Kra–Dai-speaking peoples

{{see also|Baiyue|Vietnamese people|History of Thailand|History of Laos|History of Burma|History of Cambodia}}

Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Kra–Dai language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the Yangtze basin, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the Chu state and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.{{harvp|Chamberlain|2016}} Following the southward migrations of Kra and Hlai (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day Zhejiang province, in the 6th century BCE, forming the state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter. According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the Luo Yue, who moved into Lingnan and Annam and then westward into northeastern Laos and Sip Song Chau Tai, and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the Xi Ou, which became the Northern Tai).

Tao et. al (2023), however, suggests that the Kra-Dai language family originated from coastal south China, around the Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and underwent a radial expansion into the Guizhou-Yunnan region, Hainan Island, and Mainland Southeast Asia. This language dispersal might also be associated with environmental change and demographic changes.{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Yuxin |last2=Wei |first2=Yuancheng |last3=Ge |first3=Jiaqi |last4=Pan |first4=Yan |last5=Wang |first5=Wenmin |last6=Bi |first6=Qianqi |last7=Sheng |first7=Pengfei |last8=Fu |first8=Changzhong |last9=Pan |first9=Wuyun |last10=Jin |first10=Li |last11=Zheng |first11=Hong-Xiang |last12=Zhang |first12=Menghan |title=Phylogenetic evidence reveals early Kra-Dai divergence and dispersal in the late Holocene |journal=Nature Communications |date=30 October 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=6924 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-42761-x |pmid=37903755 |pmc=10616200 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6924T }}

Kra–Dai peoples are thought to originate from Taiwan, where they spoke a dialect of proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages. The Kra–Dai-speaking peoples migrated to southern China, where they brought with them the Proto-Kra–Dai language. Like the Malayo-Polynesians, they may originally have been of Austronesian descent.{{sfn|Sagart|2004|pp = 411–440}} Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to the Philippines and other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Kra–Dai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the Pearl River, where their language greatly changed from other Austronesian languages under the influence of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien language infusion.{{sfn|Blench|2004|p=12}} However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to this Daic expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Kra–Dai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that dental evulsion, face tattooing, teeth blackening and snake cults are shared between the Taiwanese Austronesians and the Kra–Dai peoples of southern China.{{sfn|Blench|2009|pp = 4–7}}{{sfn|Blench|2008|pp = 17–32}}

Overall, most theories suggest that Kra-Dai peoples descend from a local Austronesian-related lineage in continental southeast China, ranging from Zheijiang to Guangdong, with additional gene flow from an Austroasiatic-related lineage.{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Guo |first5=Jianxin |last6=Adnan |first6=Atif |last7=Yin |first7=Lianfei |last8=Huang |first8=Youyi |last9=Zhao |first9=Jing |last10=Yang |first10=Yidong |last11=Ma |first11=Fuwei |last12=Li |first12=Yingxiang |last13=Hu |first13=Rong |last14=Yang |first14=Tianle |last15=Wei |first15=Lan-Hai |date=30 June 2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free |last16=Wang |first16=Chuan-Chao}} Alternatively, they descend from Yangtze River basin farmers, similar to Austronesians, and later mixed with Yellow River farmers and Hmong-Mien groups.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jiawen |last2=Wu |first2=Jun |last3=Sun |first3=Qiuxia |last4=Wu |first4=Qian |last5=Li |first5=Youjing |last6=Duan |first6=Shuhan |last7=Yang |first7=Lin |last8=Wu |first8=Wenxin |last9=Wang |first9=Zheng |last10=Liu |first10=Yan |last11=Tang |first11=Renkuan |last12=Yang |first12=Junbao |last13=Wang |first13=Chuanchao |last14=Liu |first14=Chao |last15=Xu |first15=Jianwei |date=12 June 2023 |title=Extensive genetic admixture between Tai-Kadai-speaking people and their neighbours in the northeastern region of the Yungui Plateau inferred from genome-wide variations |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=317 |doi=10.1186/s12864-023-09412-3 |pmc=10259048 |pmid=37308851 |doi-access=free |last16=Wang |first16=Mengge |last17=He |first17=Guanglin}} Kra-Dai speakers in Guangxi, especially Zhuang and Dong peoples, are believed to be related to the Baiyue peoples living in the Lingnan region.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Xie |first3=Guangmao |last4=Li |first4=Zhen |last5=Fan |first5=Xuechun |year=2021 |title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago |journal=Cell |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=184 |issue=14 |pages=3829–3841.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |pmid=34171307 |doi-access=free}} In fact, genetic characteristics of the Baiyue lineage are well-preserved in Kra-Dai groups from southern China and Southeast Asia. {{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}}

File:Genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesians.png|Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages (Blench, 2018){{Cite book |last=Blench |first=Roger |url=https://www.academia.edu/37593287 |title=Tai-Kadai and Austronesian Are Related at Multiple Levels and Their Archaeological Interpretation (Draft) |date=2018 |quote=The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation |via=Academia.edu}}{{self-published inline|date=January 2025}}

File:Kra-Tai-Migration1.png|Kra-Dai migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).{{harvp|Chamberlain|2016|page=67}}

