Syrian Turkmen#Language

{{see also|Mamluk Sultanate|Zengid dynasty|Ottoman Syria|Syria Vilayet}}

File:Nur ad-Din Zangi2.jpg ruler Nur al-Din unified Syria after he took Damascus in 1154.]]

Turkic migration to Syria began in the 11th century during the rule of the Seljuk Empire.{{citation|last=Heras|first=Nicholas A.|year=2013|title=Syrian Turkmen Join Opposition Forces in Pursuit of a New Syrian Identity|journal=Terrorism Monitor|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|url=https://jamestown.org/program/syrian-turkmen-join-opposition-forces-in-pursuit-of-a-new-syrian-identity/|volume=11|issue=11|quote=Syria's Turkmen communities are descendants of Oghuz Turkish tribal migrants who began moving from Central Asia into the area of modern-day Syria during the 10th century, when the Turkic Seljuk dynasty ruled much of the region. Under the Ottomans, Turkmen were encouraged to establish villages throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities in order to counter the demographic weight and influence of the settled and nomadic and semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that populated the region. Syrian Turkmen were also settled to serve as local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority over roads and mountain passes in diverse regions such as the Alawite-majority, northwestern coastal governorate of Latakia. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, communities of Turkmen continued to reside in the country.|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140243/https://jamestown.org/program/syrian-turkmen-join-opposition-forces-in-pursuit-of-a-new-syrian-identity/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}} However, most Turkmen settled in the region after the Ottoman sultan Selim I conquered Syria in 1516.{{harvnb|Öztürkmen|Duman|Orhan|2015|p=5}}. The Ottoman administration encouraged Turcoman families from Anatolia to establish villages throughout the rural hinterlands of several cities in Ottoman Syria (and later the Syria Vilayet). Migration from Anatolia to Syria was continuous for over 400 years of Ottoman rule, until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918; nonetheless, Syrian Turkmen community continued to reside in the region during the French Mandate and the formation of Syrian Republics.

Syrian Turkmen have had a presence in Syria since the 11th century.{{harvnb|Ziadeh|1953|p=45}}. The first recorded entry of free Turkmen troops into Syria was in 1064 when the Turkmen prince Ibn Khan and 1,000 of his archers entered Aleppo.{{harvnb|Zakkar|1971|p=206}}.{{harvnb|Bianquis|1993|p=120}}. He came at the request of the Arab Mirdasid emir Atiyya ibn Salih to assist him against his own Banu Kilab tribesmen who backed a rival Mirdasid emir, Mahmud ibn Nasr. Turkmen rule in the region began with the Seljuk conquests in the Middle East. The Seljuk Turks opened the way for mass migration of Turkish nomads once they entered northern Syria in 1071, and took Damascus in 1078 and Aleppo in 1086.{{harvnb|Commins|2004|p=231}}. By the 12tn century the Turkic Zengid dynasty (a vassal of the Seljuk Empire) continued to settle Turkmen in the wilayah of Aleppo to confront attacks from the Crusaders. In return for their military service, the Turkic rulers distributed fiefs in the area to the Turkmen.

File:A Mamluk from Aleppo.jpg from Aleppo.]]

In 1260, the Mamluk Sultanate – ruled by a line of Turkish and Circassian sultans – entered Syria in response to the Mongol invasions. Whilst Cairo remained the seat of the Mamluk Sultanate, Damascus became their second capital.{{harvnb|Commins|2004|p=184}}. Hence, by the thirteenth century, the Turkmen formed a part of the armies of Damascus and Aleppo, and permanently settled in these regions. After the Bahri sultan of the Mamluks, Baibars, destroyed Qara he settled Turkmen in the town in 1265. Two years later, he settled more Turkmen in the Syrian coast to protect the region. The Turkmen were called on to assist in the capture of Margat by the Muslim commander of the Krak des Chevaliers in 1280.{{harvnb|Ziadeh|1953|p=46}}. The late Mamluk-era writer Ahmad al-Qalqashandi noted that Turkmen formed contingents in the regular armies of greater Syria. By the 15th century, the Muslim writer Khalil az-Zahiri recorded 180,000 Turkmen soldiers and 20,000 Kurdish soldiers in Syria. The Turkmen mainly lived in the provinces of Aleppo and were settled in suburbs such as al-Hadir al-Sulaymani; they also live near the coast and the Jawlan (i.e. Golan Heights).

{{see also|Ottoman Syria|Syria Vilayet}}

File:Yavuz Mısır Seferi.jpg conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1516–17.]]

Mamluk rule of Syria ended once the Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered the region in 1516–17.{{harvnb|Commins|2004|p=185}}. Thereafter, the Ottoman administration encouraged Turkish nomads from Anatolia to settle in strategic areas of the region. By the sixteenth century the Ottomans continued to settle Turkmen in the rural areas around Homs and Hama to keep the Bedouin in check and serve as mütesellim.{{harvnb|Commins|2004|p=330}}.

File:Northwestern Syria in Atlas histórico de Tierra Santa.png, in modern-day northwestern Syria, in Atlas histórico de Tierra Santa (1840)]]

Turkish migration from Anatolia to Ottoman Syria was continuous for almost 400 years, until Ottoman rule ended in 1918. The Turkish settlement throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities was a state-organized population transfer which was used to counter the demographic weight and influence of other ethnic groups in the region. Furthermore, the Turkmen served as the local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority.

By the late nineteenth century, many Turkish refugees who lost their lands to Russia in the European regions of the Ottoman Empire (particularly in the Balkans) settled in Ottoman Syria between 1878 and 1906 and were provided with new lands by the Ottoman state.{{harvnb|Chatty|2018|p=150}} According to Dawn Chatty, these Turkmen settlers (alongside Circassian and Chechen refugees) became loyal subjects to the sultan and were "driven to succeed in agriculture and ready to defend themselves against any Bedouin claims to the land on which they had built their villages".

According to the French geographer Vital Cuinet (1833–96), the Ottoman Turks (excluding Turkmen nomads) formed the second largest ethnic group, after the Syrian Arabs, in the Aleppo Sanjak. In his best known work La Turquie d'Asie, géographie administrative: statistique, descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l'Asie Mineure he stated that the demographic structure of the Sanjak was as follows:

{{see also|French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon}}

File:Flag of Hatay.svg was formed in the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. It was annexed by Turkey in 1939 and became the Hatay Province.]]

