Social liberalism#New Liberals

{{main|History of liberalism}}

File:Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, c1910.jpg was one of the originators of social liberalism, notably through his book Liberalism, published in 1911.]]

By the end of the 19th century, downturns in economic growth challenged the principles of classical liberalism, a growing awareness of poverty and unemployment present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of organised labour. A significant political reaction against the changes introduced by industrialisation and laissez-faire capitalism came from one-nation conservatives concerned about social balance and the introduction of the famous Education Act 1870. However, socialism later became a more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold—became early influential critics of social injustice.Richardson, pp. 36–37.

John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept of consequentialism to promote a rights based system.{{Cite web |title=Utilitarianism and the New Liberalism {{!}} History of ideas and intellectual history |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/utilitarianism-and-new-liberalism,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}} He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a utilitarian foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.{{Cite book |last=Brink |first=David O. |date=18 April 2013 |title=Mill's Progressive Principles |chapter=Liberalism, utilitarianism, and rights |pages=214–233 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter/161685296 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672141.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-967214-1 |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052049/https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter-abstract/161685296?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }} The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an equal opportunity for success.{{cite book|last1=Eatwell|first1=Roger|last2=Wright|first2=Anthony|title=Contemporary Political Ideologies|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=9780826451736}}

{{Distinguish|text = The New Liberals in Australia}}

File:Thomashillgreen.jpg]]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against laissez-faire classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.Freeden, Michael (1978). The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The New Liberals, including intellectuals Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Hobhouse and John A. Hobson, saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|title=Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0719060206|year=2001|location=Manchester|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam}} In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions.

The Liberal governments of Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith, mainly thanks to Chancellor of the Exchequer and later Prime Minister David Lloyd George, established the foundations of the welfare state in the United Kingdom before World War I. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after World War II, although primarily accomplished by the Labour Party's Attlee ministry, was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely John Maynard Keynes (who laid the foundations in economics with the Keynesian Revolution) and William Beveridge (whose Beveridge Report was used to design the welfare system).

Historian Peter Weiler has argued:

Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.Weiler, Peter (2016). "New Liberalism". In Leventhal, Fred M., ed. (1995). Twentieth-century Britain: An Encyclopedia. Garland. pp. 564–565.Weiler, Peter (2016). The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914 (2016). [https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528 Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019022114/https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528 |date=19 October 2016 }}.

In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like Max Hirsch, Franz Duncker, and Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch established trade unions—modelled on their British counterparts—to help workers improve working and economic conditions through reconciliation of interests and cooperation with their employers rather than class struggle. Schulze-Delitzsch is also the founding father of the German cooperative movement and the organiser of the world's first credit unions. Some liberal economists, such as Lujo Brentano or Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz, established the {{lang|de|Verein für Socialpolitik}} (German Economic Association) in 1873 to promote social reform based on the historical school of economics and therefore rejecting classical economics, proposing a third way between Manchester Liberalism and socialist revolution in the 1871-founded German Empire.

However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the German Progress Party and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a welfare state, which they called state socialism. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were:

• The national ambitions.
• The different substate people's goals.
• Free trade against Schutzzollpolitik.
• The building of the national economy.

The term social liberalism ({{langx|de|Sozialliberalismus}}) was used first in 1891 by Austria-Hungarian economist and journalist Theodor Hertzka.Theodor Hertzka: Socialdemokratie und Socialliberalismus (German). Dresden/Leipzig: Pierson. 1891.{{efn|Hertzka was from Pest, part of Budapest, now the capital of Hungary. At the time of his birth, Hungary was the territory of the Austrian Empire.}} Subsequently, in 1893, the historian and social reformer Ignaz Jastrow also used this term and joined the German Economic Association. He published the socialist democratic manifesto "Social-liberal: Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia" to create an "action group" for the general people's welfare in the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which they rejected.{{cite book|last=Na|first=Inho|title=Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04|publisher=Tectum Verlag|year=200 |page=27}}

File:Portrait Friedrich Naumann (ca. 1911).jpg]]

The National-Social Association, founded by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Naumann also maintained contacts with the left liberals.{{citation|first=Joshua|last=Derman|title=Max Weber in Politics and Social Thought: From Charisma to Canonization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2012|page=25}} He tried to draw workers away from Marxism by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism.

In the Weimar Republic, the German Democratic Party was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing{{cite book|first=Liesbeth|last=Van De Grift|title=Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-48|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2012|page=41|isbn=978-0-7391-7178-3}} and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the Treaty of Versailles, but it influenced local cooperative enterprises.{{cite book|first=Hans|last=Mommsen|title=The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallweimarde00momm|url-access=limited|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallweimarde00momm/page/n76 58]|isbn=0-8078-2249-3}}{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Kurlander|title=The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2006|page=197|isbn=1-8454-5069-8}}

After 1945, the Free Democrats included most of the social liberals, including Naumann and Brentano disciple Theodor Heuss who became the first party chairman and the first Federal President of West Germany. Other social liberals joined the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Until the 1960s, post-war ordoliberalism was the model for Germany. It had a theoretical social liberal influence based on duty and rights.Hartwich, Oliver Marc (2009). [http://www.cis.org.au/temp/op114_neoliberalism.pdf "Neoliberalism: The Genesis of a Political Swearword"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025161041/http://www.cis.org.au/temp/OP114_Neoliberalism.pdf|date=25 October 2009}}

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Free Democratic Party was dominated by conservative liberals, national liberals and classical liberals. However, in the 1970s, the party was briefly influenced by progressive and social liberal ideas which culminated in the 1971 Freiburg Thesis programme.{{cite book |author=Peter H. Merkl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO88DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |title=The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity |publisher=NYU Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-81-475446-7 |page=335}} Among other things, the party committed itself to "self-determination", "democratization of society", a "reform of capitalism" and a form of ecoliberalism which prioritized "environmental protection over profit and personal gains".Karl-Hermann Flach, Werner Maihofer und Walter Scheel: Die Freiburger Thesen der Liberalen. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1972, ISBN 3-499-11545-X. In 1977, the social liberal era came to an end with the more economically liberal Kiel Thesis programme (Kieler Thesen) effectively setting the party back on a classical liberal course.

As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach,{{Cite web|title=Trennung nach 13 gemeinsamen Jahren|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/trennung-nach-13-gemeinsamen-jahren.724.de.html?dram:article_id=98885|date=17 September 2007|access-date=15 September 2021|newspaper=Deutschlandfunk|language=de-DE|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915121308/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/trennung-nach-13-gemeinsamen-jahren.724.de.html?dram:article_id=98885|url-status=live}} some members left the party and formed the social liberal Liberal Democrats in 1982.{{Cite web|title=Bundestagswahl 2021: alle teilnehmenden Parteien|url=https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/|access-date=15 September 2021|website=bundestagswahl-2021.de|date=14 December 2020|language=de-DE|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914172805/https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Geschichte|url=https://liberale-demokraten.de/geschichte/|access-date=15 September 2021|website=Liberale Demokraten - Die Sozialliberalen|language=de-DE|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125124958/https://liberale-demokraten.de/geschichte/|url-status=live}} Other social liberals have found a new home in Germany's Green party Alliance 90/The Greens.{{Cite web |last=Korte |first=Karl-Rudolf |date=2021-07-01 |title=Veränderungen im Parteiensystem |url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/politisches-system/wahlen-in-deutschland/335669/veraenderungen-im-parteiensystem/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |language=de}}

In France, solidaristic thinkers, including Alfred Fouillée and Émile Durkheim, developed the social-liberal theory in the Third Republic. Sociology inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians like Léon Bourgeois. They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity and individualism and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies (1999). pp. 35–36.

