |last13=Lakhmanskiy |first13=K. |last14=Blatt |first14=R. |last15=Schindler |first15=P. |last16=Monz |first16=T. |title=Compact Ion-Trap Quantum Computing Demonstrator |journal=PRX Quantum |date=17 June 2021 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=020343 |doi=10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.020343 |arxiv=2101.11390 |bibcode=2021PRXQ....2b0343P |s2cid=231719119 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.020343 |access-date=11 July 2021}}
- 18 June – The existence of a "pulse" in Earth's geological activity, occurring approximately every 27.5 million years, is reported. The next pulse is due in about 20.5 million years.{{cite news |title=The Earth has a pulse -- a 27.5-million-year cycle of geological activity |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210618134009.htm |date=18 June 2021 |work=Science Daily |accessdate=21 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |title=A pulse of the Earth: A 27.5-Myr underlying cycle in coordinated geological events over the last 260 Myr |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |date=1 November 2021 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=101245 |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101245 |language=en |issn=1674-9871|last1=Rampino |first1=Michael R. |last2=Caldeira |first2=Ken |last3=Zhu |first3=Yuhong |bibcode=2021GeoFr..1201245R |doi-access=free }}
- 19 June – A previously unknown comet, 2014 UN271, is reported by astronomers at the Dark Energy Survey. The object is estimated at between 100 and 200 km in size, potentially making it the largest comet ever discovered, and will pass as close as Saturn in January 2031.{{cite news |title=The Largest Comet Ever Found Is Making Its Move Into a Sky Near You |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/science/comet-largest-ever-seen.html|date=28 June 2021 |work=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2021 }}
- 23 June
- Astronomers report the determination of 1,715 stars (with likely related exoplanetary systems) within 326 light-years (100 parsecs) that have a favorable positional vantage point—in relation to the Earth Transit Zone (ETZ)—of detecting Earth as an exoplanet transiting the Sun since the beginnings of human civilization (about 5,000 years ago).{{cite news |title=Alien astronomers on hundreds of nearby exoplanets could have spotted life on Earth |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/alien-astronomers-on-hundreds-of-nearby-exoplanets-could-have-spotted-life-on-earth/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Physics World |date=23 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Kaltenegger |first1=L. |last2=Faherty |first2=J.K.|title=Past, present and future stars that can see Earth as a transiting exoplanet |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03596-y |date=23 June 2021 |journal=Nature |volume=594 |issue=7864 |pages=505–507 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03596-y| issn=0028-0836 |pmid=34163055 |arxiv=2107.07936 |bibcode=2021Natur.594..505K |s2cid=235626242 |accessdate=23 June 2021 }}
- A study finds that over half of a cohort of home-isolated young patients (16–30 y.) infected with COVID-19 still had symptoms after 6 months, including fatigue (21%).{{cite news |title=Half of young adults with COVID-19 have persistent symptoms after 6 months |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-young-adults-covid-persistent-symptoms.html |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Blomberg |first1=Bjørn |last2=Mohn |first2=Kristin Greve-Isdahl |last3=Brokstad |first3=Karl Albert |last4=Zhou |first4=Fan |last5=Linchausen |first5=Dagrun Waag |last6=Hansen |first6=Bent-Are |last7=Lartey |first7=Sarah |last8=Onyango |first8=Therese Bredholt |last9=Kuwelker |first9=Kanika |last10=Sævik |first10=Marianne |last11=Bartsch |first11=Hauke |last12=Tøndel |first12=Camilla |last13=Kittang |first13=Bård Reiakvam |last14=Cox |first14=Rebecca Jane |last15=Langeland |first15=Nina |title=Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients |journal=Nature Medicine |date=23 June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=1607–1613 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01433-3 |pmid=34163090 |pmc=8440190 |s2cid=235625772 |language=en |issn=1546-170X|doi-access=free }}
- 24 June – Astronomers provide a new calculation for when the first stars formed, placing this event between 250 and 350 million years after the Big Bang.{{cite news |title=Astronomers work out when the first stars shone |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57515422 |date=24 June 2021 |work=BBC News |accessdate=24 June 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Laporte |first1=N |last2=Meyer |first2=R A |last3=Ellis |first3=R S |last4=Robertson |first4=B E |last5=Chisholm |first5=J |last6=Roberts-Borsani |first6=G W |title=Probing cosmic dawn: Ages and star formation histories of candidate z ≥ 9 galaxies |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=24 June 2021 |volume=505 |issue=3 |pages=3336–3346 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stab1239 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/505/3/3336/6301992 |access-date=11 July 2021|arxiv=2104.08168 }}