File:Gerner Tai-Kadai migration route.png|Kra–Dai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis.{{Cite conference |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |date=2014 |title=Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14) |url=http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf |conference=The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL -14) |page=158 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201201811/http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf |url-status=dead }}

There are five established branches of the Kra–Dai languages, which may not directly correspond to ethnicity:

• the Tai peoples of China and much of Southeast Asia (including most notably the Thai, Lao, Isan, Shan and Zhuang, and Saek people of Laos and Thailand)
• the Hlai people and Be people of China, especially on Hainan
• the Kra peoples of China and Vietnam (also known as the Geyan peoples)
• the Kam–Sui peoples (which may or not include the Biao people) in central China

The Lakkia people of Guangxi Autonomous Region of China (Tai Lakka in neighboring portions of Vietnam) are ethnically of Yao, but speak a Kra–Dai language called Lakkia.[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lbc Lakkia on Ethnologue] These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Kra–Dai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the Biao people).

• The Lingao people in Hainan Province of China speak a Kra–Dai language called Be or Lincheng, although the ethnicity of the Lingao traces back to the Han nationality.[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=onb Lingao on Ethnologue]

{{Further|Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China|Tai ethnic groups in Southeast Asia|Tai ethnic groups in India|Kam–Sui peoples|Kra languages}}

The Kra-Dai have historically resided in China, continental Southeast Asia and parts of northeastern India since the early Kra-Dai expansion period. Their primary geographic distribution in those countries is roughly in the shape of an arc extending from northeastern India through southern China and down to Southeast Asia. Recent Kra-Dai migrations have brought considerable numbers of Kra-Dai peoples to Japan, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, the United Arab Emirates, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, North America and Argentina as well. The greatest ethnic diversity within the Kra-Dai occurs in China, which is their prehistoric homeland.

The Kra peoples are clustered in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Hainan provinces of China, as well as the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces of Vietnam.

The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in China as well as neighboring portions of northern Laos and Vietnam.

In southern China, people speaking Kra-Dai languages are mainly found in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan, Guangdong, and Hainan. According to statistics from the fourth census taken in China in 1990, the total population of these groups amounted to 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:

• Dai (or Tai) have a population of about 19 million, mainly inhabiting Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong and parts of Guizhou and Hunan provinces.
• Kam-Sui (Kam-Shui) have a population of about 4 million and live mainly in Hunan, Guizhou, and in Guangxi.
• Kra have a population of about 22,000 and live mostly in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hunan.

The following is a list of the Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China:

• Thai (Central Thai)
• Bouyei
• Tai Chong ({{langx|th|ไทชอง}} tai chong)
• Dai ({{langx|th|ไทลื้อ}} tai léu), including the Lu, Han Tai, Huayao Tai and Paxi people
• Tai Dam
• Dong ({{zh|c=侗族}}, {{langx|th|ต้ง}}), including the Northern and Southern Dong people
• E ({{langx|th|อี๋}} ĕe)
• Tai Eolai ({{langx|th|ไทเอวลาย}} Tai eo laai)
• Fuma ({{langx|th|ฟูมะ}} Fū ma)
• Hongjin Tai
• White Thai people
• Tai Kaihua ({{langx|th|ไทไขหัว}} tai kăi hŭa)
• Kang
• Tai Lai ({{langx|th|ไทลาย}} tai laai)
• Minggiay ({{langx|th|มิงเกีย}} ming-gia)
• Mo
• Isan people
• Tai Nuea ({{langx|th|ไทเหนือ}} tai nĕua), including the Tai Mao and Tai Pong people
• Pachen ({{langx|th|ปาเชน}} bpaa chayn)
• Tai Payee ({{langx|th|ไทปายี่}} tai bpaa yêe)
• Pemiayao ({{langx|th|เปเมียว}} bpay-mia wor)
• Pulachee ({{langx|th|ปูลาจี}} bpoo-laa jee)
• Pulungchee ({{langx|th|ปูลุงจี}} bpoo-lung-jee)
• Puyai ({{langx|th|ปู้ใย่}} bpôo)
• San Chay (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
• Shan ({{langx|th|ไทใหญ่}} yài tai), including the Cun ({{langx|th|ไทขึน}})
• Tay ({{langx|th|โท้}})
• Thuchen ({{langx|th|ตูเชน}} dtoo chayn)
• Thula ({{langx|th|ตุลา}} dtù-laa)
• Tai Ya people ({{langx|th|ไทหย่า}} tai yàa)
• Yoy ({{langx|th|ไทย้อย}} tai yói)
• Tay (including the Tho people)
• Zhuang ({{langx|th|จ้วง}} jûang), including the Buyang, Dianbao, Pusha, Tulao, Yongchun and Nùng ({{langx|th|ไทนุง}}) people

The Li/Hlai reside primarily, if not completely, within the Hainan Province of China.

The Kra peoples are clustered in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Hainan provinces of China, as well as the Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces of Vietnam.