File:FDR in 1933.jpg, the 32nd President of the United States, whose New Deal domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century]]

{{main|Modern liberalism in the United States}}

Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from classical liberalism or laissez-faire. It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around the Great Depression and the New Deal.{{cite journal|last1=Marks|first1=Gary|last2=Wilson|first2=Carole|name-list-style=amp|title=The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=30|pages=433–459|date=July 2000|issue=3|url=http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0007123400000181|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008 }}{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=James L.|title=Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2001|isbn=155587939X|location=Colorado}} In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists Richard Ely, John Bates Clark, and Henry Carter Adams—influenced both by socialism and the Evangelical Protestant movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy toward labour unions. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published the two-volume Dynamic Sociology. He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the laissez-faire policies advocated by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner. The historian Henry Steele Commager ranked Ward alongside William James, John Dewey, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and called him the father of the modern welfare state.Commager, Henry Steele, ed. (1967). Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. A writer from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greater Georgist movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.{{Cite thesis |title=Land and Liberty: Henry George, The Single Tax Movement, and the Origins of 20th Century Liberalism |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1029879 |publisher=Georgetown University |date=2015 |degree=thesis |language=en |first=Christopher William |last=England |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123315/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1029879 |url-status=live }} America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into the New Deal,Richardson, pp. 38–41. which developed as a response to the Great Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office.

File:David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg, who became closely associated with this new liberalism and vigorously supported expanding social welfare]]

The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the mixed market economy and general welfare capitalism.{{Cite web |title=Chapter 2: The 1920s and the Start of the Depression 1921-1933 {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/dolchp02 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=www.dol.gov |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922155123/https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/dolchp02 |url-status=live }} Also called embedded liberalism, social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging the capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the boom and bust cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because the wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.Richardson, pp. 137–138. Social liberalism is also a generally internationalist ideology.{{Cite journal |last=Beitz |first=Charles R. |date=1999 |title=Social and Cosmopolitan Liberalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623634 |journal=International Affairs |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=515–529 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.00091 |jstor=2623634 |issn=0020-5850 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623634 |url-status=live }} Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate for liberal feminism among other forms social progress.{{Citation |last=Baehr |first=Amy R. |title=Liberal Feminism |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220618/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/ |url-status=live }}

Social liberals tend to find a compromise between the perceived extremes of unrestrained capitalism and state socialism to create an economy built on regulated capitalism.{{Cite book |last=Whiteside |first=Heather |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0EHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22social+liberalism%22+%22regulated+capitalism%22&pg=PT193 |title=Canadian Political Economy |date=3 November 2020 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-3091-4 |language=en |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052028/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0EHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22social+liberalism%22+%22regulated+capitalism%22&pg=PT193 |url-status=live }} Due to a reliance on what they believe to be a too centralized government to achieve its goals, critics have called this strain of liberalism a more authoritarian ideological position compared to the original schools of liberal thought, especially in the United States, where conservatives have called presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson authoritarians.{{Cite web |last=Hornberger |first=Jacob G. |date=23 November 2016 |title=Don't Forget FDR's Authoritarianism |url=https://www.fff.org/2016/11/23/dont-forget-fdrs-authoritarianism/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=The Future of Freedom Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140330/https://www.fff.org/2016/11/23/dont-forget-fdrs-authoritarianism/ |url-status=live }}{{better source needed|date=September 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Carlin |first=David |title=Democratic, Authoritarian, Laissez-Faire: What Type Of Leader Are You? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2019/10/18/democratic-authoritarian-laissez-faire-what-type-of-leader-are-you/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140329/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2019/10/18/democratic-authoritarian-laissez-faire-what-type-of-leader-are-you/ |url-status=live }}{{undue weight inline|date=September 2022}}

File:National-insurance-act-1911.jpg expressing support for the National Health Insurance Act of 1911 and the legislation provided benefits to sick and unemployed workers, marking a major milestone in the development of social welfare]]

The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the Liberal Party in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the Liberal welfare reforms. The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, and health, sickness, and unemployment insurance. These changes were accompanied by progressive taxation, particularly in the People's Budget of 1909. The old system of charity relying on the Poor Laws and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the Conservatives, the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed the reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, John Maynard Keynes, David Lloyd George (especially as Chancellor of the Exchequer), and Winston Churchill (as President of the Board of Trade), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) William Beveridge.Feuchtwanger, pp. 273–317.

Most of the social democratic parties in Europe (notably the British Labour Party) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|title=Modern Political Ideologies|edition=Third|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2010|page=54}}

File:Alexander Rüstow.jpg]]

Alexander Rüstow, a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalism neoliberalism while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in the German Empire. In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—including Ludwig Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and Wilhelm Röpke—to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct market failures. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.

Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called ordoliberalism or the social market economy, under Ludwig Erhard. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.

{{main|Kemalism}}

The Kemalist economic model was designed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1930s, founder of the Republic of Turkey, after an unsuccessful attempt to embrace a regulated market economy from İzmir Economic Congress until the 1929 Depression. He put the principle of "etatism" in his Six Arrows and stated that etatism was a unique economic system for Turkey and that it was different from socialism, communism, and collectivism.{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler (Örgün Yayınları)|publisher=Afet İnan|year=1930s|pages=212}} Atatürk explained his economic idea as follows:

State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler ve M.Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları|publisher=Afet İnan|year=1930s|pages=46–47}}

Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the markets can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."{{cite book|url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk_konusma/5d3yy.htm|url-status=dead|title=Atatürk'ün Meclis Açılış Konuşmaları|publisher=Turkish Grand National Assembly|date=1 November 1937|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113042205/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk_konusma/5d3yy.htm|archive-date=13 January 2006|access-date=22 June 2022}} Also it was said by İsmet İnönü that Atatürk's principle of etatism was Keynesian and a Turkish variant of New Deal.{{cite book|language=tr|page=87|publisher=İletişim Yayınları|title=Yunus Emre, CHP, Sosyal Demokrasi ve Sol}}

The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.Adams, p. 32.

{{main|Modern liberalism in the United States}}

File:Bill Clinton 1992.jpg is far higher than the price of change."

American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the New Deal appeared Keynesian, there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a more anti-communist ideology as a result.{{Cite web |title= A Militant Liberalism: Anti-Communism and the African American Intelligentsia, 1939-1955 |first1=Daniel W. |last1=Aldridge |date=December 2003 |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/689.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=Hartford Web Publishing |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525074220/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/689.html |url-status=live }} American exceptionalism was likely the reason for the separate development of modern liberalism in the United States, which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.Contending liberalisms in world politics: ideology and power (2001), James L. Richardson, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38 38–41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131074102/http://www.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&lpg=PP1&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38 |date=31 January 2013 }}

John Rawls' principal work, A Theory of Justice (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of analytic philosophy and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.{{Cite book |title=A Theory of Justice — John Rawls |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780 |access-date=29 September 2022 | date=30 September 1999 | publisher=Belknap Press | isbn=9780674000780 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929164001/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780 |url-status=live }} According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.{{cite book|last=Browing|first=Gary|chapter=Contemporary liberalism|title=Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2000|pages=154–155}} A Theory of Justice countered utilitarian thinking in the tradition of Jeremy Bentham, instead following the Kantian concept of a social contract, picturing society as a mutual agreement between rational citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of fundamental liberties, followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of Justice as Fairness. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.{{cite book|last=Harr|first=Edwin van de|title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology|publisher=Transaction|year=2015}} Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.

Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower consumer spending, and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as Milton Friedman and Samuel Brittan, whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called neoliberalism—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the United States President Ronald Reagan. They pursued policies of deregulation of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&q=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|title=Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction|first=Keith|last=Faulks|date=10 December 1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748613564|access-date=10 December 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052034/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&q=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}

Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of the Red Scare, notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.{{Cite web |title=American Rhetoric: Ronald Reagan -- Radio Address on Socialized Medicine |url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=www.americanrhetoric.com |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120172838/https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm |url-status=live }} Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.Richardson, pp. 138–139.

From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), Amartya Sen (philosophy and economy), Ronald Dworkin (philosophy of law), Martha Nussbaum (philosophy), Bruce Ackerman (constitutional law), and others.{{Cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/193933532|title=The nature of political theory|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929795-5|location=Oxford|oclc=193933532}}

In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized centrist and centre-left parties.{{cite book|last=Kirchner|first=Emil|title=Liberal parties in Western Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521323949|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc/page/n370 356]–357}} Examples of successful European social liberal parties participating in government coalitions at national or regional levels include the Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom, the Democrats 66 in the Netherlands, and the Danish Social Liberal Party. In continental European politics, social liberal parties are integrated into the Renew Europe group in the European Parliament, the fifth biggest group in the parliament, and includes social liberal parties, market liberal parties, and centrist parties. Other groups such as the European People's Party, the Greens–European Free Alliance, and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats also house some political parties with social-liberal factions.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In Canada, social liberalism is held by the Liberal Party of Canada, while in the United States, social liberalism is a significant force within the Democratic Party.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, mainly because political organisations are not always ideologically pure, and party ideologies often change over time. However, peers such as the Africa Liberal Network, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats, the European Liberal Forum, the Liberal International, and the Liberal Network for Latin America or scholars usually accept them as parties who are following social liberalism as a core ideology.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

Social liberal political parties that are more left-biased than general centre-left parties are not described here. (See list of progressive parties)

