North Asia#Geography

{{Further|History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains|History of Siberia|Outer Manchuria}}

File:Collier's new encyclopedia - a loose-leaf and self-revising reference work with 515 illustrations and ninety-six maps (1921) (14781887444).jpg

The region was first populated by hominins in the Late Pleistocene, approximately 100,000 years ago,{{cite journal | vauthors = Slon V, Viola B, Renaud G, Gansauge M, Benazzi S, Sawyer S, Hublin J, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Pääbo S | title = A fourth Denisovan individual | journal = Science Advances | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e1700186 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28695206 | pmc = 5501502 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.1700186 | bibcode = 2017SciA....3E0186S }} and modern humans are confirmed to arrived in the region by 45,000 years ago{{cite web| url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/45-000-year-old-mans-genome-sequenced/ |title= 45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced| author= Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine |website=Scientific American |date= 23 October 2014|access-date= 24 October 2014}}{{cite journal|date=October 23, 2014 |title= Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia |journal=Nature |volume=514 |issue= 7523 |pages= 445–49 |doi= 10.1038/nature13810 |pmid=25341783 |pmc=4753769 |last1=Fu |first1=Q |last2=Li |first2=H |last3=Moorjani |first3=P |last4=Jay |first4=F |last5=Slepchenko |first5=SM |last6=Bondarev |first6=AA |last7=Johnson |first7=PL |last8=Aximu-Petri |first8=A |last9=Prüfer |first9=K |last10=de Filippo |first10=C |last11=Meyer |first11=M |last12=Zwyns |first12=N |last13=Salazar-García |first13=DC |last14=Kuzmin |first14=YV |last15=Keates |first15=SG |last16=Kosintsev |first16=PA |last17=Razhev |first17=DI |last18=Richards |first18=MP |last19=Peristov |first19=NV |last20=Lachmann |first20=M |last21=Douka |first21=K |last22=Higham |first22=TF |last23=Slatkin |first23=M |last24=Hublin |first24=JJ |last25=Reich |first25=D |last26=Kelso |first26=J |last27=Viola |first27=TB |last28=Pääbo |first28=S |bibcode= 2014Natur.514..445F}} with the first humans in the region having West Eurasian origins.{{Cite journal|last1=Kılınç|first1=Gülşah Merve|last2=Kashuba|first2=Natalija|last3=Yaka|first3=Reyhan|last4=Sümer|first4=Arev Pelin|last5=Yüncü|first5=Eren|last6=Shergin|first6=Dmitrij|last7=Ivanov|first7=Grigorij Leonidovich|last8=Kichigin|first8=Dmitrii|last9=Pestereva|first9=Kjunnej|date=2018-06-12|title=Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|issue=1|page=8969|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5997703|pmid=29895902|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.8969K}}

Its Neolithic culture is characterized by characteristic stone production techniques and the presence of pottery of eastern origin. The Bronze Age began during the 3rd millennium BCE,{{Cite book|last=Dupuy|first=Paula Doumani|title=Online Only -- Archaeology |date=2016-06-02|chapter=Bronze Age Central Asia|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-15|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.15|isbn=978-0-19-993541-3}} with influences of Indo-Iranian cultures as evidenced by the Andronovo culture. During the 1st millennium BCE, polities such as the Scythians and Xiongnus emerged in the region, who often clashed with its Persian and Chinese neighbors in the south.

The Göktürks dominated southern Siberia during the 1st millennium CE, while in the early 2nd millennium, the Mongol Empire and its successor states ruled the region. The Khanate of Sibir was one of the last independent Turkic states in North Asia before its conquest by the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century. Russia would then gradually annex the region into its territory until the Convention of Peking was signed in 1860.

Following the Russian Civil War, the Soviet Union solidified control over Siberia and the Russian Far East. The Far Eastern Republic, which had served as a buffer state, was dissolved and absorbed by the Russian SFSR in 1922, officially bringing the region under Soviet authority by 1923.{{cite web |title=Far Eastern Republic |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Far-Eastern-Republic |website=Britannica |access-date=2025-05-22}}

Throughout the 1930s, the Soviet Union fortified the region militarily due to increasing tensions with Japan. The Soviet–Japanese border conflicts culminated in the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939, where Soviet General Georgy Zhukov led a decisive victory over Japanese forces, leading to the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in 1941.{{efn|See Soviet–Japanese border conflicts for further information}}

After World War II, North Asia played a critical role in Soviet industrialization and military strategy. Major industrial centers were developed in Norilsk, Novosibirsk, and Irkutsk, supported by labor from the Gulag system.{{efn|See History of Siberia for further information}}