{{For|detailed geographic distribution|Kra languages}}

{{Main article|Kam–Sui peoples}}

• Bouyei of Guizhou Province (including Ai-Cham, Mak and T'en, although most Bouyei are nuclear Tai)
• Dong of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi Provinces (also referred to as the Kam people)
• Mulao of Guizhou Province
• Maonan of Guangxi Province
• Shui of Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces (also referred to as the Sui people)

The Cao Miao people of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi Provinces speak a Kam–Sui language called Mjiuniang, although it is believed that the people are of Hmong–Mien descent.

The Kang people of Yunnan Province (referred to as Tai Khang in Laos) speak a Kam–Sui language, but ethnically descend from the Dai people.

The Biao people are clustered in the Guangdong Province of China.[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=byk Biao at Ethnologue]

The Lakkia are an ethnic group clustered in the Guangxi Province of China and neighboring portions of Vietnam, whose members are of Yao descent, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lakkia. These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the Biao people).

The Lingao people are an ethnic group clustered in the Hainan Province of China whose members are classified as Han under China's nationality policy, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called Lincheng.

{{see also|Ethnic groups in Laos}}

• Tai Daeng[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=LA Ethnologue report for Laos]
• Tai Dam
• Tai Gapong
• Tai He
• Tay Khang
• Tai Kao
• Kongsat
• Kuan (Population of 2,500 in Laos)
• Tai Laan
• Tai Maen
• Northern Thai (Lanna)
• Lao (Population of 3,000,000 in Laos)
• Lao Lom
• Tai Long
• Dai (Population of 134,100 in Laos including the Lu people))
• Northeastern Thai (including the Lao Kaleun and Isan people)
• Tai Nuea
• Nùng
• Nyaw
• Tai Pao
• Tai Peung
• Phuan (Population of 106,099 in Laos)
• Phutai (Population of 154,400 in Laos)
• Pu Ko
• Rien
• Tai Sam
• Tayten
• Yoy
• Zhuang (including the Nùng people)
• Shan
• Yang[http://www.muonglaomagazine.com/lao%2520citizen.html The Research and Classification of the Ethnic Groups in Laos]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}
• Thai (Central Thai)

{{see also|Kam–Sui peoples}}

The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in China as well as neighboring portions of northern Laos and Vietnam.

The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.

{{see also|Ethnic groups in Thailand}}

• Chiang Saeng
• Central Thai (Thai[http://countrystudies.us/thailand/42.htm The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples] and Khorat Thai)
• Northern Thai (Tai Wang, Lanna and Thai Yuan)
• Southern Thai (including the Tak Bai Thai people)
• Tai Dam
• Tai Daeng
• Phuan
• Tai Song
• Lao–Phutai
• Lao (Lao Loum, Lao Ga, Lao Lom, Lao Ti, Lao Wiang and Lao Krang)
• Northeastern Thai (Tai Kaleun and Isan)
• Phutai
• Nyaw
• Northwestern Tai
• Shan
• Lu
• Tai Nuea (including the Tai Mao people)
• Tai Bueng
• Tai Gapong
• Khün
• Lao Ngaew
• Nyong
• Yoy

The center of the Saek population is the Mekong River in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the Isan region of northeast Thailand, near the border with Laos.

• Buyei
• Tày Tac
• Tai Chong
• Tai Daeng
• Tai Dam[http://www.offroadvietnam.com/elpophtml/thai.htm Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam][http://www.vwam.com/vets/tribes/tai.html Vets With a Mission]
• Giáy
• Tai La
• Tsun-Lao
• Tai Kao
• Lao
• Dai
• Tai Man Thanh
• Nang
• Zhuang (including the Nùng people)
• Phutai
• Tai Taosao
• Tay (including the Tho people)
• Tai Do (including the Tay Muoi and Tay Jo people)
• Tai Yung
• Ka Lao
• Thu Lao
• Tai So
• Tai Chiang
• Tai Lai
• Pu Thay
• Tai Hang Thong
• San Chay (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
• Lu
• Yoy

• En people
• Gelao
• Lachi
• Laha
• Qabiao
• Sui

{{main|Burmese-Tai}}

• Shan (including the Khamti people)
• Dai (including the Lu people)
• Lao
• Tai Khun
• Tai Yong
• Tai Nuea (including the Tai Mao people)
• Tai Laeng
• Tai Phake
• Thai (Central Thai)
• Tai Piw
• Tenasserim Thai

• Thai (Central Thai) (including the Thai descent in Koh Kong)
• Lao
• Shan
• Kula

The following groups are found in Assam, India:

• Ahom
• Tai Phake
• Khampti
• Khamyang
• Aiton
• Turung

{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2010}}

{{see also|Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia}}

The following table of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup frequencies of modern Kra-Dai speaking peoples is from Li, et al. (2008).{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hui |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Chen |first3=Shu-Juo |last4=Su |first4=Bing |last5=Pramoonjago |first5=Patcharin |last6=Liu |first6=Yangfan |last7=Pan |first7=Shangling |last8=Qin |first8=Zhendong |last9=Liu |first9=Wenhong |last10=Cheng |first10=Xu |last11=Yang |first11=Ningning |last12=Li |first12=Xin |last13=Tran |first13=Dinhbinh |last14=Lu |first14=Daru |last15=Hsu |first15=Mu-Tsu |last16=Deka |first16=Ranjan |last17=Marzuki |first17=Sangkot |last18=Tan |first18=Chia-Chen |last19=Jin |first19=Li |title=Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=146 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-146 |doi-access=free |pmid=18482451 |pmc=2408594 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..146L }}

