Help:IPA/Georgian

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Georgian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See Georgian phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Georgian.

style="background:none;" \| style="vertical-align:top;" \| {\| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="6"\| Consonants
IPA	Mkhedruli	Asomtavruli	Nuskhuri	Romanization	English approximation
{{IPAlink\|b}}In word-final position, /b, d, g/ may be devoiced to [pʰ tʰ kʰ]. \| ბ \| Ⴁ \| ⴁ \| b \| style="text-align:left;" \| bash
{{IPAlink\|ɡ}} \| გ \| Ⴂ \| ⴂ \| g \| style="text-align:left;" \| gate
{{IPAlink\|d̪\|d}} \| დ \| Ⴃ \| ⴃ \| d \| style="text-align:left;" \| do
{{IPAlink\|v}} \| rowspan="2" \| ვ \| rowspan="2" \| Ⴅ \| rowspan="2" \| ⴅ \| rowspan="2" \| v, w \| style="text-align:left;" \| van
{{IPAlink\|ʷ}}/v/ is realized as [ʷ] after a consonant. \| style="text-align:left;" \| quick
{{IPAlink\|z}} \| ზ \| Ⴆ \| ⴆ \| z \| style="text-align:left;" \| zoo
{{IPAlink\|t̪\|tʰ}} \| თ \| Ⴇ \| ⴇ \| t \| style="text-align:left;" \| table
{{IPAlink\|kʼ}} \| კ \| Ⴉ \| ⴉ \| kʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| roughly like the unaspirated "k" in sky (but also ejective)The ejectives have no equivalent in English. The way that ejectives are sounded is by building up pressure in your throat, like when you sneeze, and then release the built-up air as you articulate the consonant where you normally would. So, /t'/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place but the difference is whether you build up pressure or not.
{{IPAlink\|l}}/l/ has two allophones, velarized [ɫ] before back vowels /ɑ, ɔ, u,/ and plain [l] before front vowels /i, ɛ,/ \| ლ \| Ⴊ \| ⴊ \| l \| style="text-align:left;" \| leaf
{{IPAlink\|m}} \| მ \| Ⴋ \| ⴋ \| m \| style="text-align:left;" \| much
{{IPAlink\|n}} \| ნ \| Ⴌ \| ⴌ \| n \| style="text-align:left;" \| not
{{IPAlink\|pʼ}} \| პ \| Ⴎ \| ⴎ \| pʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| roughly like the unaspirated "p" in spy (but also ejective)
{{IPAlink\|ʒ}} \| ჟ \| Ⴏ \| ⴏ \| zh \| style="text-align:left;" \| pleasure
{{IPAlink\|r}}Often realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ]. \| რ \| Ⴐ \| ⴐ \| r \| style="text-align:left;" \| Spanish río
{{IPAlink\|s}} \| ს \| Ⴑ \| ⴑ \| s \| style="text-align:left;" \| sue
{{IPAlink\|t̪’\|tʼ}} \| ტ \| Ⴒ \| ⴒ \| tʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| roughly like the unaspirated "t" in sty (but also ejective)
{{IPAlink\|p\|pʰ}} \| ფ \| Ⴔ \| ⴔ \| p \| style="text-align:left;" \| pan
{{IPAlink\|k\|kʰ}} \| ქ \| Ⴕ \| ⴕ \| k \| style="text-align:left;" \| can
{{IPAlink\|ʁ}} \| ღ \| Ⴖ \| ⴖ \| gh \| style="text-align:left;" \| Scottish English loch, but voiced. Cf. also guttural R,
{{IPAlink\|χʼ}}{{IPA\|[χʼ]}} is commonly phonemicized as {{IPA\|/qʼ/}}. \| ყ \| Ⴗ \| ⴗ \| xʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| Dakota hã.χʼãna (ejective)
{{IPAlink\|ʃ}} \| შ \| Ⴘ \| ⴘ \| sh \| style="text-align:left;" \| shoe
{{IPAlink\|tʃ\|tʃʰ}} \| ჩ \| Ⴙ \| ⴙ \| ch \| style="text-align:left;" \| choose
{{IPAlink\|ts\|tsʰ}} \| ც \| Ⴚ \| ⴚ \| ts, c \| style="text-align:left;" \| cats
{{IPAlink\|dz}} \| ძ \| Ⴛ \| ⴛ \| dz \| style="text-align:left;" \| pads
{{IPAlink\|tsʼ}} \| წ \| Ⴜ \| ⴜ \| tsʼ, cʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| Navajo *ts'*in (ejective)
{{IPAlink\|tʃʼ}} \| ჭ \| Ⴝ \| ⴝ \| chʼ \| style="text-align:left;" \| roughly like the unaspirated "ch" in question (but also ejective)
{{IPAlink\|χ}} \| ხ \| Ⴞ \| ⴞ \| kh, x \| style="text-align:left;" \| Scottish loch; the English exclamation "ugh"
{{IPAlink\|dʒ}} \| ჯ \| Ⴟ \| ⴟ \| j \| style="text-align:left;" \| hedge
{{IPAlink\|h}} \| ჰ \| Ⴠ \| ⴠ \| h \| style="text-align:left;" \| head
colspan="6" \| Marginal consonants
{{IPAlink\|f}}[f~ɸ] are allophones of /v/ before voiceless consonants. \| ჶ \| — \| — \| f \| style="text-align:left;" \| fan

style="background:none;"

