Gibraltar#History

The name is derived from {{langx|ar|{{linktext|جبل طارق}}|Jabal Ṭāriq|lit=Mount of Tariq}} (named after the 8th-century North African military leader Tariq ibn Ziyad, who began the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula via the Strait of Gibraltar in 711).{{Cite book |last1=W. Montgomery Watt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJwPXKcyzbIC&pg=PA8 |title=A History of Islamic Spain |last2=Pierre Cachia |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-202-30936-1 |page=8 |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051759/https://books.google.com/books?id=XJwPXKcyzbIC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|History of Gibraltar}}

File:The Moorish Castle.jpg's Tower of Homage]]

Evidence of Neanderthal habitation in Gibraltar from around 50,000 years ago has been discovered at Gorham's Cave.{{Cite news |last=Choi |first=Charles |year=2006 |title=Gibraltar |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14817677 |access-date=8 January 2010 |work=NBC News |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009232610/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/14817677/ |url-status=live }} The caves of Gibraltar continued to be used by Homo sapiens after the final extinction of the Neanderthals. Stone tools, ancient hearths and animal bones dating from around 40,000 years ago to about 5,000 years ago have been found in deposits left in Gorham's Cave.{{Cite book |last1=Finlayson |first1=J. C. |title=Les Premiers Hommes Modernes de la Peninsule Iberique. Actes du Colloque de la Commission VIII de l'UISPP |last2=Barton |first2=R. N. E. |last3=Stringer |first3=C. B. |date=2001 |publisher=Instituto Português de Arqueologia |isbn=978-972-8662-00-4 |location=Lisbon |page=48 |chapter=The Gibraltar Neanderthals and their Extinction}}

Numerous potsherds dating from the Neolithic period have been found in Gibraltar's caves, mostly of types typical of the Almerian culture found elsewhere in Andalusia, especially around the town of Almería, from which it takes its name.Devenish, David (2003). Gibraltar before the British. London: Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library. OCLC 499242153. p. 49 There is little evidence of habitation in the Bronze Age when people had largely stopped living in caves.Devenish, p. 55

During ancient times, Gibraltar was regarded by the peoples of the Mediterranean as a place of religious and symbolic importance. The Phoenicians were present for several centuries since around 950 BC, apparently using Gorham's Cave as a shrine to the genius loci,Padró i Parcerisa, p. 128 as did the Carthaginians and Romans after them. Gibraltar was known as Mons Calpe, a name perhaps of Phoenician origin.{{Cite book |last=Hills |first=George |title=Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar |publisher=Robert Hale & Company |year=1974 |isbn=0-7091-4352-4 |location=London |page=13 |ref=Hills |author-link=George Hills (historian)}} Mons Calpe was considered by the ancient Greeks and Romans as one of the Pillars of Hercules, after the Greek legend of the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar by Heracles. There is no known archaeological evidence of permanent settlements from the ancient period.Hills, p. 19 They settled at the head of the bay in what is today known as the Campo (hinterland) of Gibraltar.{{sfn|Jackson|p=22}} The town of Carteia, near the location of the modern Spanish town of San Roque, was founded by the Phoenicians around 950 BC on the site of an early settlement of the native Turdetani people.Shields, p. ix

The area of Gibraltar later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania for almost 300 years, from 418 until 720 AD.Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 170

Following a raid in 710, a predominantly Berber army under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed from North Africa in April 711 and landed somewhere in the vicinity of Gibraltar (though most likely not in the bay or at the Rock itself).Hills, p. 30{{sfn|Jackson|pp=21–5}} Tariq's expedition led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula.{{Cite web |last=Merini |first=Mehdi El |date=2024-08-14 |title=Tariq Ibn Ziyad: The Story of the Muslim Conquest of Andalusia |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/tariq-ibn-ziyad-the-story-of-the-muslim-conquest-of-andalusia/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Arab America |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=dayhist.com |title=The 711 Conquest of Hispania: Tariq ibn Ziyad's Historic Landing at Gi |url=https://dayhist.com/events/the-711-conquest-of-hispania-tariq-ibn-ziyads-historic-landing-at-gibraltar |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=dayhist.com |language=en}} Mons Calpe was renamed Jabal Ṭāriq ({{lang|ar|جبل طارق}}), "the Mount of Tariq", subsequently corrupted into Gibraltar.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Apr. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tariq-ibn-Ziyad. Accessed 10 April 2025

In 1160 the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mu'min ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath (City of the Victory).{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=H.T. |year=1961 |title=The Early Islamic Settlement in Gibraltar |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.2307/2844467 |jstor=2844467}} The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today.

From 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the Nasrids of Granada (in 1237 and 1374), the Marinids of Fez (in 1274 and 1333) and the kings of Castile (in 1309). Upon the Nasrid destruction and abandonment of Algeciras {{circa|1375}} and Nasrids' procurement of Gibraltar away from Marinids in 1375, the Nasrids favoured Gibraltar (a worse natural harbor than Algeciras but featuring better defence capabilities) as a military and urban outpost in the Strait, although Gibraltar did not ever reach a large population during this period.{{Cite journal|issn=1133-5319|journal=Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños|volume=48|year=2018|url=https://institutoecg.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/07-avellaneda-26sept.pdf|title=Gibraltar, causa de la destrucción de Algeciras en el siglo XIV y la verdadera fecha de esta|pages=109–110|first=Carlos|last=Gómez de Avellaneda Sabio}}

File:Spain and Portugal- handbook for travellers (1901) (14589975490).jpg map of Gibraltar, 1901]]

In 1462, Gibraltar was captured by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia, from the Emirate of Granada.{{Cite web |title=The History of Gibraltar and of Its Political Relation to Events in Europe, From the Commencement of the Moorish Dynasty in Spain to the Last Morocco War |url=http://www.mocavo.com/The-History-of-Gibraltar-and-of-Its-Political-Relation-to-Events-in-Europe-From-the-Commencement-of-the-Moorish-Dynasty-in-Spain-to-the-Last-Morocco-War/102876/84 |website=Mocavo |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124603/http://www.mocavo.com/The-History-of-Gibraltar-and-of-Its-Political-Relation-to-Events-in-Europe-From-the-Commencement-of-the-Moorish-Dynasty-in-Spain-to-the-Last-Morocco-War/102876/84 |url-status=live }}

After the conquest, Henry IV of Castile assumed the additional title of King of Gibraltar, establishing it as part of the comarca of the Campo Llano de Gibraltar.{{Cite book |last=Maurice Harvey |title=Gibraltar. A History |publisher=Spellmount Limited |year=1996 |isbn=1-86227-103-8 |pages=50–51}} Six years later, Gibraltar was restored to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who sold it in 1474 to a group of 4,350 conversos (Christian converts from Judaism) from Cordova and Seville and in exchange for maintaining the garrison of the town for two years, after which time they were expelled, returning to their home towns or moving on to other parts of Spain.{{Cite journal |last=Lamelas Oladán |first=Diego |date=1 April 1990 |title=Asentamiento en Gibraltar en 1474 y expulsión en 1476 |url=http://mancomunidadcg.org/IECG/doc/revistas/Almoraima%203%20Suplemento%20Compra%20Gibraltar-Capitulo%203.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños |language=es |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Gibraltareños |issue=3 (Suplemento 'La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces (1474–1476)') |page=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504142041/http://mancomunidadcg.org/IECG/doc/revistas/Almoraima%203%20Suplemento%20Compra%20Gibraltar-Capitulo%203.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=7 March 2013}} In 1501, Gibraltar passed back to the Spanish Crown, and Isabella I of Castile issued a Royal Warrant granting Gibraltar the coat of arms that it still uses.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1540 Gibraltar was captured and ransacked by Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa.Hernandez, Andrea. [https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1199&context=wwuet "The Jewish impact on the social and economic manifestation of the Gibraltarian identity."] (2011).Camps, G. [https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1925 "Gibraltar."] Encyclopédie berbère 20 (1998): 3124–3127. The raid of the small town eliminated nearly an entire generation of Gibraltarians.

In 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, representing the Grand Alliance, captured the town of Gibraltar on behalf of the Archduke Charles of Austria in his campaign to become King of Spain. Subsequently, most of the population left the town, with many settling nearby.{{Cite book |last=Maurice Harvey |title=Gibraltar. A History |publisher=Spellmount Limited |year=1996 |isbn=1-86227-103-8 |pages=68}} As the Alliance's campaign faltered, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht was negotiated, which ceded control of Gibraltar to Britain to secure Britain's withdrawal from the war. Unsuccessful attempts by Spanish monarchs to regain Gibraltar were made, with the siege of 1727, and again with the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779 to 1783), during the American War of Independence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

After the destructive Great Siege, the town was almost entirely rebuilt.{{Cite magazine |date=25 March 2015 |title=At an architectural crossroads |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/gibraltar/newstatesman-gibraltar/2015/03/architectural-crossroads |magazine=The New Statesman |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826054721/https://www.newstatesman.com/gibraltar/newstatesman-gibraltar/2015/03/architectural-crossroads |url-status=live }} Giovanni Maria Boschetti, who arrived in Gibraltar in 1784 as a 25-year-old from Milan, where he is thought to have been a stonemason or engineer, built the Victualling Yard (completed in 1812) and many other buildings. Boschetti is regarded as having been responsible for setting the old town's style, described by Claire Montado, chief executive of the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, as "military-ordnance-style arched doorways, Italianate stucco relief, Genoese shutters, English Regency ironwork balconies, Spanish stained glass and Georgian sash and casement windows."

During the Napoleonic Wars, Gibraltar became a key base for the Royal Navy and played an important role leading up to the Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805). Designated one of four Imperial fortresses (along with Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Malta),{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation |url= |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope & Co., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=29 |isbn= |quote=Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa Lucia).}} its strategic location made it a key base during the Crimean War of 1854–1856. In the 18th century, the peacetime military garrison fluctuated in numbers from a minimum of 1,100 to a maximum of 5,000. The first half of the 19th century saw a significant increase of population to more than 17,000 in 1860, as people from Britain and all around the Mediterranean{{dash}}Italian, Portuguese, Maltese, Jewish and French{{dash}}took up residence in the town.{{Cite book |last=Constantine |first=Stephen |title=Community and identity. The making of modern Gibraltar since 1704 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7190-8054-8}}

Its strategic value increased with the opening of the Suez Canal, as it lay on the sea route between the UK and the British Empire east of Suez. In the later 19th century, major investments were made to improve the fortifications and the port.{{Cite book |last=William Godfrey Fothergill Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmKTPwAACAAJ |title=The Rock of the Gibraltarians: A History of Gibraltar |publisher=Gibraltar Books |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-948466-14-4 |page=257 |ref=CITEREFJackson |access-date=18 April 2011}}

{{See also|Military history of Gibraltar during World War II|Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar}}

File:Douglas DC-3 of BOAC at Gibraltar, silhouetted by searchlights on the Rock.jpg of BOAC is silhouetted at Gibraltar by the batteries of searchlights on the Rock, as crews prepare it for a night flight to the United Kingdom.]]