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In 1921, the Treaty of Ankara established Alexandretta (present-day Hatay) under an autonomous regime under French Mandate of Syria. The Turks were initially satisfied with this agreement, because Article 7 declared that "The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy every facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition." Moreover, Article 9 stated that the tomb of Suleyman Shah, grandfather of the first Ottoman ruler Osman I, "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey."{{citation|year=1921|title=Franco-Turkish Agreement signed at Angora on October 20, 1921|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf|pages=6–7|publisher=The Stationery Office|access-date=16 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200547/http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=live}}

In September 1936, France announced that it would grant full independence to Syria, which would also include Alexandretta. The President of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, responded with a demand that Alexandretta be given its own independence.{{harvnb|Shaw|Shaw|1977|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/377 377]}}. The issue was brought before the League of Nations, which sent a mission to the district in January 1937. The mission concluded that the Turks constituted a majority and by July 1938 elections were held in the province; the Turks formed a majority of 22 seats in a 40-seat parliament of the newly established Hatay State, which remained a joint Franco-Turkish protectorate.{{harvnb|Zürcher|2007|p=203}}. The Hatay State began using Turkish flags, and petitioned Ankara to unify Hatay to the Republic of Turkey. France finally agreed to the Turkish annexation on 23 July 1939. Today, the Bayırbucak region, the coastal and rural section covering the northern Latakia area, has a considerable Turkmen presence and is considered by some Turks as a "stretch of the modern Turkish Hatay Province".{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-turkmens-of-bayirbucak-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=91561&NewsCatID=458 |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |title=The Turkmens of Bayırbucak |date=24 November 2015 |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226043759/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-turkmens-of-bayirbucak-.aspx?PageID=238&NID=91561&NewsCatID=458 |archive-date=26 December 2015 |url-status=live}}

File:Subhi barkat.jpg, of Turkish origin, was the first President of Syria.]]

File:Khalil Mardam Bey.jpg was the composer of the Syrian National Anthem.{{cite web |author=Al Azmenah |title=خليل مردم بك |url=http://www.alazmenah.com/new/?page=show_det&category_id=21&id=80874 |access-date=3 January 2007 |quote=ولد خليل بن أحمد مختار مردم بك في دمشق عام 1895، من أصل تركي. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090717/http://www.alazmenah.com/new/?page=show_det&category_id=21&id=80874 |archive-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=live}}]]

File:Flag of Syrian Turkmens (variant 2).svg

After the Sanjak of Alexandretta became the province of Hatay in the Republic of Turkey, in 1939, some Turkish families immigrated into the new borders of Syria, settling in the provinces of Aleppo and Damascus.{{citation|year=2019|title=Complex nationalities: the stories of Syria's Turkmen|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/11/complex-nationalities-the-stories-of-syrias-turkmen/|publisher=Enab Baladi}} Hence, new "Turkish streets" began to emerge, such as in the al-Salihia district in Damascus. Family unifications of Turkmen families living on both sides of the Syrian-Turkish border continued for more than 70 years until the outbreak of the Syrian revolution.

By 1950, Latakia showed great economic potential as the largest port city in Syria, and many Syrian Turkmen living in rural villages joined the Turkmen community already established there. Consequently, there is now a total of 265 Turkish villages in and around Latakia center.

In addition to urban migrations, under the name of "land reform", lands owned by the Turkmen were nationalized and Arabs were resettled in areas near the Turkish border. Arabization policies also saw the names of Turkish villages renamed with Arabic names.{{citation|last=Yılmaz|first=Meşküre|year=2015|title=Suriye Türkleri|url=https://21yyte.org/tr/suriye/suriye-turkleri-2|publisher=21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü}} Thus, a mass exodus of Syrian Turkmen migration to Turkey took place between 1945 and 1953, many of which settled in Kirikhan, Alexandretta and Adana, in southern Turkey.

The cultural and political rights of the Turkish-speaking minority remaining in Syrian territories was not guaranteed under any legal constitution. Those living in large groups managed to protect their cultural identity, however, Turkmen living in smaller groups were significantly Arabized. In any case, the minority had no rights to open Turkish schools or associations.

By the late 20th century, Dr. Larry Clark stated there was "more than 200,000" Turkmen in Syria{{citation|last=Clark|first=Larry|year=1998|title=Turkmen Reference Grammar|page=11|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04019-8}} whilst the {{ill|German Orient-Institute|de|Deutsche Orient-Stiftung#Deutsches Orient-Institut (DOI)}} stated that estimates ranged between 800,000 and 1 million.{{harvnb|Deutsches Orient–Institut|1996|p=33}}. Numerous academics placed the Turkish-speaking Sunni Muslim population (i.e. not including Arabized or Alevi/Shia Turkmen) at approximately 3% of Syria's population, including Professor Daniel Pipes{{harvnb|Pipes|1992|p=151}}. Professor Itamar Rabinovich,{{harvnb|Rabinovich|1972|p=3}}. Professor Moshe Ma'oz,{{harvnb|Ma'oz|1973|p=89}}. Dr. Nikolaos van Dam,{{harvnb|Van Dam|1979|p=1}}. Dr Henry Munson,{{harvnb|Munson|1988|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutioni00muns/page/85 85]}}. Professor Alasdair Drysdale and Professor Raymond Hinnebusch.{{cite book |last1=Drysdale |first1=Alasdair |last2=Hinnebusch |first2=Raymond A. |year=1991 |title=Syria and the Middle East Peace Process |page=[https://archive.org/details/syriamiddleeast00alas/page/222 222] |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |isbn=978-0-87609-105-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/syriamiddleeast00alas/}}

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, large numbers of Syrian Turkmen have been displaced from their homes and many have been killed due to attacks by President Bashar al-Assad's government, as well as the terrorist attacks carried out by "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL). Whilst Turkmen villages in Hama, Homs, and Latakia have been destroyed by the Syrian government, Turkmen villages in Aleppo were occupied by ISIL.{{harvnb|Mustafa|2015|p=4}}.

File:Flag of Syrian Turkmens.svg

File:Flag of Syrian Turkomans.svg

Syrian Turkmen, with the support of the Republic of Turkey, have taken up arms against the Syrian government. Several Syrian Turkmen parties united under the Syrian Turkmen Assembly, which is affiliated with the National Coalition opposition group. A Second Coastal Division was formed in 2015 and along with another extensive Turkmen militia group Sultan Murad Division, the Turkmen brigades are closely affiliated with the Free Syrian Army (FSA). Another Syrian Turkmen unit – the Seljuk Brigade and the Manbij Turkmen Brigade – have sided with the Kurdish-led People's Protection Units (YPG) and joined the US-backed Kurdish-led opposition coalition called the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war many Syrian refugees (including Syrian Turkmen) have sought asylum in Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and northern Iraq,{{harvnb|Wahby et al.|2014}}. as well as several Western European countries{{harvnb|Hatahet|Aldassouky|2017|loc=online}}. and Australia.{{cite news |last=Crowe |first=David |year=2015 |title=First Syrian refugees here for Christmas: Tony Abbott |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/europes-migrant-crisis/first-syrian-refugees-here-for-christmas-tony-abbott/news-story/ea0107b2fe83cb96c9f8367457c99ffd |publisher=The Australian |access-date=15 July 2018}} Moreover, many Syrian Turkmen have also been internally displaced from their homes, forcing them to settle in other parts of Syria.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

File:'No To Demographics Changes In Syria' - London Protest.jpg.]]