The Trans-Siberian Railway, which spanned from Moscow to Vladivostok, became vital for transporting natural resources such as timber, coal, and metals to western parts of the USSR.{{cite web |title=Trans-Siberian Railway |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trans-Siberian-Railroad |website=Britannica |access-date=2025-05-22}}

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Eastern Russia faced economic turmoil and depopulation. Many towns built around single industries experienced sharp decline.{{cite web |title=The Siberian Exodus |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/11/15/the-siberian-exodus-a75506 |website=The Moscow Times |access-date=2025-05-22}}

In the 2000s and 2010s, the region gained strategic importance due to its vast reserves of natural gas, oil, and mineral resources. Russia began expanding infrastructure such as the Power of Siberia gas pipeline to China, marking a strategic pivot to Asia.{{cite web |title=Russia’s Power of Siberia pipeline opens new era in energy exports |url=https://www.ft.com/content/50e0fdec-15bb-11ea-8d73-6303645ac406 |website=Financial Times |access-date=2025-05-22}}

As of the 2020s, the Russian government continues efforts to develop the Russian Far East through the "Far Eastern Hectare” program and special economic zones, though progress remains mixed due to geographic challenges and demographic decline.{{cite web |title=Russia’s Far East: Empty Land, Empty Promises |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/01/russia-s-far-east-empty-land-empty-promises-pub-89560 |website=Carnegie Endowment |access-date=2025-05-22}}

{{See also|Geography of Siberia}}

{{Further|Geography of Russia#Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka}}

File:Koryaksky Volcano (24026021905).jpg]]

File:Тишина озера Дюпкун.jpg]]

For geographical and statistical reasons, the United Nations geoscheme and various other classification schemes will not subdivide countries, and thus place all of Russia in Europe or the Eastern Europe subregion. There are no mountain chains in North Asia to prevent air currents from the Arctic flowing down over the plains of Siberia and Turkestan.{{cite book|title=Chambers's Information for the People|url=https://archive.org/details/chamberssinform02chamgoog|author=William Chambers and Robert Chambers|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|year=1875|location=London and Edinburgh|pages=274–276|isbn=9780665469145 }}

The plateau and plains of North Asia comprise the West Siberian Lowlands; the Angara Shield, with the Taymyr Peninsula, the coastal lowlands (the East Siberian Lowland and the North Siberian Lowland), and the Central Siberian Plateau (the Anabar Plateau, the Lena Plateau, the Lena-Angara Plateau, the Putorana Plateau, the Tunguska Plateau, and the Vilyuy Plateau); and the Central Yakutian Lowland.{{cite book |author=Edwin Michael Bridges |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/worldgeomorpholo0000brid/page/124/mode/2up |title=World Geomorphology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-28965-8 |pages=124–126 |chapter=Northern Asia |chapter-url-access=subscription}} Western Siberia is usually regarded as the Northwest Asia, Kazakhstan also sometimes included there. However, Northwest Asia sometimes refers to the South Caucasus or its nearby areas.{{Source needed|date=May 2020}}

{{Further|Geology of Asia|Geology of Russia}}

The geomorphology of Northern Asia in general is imperfectly known, although the deposits and mountain ranges are well known.

To compensate for new sea floor having been created in the Siberian basin, the whole of the Eurasian Plate has pivoted about a point in the New Siberian Islands, causing compression in the Verkhoyansk mountains, which were formed along the eastern margin of the Angara Shield by tectonic uplift during the Mesozoic Era. There is a southern boundary to this across the northern margin of the Alpine folds of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, which at the east of Brahmaputra turns to run south towards the Bay of Bengal along the line of the Naga Hills and the Arakan Yoma, continues around Indonesia, and follows the edge of the continental shelf along the eastern seaboard of China. The Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate meet across the neck of Alaska, following the line of the Aleutian Trench, rather than meeting at the Bering Straits.

Northern Asia is built around the Angara Shield, which lies between the Yenisey River and the Lena River. It developed from fragments of Laurasia, whose rocks were mainly Precambrian crystalline rocks, gneisses, and schists, and Gondwana. These rocks can be found in the Angara Shield, Inner Mongolian-Korean Shield, Ordes Shield, and Southeast Asia Shield. The fragments have been subject to orogenesis around their margins, giving a complex of plateaux and mountain ranges. One can find outcrops of these rocks in unfolded sections of the Shields. Their presence has been confirmed below Mesozoic and later sediments.

