Voiced dental fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ð⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ð

|ipa number=131

|decimal=240

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00F0.svg

|imagesize=150px

|x-sampa=D

|kirshenbaum=D

|braille=12456

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced dental approximant

|ipa symbol=ð̞

|ipa symbol2=ɹ̪

|showbelow=no

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00F0+0x031E.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or {{IPA|⟨ð⟩}} and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

The letter {{angbr IPA|ð}} is sometimes used to represent the dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|p=210}} However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: {{angbr IPA|ð̞}}.

Very rarely used variant transcriptions of the dental approximant include {{angbr IPA|ʋ̠}} (retracted {{IPAblink|ʋ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɹ̟}} (advanced {{IPAblink|ɹ}}) and {{angbr IPA|ɹ̪}} ({{notatypo|dentalised}} {{IPAblink|ɹ}}). It has been proposed that either a turned ⟨{{IPA|ð}}⟩Kenneth S. Olson, Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley & Hugh J. Paterson III, 'The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, Vol. 40, No. 2 (August 2010), pp. 201–211 or reversed {{nowrap begin}}⟨{{IPA|ð}}⟩{{nowrap end}}{{cite journal

|last1=Ball

|first1=Martin J.

|author-link1=Martin J. Ball

|last2=Howard

|first2=Sara J.

|last3=Miller

|first3=Kirk

|year=2018

|title=Revisions to the extIPA chart

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=48

|issue=2

|pages=155–164

|doi=10.1017/S0025100317000147

|s2cid=151863976

}} be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant, but despite occasional usage, this has not gained general acceptance.

The fricative and its unvoiced counterpart are rare phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia, such as German, lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant {{IPA|[z]}}, a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop {{IPA|[d]}}, or a voiced labiodental fricative {{IPA|[v]}}; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as Greek have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.

Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian.

Features

Features of the voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:

{{fricative}} It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, the undertack diacritic may be used to indicate an approximant {{IPA|[ð̞]}}.