- 25 June
- Chinese archaeologists report that a skull discovered in Harbin in 1933 by a Manchukuo National Railway bridge, known as Homo longi or "Dragon Man", belongs to a previously undiscovered species of early humans closely related to Homo sapiens dating back 146,000 years ago.{{cite news |title='Dragon Man' skull may be new species, shaking up human family tree |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dragon-man-fossil-skull-may-represent-new-human-species-in-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625153333/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/dragon-man-fossil-skull-may-represent-new-human-species-in-china |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Science |date=25 June 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal |first1=X. |last1=Ni |first2=Q. |last2=Ji |first3=W. |last3=Wu |display-authors=et al.|year=2021 |title=Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage |journal=The Innovation |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=100130 |doi=10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130 |pmid=34557770 |pmc=8454562 |bibcode=2021Innov...200130N |doi-access=free }}
- The first comprehensive analysis of a Nesher Ramla Homo individual (120–140 kya) suggests an unrecognized group of hominins may have existed and, admixed with Neanderthals, was involved in the evolution of Middle Pleistocene Homo in Europe and East Asia.{{cite news |title=These ancient humans looked a little like Neanderthals and nothing like us. So who were they? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2021-06-25/unusual-ancient-human-bones-israel/100238152 |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=www.abc.net.au |date=24 June 2021 |language=en-AU}}{{cite journal |last1=Hershkovitz |first1=Israel |last2=May |first2=Hila |last3=Sarig |first3=Rachel |last4=Pokhojaev |first4=Ariel |last5=Grimaud-Hervé |first5=Dominique |last6=Bruner |first6=Emiliano |last7=Fornai |first7=Cinzia |last8=Quam |first8=Rolf |last9=Arsuaga |first9=Juan Luis |last10=Krenn |first10=Viktoria A. |last11=Martinón-Torres |first11=Maria |last12=Castro |first12=José María Bermúdez de |last13=Martín-Francés |first13=Laura |last14=Slon |first14=Viviane |last15=Albessard-Ball |first15=Lou |last16=Vialet |first16=Amélie |last17=Schüler |first17=Tim |last18=Manzi |first18=Giorgio |last19=Profico |first19=Antonio |last20=Vincenzo |first20=Fabio Di |last21=Weber |first21=Gerhard W. |last22=Zaidner |first22=Yossi |title=A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Israel |journal=Science |date=25 June 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6549 |pages=1424–1428 |doi=10.1126/science.abh3169 |bibcode=2021Sci...372.1424H |s2cid=235628111 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh3169 |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}
- Scientists report that natural immunity to COVID-19 via forms of prior infection combined with vaccination synergizes to extraordinarily large immune responses.{{cite news |title=Why COVID-19 vaccines can provide stronger immunity than natural infection |url=https://newatlas.com/health-wellbeing/vaccine-immunity-stronger-than-natural-infection-covid/ |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=28 June 2021}}{{cite journal |last1=Crotty |first1=Shane |title=Hybrid immunity |journal=Science |date=25 June 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6549 |pages=1392–1393 |doi=10.1126/science.abj2258 |bibcode=2021Sci...372.1392C |s2cid=235628127 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free }}
- 26 June – The first, small clinical trial of CRISPR gene editing in which a – lipid nanoparticle formulated – CRISPR (with mCas9) gene editing therapeutic is injected in vivo into bloodstream of humans concludes with promising results.{{cite news |last1=KaiserJun. 26 |first1=Jocelyn |title=CRISPR injected into the blood treats a genetic disease for first time |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/crispr-injected-blood-treats-genetic-disease-first-time |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=Science {{!}} AAAS |date=26 June 2021 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Gillmore |first1=Julian D. |last2=Gane |first2=Ed |last3=Taubel |first3=Jorg |last4=Kao |first4=Justin |last5=Fontana |first5=Marianna |last6=Maitland |first6=Michael L. |last7=Seitzer |first7=Jessica |last8=O'Connell |first8=Daniel |last9=Walsh |first9=Kathryn R. |last10=Wood |first10=Kristy |last11=Phillips |first11=Jonathan |last12=Xu |first12=Yuanxin |last13=Amaral |first13=Adam |last14=Boyd |first14=Adam P. |last15=Cehelsky |first15=Jeffrey E. |last16=McKee |first16=Mark D. |last17=Schiermeier |first17=Andrew |last18=Harari |first18=Olivier |last19=Murphy |first19=Andrew |last20=Kyratsous |first20=Christos A. |last21=Zambrowicz |first21=Brian |last22=Soltys |first22=Randy |last23=Gutstein |first23=David E. |last24=Leonard |first24=John |last25=Sepp-Lorenzino |first25=Laura |last26=Lebwohl |first26=David |title=CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=26 June 2021 |volume=385 |issue=6 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2107454 |pmid=34215024 |s2cid=235722446 |language=en|doi-access=free }}