There are three main periods of mountain building in Northern Asia, although it has occurred many times. The outer fold mountains that are on the margins of the Shields and that only affected Asia north of the line of the Himalayas, are attributed to the Caledonian and Hercynian orogenies of the late Palaeozoic Era. The Alpine orogeny caused extensive folding and faulting of Mesozoic and early Tertiary sediments from the Tethys geosyncline. The Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux, and the structural basins of Tarim, Qaidam, and Junggar, are delimited by major east–west lithospheric faults that were probably the results of stresses caused by the impact of the Indian Plate against Laurasia. Erosion of the mountains caused by this orogeny has created a large amount of sediment, which has been transported southwards to produce the alluvial plains of India, China, and Cambodia, and which has also been deposited in large amounts in the Tarim and Dzungarian basins.

{{physical map of Siberia|width=200}}

Northern Asia was glaciated in the Pleistocene, but this played a less significant part in the geology of the area compared to the part that it played in North America and Europe. The Scandinavian ice sheet extended to the east of the Urals, covering the northern two thirds of the Ob Basin and extending onto the Angara Shield between the Yenisei River and the Lena River. There are legacies of mountain glaciation to be found on the east Siberian mountains, on the mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the Altai, on Tian Shan, and on other small areas of mountains, ice caps remain on the islands of Severnaya Zemlya and Novaya Zemlya, and several Central Asian mountains still have individual glaciers. North Asia itself has permafrost, ranging in depths from 30 to 600 metres and covering an area of 9.6 million km².

Several of the mountainous regions are volcanic, with both the Koryak Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula having active volcanoes. The Anadyr Plateau is formed from igneous rocks. The Mongolian Plateau has an area of basaltic lavas and volcanic cones.

The Angara Shield also underlies the lowlands of the Ob River, but to the south and east in the Central Asian mountains and in the East Siberian Mountains there are folded and faulted mountains of Lower Palaeozoic rocks.

{{Further|Demographics of Siberia|Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Demographics of the Russian Far East}}

File:125 - Wladiwostok 2015 (24056935489).jpg in Vladivostok, on Russia's Pacific Coast]]

Most estimates are that there are around 33 million Russian citizens living east of the Ural Mountains, a widely recognized geographical divide between Europe and Asia. Of these Russian citizens of Siberia, most are Slavic-origin Russians and Russified Ukrainians."[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml |date=2016-03-04 }}". The Ukrainian Weekly. 4 May 2003. The Turkic peoples who are native to some parts of Siberia and native Tungusic and Mongolic peoples are now a minority in North Asia due to the Russification process during the last three centuries. Russian census records indicate they make up only an estimated 10% of the region's population, with the largest being the Buryats numbering at 445,175, and the Yakuts at 443,852. According to the 2002 census, there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but 300,000 of them are Volga Tatars who settled in Siberia during periods of colonization.{{Cite web|url=http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|title=Фотоатлас "Сибирские татары"|date=February 27, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm|archive-date=2002-02-27}} Other ethnic groups that live in the region and make a significant portion include ethnic Germans numbering about 400,000.{{cite news |title=Siberian Germans |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/siberian-germans |work=Encyclopedia.com}}

In 1875, Chambers reported the population of North Asia to be 8 million. Between 1801 and 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1848991|jstor=1848991|last1=Fisher|first1=Raymond H.|title=Reviewed work: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War, Donald W. Treadgold|journal=The American Historical Review|year=1958|volume=63|issue=4|pages=989–990|doi=10.2307/1848991|url-access=subscription}}

{{Largest cities

| country = North Asia

| stat_ref = {{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|access-date=20 July 2024}} 2010 Census{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}

| list_by_pop =

| div_name = Region

| div_link =

| city_1 = Novosibirsk| div_1 = Siberia| pop_1 = 1,633,595| img_1 = Оперный театр4.jpg

| city_2 = Yekaterinburg| div_2 = Ural (region)| pop_2 = 1,544,376| img_2 = E-burg asv2019-05 img46 view from VysotSky.jpg

| city_3 = Chelyabinsk| div_3 = Ural (region)| pop_3 = 1,189,525 | img_3 = Кировка.jpg

| city_4 = Krasnoyarsk| div_4 = Siberia| pop_4 = 1,187,771| img_4 = Krs riverport.jpg

| city_5 = Omsk| div_5 = Siberia| pop_5 = 1,125,695

| city_6 = Tyumen| div_6 = Ural (region)| pop_6 = 847,488

| city_7 = Barnaul| div_7 = Siberia| pop_7 = 630,877

| city_8 = Khabarovsk| div_8 = Russian Far East| pop_8 = 617,441

| city_9 = Irkutsk| div_9 = Siberia| pop_9 = 617,264

| city_10 = Vladivostok| div_10 = Russian Far East| pop_10 = 603,519

}}

File:Subdivisions of Asian Russia (Siberia).jpg

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