During the Second World War, most of Gibraltar's civilian population was evacuated, mainly to London, but also to parts of Morocco and Madeira and to Gibraltar Camp in Jamaica. The Rock was strengthened as a fortress. On 18 July 1940, the Vichy French air force attacked Gibraltar in retaliation for the British bombing of the Vichy navy. The naval base and the ships based there played a key role in the provisioning and supply of the island of Malta during its long siege. As well as frequent short runs, known as "Club Runs", towards Malta to fly off aircraft reinforcements (initially Hurricanes, but later, notably from the USN aircraft carrier Wasp, Spitfires), the critical Operation Pedestal convoy was run from Gibraltar in August 1942. This resupplied the island at a critical time in the face of concentrated air attacks from German and Italian forces. Spanish dictator Francisco Franco's reluctance to allow the German Army onto Spanish soil frustrated a German plan to capture the Rock, codenamed Operation Felix.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

File:Gibraltar Naval dockyard and South Mole.JPG, dating from the 1895 expansion]]

In the 1950s, Franco renewed Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and restricted movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain under British sovereignty in the 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, which led to the passing of the Gibraltar Constitution Order in 1969. In response, Spain completely closed the border with Gibraltar and severed all communication links.{{Cite book |last=Melissa R. Jordine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyh8Lt4K9poC&pg=PA112 |title=The Dispute Over Gibraltar |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-2139-0 |pages=112– |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051759/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyh8Lt4K9poC&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }} The border with Spain was partially reopened in 1982 and fully reopened in 1985 before Spain's accession to the European Community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In the early 2000s, Britain and Spain were in negotiations over a potential agreement that would see them sharing sovereignty over Gibraltar. The government of Gibraltar organised a referendum on the plan, and 99% of the population voted to reject it.{{Cite news |date=18 July 2007 |title=Regions and territories: Gibraltar |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm |access-date=20 December 2007 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104200451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last1=Mark Oliver |last2=Sally Bolton |last3=Jon Dennis |last4=Matthew Tempest |date=4 August 2004 |title=Gibraltar |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/gibraltar/story/0,,634007,00.html |access-date=20 December 2007 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729190639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/04/qanda.foreignpolicy |url-status=live }} In 2008, the British government committed to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes.[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/c147-v/c14702.htm Corrected transcript of evidence taken before the Foreign Affairs Select Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183041/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/c147-v/c14702.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}; 28 March 2008; Answer to Question 257 by Jim Murphy: [T]he UK Government will never{{dash}}"never" is a seldom-used word in politics{{dash}}enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people. In fact, we will never even enter into a process without that agreement. {{Cite web |date=2008-03-28 |title=House of Commons – Foreign Affairs – Minutes of Evidence |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |access-date=2021-06-06 |website=publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195835/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |url-status=live }} A new Constitution Order was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations started in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange.{{Cite web |title=World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gibraltar/ |access-date=15 June 2010 |publisher=CIA |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612151438/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gibraltar/ |url-status=live }}

In the British referendum on membership of the European Union 96% of Gibraltarians voted to remain on an 84% turnout.{{Cite news |title=EU referendum: Who are the Gibraltar 823? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36612989 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625182227/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-36612989 |url-status=live }} Spain renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control of the peninsula;{{Cite news |title=Brexit: Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36618796 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523183517/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36618796 |url-status=live }} these were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister.{{Cite web |last=(Reporter) |first=Joe Duggan |date=12 September 2016 |title=Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says 'British Means British' at National Day political rally |work=Gibraltar News Olive Press |url=http://www.gibraltarolivepress.com/2016/09/12/chief-minister-fabian-picardo-says-british-means-british-at-national-day-political-rally/ |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010909/http://www.gibraltarolivepress.com/2016/09/12/chief-minister-fabian-picardo-says-british-means-british-at-national-day-political-rally/ |url-status=live }} On 18 October 2018, however, Spain seemed to have reached an agreement with the United Kingdom in relation to its objections to Gibraltar leaving the EU with the UK, with Spain's prime minister Pedro Sánchez stating, "Gibraltar will no longer be a problem in arriving at a Brexit deal."{{Cite news |date=18 October 2018 |title=Spain says agreement reached on Gibraltar status in Brexit... |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-gibraltar-idUSKCN1MS2DH |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145922/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-gibraltar-idUSKCN1MS2DH |url-status=live }}

On 31 January 2020, the UK left the European Union and consequently so did Gibraltar. Under the terms of the transition phase in the Brexit withdrawal agreement, Gibraltar's relationship with the EU continued unchanged until the end of 2020 when it was replaced by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area, to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force.{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister's Statement – The New Year's Eve 'In-Principle' Agreement: A Post Brexit Deal for Gibraltar – 946/2020 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/chief-ministers-statement-the-new-years-eve-in-principle-agreement-a-post-brexit-deal-for-gibraltar-9462020-6542 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=Government of Gibraltar |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231165915/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/chief-ministers-statement-the-new-years-eve-in-principle-agreement-a-post-brexit-deal-for-gibraltar-9462020-6542 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=31 December 2020 |title=Brexit: Gibraltar gets UK-Spain deal to keep open border |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55497084 |access-date=31 December 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190858/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55497084 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Ashifa Kassam |date=2 Jan 2021 |title=Spain says it will have last word on Gibraltar border entries |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/02/spain-gibraltar-border-preliminary-post-brexit-deal |access-date=2 Jan 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426190852/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/02/spain-gibraltar-border-preliminary-post-brexit-deal |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=1 December 2020 |title=Brexit: UK and Spain say Gibraltar to join Schengen in last-minute deal |work={{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brexit-uk-and-spain-say-gibraltar-to-join-schengen-in-last-minute-deal/a-56105105 |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109230921/https://www.dw.com/en/brexit-uk-and-spain-say-gibraltar-to-join-schengen-in-last-minute-deal/a-56105105 |url-status=live }}

In 2022, Gibraltar launched a bid for city status as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours. The bid was refused, but when researchers looked through the National Archives, they found that it had already been recognised as a city by Queen Victoria in 1842. The status came into force on 29 August 2022.{{Cite news |date=2022-08-29 |title=Gibraltar is officially a city – 180 years late |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62710553 |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829122901/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62710553 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Politics of Gibraltar}}

{{See also|Disputed status of Gibraltar|Political development in modern Gibraltar}}

File:The convent in Gibraltar 7.jpg]]

File:Gibraltar Parliament at dusk.jpg entrance to the Gibraltar Parliament]]

Under its current constitution, Gibraltar has almost complete internal self-governance through a parliament[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147i.pdf Parliament.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195830/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147i.pdf |date=17 October 2017 }}, UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee 2007–2008 Report, p. 16[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386334/Gibraltar-makes-plans-for-self-government.html Telegraph.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018124656/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386334/Gibraltar-makes-plans-for-self-government.html |date=18 October 2017 }}, David Blair, Gibraltar makes plans for self-government, Daily Telegraph, 28 February 2002 "Gibraltar's parliament approved an ambitious package of constitutional reform yesterday designed to give the colony almost complete self-government."{{Cite web |title=Laws of Gibraltar – On-line Service |url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution.php |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Gibraltarlaws.gov.gi |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830235153/http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution.php |url-status=live }} elected for a term of up to four years. The unicameral parliament presently consists of 17 elected members, and the Speaker who is not elected but appointed by a resolution of the parliament.{{Cite web |title=The Gibraltar Parliament |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/the-gibraltar-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324222206/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/the-gibraltar-parliament |archive-date=24 March 2010 |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Gibraltar.gov.gi}} The government consists of 10 elected members. The head of state is the British monarch King Charles III, who is represented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government.[http://www.pwc.com/gi/en/about-us/about-gibraltar.jhtml PriceWaterhouseCoopers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415103110/http://www.pwc.com/gi/en/about-us/about-gibraltar.jhtml |date=15 April 2012 }}, "About Gibraltar"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091113173722/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/133-2007.pdf Gibraltar.gov.gi], Gibraltar Chief Minister's address at the United Nations Committee of 24 on 5 June 2007: The new Constitution "maximises self Government in all areas of Governance except defence, external affairs and internal security which, under our own Constitution vest in the Governor as a matter of distribution of powers."[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm BBC News website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727004522/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3851047.stm |date=27 July 2008 }}, Regions and territories: Gibraltar "Gibraltar is self-governing in all areas except defence and foreign policy."

The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Liberal Party of Gibraltar (LPG) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). The PDP was a new party, formed in 2006 and fielded candidates in the 2007 election, but none were elected. The head of government is the Chief Minister ({{as of|2011|December|lc=y}}, Fabian Picardo). All local political parties oppose any transfer of sovereignty to Spain, instead supporting self-determination. The main UK opposition parties also support this policy, and it is British government policy not to engage in talks about the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of the people of Gibraltar.{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |title=Statement by the Minister for Europe |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195835/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |url-status=live }}

Gibraltar was part of the European Union, having joined through the European Communities Act 1972 (UK), which gave effect to the Treaty of Accession 1972, as a dependent territory of the United Kingdom under what was then article 227(4) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community covering special member state territories, with exemption from some areas such as the European Union Customs Union, Common Agricultural Policy and the Schengen Area. It is the only British Overseas Territory which was part of the European Union. After a 10-year campaign for the right to vote in European elections, from 2004 to 2019 the people of Gibraltar participated in elections for the European Parliament as part of the South West England constituency.{{Cite web |date=28 August 2003 |title=Gibraltar should join South West for elections to European Parliament |url=http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/newsreleasereviews.cfm/news/226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205011910/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/media-centre/newsreleasereviews.cfm/news/226 |archive-date=5 December 2007 |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=Electoral Commission}} On 23 June 2016 Gibraltar voted along with the United Kingdom in the EU referendum; 96% of its population voted to remain, but the overall United Kingdom result gave a 51.9% majority to leaving the EU.{{Cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=23 June 2016 |title=Gibraltar overwhelmingly backs Remain in first result of the night |work=The Independent |publisher=Independent Digital News & Media |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-results-live-gibraltar-result-latest-remain-brexit-turnout-a7098626.html |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623233113/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-results-live-gibraltar-result-latest-remain-brexit-turnout-a7098626.html |url-status=live }} Nevertheless, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez stated on 18 October 2018 that the Gibraltar protocol had been "resolved" and that Spain will hold no objection when Gibraltar leaves the EU with Britain.{{Cite web |last=Urra |first=Susana |date=18 October 2018 |title=At Brussels summit, Spain's PM is hopeful of progress on Gibraltar |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/10/18/inenglish/1539873272_150898.html |via=elpais.com |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018192540/https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/10/18/inenglish/1539873272_150898.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=UK, Spain reach Brexit deal over Gibraltar: Spanish PM |url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/uk-spain-reach-brexit-deal-over-gibraltar-spanish-pm/article/534934 |website=www.digitaljournal.com |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153315/http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/world/uk-spain-reach-brexit-deal-over-gibraltar-spanish-pm/article/534934 |url-status=live }}

Gibraltar was nominated to be included on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories by the United Kingdom when the list was created in 1946{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Profile |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/pdf/Gibraltar%202016%20profile_25%20Oct%202016.pdf |access-date=6 November 2016 |publisher=UN |archive-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173334/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/pdf/Gibraltar%202016%20profile_25%20Oct%202016.pdf |url-status=live }} and has been listed ever since.{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Territorial status |url=https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/pdf/gibraltar.pdf |access-date=28 June 2014 |website=United Nations Committee on Decolonization |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713224803/http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/pdf/gibraltar.pdf |url-status=live }} The government of Gibraltar has actively worked to have Gibraltar removed from the list,Gibraltar: Time to get off the fence; Second Report of Session 2014–15; HC 461. Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee. Paragraph 83, p. 46 and in 2008 the British government declared Gibraltar's continued presence on the list an anachronism.[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147i.pdf Parliament.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195830/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147i.pdf |date=17 October 2017 }}, UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee 2007–2008 Report, p. 5

Gibraltar is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and is represented by the United Kingdom but was granted Associate Membership of the Commonwealth Foundation in 2004. Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