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• Åland: Liberals for Åland{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|date=2019|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330115708/http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html|url-status=live}}
• Andorra: Action for Andorra{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/andorra.html | title=Parties and Elections in Europe }}
• Argentina: Radical Civic UnionGodio, Julio; Robles, Alberto José (2008). El tiempo de CFK; entre la movilización y la institucionalidad: El desafío de organizar los mercados (in Spanish). Corregidor. p. 65.
• Australia: Liberal Party of Australia (factions),{{cite book|editor=Philip Mendes |title=Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies |date=2007 |page=123 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780868409917 }}{{cite book |editor1=Rodney Smith |editor2=Ariadne Vromen |editor3=Ian Cook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSTxLmZaw0C&pg=PA103 |title=Keywords in Australian Politics |quote= The ideology of the Liberal Party has in fact always been a mixture of conservatism, social liberalism and classical or neo-liberalism ... |date=2006 |page=103 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521672832 }} Australian Labor Party (factions){{cite book|author=Judith Brett|chapter=Ideology|editor1=Judith Brett|editor2=James A. Gillespie|editor3=Murray Goot|title=Developments in Australian Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5|year=1994|publisher=Macmillan Education AU|isbn=978-0-7329-2009-8|page=5|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052051/https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Gwenda Tavan|title=The Long, Slow Death of White Australia|publisher=Scribe Publications|year=2005|page=193}}{{cite book|last=Huo|first=Jingjing|title=Third Way Reforms: Social Democracy After the Golden Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51843-7|page=79|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052053/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Leigh |first1=Andrew |title=Social liberalism fits Labor |url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366 |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=The Saturday Paper |date=29 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811161611/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366 |url-status=live }}
• Bahamas: Progressive Liberal Party{{cite web|url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117|title=Haiti's future is secure! It has lots of children|work=The Nassau Guardian|date=22 December 2017|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083233/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117|url-status=live |author1=Administrator }}
• Belgium: DéFI,{{cite web|url=http://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html|title=Les couleurs politiques en Belgique|publisher=Cultures&Santé|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421100415/https://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html|url-status=live}} Party for Freedom and Progress, Vivant{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html|title=German-speaking Community/Belgium|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|date=2019|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004203126/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html|url-status=live}}
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Our Party{{citation|first=Ismet|last=Sejfija|title=Analysis of Interviews with Representatives of Political Parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina|work=Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans. Initiatives for Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia|publisher=Berghahn Foundation|year=2013|page=92|url=http://www.berghof-conflictresearch.org/documents/publications/book_sections/Chapter7a.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Brazil : Cidadania, Brazilian Social Democracy Party
• Canada: Liberal Party of Canada{{cite book|author=Law Commission of Canada|title=Law and Citizenship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK26Gbk1wjkC&pg=PA6|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|page=6|isbn=9780774840798|quote=The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s.}}{{cite journal|last=Prentice|first=Susan|year=2004|title=Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux|journal=Canadian Journal of Sociology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=193–207|doi=10.1353/cjs.2004.0029|s2cid=145708797}}{{cite journal|last=Prince|first=Michael J.|year=2012|title=Canadian disability activism and political ideas: In and between neo-liberalism and social liberalism|journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–34|doi=10.15353/cjds.v1i1.16|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Miriam|year=2005|title=Social movements and judicial empowerment: Courts, public policy, and lesbian and gay organizing in Canada|journal=Politics & Society|volume=33|issue=2|pages=327–353|quote=The Liberal Party of Canada, the party that championed the Charter, is strongly identified with the document and uses the social liberalism of the Charter as a distinctive badge of party identification.|doi=10.1177/0032329205275193|s2cid=154613468}}
• Chile: Radical Party of Chile, Liberal Party of Chile
• Croatia: Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats,{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/croatia.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=14 August 2020|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002355/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/croatia.html|url-status=live}} Centre,{{cite web |url=http://hr.n1info.com/a81993/Vijesti/Puljak-Zelimo-se-maknuti-od-41.-71.-i-91.-godine-i-misliti-na-2031.html |title=Puljak: Želimo se maknuti od '41., '71. i '91. godine |work=N1 HR |publisher=N1 |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817210024/http://hr.n1info.com/a81993/Vijesti/Puljak-Zelimo-se-maknuti-od-41.-71.-i-91.-godine-i-misliti-na-2031.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323 |title='Spavam 3-4 sata, više otkidam od obitelji nego od banke, a nisam ni lijevo ni desno' |author=Damir Petranović |publisher=tportal.hr |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141751/https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323 |url-status=live }} Civic Liberal Alliance, Istrian Democratic Assembly{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb|title=Croatia Elections 2015: Overview of the Parties - IDS and HDSSB|date=9 October 2015 |access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225610/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb|url-status=live}}
• Czech Republic: Czech Pirate PartyMaškarinec, Pavel (2017). [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf "The Czech Pirate Party in the 2010 and 2013 Parliamentary Elections and the 2014 European Parliament Elections: Spatial Analysis of Voter Support"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702013936/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf |date=2 July 2019 }}. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences. Walter de Gruyter. 17 (1).
• Denmark: Danish Social Liberal Party{{cite book|last=J. Kirchner|first=Emil|title=Liberal parties in Western Europe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|location=Avon|isbn=0-521-32394-0}}{{cite journal|last1=Marks|first1=Gary|last2=Wilson|first2=Carole|name-list-style=amp|title=The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=30|pages=433–459|date=July 2000|url=http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0007123400000181|issue=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008}}{{cite journal|last=Madsen|first=Tomas Bech|date=Autumn 2007|title=Radicalis and Liberalis in Denmark|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/56_Autumn_2007.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816153638/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/56_Autumn_2007.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009|access-date=16 August 2009}}{{cite web|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri|date=9–11 May 2008|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/tgsw/documents/TGSW_Almeida_Paper.pdf|title=Liberal Parties and European Integration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626170316/http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/tgsw/documents/TGSW_Almeida_Paper.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=26 June 2015}}
• Egypt: Constitution Party{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/egyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift|title=Egyptian Social Democratic Party Elections Highlight a Deep Rift|last=Dawoud|first=Khaled|publisher=Atlantic Council|date=8 April 2016|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151545/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/egyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift|url-status=live}}
• Estonia: Estonian Centre Party,{{cite book|last=Bakke|first=Elisabeth|chapter=Central and East European party systems since 1989|title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48750-4|page=79|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052117/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79|url-status=live}} Estonian Greens,{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html|title=Estonia|year=2011|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224030925/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=9 April 2019|url-status=dead}} Estonia 200{{cite news|date=17 January 2019|title=Estonia 200 unveils its full election candidate list|work=ERR News|publisher=Eesti Rahvusringhääling|url=https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061416/https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Sebald|first1=Christoph|last2=Matthews-Ferrero|first2=Daniel|last3=Papalamprou|first3=Ery|last4=Steenland|first4=Robert|date=14 May 2019|title=EU country briefing: Estonia|work=EURACTIV|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123919/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/|url-status=live}}
• European Union: Volt Europa{{cite web |last1=Nordsieck |first1=Wolfram |title=European Union |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html |website=Parties and Elections in Europe |access-date=27 February 2020 |date=2019}}
• Faroe Islands: Self-Government Party{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/faroes.html|title=Faroe Islands|year=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010906/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/faroes.html|url-status=live}}
