Transport in Jakarta

As of 2015, about 1.4 million commuters travel into the city center from the outskirts of Jakarta. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/02/17/138-million-commute-jakarta-daily.html|title=Jakarta Transportation Body Lays Out Strategies to Fix the Capital's $7b Traffic Problem|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|accessdate=11 December 2017}} In 2004, a study was undertaken to prepare a master plan for an integrated public transport system within Greater Jakarta, which revealed the mode of transport among city dwellers.Technical Report Table 1.3.2 of the Study on Integrated Transportation Master Plan for Jabodetabek (SITRAMP), undertaken by Pacific Consultants International and ALMEC Corporation on behalf of the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 2004,{{Cite web|title=United Nations Forum On Climate Change Mitigation, Fuel Economy And Sustainable Development Of Urban Transport|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/dsd/susdevtopics/sdt_pdfs/meetings2010/egm0310/presentation_Rini.pdf|website=Urban Public Transport System in Jakarta|accessdate=1 December 2017}} The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeds the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010. As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56% of commuter trips.

{{See also|List of toll roads in Indonesia}}

File:The Gatot Subroto Avenue within the Jakarta Inner Ring Road (cropped).jpg or Jalan Tol Lingkar Dalam Jakarta in Kuningan, South Jakarta]]

File:Jakarta Car Free Day.jpg

During the Dutch colonial era, a structured road network connecting most major cities throughout Java was developed as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor-General H.W. Daendels. The network was built in the early 19th century, and although the network was later expanded to a great extent, it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorized vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic.{{Cite news|work=BBC News |title=Jakarta begins river boat service|author=Williamson, Lucy|date=6 June 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6725843.stm }} The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.

A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and six toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is an under-construction toll road encircling greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1).

The six radiating toll roads are:

• Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road linking to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
• Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road linking to Tangerang and further to Merak in the west
• Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road linking to Serpong
• Depok-Antasari Toll Road linking to Depok and planned to go further to Bogor
• Jagorawi Toll Road linking to Bogor and Ciawi in the south
• Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road linking to Bekasi and Cikampek in the east

The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeded the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010.{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2012 |title=Gubernur Baru Jakarta Baru |url=https://keuda.kemendagri.go.id/berita/detail/680-gubernur-baru-jakarta-baru |access-date=June 6, 2023 |website=Direktorat Jenderal Bina KEUDA Kementerian Dalam Negeri}} In 2018, over 13 million motorcycles and 4.4 million cars used the roads of Jakarta.{{cite news|url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/jakartas-anti-macet-policy|title=Jakarta's anti-macet policy|newspaper=The Asean Post|accessdate=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201213/https://theaseanpost.com/article/jakartas-anti-macet-policy|archive-date=8 January 2019|url-status=live}}

In 2019, there were about 88 million movements per day in the Greater Jakarta area,{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/04/lrt-or-cable-car-bptj-plans-mass-transportation-for-puncak-tourist-area.html|title=LRT or cable car? BPTJ plans mass transportation for Puncak tourist area|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=4 December 2019}} and public transportation accounts for only 30% of commuter trips.{{cite news|url=https://en.netralnews.com/news/business/read/27795/public.transportation.usage.in.greater.jakarta.has.only.reached.30.percent|title=Public Transportation Usage in Greater Jakarta Has Only Reached 30 Percent|newspaper=Netral News|accessdate=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115124507/https://en.netralnews.com/news/business/read/27795/public.transportation.usage.in.greater.jakarta.has.only.reached.30.percent|archive-date=15 November 2019|url-status=live}} According to the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) traffic congestion in Greater Jakarta causes a waste of about $7.4 billion each year.{{cite news|url=http://jakartaglobe.id/business/jakarta-transportation-body-lays-comprehensive-plan-fix-capitals-7b-traffic-problem/|title=1.38 million commute into Jakarta daily|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=11 December 2017}}