{{further|British passport (Gibraltar)}}

As a result of the British Nationality Act 1981, Gibraltarians were made British Overseas Territories citizens by default, but could apply for registration as a British citizen ("an entitlement that cannot be refused") under section 5 of the Act. Under the subsequent British Overseas Territories Act 2002, all British Overseas Territories citizens became British citizens on 21 May 2002.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}

Gibraltar is not a sovereign state: its formal international relations are the responsibility of the Government of the United Kingdom. Since Brexit, it is not part of the European Union, but is a participant in the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

On 31 December 2020, the UK and Spain agreed in principle on a basis for the EU and the UK to negotiate an agreement through which Gibraltar would participate in the Schengen Area, to avoid a hard border with Spain. The arrangements have not entered into force, but both sides aim to keep delays at the border at a minimum in the meantime.{{Cite news |title=Gibraltar To Join Schengen Zone: Spanish Foreign Minister |work=AFP-Agence France Presse |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/gibraltar-to-join-schengen-zone-spanish-foreign-minister-01609423504 |via=barrons.com |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112132805/https://www.barrons.com/news/gibraltar-to-join-schengen-zone-spanish-foreign-minister-01609423504 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=1 December 2020 |title=Brexit: UK and Spain say Gibraltar to join Schengen in last-minute deal |work={{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brexit-uk-and-spain-say-gibraltar-to-join-schengen-in-last-minute-deal/a-56105105 |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109230921/https://www.dw.com/en/brexit-uk-and-spain-say-gibraltar-to-join-schengen-in-last-minute-deal/a-56105105 |url-status=live }} {{as of|March 2023}}, talks remain stalled, with Spain insisting that its {{lang|es|Policía Nacional}} control entry into the Schengen area and the UK demanding that the work be done by officers of the European Union agency Frontex. All other entry points to the Schengen area are controlled by national authorities, supplemented by Frontex in some places.{{cite news |title=Passport rift between UK and Spain leaves Gibraltar in limbo |work=Financial Times |date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023 |first1=Barney |last1=Jopson |first2=Andy |last2=Bounds |first3=Jasmine |last3=Cameron-Chileshe |url=https://www.ft.com/content/358e382d-ba54-46d0-8b34-22910dbe7cec}}

{{See also|Rock of Gibraltar|Bay of Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar Artificial Reef}}

File:Rock of Gibraltar from the Mediterranean Steps.jpg]]

File:Gibraltar2021OSM.png

Gibraltar's territory covers 6.8 km2 (2.6 sqmi){{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Gibraltar – Key Indicators |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/statistics/key-indicators |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Gibraltar.gov.gi }} and shares a {{cvt|1.2|km|mi|adj=on}} land border with Spain. The town of La Línea de la Concepción, a municipality of the province of Cádiz, lies on the Spanish side of the border. The Spanish hinterland forms the comarca of Campo de Gibraltar (literally "Countryside of Gibraltar"). The shoreline measures {{cvt|12|km|mi}} in length. There are two coasts ("Sides") of Gibraltar: the East Side, which contains the settlements of Sandy Bay and Catalan Bay; and the Westside, where the vast majority of the population lives. Gibraltar has no administrative divisions but is divided into seven Major Residential Areas.

Having negligible natural resources and few natural freshwater resources, limited to natural wells in the north, until recently Gibraltar used large concrete or natural rock water catchments to collect rainwater. Fresh water from the boreholes is nowadays supplemented by two desalination plants: a reverse osmosis plant, constructed in a tunnel within the rock, and a multi-stage flash distillation plant at North Mole.{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Water Supply |url=http://www.aquagib.gi/gibraltar_water_supply.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110021022/http://www.aquagib.gi/gibraltar_water_supply.html |archive-date=10 November 2007 |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=AquaGib}}

Gibraltar's terrain consists of the {{cvt|426|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} Rock of Gibraltar{{Cite web |title=Visit Gibraltar – Upper Rock |url=http://www.visitgibraltar.gi/upper-rock |access-date=9 January 2014 |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125120956/http://www.visitgibraltar.gi/upper-rock |url-status=live }} made of Jurassic limestone, and the narrow coastal lowland surrounding it. It contains many tunnelled roads, most of which are still operated by the military and closed to the general public.

{{wide image|View from top of Gib rock.jpg|1000px|Morocco (top far left across Strait); Spain: Algeciras (top centre across Bay of Gibraltar) and La Linea (right); Gibraltar cruise port and airport runway (right foreground); from the Rock}}

{{Main|Climate of Gibraltar}}

Gibraltar has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa),[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402195116/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ |date=2 April 2021 }} – Geographic location[http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/location.asp The Maltese Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531132411/http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/location.asp |date=31 May 2009 }}, Department of Information{{dash}}Malta. with mild, rainy winters and summers that are very warm to hot and humid, but with very little rainfall. As is the case for nearby Algeciras and Tarifa, summers are significantly cooler and annual temperature more constant than other cities on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula because of its position on the Strait of Gibraltar. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Its average annual temperature is {{cvt|21.7|°C|°F}} as a daily high and {{cvt|15.8|°C|°F}} as the overnight low. In the coldest month, January, the high temperature averages {{cvt|16.3|C|F}} and the overnight low averages {{cvt|11.2|C|F}} and the average sea temperature is {{cvt|16|C|F}}. In the warmest month, August, the daily high temperature averages {{cvt|28.4|C|F}}, the overnight low averages {{cvt|21.2|°C|°F}}, and the average sea temperature is {{cvt|22|°C|°F}}.{{Cite web |title=Moyennes 1991/2020 Gibraltar |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p72.php |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Metéo Climat |language=fr}}

{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Climate Guide |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/gibraltar/gibraltar.php |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317190133/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/gibraltar/gibraltar.php |url-status=live }}

{{Weather box

|location= Gibraltar International Airport (GIB) weather station (ICAO indicator:{{efn|An ICAO indicator is a unique identifying four-letter identifier, assigned to airports and airfields. As of September 2018, there were 22,503 ICAO indicator assignments in current use.}} [https://meteostat.net/en/station/08495 LXGB], WMO identifier:{{efn|A WMO identifier is a unique five-digit numeric code to identify a land weather station. As of September 2018 there were 18,762 WMO identifier assignments in current use.}} [https://meteostat.net/en/station/08495 08495]), 5m amsl,{{efn|Above mean sea level.}} 1991−2020 normals (except dewpoints and humidity), 1985–2015 dewpoints and humidity, extremes 1958−present

|metric first= yes

|single line= yes

|temperature colour=

|Jan record high C = 24.0

|Feb record high C = 24.1

|Mar record high C = 30.3

|Apr record high C = 32.0

|May record high C = 33.2

|Jun record high C = 38.0

|Jul record high C = 40.6

|Aug record high C = 40.2

|Sep record high C = 34.5

|Oct record high C = 33.7

|Nov record high C = 29.6

|Dec record high C = 25.0

|year record high C = 40.6

| Jan high C =16.3

| Feb high C =16.7

| Mar high C =18.3

| Apr high C =20.0

| May high C =22.6

| Jun high C =25.6

| Jul high C =28.1

| Aug high C =28.4

| Sep high C =25.9

| Oct high C =22.5

| Nov high C =19.1

| Dec high C =17.0

| Jan mean C =13.8

| Feb mean C =14.2

| Mar mean C =15.6

| Apr mean C =17.0

| May mean C =19.3

| Jun mean C =22.1

| Jul mean C =24.3

| Aug mean C =24.8

| Sep mean C =22.8

| Oct mean C =19.9

| Nov mean C =16.6

| Dec mean C =14.7

| Jan low C =11.2

| Feb low C =11.5

| Mar low C =12.7

| Apr low C =13.9

| May low C =16.0

| Jun low C =18.5

| Jul low C =20.5

| Aug low C =21.2

| Sep low C =19.7

| Oct low C =17.3

| Nov low C =14.1

| Dec low C =12.4

|Jan record low C = 0.0

|Feb record low C = 0.6

|Mar record low C = 2.0

|Apr record low C = 0.0

|May record low C = 9.0

|Jun record low C = 9.0

|Jul record low C = 14.4

|Aug record low C = 13.9

|Sep record low C = 12.3

|Oct record low C = 9.0

|Nov record low C = 5.7

|Dec record low C = 0.8

|year record low C = 0.0

|precipitation colour =

|Jan precipitation mm = 97.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 93.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 83.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 68.8

|May precipitation mm = 26.9

|Jun precipitation mm = 8.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 0.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 1.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 25.6

|Oct precipitation mm = 84.9

|Nov precipitation mm = 99.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 150.7

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 7.20

|Feb precipitation days = 6.36

|Mar precipitation days = 6.64

|Apr precipitation days = 6.51

|May precipitation days = 3.74

|Jun precipitation days = 0.94

|Jul precipitation days = 0.23

|Aug precipitation days = 0.20

|Sep precipitation days = 2.66

|Oct precipitation days = 6.25

|Nov precipitation days = 7.34

|Dec precipitation days = 7.94

|Jan humidity = 75

|Feb humidity = 75

|Mar humidity = 74

|Apr humidity = 72

|May humidity = 71

|Jun humidity = 70

|Jul humidity = 71

|Aug humidity = 72

|Sep humidity = 76

|Oct humidity = 79

|Nov humidity = 77

|Dec humidity = 77

| Jan dew point C =9

| Feb dew point C =9

| Mar dew point C =11

| Apr dew point C =11

| May dew point C =13

| Jun dew point C =16

| Jul dew point C =18

| Aug dew point C =19

| Sep dew point C =18

| Oct dew point C =16

| Nov dew point C =12

| Dec dew point C =11

|Jan sun = 147

|Feb sun = 143

|Mar sun = 204

|Apr sun = 233

|May sun = 289

|Jun sun = 319

|Jul sun = 326

|Aug sun = 309

|Sep sun = 240

|Oct sun = 197

|Nov sun = 135

|Dec sun = 134

|year sun =

|source 1 =[https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_084950_kt.pdf Deutscher Wetterdienst] (February, July and August record lows only){{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_084950_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Gibraltar / Großbritannien |access-date=8 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208101825/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_084950_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}

|source 2 =[https://www.timeanddate.com/weather//climate Meteoclimat] (normals except dewpoints and humidity){{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p72.php |title=Moyennes 1991/2020 pour Gibraltar |access-date=8 February 2022}}

Source 3: [http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-510-1831-2021.php Meteoclimat] (records except February, July and August record lows){{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-510-1831-2021.php |title=Station Gibraltar |access-date=8 February 2022}}

Source 4: [https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/gibraltar/gibraltar/climate Time and Date] (dew points and humidity){{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/gibraltar/gibraltar/climate |title=Climate & Weather Averages at Gibraltar International Airport weather station |access-date=8 February 2022 |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208092222/https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/gibraltar/gibraltar/climate |url-status=live }}

}}

{{See also|List of mammals of Gibraltar|List of birds of Gibraltar|List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar}}

File:Iberis gibraltarica.JPG growing at the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens]]

File:Common dolphin taken by Graham Hesketh of Dolphin Safari.png in the Bay of Gibraltar]]

Over 500 different species of flowering plants grow on the Rock. Gibraltar is the only place in Europe where Gibraltar candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica) is found growing in the wild; the plant is otherwise native to North Africa. It is the symbol of the Upper Rock nature reserve. Olive and pine trees are among the most common of those growing around the Rock.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Most of the Rock's upper area is covered by a nature reserve which is home to around 230 Barbary macaques, the famous "apes" of Gibraltar, which are actually monkeys. These are the only wild apes or monkeys found in Europe.C. Michael Hogan (2008) [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757&lang=us Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419033431/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757&lang=us |date=19 April 2012 }} This species, known scientifically as Macaca sylvanus, is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List and is declining. Three-quarters of the world population live in the Middle Atlas mountains of Morocco. Recent genetic studies and historical documents point to their presence on the Rock before British control, having possibly been introduced during the Islamic period. A superstition analogous to that of the ravens at the Tower of London states that if the apes ever leave, so will the British. In 1944, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was so concerned about the dwindling population of apes that he sent a message to the Colonial Secretary requesting that something be done about the situation.{{Cite news |last=Casciani |first=Dominic |date=22 July 2004 |title=Churchill sends telegram to protect apes |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3917987.stm |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-date=23 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323185050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3917987.stm |url-status=live }}

Other mammals found in Gibraltar include rabbits, foxes and bats. Dolphins and whales are frequently seen in the Bay of Gibraltar. Migrating birds are very common and Gibraltar is home to the only Barbary partridges found on the European continent.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In 1991, Graham Watson, Gibraltar's MEP, highlighted conservationists' fears that urban development, tourism and invasive plant species were threatening Gibraltar's own plants as well as birds and bat species.Bruno Waterfield "Whitehall gaffe 'gives Gibraltar's shores to Spain". The Daily Telegraph (London), 7 November 2009

File:RockofGibraltar.jpg

In May 2016, a report by the World Health Organization showed that Gibraltar had the worst air quality in any British territory. The report concentrated on PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants in the air.{{Cite web |title=Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city 2016 – Excel format |url=https://www.who.int/entity/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/WHO_AAP_database_May2016_v3web.xlsx?ua=1 |access-date=25 May 2016}}

{{Main|Economy of Gibraltar}}

File:Barbary macaque and tourists.jpg are an integral feature in Gibraltar's tourism.]]