• Finland: Centre Party,{{cite web|url=https://europarlamentti.info/en/elections/political-parties/Finland-parties/|work=European Parliament Information|date=2014|title=Finland's largest political parties|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060123/https://europarlamentti.info/en/elections/political-parties/Finland-parties/|url-status=live}} Green League, National Coalition Party,{{cite book|url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ELE-757619|title=Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun|last=Smolander|first=Jyrki|publisher=University of Turku|year=2000|isbn=978-951-45-9652-0|trans-title=The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052114/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/18517|url-status=live}} Swedish People's Party of Finland{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7840-3|page=204|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052121/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204|url-status=live}}
• France: Renaissance,{{cite book|last=Hertner|first=Isabelle|title=Centre-left parties and the European Union: Power, accountability and democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|year=2018|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-2036-6|page=68|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|url-status=live}} Radical Party of the Left,{{cite book|last=Kempf|first=Udo|title=Das politische System Frankreichs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BVfgYBUSwsC&pg=PA190|year=2007|publisher=Springer DE|isbn=978-3-531-32973-4|page=190}} Territories of Progress, The New Democrats{{cite web |url=https://europeelects.eu/france/ |title=France - Europe Elects |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820011956/https://europeelects.eu/european-union/france/ |url-status=live }}
• Germany: Liberal Democrats,{{cite book|title=Party Politics in the New Germany|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|isbn=9781855673113|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20|page=20|publisher=A&C Black |access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052112/https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}Breyman, Steve (2019). Movement Genesis: Social Movement Theory And The West German Peace Movement. "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative." Free Democratic Party (factions),{{cite book|author1=Florian Grotz|author2=Wolfgang Schroeder|title= The Political System of Germany|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2023|isbn=978-3-031-32479-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wq7QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|page=216}}{{cite book|author=Frank Uekotter|title=The Greenest Nation?: A New History of German Environmentalism|year=2017|isbn= 978-0-26-253469-7|publisher=MIT Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|page=90}} Social Democratic Party of Germany (factions),{{cite web|first=Thomas|last=Maron|url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html|title=Das Sozialliberale ist tief in der SPD verwurzelt|publisher=Stuttgarter Zeitung|date=28 April 2017|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=18 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918170901/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html|url-status=live}}{{efn|majority of the SPD politicians with social liberal ideology are members of {{Lang|de|Seeheimer Kreis|italic=no}} wing}} Alliance 90/The Greens (factions)Thomas Bräuninger and Marc Debus (10 February 2021). [https://www.bpb.de/themen/parteien/wer-steht-zur-wahl/baden-wuerttemberg-2021/326189/buendnis-90-die-gruenen/ BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN].
• Greenland: Democrats{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|date=2021|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705175227/http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html|url-status=live}}
• Hungary: Democratic Coalition{{cite book|author=Ulf Hedetoft|title=Paradoxes of Populism: Troubles of the West and Nationalism's Second Coming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|year=2020|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78527-216-5|page=133|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052126/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|url-status=live}}
• Iceland: Bright Future{{cite web|url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/|title=Politics in Iceland: A beginner's guide|work=Iceland Monitor|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203104324/http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/|url-status=live}}
• India: Indian National Congress{{cite book|author=N. S. Gehlot|title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177|year=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-306-8|pages=150–200|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052105/https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Soper |first1=J. Christopher |last2=Fetzer |first2=Joel S. |date=2018 |title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=200–210 |isbn=978-1-107-18943-0 |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052102/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
• Indonesia: Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
• Israel: Israel Resilience Party,{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853|title=Histadrut chief Avi Nissenkorn joins Gantzs Israel Resilience Party|date=16 February 2019|website=The Jerusalem Post|author=Lahav Harkov|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805164045/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853|url-status=live}} Yesh Atid{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/|title=Yesh Atid unveils detailed policy plan to promote LGBT equality|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055214/https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/|url-status=live}}
• Italy: Democratic Party (factions),{{cite book|publisher=Imprimatur editore|year=2017|last=De Lucia|first=Dario|title=Dal PCI al PD|quote=Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale [The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism].}} Italia Viva,{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917|title=Italie: Matteo Renzi fausse compagnie au Parti démocrate|last=Segond|first=Valérie|website=Le Figaro|language=fr|date=17 September 2019|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219033611/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917|url-status=live}} Italian Republican Party,{{cite book|last=Pridham|first=Geoffrey|chapter=Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicana Italiano and the Partito Liberale Italiano|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=29–61|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052057/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA403|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=403}} Action
• Japan: Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan{{cite news |last=Kölling |first=Martin |date=22 October 2017 |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022233126/http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2017 |title=Abe siegt und verbirgt seine Schwäche |language=de |trans-title=Abe wins and hides his weakness |work=Handelsblatt |access-date=7 August 2020 }}
• Kosovo: Democratic Party of Kosovo{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/kosovo.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=20 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043009/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/kosovo.html|url-status=live}}
• Latvia: Development/For!{{cite book|author1=Kjetil Duvold|author2=Sten Berglund|author3=Joakim Ekman|title=Political Culture in the Baltic States: Between National and European Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-21844-7|page=62|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052054/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}
• Lesotho: Revolution for Prosperity{{Cite web |title=Lesotho's New Party Expected to Win Polls, Early Results Show |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/lesotho-s-new-party-expected-to-win-polls-early-results-show-/6783567.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=VOA |date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}
• Luxembourg: Democratic PartyHearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil Joseph (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–395. {{ISBN|978-0-521-32394-9}}.Terzis, Georgios (2007). European Media Governance: National and Regional Dimensions. Intellect Books. p. 135. {{ISBN|978-1-84150-192-5}}.Magone, José (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 436. {{ISBN|978-0-203-84639-1}}.
• Malaysia: Democratic Action Party,{{cite book |editor=Nam-Kook Kim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GscFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |quote=... The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ... |title=Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317093671 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114104814/https://books.google.com/books?id=GscFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&dq |url-status=live }} People's Justice PartySenkyr, Jan (2013). [http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006 "Political Awakening in Malaysia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164909/http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006 |date=1 February 2014 }}. KAS International Reports. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
• Montenegro: Positive Montenegro,{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|title=Montenegro|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010859/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|url-status=live}} United Reform Action,{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|title=Montenegro|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010859/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|url-status=live}} Liberal Party
• Morocco: Citizens' Forces{{cite web|url=http://fot.hct.ac.ae/participants/dr-a-lahlou/|title=Dr. Abderrahmane Lahlou - Festival of Thinkers|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926233335/http://fot.hct.ac.ae/participants/dr-a-lahlou/|archive-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.arabparliaments.org/|title=Neues Parlament für Kryptowährungen|website=arabparliaments.org|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091242/http://www.arabparliaments.org/|url-status=live}}
• Myanmar: National League for Democracy,{{cite news|work=Dynamite News|title=Aung San Suu Kyi's award rescinded by US Museum|date=8 March 2018|url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/aung-san-suu-kyis-award-rescinded-by-us-museum|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114105308/https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/aung-san-suu-kyis-award-rescinded-by-us-museum|url-status=live}} National Democratic Force{{cite web|url=http://election.irrawaddy.org/political-parties/250-political-parties.html|title=Political Parties|work=Election.irrawaddy.org|date=7 April 2010|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721200415/http://election.irrawaddy.org/political-parties/250-political-parties.html|url-status=live}}