Throughout the years, several attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on Jakarta's main arteries. Implemented solutions include a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers are prohibited from driving on the main avenues. However, "car jockeys" were paid by commuters to ride into the center of the city to permit the use of three-in-one roads.{{cite news|authorlink1=Michael Bachelard|last1=Bachelard|first1=Michael|title=Jakarta's jockeys in demand as gridlock drives city to despair|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/jakartas-jockeys-in-demand-as-gridlock-drives-city-to-despair-20120203-1qxpn.html|accessdate=21 May 2018|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=4 February 2012}} Another example is the ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day.{{cite web|url=http://nasional.rimanews.com/peristiwa/read/20150614/218480/Urai-Kemacetan-PR-Terbesar-Kapolda-Metro|title=Urai Kemacetan, PR Terbesar Kapolda Metro|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616093225/http://nasional.rimanews.com/peristiwa/read/20150614/218480/Urai-Kemacetan-PR-Terbesar-Kapolda-Metro|archivedate=16 June 2015}} In 2016, 'odd-even' policy was introduced which designated cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/10/07/odd-even-policy-working-decreasing-traffic-jams.html|title=Odd-even policy working, decreasing traffic jams|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=7 July 2017|language=en}} This aims to function as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of Electronic Road Pricing which would be more effective.{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/12/15/jakarta-police-request-evaluation-of-odd-even-policy.html|title=Jakarta Police request evaluation of odd-even policy|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=7 July 2017|language=en}}

Due to the city's acute gridlock, the Jakarta administration has decided to implement Electronic Road Pricing in 10 districts: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar and Taman Sari.{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/10-districts-prepared-electronic-road-pricing-policy-trial-run-jakarta.html|title=10 districts prepared for electronic road pricing policy trial run in Jakarta|date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118172807/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/10-districts-prepared-electronic-road-pricing-policy-trial-run-jakarta.html|archivedate=18 January 2012}} The ERP is planned to be implemented in the three-in-one zone and along Jl. Rasuna Said. The ERP system is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of the Jakarta MRT.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/08/erp-will-be-implemented-in-jakarta-next-year-sandiaga.html|title=ERP will be implemented in Jakarta next year: Sandiaga|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=24 March 2018}} Implementation of the ERP system is planned to take place in two phases; the first will be for vehicles moving from the Senayan traffic circle to the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle while the second will be installed from the HI traffic circle to Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/03/25/jakarta-aims-to-introduce-electronic-road-pricing-in-2019.html|title=Jakarta aims to introduce electronic road pricing in 2019|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=25 March 2018}}

File:Metrotrans at Senayan.jpg

There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of Greater Jakarta area and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia. Besides TransJakarta, other private owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and PPD also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city. Since January 2013, Jakarta Government has integrated Kopaja AC buses with TransJakarta feeder bus routes. Many routes are/will replaced/replaced by Minitrans and Metrotrans buses.{{Cite web|last=Kurniawan|first=Ruly|title=Ini Pengganti Metromini di Jakarta|url=https://oto.detik.com/berita/d-3682888/ini-pengganti-metromini-di-jakarta|access-date=2020-10-13|website=detikoto|language=id-ID}}

File:JAK-54 (cropped).jpg) operated by Transjakarta]]

In 1966, an estimated 160 thousand pedicabs (becak) operated in the city; as much as 15% of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in becak driving. In 1971, becaks were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. A campaign to eliminate them succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. Becaks were banned because they caused traffic congestion and they were seen as the exploitation of humans by other humans.{{cite news|last1=Puspita|first1=Sherly|title=Kehadiran Becak di Ibu Kota yang Diperdebatkan sejak Dulu...|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/01/17/08071311/kehadiran-becak-di-ibu-kota-yang-diperdebatkan-sejak-dulu|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=Kompas|date=17 January 2018|language=id}} Becaks were replaced by bemo, betor, helicak, minicar, and bajaj. In 2018, Governor Anies Baswedan attempted to allow becaks again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.{{cite news|last1=Amindoni|first1=Ayomi|title=Becak di Jakarta dan 'kontrak politik' Gubernur Anies Baswedan|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42813996|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=BBC Indonesia|date=2018}} Most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former landless agricultural laborers from rural areas of Java. {{As of|March 2018}}, there are about 1,500 becaks in Jakarta.{{cite news|last1=Zhacky|first1=Mochamad|title=Becak di Jakarta Sudah Terdata, Anies: Jumlahnya Sekitar 1.500|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3910057/becak-di-jakarta-sudah-terdata-anies-jumlahnya-sekitar-1500|accessdate=23 May 2018|work=detiknews|date=11 March 2018|language=id}}

File:Bajaj_Jakarta_Panning.jpg fuelled Bajaj in Jakarta.]]