The core Kra-Dai population from southern China has more Late Neolithic Fujianese-related ancestry (39.0%–53.9%) than Neolithic Mekong-related ancestry (24.9%–32.3%), which was similarly observed for present southeastern Han Chinese (28.9%–40.3% for Late Neolithic Fujianese and 21.8%–25.2% for Neolithic Mekong).{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2020 |title=Genomic Insights into the Demographic History of Southern Chinese |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373225v1.full |journal=bioRxiv |via=bioRxiv}} Alternatively, they could be modeled as having Atayal-related and Tibetan-related ancestry, with Atayal-related ancestry being estimated at ~3–38%.{{Cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Piya |last2=Jaisamut |first2=Kitipong |last3=Kampuansai |first3=Jatupol |last4=Kutanan |first4=Wibhu |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=e1010036 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036 |pmc=8853555 |pmid=35176016 |doi-access=free}} Other studies estimate their Atayal-related ancestry at 50%, with the rest being Yellow River-related. Present Kra-Dai groups also derive ancestry from southeastern Asians (represented by Paiwan and other Taiwanese aborigines), northern East Asians (represented by Late Neolithic Shimao) and southern East Asians (represented by Dushan). The first two components contributed to the Kra-Dai genome in similar proportions. There's also evidence of strong affinities between Kra-Dai groups and ancient Guangxi populations, such as GaoHuaHua, BaBanQinCen, LaCen and ShenXian. Kra-Dai groups from Guangxi, for example, cluster with the 1,500 year old BaBanQinCen population, who have Dushan-related ancestry (5%–64%), northern East Asian-related ancestry (19%–40%) and southern East Asian-related ancestry (5%–72%).

Kra-Dai groups like the Gelaos (from Daozhen, Guiyang, Longlin or Zunyi), Dong (from Hunan, Guizhou, Qiandongnan), Longli Bouyei and Guangxi Zhuang share more alleles with Ancient Northern East Asian-related groups, who are closely related to Neolithic millet farmers from the Yellow River basin. However, Longli Bouyei and Qiandongnan Dong have slightly more Ancient Southern East Asian-related ancestry. Meanwhile, groups like Dai, Hlai and other Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia share more alleles with Ancient Southern East Asian-related groups, who are closely related to coastal southern East Asians, from the Neolithic to modern period. Non Kra-Dai populations like the Kinh Vietnamese are closely related to these Kra-Dai groups too.{{cite report |title=New insights from the combined discrimination of modern/Ancient genome-wide shared alleles and haplotypes: Differentiated demographic history reconstruction of Tai-Kadai and Sinitic people in South China |last1=Wang |first1=Mengge |last2=He |first2=Guanglin |last3=Zou |first3=Xing |last4=Chen |first4=Pengyu |last5=Wang |first5=Zheng |last6=Tang |first6=Renkuan |last7=Yang |first7=Xiaomin |last8=Chen |first8=Jing |last9=Yang |first9=Meiqing |last10=Li |first10=Yingxiang |last11=Liu |first11=Jing |last12=Wang |first12=Fei |last13=Zhao |first13=Jing |last14=Guo |first14=Jianxin |last15=Hu |first15=Rong |date=2021 |doi=10.1101/2021.06.19.449013 |type=Preprint |last16=Wei |first16=Lan-Hai |last17=Chen |first17=Gang |last18=Yeh |first18=Hui-Yuan |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao}} Miao and Han Chinese, who have high affinities with Kra-Dai groups themselves,{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Hui |last2=Wang |first2=Rui |last3=Wang |first3=Chuan-Chao |date=2022 |title=Fine-Scale Genetic Profile and Admixture History of Two Hmong-Mien–Speaking Miao Tribes from Southwest China Inferred from Genome-wide Data |journal=Human Biology |doi=10.1353/hub.2017.0107}}{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chong |last2=Guo |first2=Yuxin |last3=Fang |first3=Yating |last4=Shi |first4=Jianfeng |last5=Meng |first5=Haotian |last6=Qu |first6=Li |last7=Zhang |first7=Xingru |last8=Zhu |first8=Bofeng |date=April 2024 |title=The maternal phylogenetic insights of Yunnan Miao group revealed by complete mitogenomes |journal=Gene |volume=901 |pages=148046 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2023.148046 |pmid=38081335}} are also suggested to be the ancestors of Zhuang and Dong people.