- 28 June
- Scientists publish calculations of water activity levels in Venusian clouds based on data from space probes, concluding these to be two magnitudes too low at the examined places for a natural microbiotic explanation for potentially detected phosphine on Venus.{{cite news |title=Scientists say there's no life on Venus — but Jupiter has potential |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/alien-life-venus-jupiter-water-activity-clouds-atmosphere/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=www.cbsnews.com}}{{cite journal |last1=Hallsworth |first1=John E. |last2=Koop |first2=Thomas |last3=Dallas |first3=Tiffany D. |last4=Zorzano |first4=María-Paz |last5=Burkhardt |first5=Juergen |last6=Golyshina |first6=Olga V. |last7=Martín-Torres |first7=Javier |last8=Dymond |first8=Marcus K. |last9=Ball |first9=Philip |last10=McKay |first10=Christopher P. |title=Water activity in Venus's uninhabitable clouds and other planetary atmospheres |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=28 June 2021 |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=665–675 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01391-3 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..665H |hdl=10261/261774 |s2cid=237820246 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01391-3 |access-date=10 July 2021 |language=en |issn=2397-3366|hdl-access=free }}
- Researchers report the development of embedded biosensors for pathogenic signatures – such as of SARS-CoV-2 – that are wearable such as face masks.{{cite news |title=Face masks that can diagnose COVID-19 |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-06-masks-covid-.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Peter Q. |last2=Soenksen |first2=Luis R. |last3=Donghia |first3=Nina M. |last4=Angenent-Mari |first4=Nicolaas M. |last5=de Puig |first5=Helena |last6=Huang |first6=Ally |last7=Lee |first7=Rose |last8=Slomovic |first8=Shimyn |last9=Galbersanini |first9=Tommaso |last10=Lansberry |first10=Geoffrey |last11=Sallum |first11=Hani M. |last12=Zhao |first12=Evan M. |last13=Niemi |first13=James B. |last14=Collins |first14=James J. |title=Wearable materials with embedded synthetic biology sensors for biomolecule detection |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=28 June 2021 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=1366–1374 |doi=10.1038/s41587-021-00950-3 |pmid=34183860 |s2cid=235673261 |language=en |issn=1546-1696|doi-access=free |hdl=1721.1/131278 |hdl-access=free }}
- 29 June
- The first detection of a neutron star–black hole collision is reported, with a second such event following 10 days later.{{cite news |title= LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA finds elusive mergers of black holes with neutron stars |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-06/uow--lfe062621.php |date=29 June 2021 |work=EurekAlert! |accessdate=1 July 2021 }}{{cite news |title=Scientists catch 1st glimpse of a black hole swallowing a neutron star |url=https://www.space.com/first-black-hole-neutron-star-mergers-detected |date=29 June 2021 |work=Space.com |accessdate=1 July 2021 }}{{cite journal |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |date=June 2021 |volume=915 |issue=1 |pages=L5 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac082e |language=en |issn=2041-8205|last1=Abbott |first1=R. |last2=Abbott |first2=T. D. |last3=Abraham |first3=S. |last4=Acernese |first4=F. |last5=Ackley |first5=K. |last6=Adams |first6=A. |last7=Adams |first7=C. |last8=Adhikari |first8=R. X. |last9=Adya |first9=V. B. |last10=Affeldt |first10=C. |last11=Agarwal |first11=D. |last12=Agathos |first12=M. |last13=Agatsuma |first13=K. |last14=Aggarwal |first14=N. |last15=Aguiar |first15=O. D. |last16=Aiello |first16=L. |last17=Ain |first17=A. |last18=Ajith |first18=P. |last19=Akutsu |first19=T. |last20=Aleman |first20=K. M. |last21=Allen |first21=G. |last22=Allocca |first22=A. |last23=Altin |first23=P. A. |last24=Amato |first24=A. |last25=Anand |first25=S. |last26=Ananyeva |first26=A. |last27=Anderson |first27=S. B. |last28=Anderson |first28=W. G. |last29=Ando |first29=M. |last30=Angelova |first30=S. V. |arxiv=2106.15163 |bibcode=2021ApJ...915L...5A |hdl=2440/131486 |s2cid=235670241 |display-authors=1 |doi-access=free }}
- A study concludes that public services are associated with higher human need satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of economic growth are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary economic system is structurally misaligned with goals of sustainable development and that to date no nation can provide decent living standards at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and -infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.{{cite news |title=Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-decent-standards-global-energy.html |access-date=10 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |title=Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=29 June 2021 |pages=102287 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287 |language=en |issn=0959-3780|last1=Vogel |first1=Jefim |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=O'Neill |first3=Daniel W. |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Krishnakumar |first5=Jaya |volume=69 |doi-access=free }}