Bajaj auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. From the early 1940s to 1991 they were a common form of local transportation in the city. They are colored blue (for the ones which use Compressed natural gas) and orange (for the ones which use normal gasoline fuel).{{cite news|title=Bajaj Oranye Menunggu Giliran Dimusnahkan|url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/urbana/16/01/07/o0kug62-bajaj-oranye-menunggu-giliran-dimusnahkan|accessdate=26 May 2018|work=Republika Online|date=7 January 2016|language=id}} The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of Bajaj and TVS and the orange ones are the old design from 1990. The government is currently replacing the orange bajajs with the blue ones because blue bajajs are less polluting and the gas fuel is cheaper.{{cite news|last1=Wicaksono|first1=Pebrianto Eko|title=Pakai CNG, Pengemudi Bajaj Dapat Banyak Manfaat|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/2916814/pakai-cng-pengemudi-bajaj-dapat-banyak-manfaat|accessdate=26 May 2018|work=liputan6.com|date=11 April 2017|language=id}} Bemo was a three-wheeled vehicle similar to bajaj, which were eliminated in 1996 because they were old, too dangerous and cause much pollution, but they continued to exist until recently,{{cite news|last1=Kunjana|first1=L Gora|title=Bemo, Hidup Segan Mati Tak Mau|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/340695-bemo-hidup-segan-mati-tak-mau.html|accessdate=23 May 2018|work=BeritaSatu.com|date=13 January 2016|language=id}} when in 2017, Bajaj Qute was introduced to replace bemo.{{cite news|title=Sudah Beroperasi di Jakarta, Ini Tarif Bajaj Roda Empat|url=https://www.viva.co.id/otomotif/motor/938559-sudah-beroperasi-di-jakarta-ini-tarif-bajaj-roda-empat|accessdate=23 May 2018|work=Viva.co.id|date=23 July 2017|language=id}} Angkot microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta. They operates in numerous routes to connect neighborhoods of the city.

File:2017 Toyota Avanza Transmover - Bluebird Taxi (front right), Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta (cropped).jpg taxi, operated by Blue Bird.]]

Plenty of taxi cabs are available in the city. Many companies operate & maintain pools of different model of cars in their own brands. Go-Jek and Grab also have wide presence. Vehicle for hire companies accessible by mobile apps, known in Indonesia as taksi online (online taxi), has reduced the number of conventional taxi companies operating in Jakarta from 32 to 4 (Blue Bird, Express, Gamya, and Taxiku).{{cite news| last1=Sugianto |first1=Danang|title=Perusahaan Taksi di Jakarta Berguguran, Organda: dari 32 Sisa 4|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3675159/perusahaan-taksi-di-jakarta-berguguran-organda-dari-32-sisa-4|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=Detikfinance|date=8 October 2017}}

File:Gojek riders in Salatiga.jpg, Central Java, Indonesia]]

Although ojek are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. They are especially useful when navigating crowded urban roads, narrow alleyways, heavy traffic and cramped locations that larger vehicles cannot reach. Most of the ojeks are operated by Gojek and Grab, in Indonesia called ojek online. Gojek was founded in 2011 so that ojek drivers who had been working with unpredictable income could operate professionally with better income, and its app was created in 2015.{{cite news|last1=Kristo|first1=Fino Yurio|title=Awal Mula Transportasi Online Menjamur di Indonesia|url=https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-3609781/awal-mula-transportasi-online-menjamur-di-indonesia|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=detikinet|date=22 August 2017|language=id}}