In 2012 the UN Refugee Agency had stated that Syrian Turkmen formed a significant number of the first wave of refugees who entered Turkey.{{cite web |author=UN Refugee Agency |year=2012 |title=Exodus continues from Syria, including some 10,000 Iraqis |url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2012/7/500e80209/exodus-continues-syria-including-10000-iraqis.html |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055304/http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2012/7/500e80209/exodus-continues-syria-including-10000-iraqis.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live |author-link=UN Refugee Agency}}

An article published by Reuters in 2015, reporting the Russian raids hitting Syrian Turkmen areas (after a Russian plane was shot down on the Turkey-Syria border), said that "Officials estimate 300,000 Turkmen used to live in northern Latakia" before the Russians "heavily targeted ethnic Turkmen areas."{{cite news |last1=Stubbs |first1=Jack |last2=Pamuk |first2=Humeyra |year=2015 |title=Russian raids repeatedly hit Syrian Turkmen areas, Moscow's data shows |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-turkey-airstrik-idUSKBN0TG1YQ20151128 |work=Reuters |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155646/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-turkey-airstrik-idUSKBN0TG1YQ20151128 |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live}} Al Jazeera English has also reported that the "Russian escalation of attacks on Turkmen areas" displaced "300,000 Turkmen from northern Latakia alone."{{cite web |author=Al Jazeera English |year=2017 |title=Syrian Turkmen: Fighting to Survive |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/08/syrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |quote=But the result was a Russian escalation of attacks on Turkmen areas, displacing 300,000 Turkmen from northern Latakia alone. Since then, Syrian government forces have taken control of many villages and hilltops on the Turkmen Mountain. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601171323/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/08/syrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html |archive-date=1 June 2018 |url-status=live |author-link=Al Jazeera English}}

The Syrian Government of president Bashar al-Assad, backed by Russia since 2015, have targeted several areas populated by Syrian Turkmen, as they were largely involved in anti-government attacks. On 2 February 2016, at least seven women and children were killed by Russian air strikes in a Syrian Turkmen village in the northern countryside of Homs.{{cite web |author=Zaman al-Wasl |year=2016 |title=In Homs, Russian Strikes on Turkmen Village Kill Seven Women, Children |url=http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30490/In_Homs_Russian_Strikes_Turkmen_Village_Kill_Seven_Women_Children |publisher=The Syrian Observer |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104052815/http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30490/In_Homs_Russian_Strikes_Turkmen_Village_Kill_Seven_Women_Children |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=live}} In the same month Russian warplanes had staged 600 strikes on Syrian Turkmen villages, displacing approximately 10,000 people.{{cite web |author=Zaman al-Wasl |year=2016 |title=Russian Warplanes Staged 600 Strikes on Turkmen Villages in a Month: FSA |url=http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30550/Russian_Warplanes_Staged_Strikes_Turkmen_Villages_a_Month_FSA |publisher=The Syrian Observer |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055540/http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/30550/Russian_Warplanes_Staged_Strikes_Turkmen_Villages_a_Month_FSA |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live}}

There were also reports of forced displacement of Arabs, Syrian Turkmen and Kurdish civilians at the hands of the YPG from their homes in areas in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.{{harvnb|Amnesty International|2015|loc=online}}.{{cite web |author=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |year=2016 |title=Syria – in-year update December 2015 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/syria-in-year-update-december-2015/syria-in-year-update-december-2015 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011071025/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/syria-in-year-update-december-2015/syria-in-year-update-december-2015 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live |author-link=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}} In June 2015 there was concern expressed by the UN Human Rights Council regarding displacement of Syrian Turkmen from their homes in villages south of Hasakah and Tal Abyad during fighting with ISIL.{{cite web |author=Human Rights Council |year=2016 |title=Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-68.pdf |page=14 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215140246/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-68.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=live |author-link=Human Rights Council}} Approximately 200 Syrian Turkmen refugees fled to Urfa, in southern Turkey, while 700 more fled to the eastern areas of Tal Abyad, once the YPG seized the town of Tell Hammam al-Turkman from ISIL, and there were claims that the YPG had accused the locals of collaborating with ISIL.{{cite web |author=The Syrian Observer |year=2015 |title=YPG Displaces Hundreds of Syrian Turkmen Near Tal Abyad: Activists |url=http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29409/YPG_Displaces_Hundreds_Syrian_Turkmen_Near_Tal_Abyad_Activists |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140754/http://www.syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29409/YPG_Displaces_Hundreds_Syrian_Turkmen_Near_Tal_Abyad_Activists |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live}}

There are no reliable estimates on the total number of ethnic minorities living in Syria because official censuses conducted under the Assad regime had only asked citizens about their religion. Therefore, Syrian citizens were not allowed to declare their ethnic origin nor their mother tongue.{{harvnb|UNHCR|2015|p=10}}. Dr. Abdelwahed Mekki-Berrada, in a report published by the UNHCR, points out that the majority of Syrians are considered Arab, however, this is a term based on their spoken language, and not their ethnic affiliation. Consequently, this has created difficulties in estimating the total Syrian Turkmen population, which includes both Turkish-speaking as well as Arabized Turkmen.

According to Professor Taef El-Azhari, the Syrian Turkmen “have always been the forgotten minority in the area, despite their large population.”{{harvnb|Taef|2005|p=97}}. Various professors, such as Dr. Abdelwahed Mekki-Berrada and Pierre Beckouche, have all placed the Turkish-speaking Syrian Turkmen as the third largest ethnic group in the country, after Arabs and Kurds respectively. Yet, a report published by the Arab Reform Initiative suggests that they may form the second largest ethnic group if Arabized Turkmen are also taken into account:

{{blockquote|"Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4-5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language. Turkmen are mostly found in the urban centres and countryside of six governorates of Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Homs, Hama, Latakia and Quneitra." – Mustafa Khalifa (2013, published by the Arab Reform Initiative)}}