Hlai people are considered to be one of the most isolated Kra-Dai groups, with minimal foreign admixture.{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Mengyuan |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Zhang |first3=Yaqing |last4=Zhao |first4=Chenxi |last5=Lang |first5=Min |last6=Xie |first6=Mingkun |last7=Qian |first7=Xiaoqin |last8=Wang |first8=Mengge |last9=Hou |first9=Yiping |date=March 2019 |title=Forensic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of both Y-STR and Y-SNP in the Li and Han ethnic groups from Hainan Island of China |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=39 |pages=e14–e20 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.11.016 |pmid=30522950}}{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Guo |first3=Jianxin |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Tang |first6=Renkuan |last7=Liu |first7=Jing |last8=Zhang |first8=Han |last9=Li |first9=Yingxiang |last10=Hu |first10=Rong |last11=Wei |first11=Lan-Hai |last12=Chen |first12=Gang |last13=Wang |first13=Chuan-Chao |last14=Hou |first14=Yiping |date=August 2020 |title=Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1111–1123 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7 |pmc=7381617 |pmid=32123326}}{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}} They could be modeled as having Austronesian-related ancestry and to a lesser extent, Austroasiatic-related and Northeast Asian-related ancestries. In particular, they cluster with Austronesians that harbor more divergent ancestry, such as the Ami, Atayal, and Kankanaey. Compared to other Kra-Dai groups, the Hlai did not heavily mix with ancient Guangxi populations and Han Chineseand tenuously have no Denisovan introgression. However, there is evidence of substantial Han Chinese admixture in some Hlai. In addition, the Kinh Vietnamese diverged from Hlai much earlier than the Dai diverged from Hlai.{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}} Other studies suggest that Longli Bouyei and Qiandongnan Dong, who cluster with Kinh Vietnamese, are equally as good as Hlai in representing the ancestral Kra-Dai population. This is evident by how they cluster with Iron Age Taiwanese populations like Gongguan and Hanben, along with Neolithic to Bronze Age Fujianese populations like Xitoucun and Tanshishan.

A common haplogroup among Kra-Dai peoples is O1a-M119, which increases further east in China. It is also more common among Taiwanese aborigines than Austronesian populations from Southeast Asian islands.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhiyong |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Hu |first3=Liping |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Nie |first5=Shengjie |date=May 2024 |title=Evolutionary profiles and complex admixture landscape in East Asia: New insights from modern and ancient Y chromosome variation perspectives |journal=Heliyon |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e30067 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1030067W |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30067 |pmc=11096704 |pmid=38756579 |doi-access=free}} Haplogroup O1b1a1a (O-M95) is likewise common in groups like Hlai, Dai and Kinh Vietnamese.{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}} Maternal haplogroups B, C and D are common for Kra-Dai peoples in Mainland Southeast Asia whilst M7b and M7c are common for all Austronesians and Kra-Dai peoples.{{cite journal |last1=Duong |first1=Nguyen Thuy |last2=Macholdt |first2=Enrico |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Arias |first4=Leonardo |last5=Schröder |first5=Roland |last6=Van Phong |first6=Nguyen |last7=Thi Bich Thuy |first7=Vo |last8=Ha |first8=Nguyen Hai |last9=Thi Thu Hue |first9=Huynh |last10=Thi Xuan |first10=Nguyen |last11=Thi Phuong Oanh |first11=Kim |last12=Hien |first12=Le Thi Thu |last13=Hoang |first13=Nguyen Huy |last14=Pakendorf |first14=Brigitte |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |date=3 August 2018 |title=Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=11651 |bibcode=2018NatSR...811651D |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29989-0 |pmc=6076260 |pmid=30076323 |last16=Van Hai |first16=Nong}}

There is evidence that Kra-Dai ancestry represents the 'southern ancestry' that was introduced in the ancestors of Han Chinese although this ancestry increases further south in China.