Gibraltar's economy is dominated by four main sectors: financial services, online gambling, shipping, and tourism, which includes duty-free retail sales to visitors.{{Cite web |date=21 August 2012 |title=Europe. Gibraltar (British Overseas Territory) |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/gibraltar/?profile=economy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927034456/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/gibraltar?profile=economy |archive-date=27 September 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}} The British military traditionally dominated Gibraltar's economy, with the naval dockyard providing the bulk of economic activity. This, however, has diminished over the last 20 years and is estimated to account for only seven per cent of the local economy, compared to over 60 per cent in 1984. The territory also has a small manufacturing sector, representing a bit less than two per cent of the economy.

Gibraltar's labour market employs around thirty thousand workers, 80% in the private sector and 20% in the public sector. The unemployment rate is extremely low, at around one per cent.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

More than half (53 per cent) of the labour force are resident in Spain or are non Gibraltarians. According to the Government of Gibraltar's statistics, around 45 per cent of the total employee jobs, and 58% of the private sector jobs, are held by frontier workers (employees who are normally resident in Spain but are employed in Gibraltar). Around 63 per cent of the frontier workers are Spanish nationals. More than half (55 per cent) of the private sector employee jobs are held by persons who are not Gibraltarians or Other British nationalities. The public sector, on the other hand, employs mainly Gibraltarians and other British (90 per cent).{{Cite web |title=Employment Survey 2022|url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/uploads/statistics/2022/Reports/Employment%20Survey%20Report%202022.pdf |access-date=21 July 2023 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}} As a consequence, according to Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar, during Brexit negotiations, a frontier which lacked the necessary fluidity for people to be able to access their places of work would put directly at risk nearly half of the jobs of the Gibraltar workforce.{{Cite web |title=Govt's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge |url=https://www.chronicle.gi/govts-stark-analysis-highlights-brexit-border-challenge/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=Gibraltar Chronicle}}{{Cite web |title=Answers by HM Government of Gibraltar to Questions by Foreign Affairs Committee following evidence session Tuesday 13 December 2016 |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/76456/html/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |publisher=UK Parliament, UK House of Lords Foreign Affairs Committee}}

In the early 2000s, many bookmakers and online gaming operators moved to Gibraltar to benefit from operating in a regulated jurisdiction with a favourable corporate tax regime. This corporate tax regime for non-resident controlled companies was phased out by January 2011 and replaced by a still favourable fixed corporate tax rate of ten per cent.{{Cite web |title=Tax Information |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/e-business/taxation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428023855/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/e-business/taxation |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=9 May 2011 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}

Tourism is also a significant industry. Gibraltar is a popular port for cruise ships and attracts day visitors from resorts in Spain. The Rock is a popular tourist attraction, particularly among British tourists and residents in the southern coast of Spain. It is also a popular shopping destination, and all goods and services are VAT free, but may be subject to Gibraltar taxes. Many of the large British high street chains have branches or franchises in Gibraltar including Morrisons, Marks & Spencer and Mothercare. Branches and franchises of international retailers such as Tommy Hilfiger and Sunglass Hut are also present in Gibraltar, as is the Spanish clothing company Mango.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

File:Queensway Quay in Gibraltar.jpg, a residential district]]

A number of British and international banks have operations based in Gibraltar. Jyske Bank claims to be the oldest bank in the country, based on Jyske's acquisition in 1987 of Banco Galliano, which began operations in Gibraltar in 1855. An ancestor of Barclays, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, entered in 1888, and Credit Foncier (now Crédit Agricole) entered in 1920.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

There is some manufacturing activity, representing around 2% of the total employment. One company (Bassadone Automotive Group) supplies ambulances and other project vehicles converted locally from SUV vehicles to the United Nations and other agencies, employing some 320 staff across its range of activities.{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Government of Gibraltar Announces Important Deal with Major Local Company |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/government-of-gibraltar-announces-important-deal-with-major-local-company-4982020-6070 |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=gibraltar.gov.gi |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506091520/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/government-of-gibraltar-announces-important-deal-with-major-local-company-4982020-6070 |url-status=live }}

In 1967, Gibraltar enacted the Companies (Taxation and Concessions) Ordinance (now an Act), which provided for special tax treatment for international business.{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word – 1983-13o.doc |url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1983-13o.pdf |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304004338/http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1983-13o.pdf |url-status=dead}} This was one of the factors leading to the growth of professional services such as private banking and captive insurance management. Gibraltar has several attractive attributes as a financial centre, including a common law legal system and access to the EU single market in financial services. Gibraltar is considered a high class jurisdiction and is listed on the "white list" by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) due to its highly regulated financial and e-gaming sectors, sharing the same status as the UK, USA and Germany.{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ronald Ravinesh |last2=Stauvermann |first2=Peter Josef |last3=Patel |first3=Arvind |date=May 2015 |title=Nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth: a study of Gibraltar |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10644-014-9156-0 |journal=Economic Change and Restructuring |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=119–135 |doi=10.1007/s10644-014-9156-0 |s2cid=254472584 |issn=1573-9414}} It is internationally collaborative, including in the exchange of information on tax matters.

The Gibraltar Stock Exchange was established in 2014.

In January 2018, Gibraltar introduced a regulatory framework for Distributed Ledger Technology, with the aim of pursuing a “more flexible, adaptive approach... in the case of novel business activities, products, and business models”.{{Cite web |title=GFSC – Gibraltar Financial Services Commission – Distributed Ledger Technology Providers |url=http://www.fsc.gi/FSC/distributed-ledger-technology-providers |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.fsc.gi |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008055913/https://www.fsc.gi/FSC/distributed-ledger-technology-providers |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Introduces a Regulatory Framework for Distributed Ledger Technology {{!}} Article {{!}} Chambers and Partners |url=https://chambers.com/articles/gibraltar-introduces-a-regulatory-framework-for-distributed-ledger-technology |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=chambers.com |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005194657/https://chambers.com/articles/gibraltar-introduces-a-regulatory-framework-for-distributed-ledger-technology |url-status=live }} The Financial Services Commission (FSC),{{Cite web |title=Financial Services Commission |url=http://www.fsc.gi/fsc/home.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223754/http://www.fsc.gi/fsc/home.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Fsc.gi}} which was established by an ordinance in 1989 (now an Act) that took effect in 1991, regulates the finance sector.{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word – 2007-03o.doc |url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2007-03o.pdf |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-date=19 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041754/http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2007-03o.pdf |url-status=dead}} In 1997, the Department of Trade and Industry established its Gibraltar Finance Centre (GFC) Division to facilitate the development the financial sector development. {{As of|2012}}, Gibraltar has 0.103 Big Four accounting firm offices per 1,000 population, the second highest in the world after the British Virgin Islands, and 0.6 banks per 1,000 people, the fifth most banks per capita in the world.Moran Harari, Markus Meinzer and Richard Murphy (October 2012) [http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/FSI2012_BanksBig4.pdf "Financial Secrecy, Banks and the Big 4 Firms of Accountants"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407224017/http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/FSI2012_BanksBig4.pdf |date=7 April 2016 }} Tax Justice Network pp. 21–24 {{as of|2017}}, there is very significant uncertainty on continuing access to the EU single market after the forthcoming Brexit.{{Cite web |title=In Gibraltar, British citizens worry about effects of Brexit |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/gibraltar-british-citizens-worry-effects-brexit/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=PBS |date=2 April 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803131917/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/gibraltar-british-citizens-worry-effects-brexit/ |url-status=live }}

The currency of Gibraltar is the Gibraltar pound, issued by the Government of Gibraltar under the terms of the 1934 Currency Notes Act. These banknotes are legal tender in Gibraltar alongside Bank of England banknotes.[http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/pp87-98_mb200604en.pdf European Central Bank Monthly Bulletin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214104417/http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/pp87-98_mb200604en.pdf |date=14 February 2012 }}, April 2006, p. 96{{Cite web |date=11 May 1934 |title=Currency Notes Act, Section 6 |url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1934-06o.pdf |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar |archive-date=29 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029161358/http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/1934-06o.pdf |url-status=dead}} In a currency board arrangement, these notes are issued against reserves of sterling.[https://books.google.com/books?id=KSVw5Pu8Wm0C&pg=PA40 Managing a Global Enterprise], William R. Feist, James A. Heely, Min H. Lu, p. 40[https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJgJNBQvGUC&pg=PT4 Currency Board Arrangements], Tomás J. T. Baliño, Charles Enoch, International Monetary Fund, page 1 Clearing and settlement of funds is conducted in sterling.{{Cite web |last1=Madge |first1=A |last2=A. Simons |date=June 2000 |title=Gibraltar |url=http://www.guardianfx.com/information/europe/gibraltar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135336/http://guardianfx.com/information/europe/gibraltar.html |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=Guardian International Currency Corp}} Coins in circulation follow British denominations but have separate designs. Unofficially, most retail outlets in Gibraltar accept the euro, though some payphones and the Royal Gibraltar Post Office, along with all other government offices, do not.Noble, John; Forsyth, Susan; Hardy, Paula; Hannigan, Des (2005). Andalucía. Lonely Planet. p. 221. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-676-3}}.

{{Main|Demographics of Gibraltar}}

File:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned, Gibraltar.jpg was built in 1462 and is the territory's oldest Catholic church.]]

File:Gibraltar Hindu Temple altar.JPG opened in 2000.]]

File:Mosque of Gibraltar.jpg was a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.]]

Gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with a usually-resident population in 2012 of 32,194{{Cite web |title=Statistics Office, Government of Gibraltar: Abstract of Statistics Report 2011 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Full%20Census%20Report%202012%20FINAL.pdf |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Gibraltar.gov.gi |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017200847/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Full%20Census%20Report%202012%20FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }} equivalent to approximately {{cvt|4959|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. The growing demand for space is being increasingly met by land reclamation; reclaimed land makes up approximately one-tenth of the territory's total area, but houses over 40% of its population (2012 Census).