Assistant Professor Sebastian Maisel, focusing on the Yezidis, claimed that Syrian Turkmen numbered 250,000, which constitutes approximately 1% of the population.{{citation|last=Maisel|first=Sebastian|year=2016|title=Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority|page=15|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7775-4}} However, Professor Pierre Beckouche stated that Sunni Muslim Turkmen alone formed 4% of the country's population before 2011, with their population estimated at approximately 1 million.{{harvnb|Pierre|2017|pp=178–180}}. Professor John Shoup has said that in 2018, the Turkish-speaking Syrian Turkmen formed around 4-5% of the population. Dr. Jonathan Spyer, as well as a report published in cooperation between the Norwegian Church Aid and the World Council of Churches, stated that the Syrian Turkmen number anywhere from 500,000 to 3 million.{{cite news |last=Spyer |first=Jonathan |year=2015 |title=Strings pulled from Ankara, Moscow tangled in a Sukhoi |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/strings-pulled-from-ankara-moscow-tangled-in-a-sukhoi/news-story/e15445e85757a7552c81ccece8adc7d8 |newspaper=The Australian |quote=The Turkmens of Syria are ethnic Turks, numbering anywhere from 500,000 to three million.}}{{citation|year=2016|title=The Protection Needs of Minorities from Syria and Iraq|url=http://www.aina.org/reports/tpnomfsai.pdf|page=18|publisher=Norwegian Church Aid and the World Council of Churches|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126022634/http://www.aina.org/reports/tpnomfsai.pdf|archive-date=26 November 2018|url-status=live}} Professor Pierre Piccinin claims that whilst 1.5 million Syrian Turkmen are Turkish-speaking, their total population is between 3.5 and 6 million (15% to 20% of the population), including those who have adopted Arabic as their mother tongue.

{{see also|Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Turkish diaspora}}

File:Pakize Tarzi.jpg, who was the first female Turkish gynecologist, moved to Turkey with her family after the British captured Damascus in 1918.{{cite web |author=Hurriyet |year=2004 |title=İlk kadın doğumcu Dr Pakize Tarzi öldü |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ilk-kadin-dogumcu-dr-pakize-tarzi-oldu-265874 |access-date=29 December 2016}}]]

File:Syrian Turkmen protest in Istanbul.jpg.]]

In December 2016, the Turkish Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Ümit Yalçın stated that Turkey had opened its borders to around 500,000 Syrian Turkmen.{{cite news |last=Ünal |first=Ali |year=2016 |title=Turkey stands united with Turkmens, says Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Yalçın |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2016/12/15/turkey-stands-united-with-turkmens-says-foreign-ministry-undersecretary-yalcin |newspaper=Daily Sabah |access-date=11 September 2018 |quote=Yalçın explained how Turkey opened its borders to 100,000 Turkmens from Iraq and 500,000 from Syria, sharing their pain and trying to mend their wounds as much as they could with economic, social and humanitarian aid.}} Most Syrian Turkmen settled in Istanbul, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Hatay, Izmir, Malatya, and Konya.

In 2020, the Voice of America reported that 1,000,000 Syrian Turkmen, including their descendants, who are living in Turkey have requested to become Turkish citizens.{{cite news |last=Erkılıç |first=Orhan |year=2020 |title=Türkiye'deki Suriyeli Türkmenler de Vatandaşlık İstiyor |newspaper=Amerika'nin Sesi | Voice of America - Turkish |url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-turkmenler-de-vatandaslik-istiyor/5536622.html |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=17 December 2020 |quote=1 Milyon Suriyeli Türkmen Vatandaşlık Hakkından Yararlanmak İstiyor.}}

In October 2015, the Syrian independent newspaper Zaman Al Wasl reported that around 120,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen were refugees in Lebanon, hence outnumbering the Turkish minority of Lebanon.{{citation|last=Ahmed|first=Yusra|year=2015|title=Syrian Turkmen refugees face double suffering in Lebanon|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/11837.html|publisher=Zaman Al Wasl|access-date=11 October 2016|quote=There are about 5,000 Turkmen families in Lebanon, making between 125,000 and 150,000 people|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823204755/https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/11837.html|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web |author=Syrian Observer |year=2015 |title=Syria's Turkmen Refugees Face Cruel Reality in Lebanon |url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/29920/Syria_Turkmen_Refugees_Face_Cruel_Reality_Lebanon |access-date=10 October 2016 |quote=Around 5,000 Syrian Turkmen families have fled to Lebanon, totaling between 125,000 and 150,000 people from all regions of Syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011055226/http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/29920/Syria_Turkmen_Refugees_Face_Cruel_Reality_Lebanon |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live}} By 2018, the number of Syrian Turkmen in Lebanon had increased to approximately 200,000.{{cite web |year=2018 |title=Suriye Türkmenlerinin sorunlarına ilişkin gündem dışı konuşması |url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/genel_kurul.cl_getir?pEid=68928 |quote=Yaklaşık olarak 200 bin Türkmen'in Lübnan'da yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir. |publisher=Grand National Assembly of Turkey |access-date=17 December 2020}}

A substantial number of Syrian Turkmen refugees had also sought refuge in Jordan.

Outside of the Middle East, Syrian Turkmen refugees have mainly migrated to Western Europe, particularly Germany.

Established in Germany, the "Suriye Türkmen Kültür ve Yardımlaşma Derneği – Avrupa", or "STKYDA" (“Syrian Turkmen Culture and Solidarity Association – Europe”), was the first Syrian Turkmen association to be launched in Europe.{{citation|url=http://suriyeturkmenleri.com/19-maset&newsID=593~avrupa%E2%80%99da_suriyeli_turkmenler_ilk_dernek_kurdular__suriye_turkmen_kultur_ve_yardimlasma_dernegi-_avrupa_stkyda|title=Avrupa'da Suriyeli Türkmenler İlk Dernek Kurdular Suriye Türkmen kültür ve yardımlaşma Derneği- Avrupa STKYDA|publisher= Suriye Türkmenleri|access-date=10 November 2020}} It was established in order to help the growing Syrian Turkmen community, which arrived to the country as part of the European migrant crisis, which started in 2014 and saw its peak in 2015. The association includes Syrian Turkmen youth activists who originate from various Syrian cities and now reside across Western Europe.{{citation|url=http://www.suriyeturkmenleri.com/19-maset&newsID=591~suriye_turkmen__kultur_ve_yardimlasma__dernegi-avrupa____|title=SYRISCH TURKMENICHER KULTURVEREIN E.V. EUROPA|publisher= Suriye Türkmenleri|access-date=10 November 2020}}

File:Illustration from Views in the Ottoman Dominions by Luigi Mayer, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 46.jpg has traditionally had a strong Turkmen settlement.]]

File:صليب التركمان sulayıp türkmen.jpg ({{langx|tr|Sılayip Türkmen}}) is mostly populated by Syrian Turkmen.]]

File:Burjeslam.jpg is mostly populated by Syrian Turkmen.{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/latakia-is-assads-achilles-heel|title=Latakia is Assad's Achilles Heel}}]]

Most Syrian Turkmen live in the area around the northern Euphrates, near the Syrian-Turkish border; however, they are also scattered throughout several governorates, stretching towards central Syria and the southern region near the Golan Heights. In particular, the Turkmen are concentrated in the urban centers and countryside of six governorates of Syria: in the Aleppo Governorate, the Damascus Governorate, the Homs Governorate, the Hama Governorate, the Latakia Governorate and the Quneitra Governorate.{{harvnb|Hürmüzlü|2015|pp=89–90}}. There are also smaller Turkmen communities living in the Daraa Governorate; as well as in Tartous, Raqqa, and Idlib governorates.