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File:Gowes Bike Sharing Station Bundaran HI Jakarta 01.jpg, Jakarta]]

There are bicycle taxis (ojek sepeda ontel) in the Kota Tua (Old City) region. However, the revenues are declining because of the popularity of ojek online.{{cite news|last1=Sari|first1=Nursita|title=Keluh Kesah Pengojek Sepeda Ontel Tatkala Menjamurnya Ojek "Online"...|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/05/28/14033421/keluh-kesah-pengojek-sepeda-ontel-tatkala-menjamurnya-ojek-online|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=Kompas|date=28 May 2018|language=id}} As of November 2019, Jakarta has 63 kilometers of separate bicycle lane, which will be extended to 200 kilometers by 2020.{{cite news|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/11/02/13273661/target-2020-jalur-sepeda-di-jakarta-mencapai-200-kilometer|title=Target 2020, Jalur Sepeda di Jakarta Mencapai 200 Kilometer|newspaper=Kompas|accessdate=2 November 2019}} Bicycle-sharing company Gowes, which means "to paddle," in Indonesian, started operation in limited areas of Jakarta in 2018.{{cite news|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/context/new-bike-sharing-service-set-to-help-jakarta-combat-air-pollution-traffic-congestion/|title=New Bike-Sharing Service Set to Help Jakarta Combat Air Pollution, Traffic Congestion|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|accessdate=2 November 2019}}

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{{See also|Trams in Jakarta}}

File:Kereta Api Argo Bromo Anggrek.jpg, a non-stop train connecting Jakarta and Surabaya]]

Long-distance railways and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, long-distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighboring regions as well as cities throughout the island of Java. Main terminus for long distance train services are {{stnlnk|Gambir}} and {{stnlnk|Pasar Senen}}.

{{clear}}

{{Further|High-speed rail in Indonesia}}

File:KCIC 400 Series.jpg stopped at Halim station connecting Jakarta and Bandung]]

The Whoosh (short for {{lang|id|Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat}}, {{lit|"Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System"}}){{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Pemerintah Beri Nama Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung 'WHOOSH' |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20230921175746-92-1002120/pemerintah-beri-nama-kereta-cepat-jakarta-bandung-whoosh |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/10/01/indonesia-to-launch-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-rail-first-in-southeast-asia.html |title= Indonesia to launch Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, first in Southeast Asia |website=Jakarta Post |date=1 October 2023 |author=AFP }} is the brand name for high-speed train services on the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed railway ({{langx|id|Kereta Cepat Jakarta–Bandung}}) operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).{{Cite web |title=Identitas Jenama Kereta Api Cepat Indonesia |url=https://kcic.co.id/jenamakeretaapicepat/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Kereta Cepat Indonesia China |language=id-ID}}{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/indonesia-whoosh-high-speed-rail-china-belt-and-road-in-1850882868 |title= Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail |date=2 October 2023 |first=Julia |last=Malleck }} The Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in the Southern Hemisphere and South East Asia,{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-china-high-speed-railway-jakarta-bandung-3f1e4b5be6a83a0b0f54981c2e93be60 |title=Indonesian president launches Southeast Asia’s first high-speed railway, funded by China |website=Associate Press |date=2 October 2023 |first1=Achmad |last1=Ibrahim |first2=Niniek |last2=Karmini }} covering a distance of {{convert|142.3|km|mi}} with a top speed of {{convert|350|km/h|mph}} connecting two of Indonesia's largest cities, Greater Jakarta with over 34 million population and Greater Bandung with population of 9 million, serving a total of 43 million population.{{Cite web |title=Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Indonesia-set-to-open-Southeast-Asia-s-1st-high-speed-rail-in-October |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}{{notetag|The railway does not enter Bandung City proper}}{{NoteTag|Laos' Vientiane-Boten railway with speed of {{convert|160|km/h|mph}} would be classified as semi-high speed rail.}} It reduces the travel time between the two cities from 3 hours to about 30 minutes.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Chinese Premier Li Qiang takes a test ride on Indonesia's new high-speed railway |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-china-premier-highspeed-train-trial-b6187eb3bfe139d7e34f7c6ea3c06ec0 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=AP News |language=en}}