• Netherlands: Democrats 66{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA109|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-9661-2|pages=108–109}}
• New Zealand: New Zealand Labour Party (factions){{cite book|title=Political Science|volume=49-50|page=98|year=1997|first=Jack|last=Vowles}}
• Norway: Liberal Party{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA425|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=425}}{{cite book|last=Osterud|first=Oyvind|title=Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97037-8|page=114|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|url-status=live}}
• Philippines: Liberal Party{{cite web |url=https://www.liberal.ph/values-charter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154353/https://liberal.ph/values-charter/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |title=Values Charter - Liberal Party of the Philippines}}
• Poland: Polish Initiative, Your Movement, Union of European Democrats{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|title=The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model|page=353|editor1-last=Henningsen|editor1-first=Bernd|editor2-last=Etzold|editor2-first=Tobias|editor3-last=Hanne|editor3-first=Krister|publisher=Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|date=15 September 2017|isbn=978-3-8305-1727-6|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052027/https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}
• Portugal: Together for the People,{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507040614/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/madeira.html|archive-date=7 May 2018|date=2015|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/madeira.html|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Madeira/Portugal|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url-status=dead}} Liberal Initiative (faction){{Cite web |last=Vasconcelos e Sousa |first=João |date=2023-01-22 |title=Sociais-liberais contra conservadores: há "luta de classes" na IL? |url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126054658/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html |archive-date=2023-01-26 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Jornal de Notícias |language=pt}}
• Romania: PRO Romania{{cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/1954258-1954258|title=Victor Ponta, în partidul Pro România, alături de Daniel Constantin: Nu mi-am propus să rup PSD|date=3 September 2017|work=Libertatea|access-date=23 December 2019|language=ro|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002229/https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/1954258-1954258|url-status=live}}
• Russia: Yabloko{{cite book|last1=Kulik|first1=Anatoly|last2=Pshizova|first2=Susanna|title=Political Parties in Post-Soviet Space: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5foejvv3sMC&pg=PA27|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97344-5|page=27|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052026/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5foejvv3sMC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=White|first=David|title=The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-4675-4|page=2|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052727/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}
• Serbia: Democratic Party{{cite book | url=http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf | title=Ideologija i političke stranke u Srbiji | trans-title=Ideology and Political Parties in Serbia | publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute for Humanities | access-date=17 July 2001 | author=Orlović, Slaviša | last2=Antonić | first2=Slobodan | last3=Vukomanović | first3=Dijana | year=2007 | location=Belgrade | language=sr | isbn=978-86-83767-23-6 | last4=Stojiljković | first4=Zoran | last5=Vujačić | first5=Ilija | last6=Đurković | first6=Miša | last7=Mihailović | first7=Srećko | last8=Gligorov | first8=Vladimir | last9=Komšić | first9=Jovan | last10=Pajvančić | first10=Marijana | last11=Pantić | first11=Dragomir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127041235/http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf | archive-date=27 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}
• Slovakia: Progressive Slovakia{{cite web|author1=Daniel Matthews-Ferrero|author2=Patrik Fritz|author3=Robert Steenland|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/|title=EU country briefing: Slovakia|quote=Recent presidential elections were seen as a crossroads: sticking with the old establishment in the form of SMER-supported EC Vice-President for Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, or a desire for change embodied in the political novice Zuzana Čaputová from the relatively new social liberal Progressive Slovakia (PS) party.|work=EURACTIV|date=24 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807062013/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2020|title=Slovakia|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302034813/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html|url-status=live}}
• Slovenia: List of Marjan Šarec,{{cite web|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|title=Slovenia|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2018|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120016/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|url-status=live}} Party of Alenka Bratušek
• South Africa: Democratic Alliance
• South Korea: Democratic Party of Korea,Denney, Steven (31 December 2015). [https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/ "An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065138/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/ |date=8 March 2021 }}. The Diplomat. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December." Justice Party{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/ |title=Seoul Mayor's Death Shocks South Korea |quote=Ryu Ho-jeong of the small liberal opposition Justice Party wrote on Facebook that she won't pay respects to Park, saying she doesn't want the alleged victim to "feel lonely." Her message drew both strong support and opposition online. |work=The Diplomat |date=9 July 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024852/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church/ |title=This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated. |quote=The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue. |work=Vice |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141845/https://www.vice.com/en/article/4ayjx9/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church |url-status=live }}
• Sweden: Liberals (factions),{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228|title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe|page=228|editor-last=Annesley|editor-first=Claire|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-40341-9|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052734/https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://liberati.se/liberala-partier/|title=Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag & deras ideologiska hållning|website=liberati.se}}{{Cite web|url=https://ideologi.se/politiska-ideologier/socialliberalism/|title=Vad är socialliberalism?}} Centre Party{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA437|title = Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics|isbn = 9780313391828|last1 = Slomp|first1 = Hans|date = 26 September 2011| publisher=Abc-Clio |access-date = 25 March 2022|archive-date = 17 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA437|url-status = live}}
• Switzerland: Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (faction){{cite web | url=https://www.woz.ch/2227/der-rechte-fluegel-der-sp/der-machterhalt-zaehlt | title=Der rechte Flügel der SP: Der Machterhalt zählt | date=6 July 2022 }}
• Taiwan: Democratic Progressive Party{{cite web|title=Time to Start Worrying about Taiwan|website=The National Interest|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/time-start-worrying-about-taiwan-16551|date=12 June 2016|last=Casey|first=Michael|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182244/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/time-start-worrying-about-taiwan-16551|url-status=live}}、Taiwan People's Party
• Trinidad and Tobago: People's National Movement{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/parties/tt_parties/pnm.asp|title=Caribbean Elections - People's National Movement|website=Caribbeanelections.com|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813122435/http://caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/parties/tt_parties/pnm.asp|url-status=live}}
• Turkey: Good Party{{Cite web| url=https://daktilo1984.com/wp-content/uploads/I%CC%87YI%CC%87-Parti-Raporu.pdf| title=İyi Parti Raporu| author=Emrah Aslan - daktilo1984.com| quote=Kamu yatırımlarına ve devlet müdahalesine dönük güçlü söylemler, devlet müdahalesi ile serbest piyasa vurgusu ve mali disiplin ile geniş kamu desteklerinin birlikte ifade edilmesi, İyi Parti’nin sosyal liberal olarak ifade edebileceğimiz karma bir ekonomik modele yakın durabileceğini göstermektedir.| date=22 June 2021| language=tr| access-date=19 December 2022| archive-date=20 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220054405/https://daktilo1984.com/wp-content/uploads/I%CC%87YI%CC%87-Parti-Raporu.pdf| url-status=live}} Democracy and Progress Party{{cite news |url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/411481/siyaset/babacan-sosyal-koruma-ve-güvenlik-sistemini-açıkladı-sosyal-yardımları-tek-bir|title=Babacan sosyal koruma ve güvenlik sistemini açıkladı|language=tr|publisher=Indy Turk}}
• United Kingdom: Liberal Democrats,{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=343|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052714/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343|url-status=live}} Liberal Party{{cite web|url=https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/|title=Introduction to The Liberal Party Policies|website=liberal.org.uk|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524051332/https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/|url-status=live}}
• United States: Democratic Party{{cite book|last=Grigsby|first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Politics Science|url=https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig|url-access=limited|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|location=Florence|isbn=978-0495501121|pages=[https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig/page/n118 106]–107|quote=Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.}}{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=N. Scott|title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|location=Florence|isbn=978-0495501121|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg/page/n15 3]|quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.}}