In the Aleppo governorate, the main locales in which the Turkmen live include the city of Aleppo (with Bustan al-Basha, Haydariyah, Hllok, Sheikh Hizir, Sheikh Feriz, Saladdin, Owaijah being neighborhoods with ethnic Turkmen populations) and the countryside in the northern part of the governorate. They also live in the villages next to the cities of Azaz, Al-Bab, and Jarabulus.{{harvnb|Bozoğlan|2016}}.{{cite news |url=http://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/07/20/aleppo-struggles-with-war-all-parts-of-city-devastated |newspaper=Daily Sabah |title=Aleppo struggles with war, all parts of city devastated |date=20 July 2015 |access-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323212058/https://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/07/20/aleppo-struggles-with-war-all-parts-of-city-devastated |archive-date=23 March 2017 |url-status=live}} Al-Rai is also a Turkmen-dominated town. There are 16 Turkmen-dominated villages south of Mount Simeon, 17 Turkmen villages in the district of Azaz, 29 villages to the east of that region, 3 villages connected to Aleppo, 69 villages around Al-Rai, 26 villages in the vicinity of Jarabulus, and 23 villages south of Sajur River.{{cite web |last1=Hürmüzlü |first1=Erşat |title=THE TURKMENS OF THE MIDDLE EAST |url=http://turkishpolicy.com/pdf/The-Turkmens-of-the-Middle-East_a60b.pdf |website=turkishpolicy.com |access-date=29 May 2022}}

In the Latakia governorate the Turkmen live mostly in the Turkmen Mountains (Jabal al-Turkman), Al-Badrusiyah, Umm al-Tuyour, and in various villages near the Syrian-Turkish border. There is also a number of Turkmen districts, including Bayırbucak and Jimmel Harresi where there are many Turkmen villages.

In the Damascus governorate the Turkmen live in the city of Damascus, and Harret Al Turkman is a Turkmen district where Turkish is predominantly spoken. In the Homs governorate the Turkmen mostly live in the city of Homs and the surrounding villages, such as Kara Avshar, Inallu, and Kapushak. They also live in Gharnatah, Al-Krad, Burj Qa'i, al-Sam'lil, and in villages in the Houla plain. In the Hama governorate the Turkmen live in the city of Hama and are also scattered in numerous villages around the district. For example, Baba Amir Haras is a prominent Turkmen district. There are also Turkmen living in Aqrab and Talaf.{{harvnb|Hartmann|2012|p=54}}. In the Quneitra governorate the Turkmen are scattered in numerous villages in the districts of Quneitra. They predominantly reside in the villages of Dababiye, Rezaniye, Sindiyane, Aynul Kara, Aynul Simsim, Ulayka, Aynul Alak, Ahmediye, Kafer Nafah, Mugir, Hafir, Hüseyniye, and Ayn Ayse.

{{see also|Turkish language|Languages of Syria}}

File:Nizar qabbani 01.jpg wrote his works in the Arabic language.]]

File:Ahmad nami.jpg was the 5th Prime Minister and 2nd President of Syria. His first language was Turkish, consequently, he "could hardly speak Arabic".]]

According to The Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, the Turkish language is the third most widely used language in Syria (after Arabic and Kurdish). It is spoken by the Turkmen minority mostly in villages east of the Euphrates, north of Aleppo, and on the northern coast of the country, along the Syrian-Turkish border.{{harvnb|Watson|1999|p=98}}.{{harvnb|Palva|1999|p=200}}.{{harvnb|Etheredge|2012|p=9}}. In addition, there are Turkish language islands in the Qalamun area and the Homs area. Moreover, Syrian Arabic dialects have also borrowed many loanwords from Turkish. Mustafa Khalifa claims that, Turkmen are divided into two groups: Rural Turkish-speaking Turkmen, constituting 30% of Syrian Turkmen, and Urban Arabic-speaking Turkmen.

Various dialects of Turkish are spoken throughout Syria: in Aleppo they speak a Kilis and Antep dialect; in Tell Abyad and Raqqa they speak an Urfa dialect; and in Bayırbucak they speak a Hatay/Yayladağı dialect of the Turkish language.{{citation|year=2015|title=Abdurrahman Mustafa: Turkmens' Survival Can Be Ensured by Syria's Territorial Integrity|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Soylesiler/16/16eng.pdf|page=3|publisher=ORSAM|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215636/http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Soylesiler/16/16eng.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}} Some Syrian Turkmen living far from the Turkish border, such as in Homs, have managed to preserve their national identity but are more competent in speaking the Arabic language. In Damascus Syrian Turkmen speak the Turkish language of a Yörük dialect.

In 2018 Dr. Eldad J. Pardo and Maya Jacobi reported that they did not identify any Turkish (nor Kurdish or Aramaic) teaching, either as a first or second language, in the Syrian national curriculum.{{citation |last1=Pardo |first1=Eldad J. |title=Syrian National Identity: Reformulating School Textbooks During the Civil War |page=42 |year=2018 |publisher=Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education |quote=We did not identify any Syrian Kurdish (Kurmanji), Turkish or Aramaic teaching, either as a first or second language, although the ethno-linguistic Kurdish minority is large—forming about 10 percent of the population. The numbers of Turkmen and Assyrians is also significant. |last2=Jacobi |first2=Maya}}

File:Çobanbey (Al-Rai) Council.jpg|Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of Al-Rai Council.

File:Al-Bab police station.jpg|Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of Al-Bab police station.

{{see also|Islam in Syria|Religion in Syria}}

The majority of Syrian Turkmen are Sunni Muslims,{{harvnb|Shora|2008|p=236}}. but there is also a small minority of Turkmen who are Shia Muslims (particularly Alevis and Bektashis). Ali Öztürkmen claims that the Turkmen community is 99% Sunni whilst the remainder (1%) practice Shia Islam.{{citation|last=Orhan|first=Oytun|year=2013|title=Syrian Turkmens: Political Movements and Military Structure|url=https://studylib.net/doc/11866944/syrian-turkmens--political-movements-and-military-structu...|page=20|publisher=ORSAM|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064733/https://studylib.net/doc/11866944/syrian-turkmens--political-movements-and-military-structu...|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=live}}

File:Flickr - Eusebius@Commons - Al-Adiliyah mosque.jpg|The Al-Adiliyah Mosque ({{langx|tr|Adliye Camii}}) in Aleppo was built by the Ottomans in 1566.

File:Khusruwiyah Mosque, Aleppo.jpg|The Khusruwiyah Mosque ({{langx|tr|Hüsreviye Camii}}) in Aleppo was built by the Ottomans in 1547.

File:Damascus-34.jpg|The Murad Pasha Mosque ({{langx|tr|Şam Murat Paşa Camii}}) in Damascus was built by the Ottomans in 1568.