{{See also|Gibraltarian people}}

According to the 2012 Gibraltar census, 25,444 people (79.0%) were eligible for "Gibraltarian" status. Of the rest, 4249 (13.2%) were "other British", 675 (2.1%) were Spanish, 522 (1.6%) were Moroccan and 785 (2.4%) had other EU nationalities. There were 519 people (1.6%) with other nationalities.[https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/HMGoG_Documents/Full%20Census%20Report%202012%20FINAL.pdf Census of Gibraltar, 2012]

:(*) Includes all nationalities different from Gibraltarian, UK and other British and Moroccan.

{{Main|Languages of Gibraltar}}

The official language of Gibraltar is English and is used by the government and in schools. Most locals are bilingual, also speaking Spanish. However, because of the varied mix of ethnic groups which reside there, other languages are also spoken on the Rock. Berber and Arabic are spoken by the Moroccan community, as are Hindi and Sindhi by the Indian community. Maltese is spoken by some families of Maltese descent.{{Cite book |last=E.G. Archer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id8HlV3ad5wC&pg=PA44 |title=Gibraltar, Identity and Empire |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-00550-3 |pages=44–}}

Gibraltarians often converse in Llanito ({{IPA|es|ʎaˈnito|pron}}), a vernacular unique to Gibraltar. It is based on Andalusian Spanish with a strong mixture of British English and elements from languages such as Maltese, Portuguese, Genoese Italian and Haketia (a Judaeo-Spanish dialect). Llanito also often involves code-switching to English and Spanish.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.[https://www.ft.com/content/dcd54fac-138c-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c Financial Times. Gibraltar fears loss of identity over Yanito decline.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117193431/https://www.ft.com/content/dcd54fac-138c-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c |date=17 November 2022 }} Retrieved 17 November 2022

Gibraltarians often call themselves Llanitos.{{Cite book |last=Anja Kellermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEiX-YLT3j8C&pg=PA9 |title=A New New English: Language, Politics, and Identity in Gibraltar |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-8311-2368-1 |pages=9–}}

{{bar box

|float=left

|title=Percentage of population by religion

|titlebar=#AAF

|right2=Percentage

|bars=

{{bar percent|Roman Catholic|#00FF00|72.1}}

{{bar percent|Church of England |#FFFF00|7.7}}

{{bar percent|None|#00FFFF|7.1}}

{{bar percent|Other Christian|#1C39BB|3.8}}

{{bar percent|Muslim|#FF0000|3.6}}

{{bar percent|Jewish|#0000FF|2.4}}

{{bar percent|Hindu|#800080|2.0}}

{{bar percent|Other/not stated|#000000|1.3}}

}}

According to the 2012 census, approximately 72.1% of Gibraltarians are Roman Catholics.{{Cite web |title=2001 Census |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Census/census_of_gibraltar_2001.pdf |access-date=10 April 2012 |publisher=Official Government of Gibraltar London website |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085544/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Census/census_of_gibraltar_2001.pdf |url-status=dead}} The 16th-century Saint Mary the Crowned is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar, and also the oldest Catholic church in the territory. Other Christian denominations include the Church of England (7.7%), whose Cathedral of the Holy Trinity is the cathedral of the Anglican Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe; the Gibraltar Methodist Church,{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Methodist Church |url=http://www.methodist.org.gi/ |access-date=30 October 2007 |publisher=The Methodist Church |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118041323/http://methodist.org.gi/ |url-status=live }} Church of Scotland, various Pentecostal and independent churches mostly influenced by the House Church and Charismatic movements, as well as a Plymouth Brethren congregation. Several of these congregations are represented by the Gibraltar Evangelical Alliance. File:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity.jpg]] There is also a ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and two congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses.

7.1% advised that they have no religion.

The third religion in size is Islam (3.6% of the population). There is also an established Hindu population (2%), members of the Baháʼí Faith and a long-established Jewish community, which, at 763 persons, accounts for 2.4% of the population. There are four functioning Orthodox synagogues in Gibraltar and several kosher establishments.

{{Main|Education in Gibraltar}}

Education in Gibraltar generally follows the English model, operating within a three tier system. Schools in Gibraltar use the Key Stage modular approach to teach the National Curriculum. Gibraltar has 15 state schools, two private schools and a college of further education, Gibraltar College. Government secondary schools are Bayside Comprehensive School and Westside School, both of which are coeducational, and Prior Park School Gibraltar is an independent co-ed secondary school.[http://www.priorparkgibraltar.com/ Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028144814/http://www.priorparkgibraltar.com/ |date=28 October 2017 }}. Prior Park School Gibraltar. Retrieved on 28 October 2017.

On 31 March 2015, the government of Gibraltar announced the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act and the University of Gibraltar opened in September 2015.{{Cite web |url=https://www.unigib.edu.gi/university-gibraltar-act/ |title=Minister Licudi announces the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act – University of Gibraltar |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194213/https://www.unigib.edu.gi/university-gibraltar-act/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.unigib.edu.gi/ |title=Home – University of Gibraltar courses |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414134656/https://www.unigib.edu.gi/ |url-status=live }} Previously, there were no facilities in Gibraltar for full-time higher education, and consequently, all Gibraltarian students studied elsewhere at degree level or its equivalent and also for certain non-degree courses.{{Cite web |date=7 April 2003 |title=Education & Training |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/education/education_index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302073311/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/education/education_index.htm |archive-date=2 March 2001 |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}

All Gibraltarians are entitled to health care in public wards and clinics at St Bernard's Hospital and primary health care centre. All other British citizens are also entitled to free-of-charge treatment on the Rock on presentation of a valid British passport during stays of up to 30 days. Dental treatment and prescribed medicines are free of charge for Gibraltarian students, pensioners and disabled individuals.{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Health |url=http://travelpuppy.com/gibraltar/health.htm |access-date=20 December 2007 |publisher=TravelPuppy |archive-date=10 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110073017/http://travelpuppy.com/gibraltar/health.htm |url-status=dead}}

The Gibraltar Health Authority, established under the Medical (Gibraltar Health Authority) Act of 1987{{Cite news |date=2018 |title=Gibraltar – Health Service |publisher=Expat Focus |url=http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-gibraltar-healthcare-medical |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119051715/http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-gibraltar-healthcare-medical |url-status=live }} is funded through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme. It employs around 900 people, handling 37,000 A&E attendances, 40,000 outpatient appointments, and 90,000 GP visits a year. Some specialist care is provided by visiting consultants and in UK and Spanish hospitals. First-line medical and nursing services are provided at the Primary Care Centre, which has 16 GPs, with more specialised services available at St Bernard's Hospital, a 210-bed civilian hospital opened in 2005. Psychiatric care is provided by Ocean Views.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

As of 2012 the authority was responsible for the health of some 27,000 individuals. The GHA and Social Welfare System are closely based upon their British counterparts, namely the National Health Service.{{Cite book |last=Kellermann |first=Anja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEiX-YLT3j8C&pg=PA39 |title=A New New English Language, Politics and Identity in Gibraltar |date=April 2002 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=978-3-8311-2368-1 |page=39 |access-date=17 February 2013}} As of 2003 the organisation was funded through roughly £19 million ($27 million) of social insurance stamp contributions through the Gibraltar Group Practice Medical Scheme.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwi0s3I5jLEC&pg=PA151 |title=Europe Review |publisher=Kogan Page Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7494-4067-1 |page=151 |access-date=17 February 2013}}

In September 2014 Egton Medical Information Systems won a contract, worth up to £11.25m over 10 years, to deliver an electronic patient record for the health service of Gibraltar including a patient administration system, an emergency department system, e-prescribing and other software from Ascribe, which Emis bought in September 2013.{{Cite news |date=23 September 2014 |title=Emis rocks EPR contract for Gibraltar |publisher=E-Health Insider |url=http://www.ehi.co.uk/news/ehi/9647/emis-rocks-epr-contract-for-gibraltar |access-date=13 October 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020023145/http://www.ehi.co.uk/news/ehi/9647/emis-rocks-epr-contract-for-gibraltar |url-status=live }} The A&E unit at St Bernard's Hospital went live on 24 June 2015 using Emis' Symphony and it is planned that primary and community services and the acute hospital will start to use the Ascribe CaMIS patient administration system.{{Cite news |date=24 June 2015 |title=Gibraltar live with first phase of EHR |publisher=Digital Health |url=http://www.digitalhealth.net/news/ehi/10102/gibraltar-live-with-first-phase-of-ehr/ |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703202639/http://www.digitalhealth.net/news/EHI/10102/gibraltar-live-with-first-phase-of-ehr/ |url-status=live }}

A Community Mental Health Team was established in 2017, and in 2018 the Gibraltar Health Authority School of Health Studies introduced a Mental Health Nursing degree to tackle difficulties in recruiting mental health nurses.{{Cite news |date=12 May 2018 |title=GHA School of Health invites applicants for Mental Health Nursing degree |publisher=Gibraltar Chronicle |url=http://chronicle.gi/2018/05/gha-school-of-health-invites-applicants-for-mental-health-nursing-degree/ |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823111330/http://chronicle.gi/2018/05/gha-school-of-health-invites-applicants-for-mental-health-nursing-degree/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Culture of Gibraltar}}

File:Gibraltar Tercentenary flag display.jpg celebrations in Gibraltar]]

The culture of Gibraltar reflects Gibraltarians' diverse origins. While there are Spanish (mostly from nearby Andalusia) and British influences, the ethnic origins of most Gibraltarians are not confined to these ethnicities. Other ethnicities include Genoese, Maltese, Portuguese, and German. A few other Gibraltar residents are Jewish of Sephardic origin, Moroccan, or Indians. British influence remains strong, with English being the language of government, commerce, education and the media.

Gibraltar's first sovereignty referendum is celebrated annually on Gibraltar National Day (10 September). It is a public holiday, during which most Gibraltarians dress in their national colours of red and white. Until 2016, the tradition had been to also release 30,000 similarly coloured balloons, which represented the people of Gibraltar. However, this tradition has now been ended because of the threat that it poses to wildlife, particularly marine.{{Cite news |date=April 2016 |title=Gibraltar ends annual balloon release on environmental grounds |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies |agency=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/07/gibraltar-ends-annual-balloon-release-on-environmental-grounds |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716185216/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/07/gibraltar-ends-annual-balloon-release-on-environmental-grounds |url-status=live }} The 300th anniversary of Gibraltar's capture was celebrated in 2004 on Tercentenary Day (4 August), when in recognition of and with thanks for its long association with Gibraltar, the Royal Navy was given the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar and a human chain of Gibraltarians dressed in red, white and blue, linked hands to encircle the Rock. On 4 June 2012, the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla, inspired by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, celebrated sixty years of the Queen's reign.{{Cite news |date=16 May 2012 |title=Be a part of history in the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla |work=Home and Lifestyle Magazine |url=http://homeandlifestyle.es/events-and-exhibitions/be-a-part-of-history-in-the-gibraltar-diamond-jubilee-flotilla/ |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709012512/http://homeandlifestyle.es/events-and-exhibitions/be-a-part-of-history-in-the-gibraltar-diamond-jubilee-flotilla/ |url-status=live }}

The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation operates a television and radio station on UHF, VHF and medium-wave. The radio service is also internet-streamed. Special events and the daily news bulletin are streamed in video. The other local radio service is operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service which also provides a limited cable television network to HM Forces. The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the Gibraltar Chronicle, Gibraltar's oldest established daily newspaper and the world's second-oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar: Fact File |url=http://www.birminghamuk.com/cities/gibinfo.htm |access-date=31 August 2007 |publisher=Birmingham UK International Directory – Gibraltar |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051805/http://www.birminghamuk.com/cities/gibinfo.htm |url-status=live }} with daily editions six days a week. Panorama is published on weekdays, and 7 Days, The New People, and Gibsport are weekly.