{{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=800|frame-height=800|frame-lat=-6.20|zoom=11|frame-long=106.816|text=At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists of a Jakarta MRT, Jabodebek LRT, Jakarta LRT, KRL Commuterline, Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link and BRT Transjakarta|frame-align=center

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|type24=line|id24=Q123420042|stroke-width24=6|stroke-color24=#ED882E|stroke-opacity24=1|title24=Corridor 14

}}

{{notes|refs=

{{efn|name = KCJ|Converted as KCJ line}}

{{efn|name = K14|Converted as BRT line}}

}}

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{{Main|TransJakarta}}

File:Harmoni Central Busway Transjakarta 4.JPG buses use separate lanes to avoid congested roads, and it has the world's longest bus rapid transit routes.]]

TransJakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed in the context of development reforms (or reformasi) and used Bogota's TransMilenio system as a model.{{cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=Ria Hutabarat|title=The City as a Mirror: Transport, Land Use and Social Change in Jakarta|journal=Urban Studies|date=5 November 2009|volume=47|issue=3|pages=529–555|doi=10.1177/0042098009348557}} Jakarta's first busway line, from Blok M to {{stnlnk|Jakarta Kota}} opened in January 2004 and as of 14 February 2013, twelve out of fifteen corridors are in use. TransJakarta has the world's longest bus rapid transit routes ({{convert|230.9|km|mi|sp=us}} in length).{{cite web|title=Best Practice: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/globalpartners/downloads/pdf/Jakarta_BusTransit.pdf|website=NYC Global Partners’ Innovation Exchange|accessdate=19 May 2018|date=4 May 2012}}{{cite web | title = Koridor | work = Transjakarta | url = http://transjakarta.co.id/produk-dan-layanan/infrastruktur/koridor/}} TransJakarta had a total of 128 routes as of April 2018 (corridor, cross route & feeder route) - a significant increase from 41 routes in 2015. TransJakarta has targeted to serve one million passengers per day by the end of 2018.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/04/26/transjakarta-operates-new-palmerah-station-senayan-traffic-circle-route.html |title=Transjakarta operates new Palmerah Station-Senayan traffic circle route|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=26 April 2018}} In addition there are 18 'feeder' routes that serve beyond the exclusive busway corridors. Located in the municipalities surrounding Jakarta, the feeder service uses special buses that allow for boarding at either ground level or the TransJakarta station platforms. Transjakarta owned more than 1,500 buses in the first three months of 2017 and targets to have 3,000 buses by the end of the year.{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/04/10/with-more-buses-on-the-streets-a-surge-in-transjakarta-passengers.html|title=With more buses on the streets, a surge in Transjakarta passengers}}

{{Main|KRL Commuterline}}

File:Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg

Greater Jakarta Commuter Rail or commonly known as KRL Commuterline is a commuter rail system which serves commuters in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi. The commuter system was started in 2000.{{cite thesis|url=http://eprints.undip.ac.id/18464/1/S_U_D_I_B_Y_A.pdf|title=Pengembangan Restrukturisasi PT Kereta Api (Persero) Divisi Angkutan Perkotaan Jabotabek|author=Sudibya|date=2007|language=id|trans-title=Development of Restructuring of PT Kereta Api (Persero) Jabotabek Urban Transport Division|location=Semarang|publisher=Diponegoro University|accessdate=14 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402223737/http://eprints.undip.ac.id/18464/1/S_U_D_I_B_Y_A.pdf|archivedate=2 April 2015|url-status=live}} The number of passengers in 2014 reached 208 million, rising from 158 million in the previous year.{{cite web|url=http://www.bps.go.id/webbeta/frontend/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1417|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150310072035/http://www.bps.go.id/webbeta/frontend/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1417|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2015|title=Number of Train Passengers, 2006 – 2014|accessdate=10 March 2015|website=Statistics Indonesia|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik}} Commuter Line serves all municipalities in Jakarta excluding the Thousand Islands, as well as Greater Jakarta region. The rail system uses rolling stock of rapid transit standard and operates at high frequency with a minimum headway. The average daily ridership was about 0.95 million{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/10/commuter-line-passengers-hits-1-million.html|title=Commuter line passengers hits 1 million}} with a total of 315.8 million commuters used Commuter LineL Jabodetabek in the year 2017.{{cite web|title=Jakarta's Commuter Line Train Gets Ready for More Passengers in 2018|url=http://jakartaglobe.id/business/jakartas-commuter-line-train-gets-ready-passengers-2018/}}