File:جامع السنانية باب الجابية دمشق سوريا.JPG|The Sinan Pasha Mosque ({{langx|tr|Sinan Paşa Camii}}) in Damascus was built by the Ottomans in 1590.

File:Takiyya as-Süleimaniyya Mosque 01.jpg|The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya (known in Turkish as {{lang|tr|Şam Süleymaniye Külliyesi}}) in Damascus was built by the Ottomans in the sixteenth century.

There are also some Syrian "Nawar people" (a derogatory term for people who live a mobile lifestyle – often described as "gypsies"{{Harvnb|Meyer|2004|p=71}}.) who speak Turkish, some of whom self-identify as Turkmen; those practicing Islam belong to the Sunni, Shiite, and Alevi/Bektashi religious groups.{{citation|year=2017|title=The Dom, The "Other" Asylum Seekers From Syria: Discrimination, Isolation and Social Exclusion: Syrian Dom Asylum Seekers in the Crossfire|editor-last=Tarlan|editor-first=Kemal Vural|url=http://panel.stgm.org.tr/vera/app/var/files/t/h/the-dom-the-other-asylum-seekers-from-syria-report.pdf|page=21|publisher=Kırkayak Kültür Sanat ve Doğa Derneği|access-date=17 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052434/http://panel.stgm.org.tr/vera/app/var/files/t/h/the-dom-the-other-asylum-seekers-from-syria-report.pdf|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}} There are also some who practice Christianity.{{citation |last=Meyer|first=Frank|year=2004|chapter=Biography and identity in Damascus, a Syrian Nawar Chief|title=Customary Strangers: New Perspectives on Peripatetic Peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia|editor-last1=Berland|editor-first1=Joseph C.|editor-last2=Rao|editor-first2=Aparna|pages=74–75|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-89789-771-6}}

File:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm at UCLA 5-10-06.jpg was known as a human rights advocate and a champion of intellectual freedom and free speech.]]

File:Khaled Khoja (7621916808).jpg, of Turkish origin, was the president of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces from 2015 to 2016.]]

From the French mandate era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the Syrian Turkmen community.{{citation |year=2019|title=Turkmen: A Minority Influential in Syrian Culture|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/05/turkmen-a-minority-influential-in-syrian-culture/|newspaper=Enab Baladi}} Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and indistinguishable from the Arabs in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.

Under the rule of Hafez al-Assad, there has been a ban on Syrian Turkmen communities from publishing works in Turkish.{{citation |last1=Hayek|first1=Caroline|last2=Roumi|first2=Ahmad|year=2020|title=The Turkmen: their heart in Syria, their mind in Turkey|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1207121/the-turkmen-their-heart-in-syria-their-mind-in-turkey.html|publisher=L'Orient-Le Jour}}

Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by Al Bawaba, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Alawite religious minority. The report quoted Bayırbucak Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".{{cite news |url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054 |publisher=Al Bawaba (English) |title=Syria's Turkmen exception |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115190426/http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |url-status=live}}

File:Bashir al-Azma.jpg served as the Prime Minister of Syria. His family, the Al-Azms, were of Turkish descent.]]

File:Yusuf Al Azma.jpg was the Minister of War and Chief of General Staff of Syria.]]

File:Said al-Ghazzi.jpg was the Prime Minister of Syria in 1954 and then in 1955–56.]]

File:Suat Ürgüplü.jpg-born Suat Hayri Ürgüplü served as the 11th Prime Minister of Turkey in 1965.{{citation |last1=İrfan|first1=Neziroğlu|last2=Yılmaz|first2=Tuncer|year=2014|title=Başbakanlarımız ve Genel Kurul Konuşmaları: Cilt 5|publisher=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi|page=34|quote=Suat Hayri Ürgüplü. 13 Ağustos 1903 tarihinde Şam'da doğdu.}}]]

File:Sati al-Husri.jpg was a Pan-Arabist writer.]]

File:JamilMardamBeyPortrait.jpg was the 21st Prime Minister of Syria.]]

File:SabahQabbani.jpg, of Turkish origin, was the 5th Ambassador of Syria to the United States, taking office in 1974.]]

Several Turkish families, such as the al-Atassi (Atasi), Bey Kanj Pasha Zadeh (Genç Yussef Pasha 1807–1811), Al-Azm, Qawuqji, Quwwatli (Kuvvetli) and Shishakli (Çiçekçi), continued to rule Syria as Prime Ministers or Presidents.{{harvnb|McHugo|2014|p=44}}. However, by the 1960s the pan-Arab Baathist movement of the Al-Assad family sidelined non-Arabs from politics.{{citation|last1=Yılmaz|first1=Hüseyin Raşit|last2=Koru|first2=Selim|date=2014|title=Turkmen: The Missing Piece in the Syria-Iraq Debate|url=http://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/the-missing-piece-in-the-syria-iraq-debate-01428/|publisher=Fair Observer|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712142841/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/the-missing-piece-in-the-syria-iraq-debate-01428/|archive-date=12 July 2017|url-status=live}}