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=26em}}

• Andorra: Democratic Renewal{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Andorra|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2009|url=http://parties-and-elections.de/andorra.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430114727/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/andorra.html|archive-date=30 April 2009|url-status=unfit|access-date=9 April 2019}}
• Australia: Australian Democrats{{cite book|last=Walter|first=James|title=What Were They Thinking?: The Politics of Ideas in Australia (Large Print 16pt)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4596-0494-0|page=430|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052634/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Icon Group International|title=European: Webster's Timeline History 1973–1977|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780546976427|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207|page=207|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052635/https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Mirow|first=Wilhelm|title=Strategic Culture, Securitisation and the Use of Force: Post-9/11 Security Practices of Liberal Democracies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXL7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-40660-0|page=189}}
• Belgium: Spirit{{cite book|last1=Wauters|first1=Bram|last2=Lisi|first2=Marco|last3=Teruel|first3=Juan-Rodríguez|chapter=Democratising Party Leadership Selection in Belgium and Israel|editor-last1=Sandri|editor-first1=Giulia|editor-last2=Seddone|editor-first2=Antonella|editor-last3=Venturino|editor-first3=Fulvio|title=Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08356-6|page=86|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|url-status=live}} (merged into Groen)
• France: Radical Movement{{cite web|url=https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/|title=Étiquette : Mouvement Radical Social Libéral la revue des vœux des leaders de toute la Droite|date=6 January 2018|language=fr|website=Dtom.fr|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184255/https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/|url-status=dead}}
• Germany: Free-minded People's Party,{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Kurlander|chapter=The Landscapes of Liberalism: Particularism and Progressive Politics in Two Borderland Regions|title=Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|page=125}}{{cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Sperber|title=The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper/page/212 212]|isbn=9780521591386}}{{cite book|first=Stanley|last=Zucker|title=Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Political and Social Critic, 1823-1899|url=https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck/page/239 239]|isbn=9780822932987}} German Democratic Party,{{cite book|last=Lash|first=Scott|title=The End of Organized Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27|date=1987|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11670-5|page=27|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Grift|first=Liesbeth|title=Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7178-3|page=41|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052735/https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41|url-status=live}} German People's Party,Stargardt, Nicholas (1994). The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.Winkler, Jürgen R. (1995). Sozialstruktur, politische Traditionen und Liberalismus. Eine empirische Längsschnittstudie zur Wahlentwicklung in Deutschland, 1871–1933. Springer. p. 66.Sperber, Jonathan (1997). The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. Progressive People's Party{{cite book|last=Niedermayer|first=Oskar|chapter=Das Parteiensystem Deutschelands|editor-last1=Niedermayer|editor-first1=Oskar|editor-last2=Stöss|editor-first2=Richard|editor-last3=Haas|editor-first3=Melanie|title=Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109|year=2006|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-531-90061-2|page=109|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052733/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109|url-status=live}}
• Greece: The River{{cite book|last=Träger|first=Hendrik|chapter=Die Europawahl 2014 als second-order election|editor-last1=Kaeding|editor-first1=Michael|editor-last2=Switek|editor-first2=Niko|title=Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kURvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2015|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-658-05738-1|page=41}}
• Hungary: Alliance of Free Democrats{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-9661-2|page=115|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052822/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}
• Iceland: Liberal Party,{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/iceland/parties.html|title=European Election Database (EED)|website=Nsd.uib.no|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206033513/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/iceland/parties.html|url-status=dead}} Union of Liberals and Leftists{{cite book|last=Aranson|first=Agust Thor|chapter=The European Union Seen From the Top – the View of an Inside-Outsider|editor=Joakim Nergelius|title=Nordic And Other European Constitutional Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-uO_MmjwI0C&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=90-04-15171-0|page=31}}
• Israel: Independent Liberals,{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Amir|title='We Have a Rendezvous With Destiny'—The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Alternative|journal=Israel Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=27, 32, 47|date=Spring 2011|doi=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.26|s2cid=143487617|url=https://www.academia.edu/10234084|quote=Thus, the PP continued to represent mostly white collar and government workers, intellectuals, and the labor intelligentsia, all of whom favored the social liberalism, broadly-based universal views, and social and religious pluralism that the party stood for.⁴(27); Kol wrote to Goldmann...: 'But the party must be founded on a clear ideological basis, and no such basis exists between our progressive humanistic liberalism and Herut.'²⁰(32); Kol emphasized that, 'The Herut Movement and social liberalism cannot dwell together in the same house.'(47)|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711211844/https://www.academia.edu/10234084|url-status=live}} Kulanu,{{cite news|last=Riestra|first=Laura|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html|title=Las claves de las elecciones en Israel|publisher=ABC Internacional|language=es|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164713/https://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html|url-status=live}} Progressive Party
• Italy: Action Party,{{cite book|last=Pombeni|first=Paolo|chapter=Christian Democracy in power, 1946–63|editor-last1=Jones|editor-first1=Erik|editor-last2=Pasquino|editor-first2=Gianfranco|title=The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWS8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966974-5|page=258|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052742/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWS8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|url-status=live}} Radical Party, Italian Liberal Party, Democratic Alliance,{{cite book|last=Seißelberg|first=Jörg|editor-last1=Steffani|editor-first1=Winfried|editor-last2=Thaysen|editor-first2=Uwe|title=Demokratie in Europa: Zur Rolle der Parlamente|chapter=Berlusconis Forza Italia. Wahlerfolg einer Persönlichkeitspartei|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|year=1995|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-93517-5|page=209|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|url-status=live}} Democratic Union, The Democrats
• Japan: Japan Socialist Party (factions),{{cite book|editor=Arthur Stockwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2qLEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22left+liberal%22+JSP+japan&pg=PT65 |title=The Failure of Political Opposition in Japan: Implications for Democracy and a Vision of the Future |quote=The Murayama government had a number of broadly left-liberal reforms to its credit. |date=2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9789811920769 }}{{cite book |editor1=Arthur Stockwin |editor2=Kweku Ampiah |title=Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism |quote=... of the debate is the left/liberal "peace movement" currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party. |date=2017 |page=196 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781498537933 }}{{cite book|editor=Tetsuya Kataoka |title=Creating Single-party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System |quote= The constitution was defended by the JSP, the mainstay of kakushin (radical-liberal forces), ... |date=1992 |page=2 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=9780817991111 }} Democratic Party of JapanFraničević, Vojimir; Kimura, Hiroshi, eds. (2003) Globalization, Democratization and Development: European and Japanese Views of Change in South East Europe. "Towards the end of the 1990s the social-liberal Minshuto (Democratic Party of Japan, DPJ) consolidated and replaced Shinshinto as a rival of LDP."
• Latvia: Society for Political Change{{cite book|last=Caramani|first=Daniele|title=The Europeanization of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11867-6|page=310|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052746/https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|url-status=live}}
• Lithuania: New Union (Social Liberals){{cite book|last1=Auzias|first1=Dominique|last2=Labourdette|first2=Jean-Paul|title=Vilnius 2012 (avec cartes et avis des lecteurs)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_8ZQ5EXeIcC&pg=PT22|year=2012|publisher=Petit Futé|isbn=978-2-7469-6092-3|page=22}}
• Luxembourg: Radical Socialist PartyHearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil (ed.). Liberal Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–395. {{ISBN|0-521-32394-0}}.
• Malta: Democratic Party
• Moldova: Our Moldova Alliance{{cite book|last=Chodakiewicz|first=Marek Jan|title=Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zSGR3fBfUcC&pg=PA331|year=2012|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-4786-5|page=331}}
• Netherlands: Free-thinking Democratic League{{cite book|last=Moldenhauer|first=Gebhard|title=Die Niederlande und Deutschland: einander kennen und verstehen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113|year=2001|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-89325-747-8|page=113|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052642/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}
• Poland: Democratic Party – demokraci.pl,{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA121|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7840-3|page=121}}{{cite book|last=Guardiancich|first=Igor|title=Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APcO_fndhx0C&pg=PA144|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22595-6|page=144}} Spring,[https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html "Kann dieser schwule Atheist Polen verändern?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080801/https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html |date=7 August 2020 }}. Bild. 5 February 2019.[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html?dram:article_id=440070 ""Frühling" macht der linken Mitte Hoffnung"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706174939/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html%3Fdram:article_id%3D440070 |date=6 July 2019 }}. Deutschlandfunk. 3 February 2019.
• Russian: Constitutional Democratic Party{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Struve|title=The Social Liberalism|pages=412–423|publisher=Internationales Handwtsrterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesens.|date=1932}}
• Slovenia: Liberal Democracy of Slovenia,{{cite book|author=Europa|title=The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU07cD6NEJQC&pg=PA332|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-056-1|page=332}} Zares{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri|title=The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PT102|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-34039-0|page=102}}{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopecek|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9977-0|page=120|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052909/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}
• South Korea: Progressive Party (1956), Uri Party, Grand Unified Democratic New Party
• Spain: Union, Progress and Democracy{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Spain|publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=12 January 2015|quote=Unión, Progreso y Democracia (UPD): Social liberalism.|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042541/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|url-status=live}}[http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf "UPyD. Ideology: centralism, social liberalism. Political Position: Centre"]. European Social Survey. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171000/http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf|date=3 March 2016}}.
• Switzerland: Ring of Independents{{citation|first=Andreas|last=Lachner|title=Das Parteiensystem der Schweiz|work=Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas|publisher=VS Verlag|year=2006|page=400}}
• United Kingdom: Liberal Party,{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Alistair|title=Political Parties in the UK|chapter=The Liberal Democrats|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36868-2|page=89}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Social Democratic Party{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63|access-date=20 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5|page=63|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052730/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Driver|first=Stephen|title=Understanding British Party Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117|access-date=20 July 2013|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4077-8|page=117|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052825/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}