Major rail stations on the commuter line are {{stnlnk|Jakarta Kota}}, {{stnlnk|Jatinegara}}, {{stnlnk|Tanah Abang}}, {{stnlnk|Duri}}, {{stnlnk|Pasar Senen}}, {{stnlnk|Manggarai}} and {{stnlnk|Sudirman}}. As a transit station, Manggarai railway station is the busiest station in Indonesia, with more than 100,000 passengers boarding and alighting each day.{{cite news|last1=Ravel|first1=Stanly|title=Manggarai Jadi Stasiun Tersibuk di Indonesia|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/02/01/16594071/manggarai-jadi-stasiun-tersibuk-di-indonesia|accessdate=22 May 2018|work=Kompas|date=1 February 2018|language=id}} Though during rush hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity, and crowding is common.

{{Main|Jakarta MRT}}

File:Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg

After a long planning and years of delay, Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit is currently in service. Jakarta city government decided for a rail-based system because of its ability to carry large numbers of people quickly and cheaply.{{cite web|url=http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx?idwil=0&id=19300|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728095827/http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx?idwil=0&id=19300|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2012|title=Rail-based Transportation, Main Component of Metropolitan City|publisher=Berita Jakarta|accessdate=16 June 2011}} Jakarta MRT has a North–South line between Kota and Lebak Bulus and an East–West line. Preparation work started in April 2012,[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/28/preparation-work-mrt-begins.html Preparation work for MRT begins|The Jakarta Post] and groundbreaking was done in October 2013. The first phase, between {{mrts|Bundaran HI}} and {{mrts|Lebak Bulus Grab}} began operations on 24 March 2019,{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190324100126-4-62549/resmikan-mrt-jakarta-jokowi-sebuah-peradaban-baru-dimulai?tag_from=wp_wm_cnbc |title=Resmikan MRT Jakarta, Jokowi: Sebuah Peradaban Baru Dimulai |author=Bernhart Farras & Chandra Gian Asmara |date=24 March 2019}} and the entire North–South line is scheduled to be operational by 2027, with segment from Bundaran HI to Kota currently under construction.{{cite web|url=http://www.jakartamrt.co.id/mrt-jakarta-at-a-glance/en|title=MRT Jakarta|website=www.jakartamrt.co.id|access-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006060510/http://www.jakartamrt.co.id/mrt-jakarta-at-a-glance/en|archivedate=6 October 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/02/city-launches-two-busway-routes.html|title=City launches two busway routes|work=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=14 March 2011}}

{{Main|Jakarta LRT}}

File:LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg

Jakarta LRT is a light metro system.{{cite news|url=http://lipsus.kompas.com/topikpilihanlist/3414/1/rencana.lrt.di.jakarta |title=Rencana LRT di Jakarta |newspaper=Kompas| location=Jakarta | date=11 September 2015 | language=Indonesian |accessdate=21 September 2015}} Eight two-cars trainsets were procured. The first phase of the LRT, from {{lrts|Velodrome}} to {{lrts|Pegangsaan Dua}} with six stations and a length of {{convert|5.8|km|sp=us}},{{Cite news|url=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/08/24/084600826/kemenhub-lakukan-operasional-terbatas-untuk-lrt-kelapa-gading#|title=Kemenhub Lakukan Operasional Terbatas untuk LRT Kelapa Gading - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=24 August 2018|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=7 September 2018|language=id}} began commercial operations on 1 December 2019.{{cite news |last1=Yuliani |first1=Putri Anisa |title=Sudah Berbayar, Jumlah Penumpang LRT Jakarta Menurun |url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/275871-sudah-berbayar-jumlah-penumpang-lrt-jakarta-menurun |accessdate=11 June 2020 |work=Media Indonesia |date=5 December 2019 |language=id}} Currently phase 1B it's under construction for extension from Velodrome to Manggarai, segment expected to be opening in 2026.