• Armande Altaï, French singer{{citation|year=2013|title=Armande Altaï : » L'occident maintient l'Afrique dans la pauvreté |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lequotidien/28306|publisher=Je suis la fille d'un officier français et d'une mère turque.|access-date=19 December 2020}}
• Akshamsaddin, Ottoman religious scholar
• Kanj Yousef Pasha Zadeh, Genç Pasha-Zadeh, Ottoman governor of Damascus state 1807–1811.
• Al-Azm family
• Abdullah Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Damascus
• As'ad Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Hama and Damascus
• Haqqi al-Azm, former prime minister of Syria
• Ibrahim bin Taher bin Ahmed Al-Azem (ar), poet and human rights activist
• Ismail Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Hama, Homs Tripoli and Damascus
• Khalid al-Azm, six-time former prime minister of Syria
• Muhammad Fawzi Pasha al-Azm (ar), first president of the first parliament in Syria
• Muhammad Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Sidon and Damascus
• Rafīq Bey al-ʿAzm, intellectual, author, and politician
• Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Aleppo and Egypt (among others)
• Sadiq al-Azm (ar), traveler and Ottoman military commander
• Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, professor emeritus of Modern European Philosophy at the University of Damascus{{citation |last= al-Azm|first=Sadik J.|year=2008|chapter=Science and Religion, an Uneasy Relationship in the History of Judeo-Christian-Muslim Heritage |title=Islam & Europe: Challenges and Opportunities|editor-last=Abicht|editor-first=Ludo|publisher=Leuven University Press|page=129|isbn=978-9058676726|quote=At this point, a rough sketch of Sadik al-Azm's cultural and social background might be in place... Syrian by birth and educated in Lebanon, he is in fact of "Ottoman" and Turkish descent. His family belonged to the Ottoman ruling class in Damascus; its power dates back to the 17th and 18th centuries...The Turkish family al-Azm continued to stay in Damascus, now the capital of the new Syrian state under French mandate. A member of the family, Khalid bey al-Azm, even became prime minister.}}
• Sulayman Pasha al-Azm, Ottoman governor of Tripoli, Sidon and Damascus
• Adel al-Azma, Politician
• Bashir al-Azma, Prime Minister of Syria (1962)
• Nabih Al-Azma, Minister of Interior in Jordan (1925)
• Yasser al-Azma, Actor
• Yusuf al-'Azma, Minister of War in Syria (1920){{harvnb|Roded|1986|p=159}}.
• Aziz al-Azmeh
• Subhi Barakat, first President of Syria (1922–1925){{citation |last=Bidwell|first=Robin|year=1998|chapter=Barakat, Subhi (c.1886-)|title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CstBgAAQBAJ&q=BARAKAT%2C+Subhi+%28c.+1886-%29+Syrian+Head+of+State.+He+was+born+into+a+Turkish+family+in+Antioch+and+was+educated+in+the+local+secondary+school.&pg=PA68|publisher=Routledge|page=68|isbn=978-1-136-16291-6|quote=BARAKAT, Subhi (c. 1886-) Syrian Head of State. He was born into a Turkish family in Antioch and was educated in the local secondary school.}}
• Burhan Asaf Belge, Turkish politician{{citation|author=T.C. Başbakanlık Basın – Yayın ve Enformasyon Genel Müdürlüğü|title=Genel Müdürlerimiz: Burhan Belge|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/turkce/genel-mudurlerimiz#|quote=1898 senesinde babasının memuren bulunduğu sırada Şam'da doğmuştur. Babası Eski mutasarrıflardan ve İstanbul avukatlarından Mehmet Asaf. Ailesi aslen Çorluludur. Orta ve yüksek tahsilini Almanya'da yapmıştır.|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152603/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/turkce/genel-mudurlerimiz|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}
• Mardam Bey family:{{citation |last=Shoup|first=John A.|year=2018|title=The History of Syria|quote=Mardam Bey... a prominent Sunni family of Turkish origin.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=174|isbn=9781440858352}}
• Adnan Mardam Bey, lawyer, playwright and poet
• Farouk Mardam-Bey, French librarian, historian and publisher
• Ghada Mardam Bey, First program director on Syrian TV
• Haydar Mardam Bey, diplomat
• Jamil Mardam Bey, Prime Minister of Syria (1936–1939){{harvnb|Moubayed|2000|p=xxiv}}.
• Khaled Mardam-Bey, British software developer and creator of mIRC
• Khalil Mardam Bey, Composer of the Syrian National Anthem
• Rashid Pasha Mardam Bey, judge
• Salma Mardam Bey, Writer
• Sami Mardam-Bey, politician who was elected deputy and vice-president of the Syrian federation
• Mohammed al-Bezm (ar), Poet
• Cemil Bilsel, Turkish politician and academic{{citation|last=Yücel|first=M. Serhan|year=2016|title=Ankara Adliye Hukuk Mektebi'nin İlk Yılı|url=http://www.asosjournal.com/Makaleler/1121601001_1152%20M.%20Serhan%20Y%c3%9cCEL.pdf|journal=Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi|volume=4|issue=26|page=371|quote=1- Prof. Cemil Bey (Prof. Cemil Bilsel, Reis Vekili-Devletler Umumi Hukuku, 1925–1934): 1879 yılında Suriye'nin Şam şehrinde doğan Cemil Bey,...|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101002324/http://www.asosjournal.com/Makaleler/1121601001_1152%20M.%20Serhan%20Y%c3%9cCEL.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}
• Emin Bozoğlan, Second President of the Syrian Turkmen Assembly (2016–present)
• Mehmed Fuad Carim, Turkish politician{{citation |last=Reisman|first=Arnold |year=2010|title=An Ambassador and a Mensch: The Story of a Turkish Diplomat in Vichy France|publisher=Createspace |page=152|isbn=978-1-4505-5812-9}}
• Thanaa Debsi, Actress
• Tharaa Debsi, Actress
• Mohammad Emadi, Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade
• Nadia al-Ghazzi, Lawyer, writer, TV presenter{{harvnb|Cooke|2007|p=40}}.
• Said al-Ghazzi, Prime Minister of Syria (in 1954 and 1955–56)
• Sati' al-Husri, writer{{citation |last1=Ness|first1=Immanuel|last2=Cope|first2=Zak|year=2016|chapter=Pan-Arabism and Iran|title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=917|isbn=978-0-230-39278-6|quote=The Pan-Arabist origins of anti-Iranism were mainly constructed in Iraq especially from 1921 when King Faisal I (1885–1935) bought Satia al-Husri (1882–1968; of Syrian-Turkish descent) to Iraq...}}
• Mennel Ibtissem, singer (contestant on The Voice France){{citation|year=2018|title=Mennel Ibtissem moves 'Voice France' judges with Arabic take of Leonard Cohen's 'Hallelujah'|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/music/mennel-ibtissem-moves-voice-france-judges-with-arabic-take-of-leonard-cohen-s-hallelujah-1.702166|newspaper=The National|quote=Born to a Syrian-Turkish father and Moroccan-Algerian mother,|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140842/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/music/mennel-ibtissem-moves-voice-france-judges-with-arabic-take-of-leonard-cohen-s-hallelujah-1.702166|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}
• Sami Sabit Karaman, General of the Turkish army
• Khaled Khoja, President of the Syrian National Coalition (2015–2016){{cite news |author=BBC |date=2015 |title=Profile: Khaled Khoja, Syria opposition chief |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30699657 |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129084848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30699657 |archive-date=29 November 2016 |url-status=live |author-link=BBC}}
• Mehmet Muhittin Kurtiş, Turkish soldier
• Sanharib Malki, football player
• Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Polymath{{citation |last=Blake|first=Stephen P.|year=2013|title=Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=66|isbn=978-1-107-03023-7|quote=Taqi al-Din b. Muhammad b. Maruf. Born in Damascus in 1525 to a family of Turkish descent,... }}
• Ghaith Mofeed, artist{{citation|title=Meet the artist: Ghaith Mofeed|url=http://www.atassifoundation.com/the-journal/issue-1/features/meet-the-artist|publisher=The Atassi Foundation|quote=The Journey of a Cell was all about me exploring my Turkish ancestry.}}