File:Gibraltar National Day 027 (9719742224) (2).jpg dress in their national colours of red and white during the 2013 Gibraltar National Day celebrations.]]

Native Gibraltarians have produced some literature of note. The first in fiction was probably Héctor Licudi's 1929 novel Barbarita, written in Spanish,{{Cite journal |last=Yborra Aznar |first=José Juan |year=2004 |title=La ciudad perdida: Gibraltar en la obra de Héctor Licudi |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=1973665 |journal=Eúphoros |language=es |issue=7 |pages=317–26 |issn=1575-0205 |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511061235/http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=1973665 |url-status=live }} chronicling the largely autobiographical adventures of a young Gibraltarian man. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, several anthologies of poetry were published by Leopoldo Sanguinetti, Albert Joseph Patron and Alberto Pizzarello. The 1960s were largely dominated by the theatrical works of Elio Cruz and his two highly acclaimed Spanish language plays La Lola se va pá Londre and Connie con cama camera en el comedor.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} In the 1990s, the Gibraltarian man-of-letters Mario Arroyo published Profiles (1994), a series of bilingual meditations on love, loneliness and death. Trino Cruz is a bilingual poet originally writing English but now mainly in Spanish, who also translates Maghreb poetry.{{Cite journal |last=Yborra Aznar |first=José Juan |title=Espejos y espejismos: la poesía de Trino Cruz |journal=Eúphoros |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia |issue=2002 |page=23 |issn=1575-0205}}{{Cite news |last=Luque |first=Alejandro |title=El gibraltareño Trino Cruz reúne dos décadas de su mejor poesía |newspaper=El País |date=8 April 2003 |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2003/04/09/andalucia/1049840551_850215.html |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113149/http://elpais.com/diario/2003/04/09/andalucia/1049840551_850215.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Juan José Téllez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3Tl2kta9kYC&pg=PA49 |title=Yanitos. Viaje al corazón de Gibraltar (1713–2013) |date=16 January 2013 |publisher=Centro de Estudios Andaluces |isbn=978-84-941817-5-7 |pages=49–}} Of late there have been works by the essayist Mary Chiappe, such as her volume of essays Cabbages and Kings (2006) and by M. G. Sanchez, author of the books Rock Black: Ten Gibraltarian Stories (2008) and Diary of a Victorian Colonial (2009). Mary Chiappe and Sam Benady have also published a series of detective books centred on the character of the nineteenth-century Gibraltarian sleuth Bresciano.

Musicians from Gibraltar include Charles Ramirez, the first guitarist invited to play with the Royal College of Music Orchestra,{{Cite web |last=Mascarenhas |first=Alice |title=Always a Pleasure to Perform in Gibraltar |url=http://www.chronicle.gi/Features/Charles%20Ramirez/charles%20ramirez.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030909225847/http://www.chronicle.gi/Features/Charles%20Ramirez/charles%20ramirez.htm |archive-date=9 September 2003 |access-date=20 December 2007 |website=Gibraltar Chronicle}} successful rock bands like Breed 77, Melon Diesel and Taxi, while Gibraltarian bassist Glen Diani played for Irish/British nu metal group One Minute Silence. Albert Hammond had top 10 hits in the UK and US and has written many songs for international artists such as Whitney Houston, Tina Turner and Julio Iglesias.{{Cite web |date=November 2004 |title=Newsletter No 70 |url=http://www.foghs.org.uk/nl/70.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201121115/http://www.foghs.org.uk/nl/70.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2007 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society}}

Gibraltarian cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Andalusian Spaniards and the British, as well as the many foreigners who made Gibraltar their home over the past three centuries. The culinary influences include those from Malta, Genoa, Portugal, Andalusia and Britain. This marriage of tastes has given Gibraltar an eclectic mix of Mediterranean and British cuisine, such as calentita, a baked bread-like dish made with chickpea flour, water, olive oil, salt and pepper.

{{anchor|Gibraltar in popular culture}}

• The outbreak of yellow fever in 1804 is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's 1836 poetical illustration {{ws|"Gibraltar. Scene During the Plague"}} to an engraving of a painting by Charles Bentley (Gibraltar from Algexiras).{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA176 |section=picture |year=1836 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162812/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA176 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA178 |section=poetical illustration |page=51|year=1836 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162816/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA178 |url-status=live }} She published two further poetical illustrations on Gibraltar the following year, {{ws|"Gibraltar—from the Sea"}}{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA46 |section=poetical illustration |pages=20–21|year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213221744/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA46 |url-status=live }} {{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA48 |section=picture |year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213221742/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA48 |url-status=live }} and {{ws|"Gibraltar, From the Queen of Spain's Chair"}},{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA22 |section=picture |year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213221740/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA22 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last=Landon |first=Letitia Elizabeth |title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA24 |section=poetical illustration |page=45|year=1837 |publisher=Fisher, Son & Co. |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213221745/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA24 |url-status=live }} both of which are again to engravings of paintings by Charles Bentley. All these can be found in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books.
• The first track in Beirut's 2015 album No No No is named "Gibraltar", and the music video is set in a dystopian version of the territory.{{Cite web |date=2015-08-19 |title=Beirut reveal new song 'Gibraltar' – watch video {{!}} NME |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/beirut-2-1222688 |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=NME Music News, Reviews, Videos, Galleries, Tickets and Blogs {{!}} NME.COM |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514040106/https://www.nme.com/news/music/beirut-2-1222688 |url-status=live }}
• Mark Twain describes a stop at Gibraltar and comments on it in The Innocents Abroad, an account of his pilgrimage to the holy land.{{cite web | url=https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/innocent/text/chapter07.html | title=The Innocents Abroad--Chapter 7 }}
• As Molly Bloom is a native Gibraltarian, references to Gibraltar appear throughout James Joyce's Ulysses (1922). A sculpture of Molly Bloom as imagined by local artist Jon Searle is on display in the Alameda Gardens.{{cite web | url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/gibraltar/articles/molly-bloom-s-gibraltar/ | title=Ulysses: Molly Bloom's Gibraltar | date=6 December 2011 }}
• John Masters' book The Rock is a collection of short stories set in Gibraltar: ranging from a story set in prehistoric times to one suggesting a possible future for the Rock.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• Raymond Benson's James Bond novel Doubleshot deals with a fictional plot to forcibly return Gibraltar to Spain. The climax takes place in Gibraltar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• In 1782, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed a fragment for voice and piano to celebrate the Great Siege of Gibraltar titled Bardengesang auf Gibraltar: O Calpe! Dir donnert's am Fusse.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
• The film The Silent Enemy was filmed on location in Gibraltar in 1958. It is a dramatisation of the period during the Second World War when Lionel "Buster" Crabb served as a mine and disposal officer in Gibraltar while frogmen of the Italian Navy's Tenth Light Flotilla were sinking vital shipping.
• The Beatles song The Ballad of John and Yoko (1969) features the line "You can get married in Gibraltar near Spain", in reference to musician John Lennon's famous marriage to artist Yoko Ono within the territory.{{Cite web |title=Flashback: John Lennon & Yoko Ono Marry |url=https://nightswithalicecooper.com/2022/03/18/flashback-john-lennon-yoko-ono-marry-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830175154/https://nightswithalicecooper.com/2022/03/18/flashback-john-lennon-yoko-ono-marry-3/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Nights with Alice Cooper |language=en}}
• The game Overwatch contains a map named "Watchpoint: Gibraltar" which is set on the Rock of Gibraltar.
• The Kanye West featuring Jay-Z song Diamonds from Sierra Leone (Remix) features the line "How could you falter when you're the rock of Gibraltar?".

{{Main|Sport in Gibraltar}}

File:Gibraltar_starting_XI.jpg lining up in their first official match, against Slovakia, in 2013]]

Football is a popular sport in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision.{{Cite news |date=26 January 2007 |title=Gibraltar fail to get Uefa place |work=BBC Sport |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6302889.stm |access-date=9 January 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017124015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/internationals/6302889.stm |url-status=live }} Gibraltar was confirmed as UEFA's 54th member on 24 May 2013 as a result of Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) arbitration and played in Euro 2016 qualifications.{{Cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/kosovo-elected-uefa-member-28-24-vote-38837601 |title=Gibraltar played in the qualifying program for the 2016 European Championship. |website=ABC News |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507171946/http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/kosovo-elected-uefa-member-28-24-vote-38837601 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=24 May 2013 |title=Gibraltar given full Uefa membership at London Congress |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22657481 |access-date=12 February 2018 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118023551/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22657481 |url-status=live }} Their first match was a 0–0 draw against Slovakia. Gibraltar's national team won its first-ever match in UEFA competition on 13 October 2018, beating Armenia in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League D.{{Cite news |date=2018-10-13 |title=Gibraltar win competitive match for first time, beating Armenia 1-0 |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45851081 |access-date=2018-10-14 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014080134/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/45851081 |url-status=live }}

Subsequently, Gibraltar applied for FIFA membership but this bid was also turned down. On 2 May 2016, the CAS upheld the appeal filed by the Gibraltar Football Association regarding its request to become a full-time member of FIFA. CAS ordered FIFA to stop blocking Gibraltar's application for membership and allow it "without delay".{{Cite web |url=http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3776.pdf |title=CAS Upholds the Appeal Filed by the Gibraltar Football Association Regarding Its Request to Become a Full Member of FIFA |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508133329/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_3776.pdf |url-status=live }}

Rugby union is fairly popular and one of the fastest-growing team sports. Gibraltar Rugby Football Union applied for membership of Europe's governing body for rugby. Gibraltar is believed to be the birthplace of the rugby variant Tag Rugby.{{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Terry |title=The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats |publisher=Guinness Superlatives Ltd |year=1983 |isbn=0-85112-264-7 |edition=2nd |location=Enfield |page=186}}{{efn|Despite several sites reporting that tag rugby was invented by Perry Haddock in Australia around 1990 (this is OzTag, a variant of Tag Rugby), Godwin's wrote about the topic seven years prior. Godwin does not mention when the sport began in Gibraltar, but he does explicitly use the term "Tag Rugby" to describe the game.}}

{{Main|Communications in Gibraltar}}

File:Telex1.jpg

File:Victorian Post Box of 1887 in use at Gibraltar in 2008.jpg

Gibraltar has a digital telephone exchange supported by a fibre optic and copper infrastructure; the telephone operator Gibtelecom also operates a GSM network. Internet connectivity is available across the fixed network. Gibraltar's top-level domain code is .gi.

International Direct Dialling (IDD) is provided, and Gibraltar was allocated the access code +350 by the International Telecommunication Union. This has been finally accepted by Spain since 10 February 2007, when the telecom dispute was resolved.

{{Main|Transport in Gibraltar}}

File:Gibraltar Cable Car 2.jpg runs from outside the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens to the top of the Rock, with an intermediate station at Apes' Den.]]

Within Gibraltar, the main form of transport is the car. Motorcycles are also very popular and there is a good modern bus service. Unlike in the UK and other British territories, traffic drives on the right and speed limits are in km/h, as the territory shares a land border with Spain. The E15 route connecting with Spain, France, England and Scotland is accessible from the Spanish side using the CA-34 autovía.