Han Chinese from Fujian and Guangdong show excessive ancestries from Late Neolithic Fujianese sources (35.0–40.3%), which are more significant in modern Ami, Atayal and Kankanaey (66.9–74.3%), and less significant in Han Chinese from Zhejiang (22%), Jiangsu (17%) and Shandong (8%). This suggests a significant genetic contribution from Kra-Dai-speaking peoples, or groups related to them, to southern Han Chinese.{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}} Other studies confirm the strong affinities between Guangdong Han and Kra-Dai peoples,{{cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Weian |last2=Feng |first2=Chunlei |last3=Yao |first3=Ting |last4=Xiao |first4=Cheng |last5=Huang |first5=Hongyan |last6=Wu |first6=Weibin |last7=Zhu |first7=Linnan |last8=Qiao |first8=Honghua |last9=Liu |first9=Chao |last10=Chen |first10=Ling |title=Genetic variation and forensic efficiency of 30 indels for three ethnic groups in Guangxi: relationships with other populations |journal=PeerJ |date=3 May 2019 |volume=7 |pages=e6861 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6861 |doi-access=free |pmid=31110924 |pmc=6501771 |quote=...it showed the Yao, Kelao, and Zhuang groups have a close genetic distance with most Asian populations, especially the Guangdong Han and Vietnamese populations. Guangdong and Vietnam are adjacent to Guangxi which enables easy migration into Guangxi for work or marriage. Thus, geographical factors may help explain why the Guangxi three ethnic groups have close genetic relations with Guangdong Han and Vietnamese populations. }}{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Fei |last2=He |first2=Guanglin |last3=Wang |first3=Zheng |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Liu |first5=Jing |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Wang |first7=Shouyu |last8=Song |first8=Mengyuan |last9=Ye |first9=Ziwei |last10=Xie |first10=Mingkun |last11=Hou |first11=Yiping |title=Population Genetics and Forensic Efficiency of 30 InDel Markers in Four Chinese Ethnic Groups Residing in Sichuan |journal=Forensic Sciences Research |date=3 July 2022 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=498–502 |doi=10.1080/20961790.2020.1737470 |pmid=36353334 |pmc=9639512 }}{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Fei |last2=Song |first2=Feng |last3=Song |first3=Mengyuan |last4=Luo |first4=Haibo |last5=Hou |first5=Yiping |title=Genetic structure and paternal admixture of the modern Chinese Zhuang population based on 37 Y-STRs and 233 Y-SNPs |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |date=May 2022 |volume=58 |pages=102681 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102681 |pmid=35263703 }} along with ancient population admixture between Guangdong Han and Ami and Atayal, which is also present in Sichuan Han{{cite journal |last1=Chiang |first1=Charleston W K |last2=Mangul |first2=Serghei |last3=Robles |first3=Christopher |last4=Sankararaman |first4=Sriram |title=A Comprehensive Map of Genetic Variation in the World's Largest Ethnic Group—Han Chinese |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=November 2018 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2736–2750 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msy170 |pmid=30169787 |pmc=6693441 |quote=In contrast, Southern provinces, such as the Southwestern province Sichuan and Southern coastal province Guangdong, showed little influence from Siberia or Western Eurasia, but instead exhibited influences from the ethnic minorities geographically situated in the Southwest and Southeast of China, such as the Ami and Atayal from Taiwan and the Dai. }}{{cite journal |last1=Lo |first1=Yun-Hua |last2=Cheng |first2=Hsueh-Chien |last3=Hsiung |first3=Chia-Ni |last4=Yang |first4=Show-Ling |last5=Wang |first5=Han-Yu |last6=Peng |first6=Chia-Wei |last7=Chen |first7=Chun-Yu |last8=Lin |first8=Kung-Ping |last9=Kang |first9=Mei-Ling |last10=Chen |first10=Chien-Hsiun |last11=Chu |first11=Hou-Wei |last12=Lin |first12=Chiao-Feng |last13=Lee |first13=Mei-Hsuan |last14=Liu |first14=Quintin |last15=Satta |first15=Yoko |last16=Lin |first16=Cheng-Jui |last17=Lin |first17=Marie |last18=Chaw |first18=Shu-Miaw |last19=Loo |first19=Jun-Hun |last20=Shen |first20=Chen-Yang |last21=Ko |first21=Wen-Ya |title=Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=27 September 2021 |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=4149–4165 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa276 |pmid=33170928 |pmc=8476137 }} and the ancestors of Taiwanese Han. Guangxi Han, who possess the lowest Northern East Asian ancestry among Han subgroups (33.8 ± 4.8%), are believed to descend from Kra-Dai speakers who adopted Chinese dialects.{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}} Both Guangxi and Hainan Han are also closely related to Guangdong Han.{{cite journal |last1=Cong |first1=Pei-Kuan |last2=Bai |first2=Wei-Yang |last3=Li |first3=Jin-Chen |last4=Yang |first4=Meng-Yuan |last5=Khederzadeh |first5=Saber |last6=Gai |first6=Si-Rui |last7=Li |first7=Nan |last8=Liu |first8=Yu-Heng |last9=Yu |first9=Shi-Hui |last10=Zhao |first10=Wei-Wei |last11=Liu |first11=Jun-Quan |last12=Sun |first12=Yi |last13=Zhu |first13=Xiao-Wei |last14=Zhao |first14=Pian-Pian |last15=Xia |first15=Jiang-Wei |last16=Guan |first16=Peng-Lin |last17=Qian |first17=Yu |last18=Tao |first18=Jian-Guo |last19=Xu |first19=Lin |last20=Tian |first20=Geng |last21=Wang |first21=Ping-Yu |last22=Xie |first22=Shu-Yang |last23=Qiu |first23=Mo-Chang |last24=Liu |first24=Ke-Qi |last25=Tang |first25=Bei-Sha |last26=Zheng |first26=Hou-Feng |title=Genomic analyses of 10,376 individuals in the Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project |journal=Nature Communications |date=26 May 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=2939 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-30526-x |pmid=35618720 |pmc=9135724 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.2939C }}{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Xing |last2=Nie |first2=Qianyun |last3=Li |first3=Wenhui |last4=Chen |first4=Yinyu |last5=Song |first5=Tao |last6=Zhang |first6=Peng |title=Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of 23 STR in Chinese Han population from Hainan, Southern China |journal=Medicine |date=31 May 2024 |volume=103 |issue=22 |pages=e38428 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000038428 |pmid=39259071 |pmc=11142786 }}{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Qiuxia |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Lu |first3=Tao |last4=Duan |first4=Shuhan |last5=Liu |first5=Yan |last6=Chen |first6=Jing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhiyong |last8=Sun |first8=Yuntao |last9=Li |first9=Xiangping |last10=Wang |first10=Shaomei |last11=Lu |first11=Liuyi |last12=Hu |first12=Liping |last13=Yun |first13=Libing |last14=Yang |first14=Junbao |last15=Yan |first15=Jiangwei |last16=Nie |first16=Shengjie |last17=Zhu |first17=Yanfeng |last18=Chen |first18=Gang |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao |last20=Liu |first20=Chao |last21=He |first21=Guanglin |last22=Tang |first22=Renkuan |title=Differentiated adaptative genetic architecture and language-related demographical history in South China inferred from 619 genomes from 56 populations |journal=BMC Biology |date=6 March 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=55 |doi=10.1186/s12915-024-01854-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38448908 |pmc=10918984 }}However, there is evidence that Han Chinese from northern Guangxi have more Southeast Asian-related ancestry, which is closely related to Austronesian, Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic groups, than those from southern Guangxi.{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Qiuxia |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Lu |first3=Tao |last4=Duan |first4=Shuhan |last5=Liu |first5=Yan |last6=Chen |first6=Jing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhiyong |last8=Sun |first8=Yuntao |last9=Li |first9=Xiangping |last10=Wang |first10=Shaomei |last11=Lu |first11=Liuyi |last12=Hu |first12=Liping |last13=Yun |first13=Libing |last14=Yang |first14=Junbao |last15=Yan |first15=Jiangwei |last16=Nie |first16=Shengjie |last17=Zhu |first17=Yanfeng |last18=Chen |first18=Gang |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao |last20=Liu |first20=Chao |last21=He |first21=Guanglin |last22=Tang |first22=Renkuan |title=Differentiated adaptative genetic architecture and language-related demographical history in South China inferred from 619 genomes from 56 populations |journal=BMC Biology |date=6 March 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=55 |doi=10.1186/s12915-024-01854-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38448908 |pmc=10918984 }} Kra-Dai groups in Guangxi could be modeled as a mixture of ancestries related to Dushan (5%–64%), northern East Asians (19%–40%) and southern East Asians (5%–72%).{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Xie |first3=Guangmao |last4=Li |first4=Zhen |last5=Fan |first5=Xuechun |last6=Yang |first6=Qingping |last7=Wu |first7=Xichao |last8=Cao |first8=Peng |last9=Liu |first9=Yichen |last10=Yang |first10=Ruowei |last11=Liu |first11=Feng |last12=Dai |first12=Qingyan |last13=Feng |first13=Xiaotian |last14=Wu |first14=Xiaohong |last15=Qin |first15=Ling |date=July 2021 |title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=14 |pages=3829–3841.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |pmid=34171307 |last16=Li |first16=Fajun |last17=Ping |first17=Wanjing |last18=Zhang |first18=Lizhao |last19=Zhang |first19=Ming |last20=Liu |first20=Yalin |last21=Chen |first21=Xiaoshan |last22=Zhang |first22=Dongju |last23=Zhou |first23=Zhenyu |last24=Wu |first24=Yun |last25=Shafiey |first25=Hassan |last26=Gao |first26=Xing |last27=Curnoe |first27=Darren |last28=Mao |first28=Xiaowei |last29=Bennett |first29=E. Andrew |last30=Ji |first30=Xueping |last31=Yang |first31=Melinda A. |last32=Fu |first32=Qiaomei|doi-access=free }} Overall, Cantonese, Taiwanese Han and Fujianese are considered to be the most southern-shifted Han subgroups.{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=Xuejun |last11=Liu |first11=Jianjun |date=December 2009 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmc=2790583 |pmid=19944401}}{{cite report |title=Fine-scale Population Structure and Demographic History of Han Chinese Inferred from Haplotype Network of 111,000 Genomes |last1=Lan |first1=Ao |last2=Kang |first2=Kang |last3=Tang |first3=Senwei |last4=Wu |first4=Xiaoli |last5=Wang |first5=Lizhong |last6=Li |first6=Teng |last7=Weng |first7=Haoyi |last8=Deng |first8=Junjie |last9=Zheng |first9=Qiang |last10=Yao |first10=Xiaotian |last11=Chen |first11=Gang |date=2020 |doi=10.1101/2020.07.03.166413 |type=Preprint|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Li |first2=Yinxiang |last3=Zou |first3=Xing |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome wide array genotyping |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453681v1.full |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2021.07.25.453681 |quote=Fujian and Taiwan populations were localized at the southmost end of the Han Chinese cline and showed a close relationship with modern Tai-Kadai-speaking populations and ancient southern East Asians (Liangdao, Hanben, Tanshishan, Xitoucun and so on). |url-access=subscription }} Southern Chinese also significantly share a genetic component that's more abundant in Dai and Kinh Vietnamese.{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Peng |last2=Luo |first2=Huaxia |last3=Li |first3=Yanyan |last4=Wang |first4=You |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=NyuWa Genome Resource: Deep Whole Genome Sequencing Based Chinese Population Variation Profile and Reference Panel |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376574v2.full |journal=bioRxiv |via=bioRxiv}}