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan=2\| Albanian	{{lang\|sq\|idhull\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[iðuɫ]}}	'idol'
colspan="2" \| Aleut{{Cite web \|title=damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe \|url=https://glosbe.com/ale/en/damo \|access-date=2023-07-24 \|website=glosbe.com \|language=en}}	{{lang\|ale\|damo}}	{{IPA\|[ðɑmo]}}	'house'
rowspan="4" \| Arabic	Modern Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=37}}	rowspan="4" \| {{lang\|ar\|ذهب\|rtl=yes}}	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[ˈðæhæb]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'gold'	See Arabic phonology. Represented by the letter ḏāl.
Gulf \|
Najdi \|
Tunisian \|{{IPA\|[ˈðhæb]}} \|See Tunisian Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\| Arpitan	{{ill\|Genevan\|fr\|Genevois_(langue)}} and Savoyard	Genèva	{{IPA\|[ðə'nɛːva]}}	'Geneva'	Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling.
Bressan	vachiére	{{IPA\|[va'θiðə]}}	'woman cow herder'	Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
colspan=2\| Aromanian{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=30}}	{{lang\|rup\|zală}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðalə]}}	'butter whey'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|z̪\|z}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Assyrian	ܘܪܕܐ werda	{{IPA\|[wεrð̞a}}]	'flower'	Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects. Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|d}} in other varieties.
Asturian	Some dialects	{{lang\|ast\|fazer}}	{{IPA\|[fäˈðeɾ]}}	'to do'	Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr\|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPAblink\|θ}}.
colspan=2\| Bashkir	\| {{lang\|ba\|ҡаҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|qađ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg\|[qɑð]}}	'goose'
colspan=2\| Basque{{Harvcoltxt\|Hualde\|1991\|pp=99–100}}	{{lang\|eu\|adar\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[að̞ar]}}	'horn'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}
colspan=2\| Berta	colspan=2 align=center\| {{IPA\|[fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́]}}	'to sweep'
colspan=2\| Burmese{{Harvcoltxt\|Watkins\|2001\|pp=291–292}}	{{lang\|bm\|အညာသား}}	{{IPA\|[ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá]}}	'inlander'	Commonly realized as an affricate {{IPAblink\|d̪͡ð}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Watkins\|2001\|p=292}}
colspan=2\| Catalan{{Harvcoltxt\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}	{{lang\|ca\|cada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaðə]}}	'each'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Catalan phonology
Cree \|Woods Cree (th-dialect) \|{{lang\|cwd-Latn\|nitha}} \|{{IPA\|[niða]}} \|'I' \|Reflex of Proto-Algonguian *r. Shares features of a sonorant.
colspan="2" \| Dahalo{{Harvcoltxt\|Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|p=34}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{example needed\|date=August 2016}}		Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d̪/}}, and may be simply a plosive {{IPAblink\|d̪}} instead.
colspan=2\| Elfdalian	{{lang\|ovd\|baiða}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbaɪða]}}	'wait'
Emilian \|Bolognese \|żänt \|{{IPA\|[ðæ̃:t]}} \|'people' \|
rowspan=2\|English \|Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=143}} \|rowspan=2 \| this \| {{IPA\|[ðɪs]}} \|rowspan=2 \| 'this' \|
Western American English \| {{Audio-IPA\|this-prounciation-audio-nonlabial.ogg\|[ð̪͆ɪs]\|help=no}} \| Interdental.{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=143}}
colspan="2" \|Extremaduran \|{{lang\|ext\|ḥazel}} \|{{IPA\|[häðel]}} \|'to do' \|Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as {{IPA\|[θ]}}
colspan=2\| Fijian	{{lang\|fj\|ciwa\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ðiwa]}}	'nine'
Galician \| Some dialects{{Cite web\|url=https://ilg.usc.es/es/proxectos/atlas-linguistico-gallego-alga\|title=Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) {{!}} Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG\|website=ilg.usc.es\|date=14 October 2013 \|access-date=2019-11-25}} \| {{lang\|gl\|fazer}} \| {{IPA\|[fɐˈðeɾ]}} \| 'to do' \| Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr\|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPA\|[θ, z, z̺]}}.
German	Austrian{{cite web\|author=Sylvia Moosmüller\|year=2007\|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis\|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf\|access-date=March 9, 2013\|page=6}}	{{lang\|de-AT\|leider\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈlaɛ̯ða]}}	'unfortunately'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in casual speech. See Standard German phonology
colspan=2\| Greek	{{lang\|el\|δάφνη}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|dáfni}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðafni]}}	'laurel'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan=2\| Gwich'in	{{lang\|gwi-Latn\|niidhàn}}	{{IPA\|[niːðân]}}	'you want'
colspan=2\| Hän	{{lang\|haa-Latn\|ë̀dhä̀}}	{{IPA\|[ə̂ðɑ̂]}}	'hide'
colspan=2\| Harsusi	colspan=2 align=center\| {{IPA\|[ðebeːr]}}	'bee'
rowspan=2\|Hebrew	Iraqi	{{lang\|he\|אדוני\|rtl=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Athonai.ogg\|[ʔaðoˈnaj]}}	'my lord'	Commonly pronounced {{IPAblink\|d}}. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani	{{lang\|he\|גָּדוֹל\|rtl=yes}}/ğaḏol	{{IPA\|[dʒaðol]}}	'large, great'	See Yemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish	Many dialects	{{lang\|lad-Hebr\|קריאדֿור\|rtl=yes}} / {{lang\|lad-Latn\|kriador}}	{{IPA\|[kɾiaˈðor]}}	'creator'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in many dialects.
colspan=2\|Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ḏuḇ}}	{{IPA\|[ðuβ]}}	'to be exhausted'
colspan=2\| Kagayanen{{Harvcoltxt\|Olson\|Mielke\|Sanicas-Daguman\|Pebley\|2010\|pp=206–207}}	{{lang\|cgc\|kalag\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[kað̞aɡ]}}	'spirit'
colspan=2\| Kurdish	{{example needed\|date=August 2023}}			An approximant; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Kurdish phonology.
Malay \|Standard \|azan \|{{IPA\|[a.ðan]}} \|'azan' \|Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with {{IPA\|/z/}}. See Malay phonology
Malayalam \| \|'അത്' \|{{IPA\|[aðɨ̆]}} \|'That' \|Colloquial usage.
Mari	Eastern dialect	{{lang\|mhr\|шодо}}	{{IPA\|[ʃoðo]}}	'lung'
Norman	Jèrriais	{{lang\|nrf-JE\|méthe}}	{{IPA\|[mɛð]}}	'mother'	Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as {{IPA\|[ɾ]}}, and sometimes as {{IPA\|[l]}} or {{IPA\|[z]}}.
colspan=2\| Northern Sámi	{{lang\|se\|dieđa\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ieðɑ]}}	'science'
Norwegian	Meldal dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=14}}	{{lang\|no\|i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}}	'in'	Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant corresponding to {{IPA\|/iː/}} in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	{{lang\|oc-Latn\|que divi}}	{{IPA\|[ke ˈð̞iwi]}}	'what I should'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Occitan phonology
Portuguese	European{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}	{{lang\|pt-PT\|nada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈn̪äðɐ]}}	'nothing'	Northern and central dialects. Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}, mainly after an oral vowel.{{Harvcoltxt\|Mateus\|d'Andrade\|2000\|p=11}} See Portuguese phonology
colspan=2\| Sardinian	{{lang\|sc\|nidu\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Sr-nidu.wav\|[ˈnið̞u]}}	'nest'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}
Scottish Gaelic	Many Outer Hebrides dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Ó Dochartaigh\|1997}}	{{lang\|gd\|Màiri\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmaːði]}}	'Mary'	Often slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard in Lewis{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=129}} and also common in Harris, Benbecula and South Uist; otherwise realized as {{IPA\|[ɾʲ]}},{{cite web\|url=http://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/blank-wlxn6\|title=Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s' }} as {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} in southern Barra, or as {{IPAblink\|j}} in Tiree.
Sioux	Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|zapta}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðaptã]}}	'five'	Sometimes with {{IPA\|[z]}}
Spanish	Most dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|dedo\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞]}}	'finger'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt\|Quilis\|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Spanish phonology
colspan=2\| Swahili	{{lang\|sw\|dhambi}}	{{IPA\|[ðɑmbi]}}	'sin'	Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
rowspan=2\| Swedish	Central Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Engstrand\|2004\|p=167}}	{{lang\|sv\|bada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɑːð̞ä]}}	'to take a bath'	An approximant; allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Some dialects{{better source needed\|date=May 2021\|reason=Trivial mention without citation}}	{{lang\|sv\|i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}}	'in'	A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant{{better source needed\|date=May 2021}} corresponding to {{IPA\|/iː/}} in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Syriac	Western Neo-Aramaic	{{lang\|amw\|rtl=yes\|ܐܚܕ}}	{{IPA\|[aħːeð]}}	'to take'
colspan=2\| Tamil	{{lang\|ta\|ஒன்பது}}	{{IPA\|[onbäðɯ]}}	'nine'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}. See Tamil phonology
colspan=2\| Tanacross	{{lang\|tcb-Latn\|dhet}}	{{IPA\|[ðet]}}	'liver'
colspan="2" \|Turkmen \|ýyldyz \|{{IPA\|[jɯldɯð]}} \|'star' \|Realization of the {{IPA\|/z/}} phoneme
rowspan=2\| Tutchone	Northern	{{lang\|ttm-Latn\|edhó\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[eðǒ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'hide'
Southern	{{lang\|tce-Latn\|adhǜ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aðɨ̂]}}
colspan=2\| Venetian	{{lang\|vec\|mezorno\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[meˈðorno]}}	'midday'
colspan=2\| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|bardd\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[barð]}}	'bard'	See Welsh phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{Harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}