{{Main|Jabodebek LRT}}

File:LRT Jabodebek Bekasi Line.jpg

Jabodebek LRT (LRT Jabodebek), formerly known as Greater Jakarta LRT is a light metro system. The light rail transit (LRT) project was launched to replace the previously abandoned monorail project.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/10/ahok-confirms-cancellation-monorail-project.html|title=Ahok confirms cancellation of monorail project|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|location=Jakarta|date=10 September 2015|accessdate=21 September 2015}} The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 9 September 2015, with the first phase of the construction will connect {{lrts|Harjamukti}} in Depok with {{lrts|Dukuh Atas}} in downtown Central Jakarta, passing through {{lrts|Cawang}} intersection. This phase is {{convert|42.1|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, includes 18 stations, began commercial operation on August 28, 2023 after multiple delays.{{cite news|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1468875/greater-jakarta-lrt-project-sets-completion-deadline-in-early-2022|title=Greater Jakarta LRT Project Sets Completion Deadline in Early 2022|newspaper=Tempo.co|location=Jakarta|date=4 June 2021|accessdate=11 November 2021}}{{cite news |last=Maulia |first=Erwida |date=August 28, 2023 |title=Indonesia's Widodo launches greater Jakarta light rail service |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Indonesia-s-Widodo-launches-greater-Jakarta-light-rail-service |work=Nikkei Asia |access-date=September 2, 2023}}

{{clear}}

{{See also|Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link}}

Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link is a commuter train service connecting the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to {{stnlnk|Manggarai}} in Central Jakarta.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/12/26/airport-train-kicks-off-services-with-promotional-fare.html|title=Airport train kicks off services with promotional fare|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=26 December 2017}}

Jak Lingko (formerly OK OTrip{{cite web

|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/10/08/10085101/nama-ok-otrip-diubah-jadi-jak-lingko

|title=Nama OK Otrip Diubah Jadi Jak Lingko

|author=Nursita Sari

|work=kompas.com

|date=2018-10-08

|accessdate=2020-07-02

|language=id

}}) is a public transport integration program designed to integrate payment between transport modes in Jakarta. The integration includes BRT, Commuter rail, Light Metro, MRT, LRT, Airport rail link and local angkot (Mikrotrans).{{cite web |author=Yuliani |first=Putri Anisa |date=2019-11-29 |title=Tiket MRT bakal Terintegrasi Transjakarta, LRT, dan Jak Lingko |url=https://mediaindonesia.com/megapolitan/274167/tiket-mrt-bakal-terintegrasi-transjakarta-lrt-dan-jak-lingko |accessdate=2021-01-28 |language=id}} The payment card caps fares at IDR 5,000 for up to 3 hours on transfers for smaller participating local bus services to or from the TransJakarta BRT network, and aims to reduce transportation costs by 30 percent.{{cite web

|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2017/12/14/09185771/ok-otrip-akan-diuji-coba-dari-15-januari-15-april-2018