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="6"| Consonants

IPA

English approximation

{{IPAlink|b}}In word-final position, /b, d, g/ may be devoiced to [pʰ tʰ kʰ].

| ბ

| Ⴁ

| ⴁ

| b

| style="text-align:left;" | bash

| გ

| Ⴂ

| ⴂ

| g

| style="text-align:left;" | gate

| დ

| Ⴃ

| ⴃ

| d

| style="text-align:left;" | do

| rowspan="2" | ვ

| rowspan="2" | Ⴅ

| rowspan="2" | ⴅ

| rowspan="2" | v, w

| style="text-align:left;" | van

{{IPAlink|ʷ}}/v/ is realized as [ʷ] after a consonant.

| style="text-align:left;" | quick

| ზ

| Ⴆ

| ⴆ

| z

| style="text-align:left;" | zoo

| თ

| Ⴇ

| ⴇ

| t

| style="text-align:left;" | table

| კ

| Ⴉ

| ⴉ

| kʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | roughly like the unaspirated "k" in sky (but also ejective)The ejectives have no equivalent in English. The way that ejectives are sounded is by building up pressure in your throat, like when you sneeze, and then release the built-up air as you articulate the consonant where you normally would. So, /t'/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place but the difference is whether you build up pressure or not.

{{IPAlink|l}}/l/ has two allophones, velarized [ɫ] before back vowels /ɑ, ɔ, u,/ and plain [l] before front vowels /i, ɛ,/

| ლ

| Ⴊ

| ⴊ

| l

| style="text-align:left;" | leaf

| მ

| Ⴋ

| ⴋ

| m

| style="text-align:left;" | much

| ნ

| Ⴌ

| ⴌ

| n

| style="text-align:left;" | not

| პ

| Ⴎ

| ⴎ

| pʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | roughly like the unaspirated "p" in spy (but also ejective)

| ჟ

| Ⴏ

| ⴏ

| zh

| style="text-align:left;" | pleasure

{{IPAlink|r}}Often realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ].

| რ

| Ⴐ

| ⴐ

| r

| style="text-align:left;" | Spanish río

| ს

| Ⴑ

| ⴑ

| s

| style="text-align:left;" | sue

| ტ

| Ⴒ

| ⴒ

| tʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | roughly like the unaspirated "t" in sty (but also ejective)

| ფ

| Ⴔ

| ⴔ

| p

| style="text-align:left;" | pan

| ქ

| Ⴕ

| ⴕ

| k

| style="text-align:left;" | can

| ღ

| Ⴖ

| ⴖ

| gh

| style="text-align:left;" | Scottish English loch, but voiced. Cf. also guttural R,

{{IPAlink|χʼ}}{{IPA|[χʼ]}} is commonly phonemicized as {{IPA|/qʼ/}}.

| ყ

| Ⴗ

| ⴗ

| xʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | Dakota hã.χʼãna (ejective)

| შ

| Ⴘ

| ⴘ

| sh

| style="text-align:left;" | shoe

| ჩ

| Ⴙ

| ⴙ

| ch

| style="text-align:left;" | choose

| ც

| Ⴚ

| ⴚ

| ts, c

| style="text-align:left;" | cats

| ძ

| Ⴛ

| ⴛ

| dz

| style="text-align:left;" | pads

| წ

| Ⴜ

| ⴜ

| tsʼ, cʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | Navajo ts'in (ejective)

| ჭ

| Ⴝ

| ⴝ

| chʼ

| style="text-align:left;" | roughly like the unaspirated "ch" in question (but also ejective)

| ხ

| Ⴞ

| ⴞ

| kh, x

| style="text-align:left;" | Scottish loch; the English exclamation "ugh"

| ჯ

| Ⴟ

| ⴟ

| j

| style="text-align:left;" | hedge

| ჰ

| Ⴠ

| ⴠ

| h

| style="text-align:left;" | head

colspan="6" | Marginal consonants

{{IPAlink|f}}[f~ɸ] are allophones of /v/ before voiceless consonants.

| ჶ

| —

| f

| style="text-align:left;" | fan

| style="vertical-align:top;" |

IPA	Mkhedruli	Asomtavruli	Nuskhuri	Romanization	English approximation
class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="6"\| Vowels
{{IPA link\|ä\|a}} \| ა \| Ⴀ \| ⴀ \| a \| style="text-align:left;" \| taco
{{IPA link\|e̞\|e}} \| ე \| Ⴄ \| ⴄ \| e \| style="text-align:left;" \| let
{{IPA link\|i}} \| ი \| Ⴈ \| ⴈ \| i \| style="text-align:left;" \| feet
{{IPA link\|o̞\|o}} \| ო \| Ⴍ \| ⴍ \| o \| style="text-align:left;" \| story
{{IPA link\|u}} \| უ \| Ⴓ \| ⴓ \| u \| style="text-align:left;" \| rule

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;" ! colspan="6" \|Suprasegmentals
IPA !Explanation
{{IPA link\|ˈ}} \|stress mark (placed before the stressed syllable)In Georgian, word stress falls on the first syllable of a word [https://www.phondata.org/index.php/pda/article/view/43][https://www.isca-archive.org/tal_2018/borise18_tal.html]

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"

! colspan="6" |Suprasegmentals

IPA

!Explanation

|stress mark (placed before the stressed syllable)In Georgian, word stress falls on the first syllable of a word [https://www.phondata.org/index.php/pda/article/view/43][https://www.isca-archive.org/tal_2018/borise18_tal.html]

Help:IPA/Georgian

Notes

See also