Restrictions on transport introduced by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco closed the land frontier in 1969 and also prohibited any air or ferry connections. In 1982, the land border was reopened. As the result of an agreement signed in Córdoba on 18 September 2006 between Gibraltar, the United Kingdom and Spain,{{Cite web |date=18 September 2006 |title=Communiqué of the ministerial meeting of the forum of dialogue on Gibraltar |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/pensions/Ministerial_Statement.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322195006/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/pensions/Ministerial_Statement.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=17 October 2008 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}} the Spanish government agreed to relax border controls at the frontier that have plagued locals for decades; in return, Britain paid increased pensions to Spanish workers who lost their jobs when Franco closed the border.{{Cite web |last=Government of Gibraltar |date=18 September 2006 |title=Trilateral Forum. Ministerial Statement on Pensions |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/Ministerial_Statement_On_Pensions.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325101657/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/Ministerial_Statement_On_Pensions.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=17 October 2008}} Telecommunication restrictions were lifted in February 2007 and air links with Spain were restored in December 2006.{{Cite web |date=18 September 2006 |title=Press Release. Airport Agreement |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/271-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124171815/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2006/271-2006.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007 |access-date=17 October 2008 |publisher=Government of Gibraltar}}{{Cite news |date=16 December 2006 |title=Spain restores Gibraltar air link |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/-/2/hi/europe/6198314.stm |access-date=20 December 2007}}

Motorists and pedestrians crossing the border with Spain are occasionally subjected to very long delays.{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |title=Frontier restrictions |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmfaff/366/36605.htm |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082420/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmfaff/366/36605.htm |url-status=live }} Spain has occasionally closed the border during disputes or incidents involving the Gibraltar authorities, such as the Aurora cruise ship incident[http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1043&id=1214692003 Scotsman.com News: Spanish seal border as virus ship docks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328101140/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1043&id=1214692003 |date=28 March 2007 }}. Retrieved 16 October 2007 and when fishermen from the Spanish fishing vessel Piraña were arrested for illegal fishing in Gibraltar waters.{{Cite web |title=Fishermen block frontier |url=http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=1615 |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Panorama.gi |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205183528/http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=1615 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Gibraltar International Airport}}

{{as of|2017}}, Gibraltar maintains regular flight connections with London (Heathrow, Gatwick & Luton), Manchester and Bristol in the UK, and with Casablanca and Tangier in Morocco.{{Cite web |last=Gibraltar International Airport |title=Destinations |url=http://www.gibraltarairport.gi/content/destinations |access-date=18 July 2017 |archive-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712210526/http://www.gibraltarairport.gi/content/destinations |url-status=live }}

This is via the Royal Air Force's military aerodrome in Gibraltar, which also serves as the territory's civilian airport.{{Cite web |author=Ministry of Defence |date=2021-05-13 |title=British Forces Gibraltar explained |url=https://medium.com/voices-of-the-armed-forces/what-is-british-forces-gibraltar-e6194cf0c994 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Voices Of The Armed Forces |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314195403/https://medium.com/voices-of-the-armed-forces/what-is-british-forces-gibraltar-e6194cf0c994 |url-status=live }}

GB Airways operated a service between Gibraltar and London and other cities for many years. The airline initially flew under the name "Gibraltar Airways". In 1989, and in anticipation of service to cities outside the UK, Gibraltar Airways changed its name to GB Airways with the belief that a new name would incur fewer political problems. As a franchise, the airline operated flights in full British Airways livery. In 2007, GB Airways was purchased by easyJet,{{Cite web |last=Government of Gibraltar |title=Press Release: Government of Gibraltar Reaction to GB Sale |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/239-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113173646/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/239-2007.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2009 |access-date=16 October 2008}} which began operating flights under their name in April 2008 when British Airways re-introduced flights to Gibraltar under their name. EasyJet have since added Bristol and Manchester and also operated flights to Liverpool between 2011 and 2012. Until entering administration in October 2017, Monarch Airlines operated the largest number of flights between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, with scheduled services between Gibraltar and Luton, London Gatwick, Birmingham and Manchester. The Spanish national airline, Iberia, operated a daily service to Madrid which ceased for lack of demand. In May 2009, Ándalus Líneas Aéreas opened a Spanish service,{{Cite web |title=Regional Andalusia airline begins Gibraltar-Madrid airbridge |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/04/30/regional-andalusia-airline-begins-gibraltar-madrid-airbridge |access-date=9 March 2010 |publisher=MercoPress |archive-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927045811/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/04/30/regional-andalusia-airline-begins-gibraltar-madrid-airbridge |url-status=live }} which also ceased operations in March 2010.{{Cite web |title=Andalus drops Gibraltar |url=http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=5758&offset=0 |access-date=13 May 2011 |publisher=Panorama.gi |archive-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205183532/http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=5758&offset=0 |url-status=live }} An annual return charter flight to Malta is operated by Maltese national airline, Air Malta.

File:Gibraltar Airport main runway with 4-lane road crossing.jpg

File:Gibraltar Airport New Terminal.jpg

Gibraltar International Airport is unusual not only because of its proximity to the city centre resulting in the airport terminal being within walking distance of much of Gibraltar but also because the runway intersects Winston Churchill Avenue, formerly the main road into Spain, requiring movable barricades to close when aircraft land or depart. New roads and a tunnel, ending the need to stop road traffic when aircraft use the runway, were planned to coincide with the building of a new airport terminal building with an originally estimated completion date of 2009,{{Cite web |last=Government of Gibraltar |title=Press Release: New Air Terminal, tunnel under the runway and new road leading to all parts of Gibraltar north of the runway |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/111-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nmRMS1cC?url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/111-2007.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2010 |access-date=17 October 2008}} and images of the proposals: {{cite web |title=Press Release: New Terminal Building |url=http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/111-2007-images.pdf |access-date=17 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029161356/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/latest_news/press_releases/2007/111-2007-images.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2008}}{{Cite web |title=The Chief Minister presented the plans for an ambitious new terminal building for Gibraltar Airport |url=http://www.7daysgibraltar.com/article.php?id=655 |access-date=21 December 2007 |publisher=7 Days Gibraltar |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023135234/http://www.7daysgibraltar.com/article.php?id=655 |url-status=dead }} although delays pushed back its official opening until 31 March 2023.{{Cite web |date=30 March 2023 |title=Kingsway Inaugurated – 187/2023 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/kingsway-inaugurated-1872023-8737 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Government of Gibraltar |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=31 March 2023 |title=Kingsway is now open & operational |url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/kingsway-now-open-operational |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation |language=en}} The new road and tunnel is named Kingsway with the approval of Charles III{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Gabriella |date=30 March 2023 |title=Over 14 years later, Kingsway Tunnel opens |url=https://www.chronicle.gi/over-14-years-later-kingsway-tunnel-opens/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Gibraltar Chronicle |language=en |quote=that the airport and tunnel access roads [and the tunnel]...will be known as Kingsway...and that has been approved by His Majesty himself today}} and passes under the terminal and the eastern edge of the runway before connecting with Devil's Tower Road. Runway access is now closed to everyday road traffic but is still available for exceptional, specific, or emergency use as well as pedestrians, cyclists and mobility scooters although an alternative subway is provided.{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Airport Tunnel to open on 31st March 2023 – 177/2023 |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/airport-tunnel-to-open-on-31st-march-2023-1772023-8730 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Government of Gibraltar |language=en |quote=The road from the new roundabout at Devil's Tower Road to the East Gate roundabout is approximately 1.2km in length, including approximately 350 metres of covered tunnel.}}

The most popular alternative airport for Gibraltar is Málaga Airport in Spain, some {{cvt|120|km}} to the east, which offers a wide range of destinations, second to Jerez Airport which is closer to Gibraltar. In addition, the Algeciras Heliport across the bay offers scheduled services to Ceuta.

File:Europa Point Lighthouse.jpg, located at the southernmost tip of the Gibraltar peninsula]]

Gibraltar Cruise Terminal receives a large number of visits from cruise ships. The Strait of Gibraltar is one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.

Passenger and cargo ships anchor in the Gibraltar Harbour. Also, a ferry links Gibraltar with Tangier in Morocco. The ferry between Gibraltar and Algeciras, which had been halted in 1969 when Franco severed communications with Gibraltar, was reopened on 16 December 2009, served by the Spanish company Transcoma.[http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=17969 New ferry 'repairs 40 year gap' says Spanish Diplomat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218183902/http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=17969 |date=18 December 2009 }}, Gibraltar Chronicle, 17 December 2009 A vehicle ramp at the western end of the North Mole allows vehicles to be unloaded from a RORO ferry.{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Gibraltar continues with Brexit contingency plans |url=https://www.portseurope.com/38208-2/ |publisher=PortSEurope |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511120119/https://www.portseurope.com/38208-2/ |url-status=live }}

Ferries by FRS running twice a week from Gibraltar to Tanger-Med port provide access to the Moroccan railway system.{{Cite web |date=6 September 2012 |title=Morocco Travel Information – Information About Traveling in Morocco |url=http://goafrica.about.com/od/morocco/a/moroctraveltips_2.htm |access-date=9 December 2012 |publisher=Goafrica.about.com |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009202056/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/judiciary-a-law?start=2 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mark |title=How to Travel by Train London to Morocco |url=http://www.seat61.com/Morocco.htm |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928210156/http://www.seat61.com/Morocco.htm |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2012 |work=The Man in Seat Sixty-One}}

Nothing remains of the two former railway systems within Gibraltar.

On the Spanish side of the border, railway track extends to the outskirts of La Línea from an aborted rail expansion project in the 1970s.{{Cite web |title=La Línea lleva más de ochenta años esperando que pase el primer... |url=http://www.europasur.es/article/lalinea/835676/la/linea/lleva/mas/ochenta/anos/esperando/pase/primer/tren.html |website=europasur.es |date=14 November 2010 |access-date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826181518/http://www.europasur.es/article/lalinea/835676/la/linea/lleva/mas/ochenta/anos/esperando/pase/primer/tren.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Andalusia |title=Google Maps coordinates |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?q=36.175256,-5.359137 |access-date=16 August 2013 |publisher=Google Maps |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051803/https://www.google.com/maps?q=36.175256,-5.359137 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar}}

Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar have been major concerns for its inhabitants throughout its history. There are no rivers, streams, or large bodies of water on the peninsula. Gibraltar's water supply was formerly provided by a combination of an aqueduct, wells, and the use of cisterns, barrels and earthenware pots to capture rainwater. This became increasingly inadequate as Gibraltar's population grew in the 18th and 19th centuries and lethal diseases such as cholera and yellow fever began to spread. In the late 19th century, a Sanitary Commission instigated major improvements which saw the introduction of large-scale desalination and the use of giant water catchments covering over 2.5 million square feet (nearly 250,000 m²). Today Gibraltar's supply of drinking water comes entirely from desalination, with a separate supply of saltwater for sanitary purposes. Both supplies are delivered from huge underground reservoirs excavated under the Rock of Gibraltar.

{{further|Royal Gibraltar Police|Gibraltar Defence Police}}

File:RGP Patrol Car.JPG

File:K20P1600.JPG, Marine Section]]

The Royal Gibraltar Police (RGP), Gibraltar Defence Police (GDP) and His Majesty's Customs (Gibraltar) are Gibraltar's principal civilian law enforcement agencies. Outside the United Kingdom, the RGP is the oldest police force of the former British Empire, formed shortly after the creation of London's Metropolitan Police in 1829 when Gibraltar was declared a crown colony on 25 June 1830.Judiciary and Law{{dash}}Police, Gibraltar Government Website {{Cite web |title=Judiciary & Law – Police |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/judiciary-a-law?start%3D2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009202056/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/judiciary-a-law?start=2 |archive-date=9 October 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013}}

In general, the Gibraltar force follows British police models in its dress and its mostly male constables and sergeants on foot patrol wear the traditional custodian helmet, the headgear of the British "bobby on the beat". The helmet is traditionally made of cork covered outside by felt or serge-like material that matches the tunic. The vehicles also appear virtually identical to typical UK police vehicles, but are left hand drive.