{{div col end}}

Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832)
• John Stuart Mill{{cite web|last=Cardoso Rosas|first=João|year=2008|url=https://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html|title=Socialismo ou liberalismo social?|work=Diario Economico|access-date=21 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115064405/http://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html|archive-date=15 January 2009}}{{cite book|last=Bresser-Pereira|first=Luiz Carlos|title=Building the Republican State|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|location=Oxford|url=http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?view=usa&cp=25347&ci=9780199261185|isbn=9780199261185}}
  (1806–1873)
• Thomas Hill Green{{cite web|url=http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682|title=James Hobson|access-date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331164048/http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682|archive-date=31 March 2008}} (1836–1882)
• Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913)
• Lujo Brentano (1844–1931)
• Bernard Bosanquet{{cite book|last1=Simhony|first1=Avital|last2=Weinstein|first2=David|title=The new liberalism: reconciling liberty and community|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|location=Cambridge|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048|isbn=9780521794046|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812235839/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048|url-status=live}} (1848–1923)
• Woodrow Wilson{{cite book|last1=Ortiz|first1=Cansino|last2=Gellner|first2=Ernest|last3=Merquior|first3=José Guilherme|last4=Emil|first4=César Cansino|title=Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior|publisher=Central European University Press|year=1996|location=Budapest|id=185866053X}} (1856–1924)
• Émile Durkheim{{cite book|last=Merquior|first=J. G.|title=Liberalism Old and New|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=0805786279|year=1991|location=Boston}}{{cite book|last=Seidman|first=Steven|title=Contested knowledge: social theory today|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|location=Malden|url=https://archive.org/details/contestedknowled0000seid_x2i5|isbn=9780631226710|url-access=registration}}{{cite book|last=W. Russell|first=James|title=Double standard: social policy in Europe and the United States|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=9780742546936}}
  (1858–1917)
• John Atkinson Hobson (1858–1940)
• John Dewey (1859–1952)
• Friedrich Naumann{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Alastair|title=Left Liberals, the State, and Popular Politics in Wilhelmine Germany|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|location=Oxford|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430|isbn=9780198205432|access-date=29 September 2009|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132740/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=F. Biagini|first=Eugenio|title=Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931|publisher=Published by Cambridge University Press|year=2002|location=Cambridge|page=228|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607|isbn=9780521893602|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111333/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=Rahden|first1=Till|last2=Brainard|first2=Marcus|title=Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2008|location=Wisconsin|isbn=9780299226947}}
  (1860–1919)
• Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz
  (1864–1943)
• Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse
  (1864–1929)
• Tokuzō Fukuda{{cite book |editor1=Roger Backhouse |editor2=Bradley W. Bateman |editor3=Tamotsu Nishizawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Liberalism and the Welfare State: Economists and Arguments for the Welfare State |date=2017 |page=76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190676681 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }} (1874–1930)
• William Beveridge{{cite journal|last=Meadowcroft|first=John|title=The Origins of Community Politics|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|date=Autumn 2000|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162437/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009}} (1879–1963)
• Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
• Mohammad Mossadegh{{cite book|editor=Haim Bresheeth-Zabner |title=An Army Like No Other: How the Israel Defense Forces Made a Nation |date=2020 |page=118 |publisher=Verso Books }} (1882–1967)
• John Maynard Keynes
  (1883–1946)
• Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945)
• Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972)
• Pierre Elliot Trudeau (1919–2000)
• Bertil Ohlin{{cite book|last1=Findlay|first1=Ronald|last2=Jonung|first2=Lars|last3=Lundahl|first3=Mats|title=Bertil Ohlin: a centennial celebration, 1899–1999|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|location=Cambridge|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8800|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910025634/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8800|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2006|isbn=9780262062282}}{{cite book|last=Klausen|first=Jytte|title=War and Welfare: Europe and the United States, 1945 to the Present|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=9780312238834}} (1899–1979)
• Piero Gobetti (1901–1926)
• Karl Popper (1902–1994)
• {{ill|Guido Calogero|it}} (1904–1986)
• Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997)
• Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004)
• Masao Maruyama{{cite book |author=Adam Bronson |date=2016 |title=One Hundred Million Philosophers: Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=56 |quote=Maruyama Masao, the left-liberal historian of political thought}} (1914–1996)
• John Rawls{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Graham|title=The Two Davids|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|date=Spring 1998|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/18_watson_the_two_davids.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162223/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/18_watson_the_two_davids.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009}}{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|title=The Nature of Political Theory|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199297955}} (1921–2002)
• Don Chipp{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org.au/docs/2007/4_History.pdf|title=The Third Team: A brief history of the Australian Democrats after 30 years|access-date=5 April 2009|last1=Aron|first1=Paul|last2=Miller|first2=Luke|year=2007|publisher=Australian Democrats|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319160302/http://www.democrats.org.au/docs/2007/4_History.pdf|url-status=dead}} (1925–2006)
• Karl-Hermann Flach{{cite book|last=Flach|first=Karl-Hermann|title=Noch eine Chance für die Liberalen|publisher=Fischer S. Verlag GmbH|year=1984|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3100210012}} (1929–1973)
• Vlado Gotovac{{cite book|last=Gotovac|first=Vlado|title=In Defence of Freedom: Zagreb 1971–1996|publisher=Matica hrvatska; Croatian PEN Centre|year=1996|location=Zagreb|page=11|isbn=953-150-066-5}} (1930–2000)
• Richard Rorty{{cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=Ángel Rivero|title=Liberalismo, democracia y pragmatismo|journal=Isegoría|issue=8|year=1993|url=http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/basisbwdocs_rdisoc/rev0672/1993_8_49-64.pdf|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816151501/http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/basisbwdocs_rdisoc/rev0672/1993_8_49-64.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009|url-status=dead}} (1931–2007)
• Ronald Dworkin
  (1931–2013)
• Amartya Sen{{cite web|last=Verhofstadt|first=Dirk|title=Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty|url=http://www.liberales.be/cgi-bin/en/showframe.pl?essay&verhofstadtucos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215415/http://www.liberales.be/cgi-bin/en/showframe.pl?essay&verhofstadtucos|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2006|access-date=17 August 2008}}{{cite journal|last=Fotopoulos|first=Takis|author-link=Takis Fotopoulos|date=October 2004|title=Why an Inclusive Democracy? The multidimensional crisis, globalisation and inclusive democracy|journal=The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol1/vol1_no1_why.htm|access-date=21 May 2008|archive-date=12 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512122428/http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol1/vol1_no1_why.htm|url-status=live}} (born 1933)
• José G. Merquior{{cite book|last=Tosto|first=Milton|title=The meaning of liberalism in Brazil|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2005|location=Lanham|url=http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=^DB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0739109855|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005311/http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=%5EDB%2FCATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0739109855|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2006|isbn=9780739109861|access-date=13 December 2017}} (1941–1991)
• Bruce Ackerman (born 1943)
• Roh Moo-hyun{{cite book|editor=David T Johnson, Franklin E Zimring |title=The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} (1946–2009)
• Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)
• Grigory Yavlinsky{{cite web | url=https://liberal-international.org/people/grigory-yavlinski/ | title=Grigory Yavlinski | work=Liberal International | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=17 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052747/https://liberal-international.org/people/grigory-yavlinski/ | url-status=live }} (born 1952)
• Paul Krugman{{cite book|title=Conscience of A Liberal|last=Krugman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Krugman|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2007|isbn=9780141035772|location=New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conscienceoflibe00paul}} (born 1953)
• Dirk Verhofstadt (born 1955)
• Justin Trudeau{{cite web | url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/ | title=Justin Trudeau, Liberal Let-Down | Martin Lukacs | date=7 October 2019 | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174203/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/ | url-status=live }} (born 1971)
• Robert Biedroń{{cite book |editor1=Jörg Haßler |editor2=Melanie Magin |editor3=Uta Russmann |title=Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature }} (born 1976)

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Classical liberalism
• Classical radicalism
• Constitutional liberalism
• Left-libertarianism
• Liberalism by country
• Liberal parties by country
• Modern liberalism in the United States
• Neo-libertarianism
• Progressivism
• Social democracy
• Social–liberal coalition
• Social market economy

{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

• Adams, Ian (2001). Political ideology today. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0 7190 6019 2}}.
• De Ruggiero, Guido (1959). The History of European Liberalism. Boston: Beacon Press. {{ISBN|978-0844619705}}
• Faulks, Keith (1999). Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. {{ISBN|0 7486 1356 0}}.
• Feuchtwanger, E. J. (1985). Democracy and Empire: Britain 1865-1914. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7131-6162-0}}.
• Richardson, James L. (2001). Contending Liberalisms in World Politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|1-55587-915-2}}.
• Slomp, Hans (2000). European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|0-275-96814-6}}.

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}

• {{cite book|last=Green|first=Thomas Hill|author-link=Thomas Hill Green|title=Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=1584776145|year=2006|location=New Jersey}}
• {{cite book|last=Hobhouse|first=L. T.|author-link=Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse|title=Liberalism and Other Writings|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521437261|year=1994|location=Cambridge}}
• {{cite book|last=Hobson|first=John Atkinson|author-link=John Atkinson Hobson|title=The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|isbn=1421227819|year=2000|location=Delaware}}
• {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Keith D.|title=A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on Our Founding Vision and Rants on How We Have Failed to Achieve It|publisher=Wet Press|isbn=9780578043654|year=2010|location=MSilver Spring}}
• {{cite book|last=Merquior|first=J. G.|author-link=José Guilherme Merquior|title=Liberalism Old and New|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=0805786279|year=1991|location=Cambridge}}
• {{cite book|last=Mill|first=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title='On Liberty' and Other Writings|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521379172|year=1989|location=Cambridge}}
• {{cite book|last=Rawls|first=John|author-link=John Rawls|title=A Theory of Justice|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674017722|year=2005|location=Harvard}}
• {{cite book|last=Rawls|first=John|author-link=John Rawls|title=Political Liberalism|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0231130899|year=2005|location=New York}}
• {{cite book|last1=Simhony|first1=Avital|last2=Weinstein|first2=David|title=The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521794048|year=2001|location=Cambridge}}

{{refend}}

{{commons category}}

• {{cite web|url=https://www.socialliberal.net/|title=Social Liberal Forum|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
• {{cite web|url=https://debate21.es/tag/socioliberalismo/|title=Socioliberalismo archivos|publisher=Debate21|language=es|accessdate=30 September 2021|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072813/https://debate21.es/tag/socioliberalismo/|url-status=dead}}

{{liberalism}}

Category:Centre-left ideologies

Category:Centrism

Category:Liberalism

Category:Political culture

Category:Political ideologies

Category:Radicalism (historical)

Category:Social policy

Category:Social philosophy

Category:Syncretic political movements

el:Φιλελευθερισμός#Κοινωνικός φιλελευθερισμός ή σοσιαλφιλελευθερισμός