- Scientists report that solar-energy-driven production of microbial foods from direct air capture substantially outperforms agricultural cultivation of staple crops in terms of land use.{{cite news |title=Growing food with air and solar power: More efficient than planting crops |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-06-food-air-solar-power-efficient.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Leger |first1=Dorian |last2=Matassa |first2=Silvio |last3=Noor |first3=Elad |last4=Shepon |first4=Alon |last5=Milo |first5=Ron |last6=Bar-Even |first6=Arren |title=Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=29 June 2021 |volume=118 |issue=26 |pages=e2015025118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2015025118 |pmid=34155098 |pmc=8255800 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11815025L |s2cid=235595143 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}
- 30 June
- The smallest and most massive white dwarf ever seen is reported. The star, named ZTF J1901+1458, has a diameter of just 4,300 km but is 1.35 times the mass of the Sun.{{cite news |title=A white dwarf living on the edge |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-06/wmko-awd063021.php |date=30 June 2021 |work=EurekAlert! |accessdate=1 July 2021 }}{{cite journal |last1=Caiazzo |first1=Ilaria |last2=Burdge |first2=Kevin B. |last3=Fuller |first3=James |last4=Heyl |first4=Jeremy |last5=Kulkarni |first5=S. R. |last6=Prince |first6=Thomas A. |last7=Richer |first7=Harvey B. |last8=Schwab |first8=Josiah |last9=Andreoni |first9=Igor |last10=Bellm |first10=Eric C. |last11=Drake |first11=Andrew |last12=Duev |first12=Dmitry A. |last13=Graham |first13=Matthew J. |last14=Helou |first14=George |last15=Mahabal |first15=Ashish A. |last16=Masci |first16=Frank J. |last17=Smith |first17=Roger |last18=Soumagnac |first18=Maayane T. |title=A highly magnetized and rapidly rotating white dwarf as small as the Moon |journal=Nature |date=July 2021 |volume=595 |issue=7865 |pages=39–42 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03615-y |pmid=34194021 |arxiv=2107.08458 |bibcode=2021Natur.595...39C |s2cid=235698482 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03615-y |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}
- A study of the Laacher See volcano uses dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating to narrow the time of the eruption to 13,006 BP with an error of just 9 years, and shows that the onset of the Younger Dryas happened synchronously over the entire North Atlantic and Central European region.{{Cite press release |title=Eruption of the Laacher See volcano redated |url=https://www.uni-mainz.de/presse/aktuell/13879_ENG_HTML.php |language=en |access-date=2021-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701165741/https://www.uni-mainz.de/presse/aktuell/13879_ENG_HTML.php |archive-date=2021-07-01 |author=Johannes Gutenberg-Universität |author-link=University of Mainz |website=uni-mainz.de |quote=That is 126 years earlier than the generally accepted dating based on sediments in the Meerfelder Maar from the Eifel region in Germany. ... This means that the [onset of the Younger Dryas] also occurred in Central Europe 130 years earlier, around 12,870 years ago respectively. This is in line with the onset of the cooling in the North Atlantic region identified in ice cores from Greenland. ... 'This strong cooling did not take place time transgressively, as previously thought, but rather synchronously over the entire North Atlantic and Central European region,' said Frederick Reinig.}}{{Cite Q |Q107389873 |last=Reinig |first=Frederick |last2=Wacker |first2=Lukas |last3=Jöris |first3=Olaf |last4=Oppenheimer |first4=Clive |last5=Guidobaldi |first5=Giulia |last6=Nievergelt |first6=Daniel |last7=Adolphi |first7=Florian |last8=Cherubini |first8=Paolo |last9=Engels |first9=Stefan |last10=Esper |first10=Jan |last11=Land |first11=Alexander |last12=Lane |first12=Christine |last13=Pfanz |first13=Hardy |last14=Remmele |first14=Sabine |last15=Sigl |first15=Michael |last16=Sookdeo |first16=Adam |last17=Büntgen |first17=Ulf |display-authors=6 |quote=[Measurements] firmly date the [Laacher See eruption] to 13,006 ± 9 calibrated years before present (BP; taken as AD 1950), which is more than a century earlier than previously accepted. ...thereby dating the onset of the Younger Dryas to 12,807 ± 12 calibrated years BP, which is around 130 years earlier than thought.}}
Deaths
- 1 April – Isamu Akasaki, Japanese engineer and physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
- 4 April – Robert Mundell, Canadian economist (b. 1932)
- 4 June – Richard R. Ernst, Swiss physical chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
- 6 June – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1935)
See also
{{#section-h:2021 in science|See also}}
References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|2021 in science}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:April-June 2021 in science}}