• Abdurrahman Mustafa, First President of the Syrian Turkmen Assembly (2012–2016){{citation|last=Bilgen|first=Yılmaz|date=2015|title=Suriye Türkmenleri kendi ordusunu kuruyor|newspaper=Al Jazeera Turk - Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye Ve Çevresindeki Bölgeden Son Dakika Haberleri Ve Analizler|url=http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/suriye-turkmenleri-kendi-ordusunu-kuruyor|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226234431/http://aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/suriye-turkmenleri-kendi-ordusunu-kuruyor|archive-date=26 February 2016|url-status=live}}
• Huda Naamani, Feminist writer
• Mustafa Naima, Ottoman historian
• Ahmad Nami, second President of Syria (1926–1928){{cite book |last=Mardam Bey |first=Salma |year=1997 |title=Syria's Quest for Independence |publisher=Ithaca Press |pages=31 |isbn=978-0-86372-175-5 |quote=Al-Damand was a man of Turkish origin, who could hardly speak Arabic...}} and Ottoman damat
• Mahmud Kâmil Pasha, General of the Ottoman army
• Zeki Pasha, Ottoman Turkish field marshal
• Abu Khalil Qabbani, playwright and composer{{citation |last=Moosa|first=Matti|year=1997|title=The Origins of Modern Arabic Fiction|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|page=35|isbn=978-0-89410-684-2}}{{citation |last=Sadgrove|first=Philip|year=2010|chapter=Ahmad Abu Khalil al-Qabbani (1833–1902)|title=Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1850–1950|editor1-last=Allen|editor1-first=Roger M. A.|editor2-last=Lowry|editor2-first=Joseph Edmund|editor3-last=Stewart |editor3-first=Devin J.|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|page=267|isbn=978-3-447-06141-4|quote=The Qabbani family was of Turkish origin and came from Konya; their original family name was Ak Bıyık, meaning "white moustache" in Turkish.}}
• Nizar Qabbani, diplomat, poet and publisher
• Sabah Qabbani, Ambassador of Syria to the United States (1974–1981)
• children:
• Rana Kabbani, Syrian cultural historian
• Shukri al-Quwatli, First president of post-independence Syria (1943–1949) and (1955–1958).
• Aliye Rona, Turkish actress{{citation|author=Türk Sineması Araştırmaları|title=Aliye Rona|url=http://www.tsa.org.tr/kisi/kisigoster/332/aliye-rona|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010214243/http://www.tsa.org.tr/kisi/kisigoster/332/aliye-rona|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}
• Reşit Ronabar, Ottoman governor and Turkish politician{{cite web |last1=Gemici |first1=Filiz |last2=Şahin |first2=Enis |year=2007 |title=Millî Mücadele'de Bir Vali: Sivas Valisi Mehmet Reşit Paşa (1868–1924) |url=http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/akademikincelemeler/article/view/5000066475 |publisher=Sakarya Üniversitesi |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004343/http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/akademikincelemeler/article/view/5000066475 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}
• Suleyman Shah
• Hala Shawkat, Actress{{cite web |author=Al-Akhbar |year=2007 |title=رحيل "الأم الطيّبة" |url=http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/149362 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230090042/http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/149362 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}
• Adib Shishakli, Prime Minister and President of Syria (1953–1954)
• Talal Silo, former Syrian Democratic Forces spokesperson.{{cite web |author=Amberin Zaman |year=2017 |title=SDF commander's claims of Turkish allegiance rises eyebrows |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/en/originals/2017/12/sdf-commander-defects-accuses-us-dishonesty.amp.html |publisher=al-Monitor |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205023205/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/en/originals/2017/12/sdf-commander-defects-accuses-us-dishonesty.amp.html |archive-date=5 December 2017 |url-status=live}}
• Adil Şan, Singer{{cite news |author=Hurriyet |year=2015 |title=Türkmenler 'Geliş' Dedi |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turkmenler-gelis-dedi-37214901 |newspaper=Hurriyet |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917002538/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/turkmenler-gelis-dedi-37214901 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}
• Mehmet Şandır (tr), Turkish politician
• Pakize Tarzi, Turkey's first female gynaecologist{{cite web |author=Hurriyet |year=2004 |title=İlk kadın doğumcu Dr Pakize Tarzi öldü |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ilk-kadin-dogumcu-dr-pakize-tarzi-oldu-265874 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110610/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ilk-kadin-dogumcu-dr-pakize-tarzi-oldu-265874 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=live}}
• Mustafa Tlass, Syrian Minister of Defense in (1972–2004){{citation |last=Batatu|first=Hanna|year=1999|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=218 (Table 18–1)|isbn=978-1-4008-4584-2|quote=Mustafa Tlas... Sunni (paternal grandmother of Circassian and mother of Turkish origin) }}
• children:
• Manaf Tlass, former Brigadier General
• Firas Tlass, business tycoon
• Hasan Turkmani, Minister of Defense (2004–2009){{cite web |author=Al-Akhbar |date=2012 |title=Damascus Bombing: The Assassinated Generals |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987 |access-date=9 October 2016 |quote=He was born in Aleppo, the capital of northern Syria, in 1935 to parents of Turkish origins. He studied in the city until he enrolled in the Military Academy, graduating as an expert in field artillery. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010130131/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/9987 |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live}}
• children:
• Bilal Turkmani, owner of the Syrian weekly Abyad wa Aswad
• Rim Turkmani, astrophysicist
• Refi Cevat Ulunay (tr), Turkish writer
• Suat Hayri Ürgüplü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1965)
• Necdet Yılmaz (tr), Turkish politician
• Husni al-Za'im, President of Syria (1949){{citation |last=Rejwan|first=Nissim|year=2008|title=Arabs in the Mirror: Images and Self-Images from Pre-Islamic to Modern Times|publisher=University of Texas Press|page=152|isbn=978-0-292-77445-2}}
• Muhammed Habes, Jarabulus Civilian Council President (since August 2016)
• Ahmed Othman, Old SAA colonel, leader of Sultan Murad Division since 2013{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-targets-islamic-state-in-syrian-border-town/3478539.html |title=Turkish Forces and Rebels Storm Into Syria, Taking IS Stronghold of Jarablus |publisher=VOA |date=24 August 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104013852/http://www.voanews.com/a/turkey-targets-islamic-state-in-syrian-border-town/3478539.html |archive-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=live}}
• Nur ad-Din Zengi, a member of the Turkish Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.
• Imad ad-Din Zengi, a Turkish atabeg who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and Edessa. He was the namesake of the Zengid dynasty.
• Tutush I, Seljuk Emir of Damascus.
• Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk governor of Aleppo.

{{Portal|Asia|Turkey}}

{{div col}}

• List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
• Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement
• Syria Turkmen Bloc
• Syria–Turkey relations
• Hatay Province
• Tomb of Suleyman Shah
• Turkish military intervention in Syria
• Northern al-Bab offensive (2016)
• Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)
• Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
• Turks in the Arab world
• Iraqi Turkmen
• Turks in Lebanon
• Turks in Egypt
• Arabs in Turkey

{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

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{{refend}}

{{Turkish people by country}}

{{Demographics of Syria}}

Category:Ethnic groups in Syria

Category:Turkic peoples of Asia