The force, whose name received the prefix "Royal" in 1992, numbers over 220 officers divided into a number of units.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} These include the CID, drug squad, special branch, firearms, scene of crime examiners, traffic, marine and operations units, sections or departments.

On 24 September 2015, the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar was conferred upon the RGP by the Mayor, Adolfo Canepa.

The defence of Gibraltar, as a British territory, is the responsibility of the national (i.e., British) government, with its tri-services British Forces Gibraltar:

• The Royal Gibraltar Regiment provides the army garrison with a detachment of the British Army, based at Devil's Tower Camp.{{Cite web |date=December 2007 |title=HIVE Location overview – Gibraltar |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1B9B3D6A-1D09-49B1-9209-3AE16C1614F8/0/20080201_gibraltar_lo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204161832/http://mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/1B9B3D6A-1D09-49B1-9209-3AE16C1614F8/0/20080201_gibraltar_lo.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2009 |access-date=29 January 2010 |publisher=Ministry of Defence}} The regiment was originally a part-time reserve force until the British Army placed it on a permanent footing in 1990. The regiment includes full-time and part-time soldiers recruited from Gibraltar as well as British Army regulars posted from other regiments.
• The Royal Navy maintains a squadron of several patrol vessels and craft at the Rock. The squadron is responsible for the security and integrity of British Gibraltar Territorial Waters (BGTW). The shore establishment at Gibraltar is called HMS Rooke after Sir George Rooke, who captured the Rock for Archduke Charles (pretender to the Spanish throne) in 1704. The naval air base was named HMS Cormorant. Gibraltar's strategic position provides an important facility for the Royal Navy and Britain's allies. British and US nuclear submarines frequently visit the Z berths at Gibraltar.{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Gibraltar |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1998-11-09/debates/900fbca6-7085-4803-bbc5-ee2ec86698a8/Gibraltar |house=House of Commons |date=9 November 1998 |column=73 |speaker=Doug Henderson |position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces}} A Z berth provides the facility for nuclear submarines to visit for operational or recreational purposes and for non-nuclear repairs. During the Falklands War, an Argentine plan to attack British shipping in the harbour using frogmen (Operation Algeciras) was foiled.{{Cite news |last=Giles Tremlett |date=24 July 2004 |title=Falklands war almost spread to Gibraltar |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jul/24/gibraltar.falklands |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620042501/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/jul/24/gibraltar.falklands |url-status=live }} The naval base also played a part in supporting the task force sent by Britain to recover the Falklands.
• The Royal Air Force station at Gibraltar forms part of Headquarters British Forces Gibraltar. Although aircraft are no longer permanently stationed at RAF Gibraltar, a variety of RAF aircraft make regular visits and the airfield also houses a section from the Met Office. The Gibraltar Air Cadets is an active squadron.{{Cite web |title=Gibraltar Air Cadets fly over UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/gibraltar-air-cadets |access-date=11 February 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In January 2007, the Ministry of Defence announced that the private company Serco would provide services to the base. The announcement resulted in extensive negotiations with the relevant trade unions.{{Cite web |title=May 30 – Unite Delighted With Pension Harmonisation Agreement At Inter |url=https://www.yourgibraltartv.com/society/19273-may-30-unite-delighted-with-pension-harmonisation-agreement-at-interserve |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Your Gibraltar TV |language=en-gb}}{{Cite web |date=2007-05-24 |title=Joint Statement by the Gibraltar Government, and the Trades Unions TGWU/ACTS and GGCA/Prospect |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/new/sites/default/files/Press%20archives/Press%20Releases/2007/121-2007%20(1).pdf |access-date=2024-12-10}}

Gibraltar has an important role in signals intelligence gathering, serving as a vital strategic part of the United Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring network in the Mediterranean and North Africa.{{Cite web |title=Submarine Cable Map |url=http://www.submarinecablemap.com/ |access-date=3 August 2017 |website=Submarinecablemap.com |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630164931/http://www.submarinecablemap.com/ |url-status=live }}Richard J. Aldrich, GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency. Harper Press, 2010.

The [[Royal Navy's base in Gibraltar|thumb]]

Historically, Gibraltar was one of four Imperial fortress colonies, along with Bermuda, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Malta.

Gibraltar has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

• {{flagdeco|USA}} Raleigh, United States{{Cite journal |last=Bourada |first=Lonny |date=2014-12-01 |title=Partner Cities {{!}} Sister Cities Gibraltar |url=https://www.gibraltarsistercities.org/partner-cities |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=SisterCities Gibralt |pages=199 |language=en |doi=10.4000/archeomed.9077 |doi-access=free |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114092823/https://www.gibraltarsistercities.org/partner-cities |url-status=dead }}

The following people, military units, and Groups have received the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar.{{Cite web |title=Freemen of the City |url=https://www.mayor.gi/freemen-of-the-city/ |website=mayor.gi |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704054038/http://www.mayor.gi/freemen-of-the-city/ |url-status=live }}

• Gustavo Bacarisas: 3 October 1962.
• James John Joseph Giraldi: 12 August 1982.
• Sir Joshua Abraham Hassan: 11 December 1996.
• Sir Robert Peliza: 7 May 1998.
• Monsignor Bernard Patrick Devlin: 3 June 1999.
• 3rd Baron Merrivale: 18 October 2001.
• Lord Hoyle of Warrington: 9 September 2004.
• Nicholas Bethell, 4th Baron Bethell: 9 September 2004.
• Michael Ancram, 13th Marquess of Lothian: 1 February 2011.
• Andrew Stuart MacKinlay: 1 February 2011.
• Kaiane Aldorino: 15 September 2011.
• Lord Janner of Braunstone: 22 March 2012.
• Sir Graham Watson: 10 September 2014.
• Christian Hook: 2 June 2017.
• Sir Joseph John Bossano: 10 September 2019.
• Adolfo Canepa: 25 May 2021.{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/adolfo-canepa-receives-freedom-city-gibraltar-open-ceremony-john-mackintosh-square |title=Adolfo Canepa receives the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar at open ceremony at the John Mackintosh Square |website=www.gbc.gi |date=25 May 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606022059/https://www.gbc.gi/news/adolfo-canepa-receives-freedom-city-gibraltar-open-ceremony-john-mackintosh-square |url-status=live }}

• The Royal Gibraltar Regiment: 25 September 1971.
• The Corps of Royal Engineers: 6 March 1972.
• The Royal Regiment of Artillery: 29 April 1981.
• HMS Calpe, RN: 27 April 1991.
• The Royal Marines: 28 October 1996.
• The Royal Navy: 4 August 2004.
• The Royal Gibraltar Police: 26 September 2015.
• 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 26 November 2016.{{Cite news |date=29 November 2016 |title=Freedom of the City for Royal Anglian Regiment |work=Gibraltar Chronicle |url=https://www.chronicle.gi/10005/ |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929003726/https://www.chronicle.gi/10005/ |url-status=live }}
• RAF Gibraltar: 2 April 2018.{{Cite news |date=April 2018 |title=Freedom of the City for RAF Gibraltar to mark RAF100 |work=Gibraltar Chronicle |url=http://chronicle.gi/2018/04/freedom-of-the-city-for-raf-gibraltar-to-mark-raf100/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214041/http://chronicle.gi/2018/06/freedom-of-the-city-for-raf-gibraltar/ |archive-date=30 June 2018}}

• The Congregation of Christian Brothers: 2 July 1977.
• The All Party British Gibraltar Group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: 23 October 1982.
• The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary: 13 December 2005.
• The Scout Association (Gibraltar Branch): 2 October 2008.
• Girlguiding Gibraltar: 8 June 2010.
• Special Olympics Gibraltar: 24 October 2015.

{{portal|Gibraltar}}

• 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash
• Attorney General of Gibraltar
• Chief Justice of Gibraltar
• Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
• List of Gibraltarians
• Outline of Gibraltar

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{refbegin|40em}}

• {{Cite book |last=Abulafia |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKcQPBV0UdQC |title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7139-9934-1 |location=London |ref=Abulafia2011 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306051804/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKcQPBV0UdQC |url-status=live }}
• {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Peter |title=300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704–2004 |publisher=Peter-Tan Publishing Co. |year=2003 |edition=1st |location=Gibraltar |pages=28–29 |chapter=Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779–1783}}
• {{Cite book |last=Chartrand |first=René |url=http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770 |title=Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege |date=July 2006 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |others=Patrice Courcelle |isbn=978-1-84176-977-6 |edition=1st |location=Gibraltar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}
• Drinkwater, John: A History of the Siege of Gibraltar, 1779–1783: With a Description and Account of That Garrison from the Earliest Periods London, 1862.
• Falkner, James: Fire Over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, 2009
• Harvey, Robert: A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence, London, 2001
• Rodger, N. A. M.: The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815, London, 2006
• Norwich, John Julius: The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean, Random House, 2006
• Sugden, John: Nelson: A Dream of Glory, London, 2004
• Syrett, David: Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography, London, 2006.
• Maria Monti, Ángel: Historia de Gibraltar: dedicada a SS. AA. RR., los serenisimos señores Infantes Duques de Montpensier, Imp. Juan Moyano, 1852
• Maria Montero, Francisco: Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo, Imprenta de la Revista Médica, 1860
• Uxó Palasí, José: Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios, Almoraima. n.º 34, 2007

{{refend}}

• {{Official website|http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/ }}
• [http://www.gibfire.gi/ Gibraltar Fire & Rescue Service]
• Description of Gibraltar as it was in the mid-19th century. {{Cite book |last=Scherzer |first=Karl |date=1861 |chapter=Gibraltar: Stay from the 20th to the 30th of May, 1857 |chapter-url=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Narrative_of_the_circumnavigation_of_the_Globe_by_the_Austrian_frigate_Novara,_(Volume_1)..pdf&page=93 |title=Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara |location=London |publisher=Saunders, Otley & Co.}}
• [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,gibraltar%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Gibraltar,2&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of Gibraltar] from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel

{{Geographic location

|Centre = {{flag|Gibraltar}}

|N = {{flag|Spain}}

|NE = Mediterranean Sea

|E = Mediterranean Sea

|SE = Mediterranean Sea

|S = Strait of Gibraltar
{{flag|Morocco}}

|SW = Strait of Gibraltar
{{flag|Morocco}}

|W = {{flag|Spain}}
Bay of Gibraltar

|NW = {{flag|Spain}}

}}

{{Gibraltar topics}}

{{Navboxes

|list =

{{Sovereign states of Europe}}

{{List of European capitals by region}}

{{List of British Territories capitals}}

{{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}

{{British dependencies}}

{{British overseas territories}}

{{Territorial disputes involving the United Kingdom}}

{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}

}}

{{Subject bar|portal1=Gibraltar|portal2=United Kingdom|portal3=European Union|portal4=Europe|commons=yes|wikt=yes|n=yes|n-search=Category:Gibraltar|q=yes|s=yes|b=yes|voy=yes|v=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q1410}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibraltar}}

Category:1700s in Spain

Category:1704 establishments in Europe

Category:1704 establishments in the British Empire

.Gibraltar

Gilbraltar

Category:Enclaves and exclaves

Category:English-speaking countries and territories

Category:Headlands of Europe

Category:Iberian Peninsula

Category:Phoenician colonies in Spain

Category:States and territories established in 1704

Category:Territorial disputes of Spain