Among Kra-Dai groups in northeast Thailand near the Laos border, there is 95% Lao-related ancestry although Bru have <1% Lao-related ancestry due to being an isolated Austroasiatic group. Lao-related ancestry makes up >50% of the ancestry of central Thai whilst southern Thai have 66% Nayu-related ancestry, which is a mixture of Austroasiatic, Austronesian and Kra-Dai. Zhuang-related ancestry also makes up 41% of the ancestry found in Kra-Dai groups in northern Thailand. These findings reflect historic migrations of Kra-Dai groups to Thailand via Laos or the heavy assimilation of Laotians by Thais.{{cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Piya |last2=Phongbunchoo |first2=Yutthaphong |last3=Kočí |first3=Jan |last4=Flegontov |first4=Pavel |title=Reanalyzing the genetic history of Kra-Dai speakers from Thailand and new insights into their genetic interactions beyond Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |date=24 May 2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=8371 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-35507-8 |pmid=37225753 |pmc=10209056 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.8371C }} Compared to other Austroasiatic groups in Southeast Asia, Laotians have high affinities with Kra-Dai groups from China. Whilst Kinh Vietnamese also have high affinities with Kra-Dai groups,{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |last2=Duong |first2=Nguyen Thuy |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Van Phong |first4=Nguyen |last5=Pakendorf |first5=Brigitte |last6=Van Hai |first6=Nong |last7=Stoneking |first7=Mark |date=September 2020 |title=Extensive Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Vietnam Reflects Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2503–2519 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa099 |pmc=7475039 |pmid=32344428}}{{cite report |title=Genomic Insights into the Demographic History of Southern Chinese |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Guo |first5=Jianxin |last6=Lin |first6=Chaowen |last7=Yin |first7=Lianfei |last8=Zhao |first8=Jing |last9=Ma |first9=Zhuofei |last10=Ma |first10=Fuwei |last11=Li |first11=Yingxiang |last12=Hu |first12=Rong |last13=Wei |first13=Lan-Hai |last14=Wang |first14=Chuan-Chao |date=2020 |doi=10.1101/2020.11.08.373225 |type=Preprint|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Zhaoqing |last2=Chen |first2=Hao |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Gao |first4=Yang |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genetic evidence of tri-genealogy hypothesis on the origin of ethnic minorities in Yunnan |journal=BMC Biology |volume=20 |issue=166 |page=166 |doi=10.1186/s12915-022-01367-3 |pmc=9306206 |pmid=35864541 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nam Ngoc |last2=Hoang |first2=Trong Luc |last3=Nguyen |first3=Trang Hong |last4=Le |first4=Phuong Thi |last5=Nguyen |first5=Chi Hung |last6=Tran |first6=Viet Vinh |last7=Chu |first7=Hoang Ha |last8=Hoang |first8=Ha |date=17 November 2022 |title=The mitochondrial DNA HVI and HVII sequences and haplogroup distribution in a population sample from Vietnam |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=49 |issue=7–8 |pages=367–371 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2022.2152488 |pmid=36437685}} they are mixed with indigenous mainland Southeast Asian groups although this can be found in Laotians to a lesser extent.{{Cite journal |last1=Thao |first1=Dinh Huong |last2=Dinh |first2=Tran Huu |last3=Mitsunaga |first3=Shigeki |last4=Duy |first4=La Duc |date=2024 |title=Investigating demic versus cultural diffusion and sex bias in the spread of Austronesian languages in Vietnam |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=e0304964 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1904964T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0304964 |pmc=11182502 |pmid=38885215 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Pischedda |first1=S. |last2=Barral-Arca |first2=R. |last3=Gómez-Carballa |first3=A. |last4=Pardo-Seco |first4=J. |display-authors=3 |date=2017 |title=Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=12630 |page=12630 |bibcode=2017NatSR...712630P |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-12813-6 |pmc=5626762 |pmid=28974757}}