|title=OK Otrip Akan Diuji Coba dari 15 Januari-15 April 2018

|author=Iwan Supriyatna

|work=kompas.com

|date=2017-12-14

|accessdate=2020-07-02

|language=id

}}

File:Soekarno-Hatta Airport aerial view.jpg Aerial view]]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the Greater Jakarta area. The airport is named after the first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, and the first Vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta. The airport is often called Cengkareng airport or Soetta by Indonesians. The airport's IATA code, CGK, originates from the name of the Cengkareng locality, Tangerang, Banten, although the location of this airport is located outside of the city, it is used as a gate out by the Jakartans and citizen of the surrounding areas, therefore at the main gate of the airport, there is an inscription "Jakarta Airports".{{cite web|url=http://www.poskotanews.com/2012/01/12/tol-bandara-dijamin-tak-kebanjiran/|title=Tol Bandara Dijamin Tidak Banjir|work=Poskotanews|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=14 December 2016|language=id}} Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked as 17th busiest airport in the world by Airports Council International, with about 63 million passengers in 2017.{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/todayinthesky/2018/04/09/list-worlds-20-busiest-airports-2017/498552002/|title=List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2 May 2018|language=en}} Today the airport is running over capacity. After T3 Soekarno-Hatta Airport expansion has finished in May 2016, the total capacity of three terminals become 43 million passengers a year. T1 and T2 also will be revitalized, so all the three terminals finally will accommodate 67 million passengers a year.{{cite web|url=http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2014/11/17/15163911/Agar.Penumpang.Lebih.Aman.dan.Nyaman.di.Bandara.Soekarno-Hatta|title=Agar Penumpang Lebih Aman dan Nyaman di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta|author=Pingkan Elita Dundu|date=17 November 2014|work=Kompas|accessdate=14 December 2016|language=id}}

A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) serves domestic flight of low-cost airline, private and VIP/presidential flights. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu).

{{See also|Port of Tanjung Priok}}

File:Tanjung priok2.jpg

Jakarta's main seaport Port of Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. Port of Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, and the 21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million TEUs.http://www.worldshipping.org [http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports Top 50 world container ports] To boost the port capacity, two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently ongoing. When fully operational in 2023, it will triple existing annual capacity.

The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 18,000 employees who provide services to more than 18,000 ships every year. The Port of Tanjung Priok has 20 terminals: general cargo, multipurpose terminal, scraps terminal, passenger terminal, dry bulk terminal, liquid bulk terminal, oil terminal, chemicals terminal and three container terminals, 76 berths, a quay length of {{convert|16,853|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}, a total storage area of {{convert|661,822|m2|abbr=off|sp=us}} and a storage capacity of 401,468 metric tons.{{Cite web |url=http://www.priokport.co.id/index.php?lang=eng&mod=fasilitas&smod=pokok |title=Port of Jakarta facilities |access-date=19 May 2018 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524163851/http://www.priokport.co.id/index.php?lang=eng&mod=fasilitas&smod=pokok |url-status=dead }}

Muara Angke Port is used as a public port to Thousand Islands. In December 2011, Muara Angke Port was renovated for Rp 130 billion ($14.4 million) in a 3 hectare area.{{cite web|url=http://metropolitan.inilah.com/read/detail/1805915/pelabuhan-muara-angke-siap-digunakan|title=Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan|accessdate=9 December 2011}} The port serves three water transport routes as of 2020:{{cite web |last1=FDTJ - Transport for Jakarta |year=2020 |title=Peta Transportasi Perairan Jakarta (Jakarta Water Transportation Map) |url=https://3122b791-bea0-4165-8da7-d1ddd1f1aec1.filesusr.com/ugd/3e64af_f769ea0e1bad4f389211f542f89c9152.pdf |access-date=1 March 2021}}

Another ports in Jakarta include the old port of Sunda Kelapa and Marina Ancol Port. Sunda Kelapa Port only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Marina Ancol Port is used as a tourist port, serves speed boat routes to various islands across Thousand Islands.

On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River.{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=119260|title=Jakarta gets its first klong taxis|work=Bangkok Post|publisher=The Post Publishing Public Co|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118230208/http://www.bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=119260|archivedate=18 January 2008}} Due to varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons in addition to heavy water pollution that comes with water from upstream during rain, the service was closed.{{cite news |title=Rencana Hidupkan Lagi Transportasi Air di Jakarta |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181019062742-20-339689/rencana-hidupkan-lagi-transportasi-air-di-jakarta |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=CNN Indonesia |date=19 October 2018 |language=id}}

{{portal|Indonesia|Jakarta}}

• Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System
• Transport in Indonesia
• Bali MRT

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{{notelist}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Jakarta topics}}{{Urban Transit in Indonesia}}