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{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite web |last=Blench |first=Roger |title=The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |date=12 July 2009 |url=http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429082046/http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf |url-status=dead}} Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008.
• {{cite conference |last=Blench |first=Roger |year=2008 |title=The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Leiden%202008/Prehistory%20of%20Daic%20peoples%20Leiden%202008%20ppt.pdf |conference=EURASEAA, Leiden, 1–5 September 2008}}
• {{cite conference |last=Blench |first=Roger |title=Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? |conference=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence in Geneva, Geneva 10–13 June 2004 |location=Cambridge, England |year=2004 |pages=1–25 |url=http://rogerblench.info/Genetics/Geneva%20paper%202004.pdf |access-date=30 October 2018}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Chamberlain |first1=James R. |title=Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam |journal=The Journal of the Siam Society |date=29 November 2016 |volume=104 |pages=27–77 |url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sagart |first1=Laurent |title=The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=December 2004 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=411–444 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0012 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906/file/THE_HIGHER_PHYLOGENY_OF_AUSTRONESIAN.pdf }}

{{refend}}

• {{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=The Prehistory of the Daic- or Kra-Dai-Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |date=2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-641-2 |hdl=1959.11/17444 }}
• {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780203926789 |title=Past Human Migrations in East Asia |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-14963-6 |editor-last1=Sanchez-Mazas |editor-last2=Blench |editor-last3=Ross |editor-last4=Peiros |editor-last5=Lin |editor-first1=Alicia |editor-first2=Roger |editor-first3=Malcolm D. |editor-first4=Ilia |editor-first5=Marie }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tai Peoples}}

Category:Tai history

Category:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia

Category:Ethnic groups in Thailand

Category:Ethnic groups in China

Category:Ethnic groups in Laos

Category:Ethnic groups in Vietnam

Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar

Category:Indigenous peoples of East Asia