Danish {{IPA|[ð]}} is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2003|p=121}}{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|pp=59, 63}}

Notes

References

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External links

{{phoible|ð}}

Category:Dental consonants

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Approximant consonants

Category:English th

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

class="wikitable" !colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan=2\| Albanian	{{lang\|sq\|idhull\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[iðuɫ]}}	'idol'
colspan="2" \| Aleut{{Cite web \|title=damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe \|url=https://glosbe.com/ale/en/damo \|access-date=2023-07-24 \|website=glosbe.com \|language=en}}	{{lang\|ale\|damo}}	{{IPA\|[ðɑmo]}}	'house'
rowspan="4" \| Arabic	Modern Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Thelwall\|Sa'Adeddin\|1990\|p=37}}	rowspan="4" \| {{lang\|ar\|ذهب\|rtl=yes}}	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[ˈðæhæb]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'gold'	See Arabic phonology. Represented by the letter ḏāl.
Gulf \|
Najdi \|
Tunisian \|{{IPA\|[ˈðhæb]}} \|See Tunisian Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\| Arpitan	{{ill\|Genevan\|fr\|Genevois_(langue)}} and Savoyard	Genèva	{{IPA\|[ðə'nɛːva]}}	'Geneva'	Generally represents the "j" and "ge/gi" phonemes in standard spelling.
Bressan	vachiére	{{IPA\|[va'θiðə]}}	'woman cow herder'	Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
colspan=2\| Aromanian{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=30}}	{{lang\|rup\|zală}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðalə]}}	'butter whey'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|z̪\|z}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Assyrian	ܘܪܕܐ werda	{{IPA\|[wεrð̞a}}]	'flower'	Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects. Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|d}} in other varieties.
Asturian	Some dialects	{{lang\|ast\|fazer}}	{{IPA\|[fäˈðeɾ]}}	'to do'	Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr\|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPAblink\|θ}}.
colspan=2\| Bashkir	\| {{lang\|ba\|ҡаҙ}} / {{lang\|ba-Latn\|qađ}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ba-ҡаҙ.ogg\|[qɑð]}}	'goose'
colspan=2\| Basque{{Harvcoltxt\|Hualde\|1991\|pp=99–100}}	{{lang\|eu\|adar\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[að̞ar]}}	'horn'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}
colspan=2\| Berta	colspan=2 align=center\| {{IPA\|[fɛ̀ːðɑ̀nɑ́]}}	'to sweep'
colspan=2\| Burmese{{Harvcoltxt\|Watkins\|2001\|pp=291–292}}	{{lang\|bm\|အညာသား}}	{{IPA\|[ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá]}}	'inlander'	Commonly realized as an affricate {{IPAblink\|d̪͡ð}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Watkins\|2001\|p=292}}
colspan=2\| Catalan{{Harvcoltxt\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=55}}	{{lang\|ca\|cada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈkaðə]}}	'each'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Catalan phonology
Cree \|Woods Cree (th-dialect) \|{{lang\|cwd-Latn\|nitha}} \|{{IPA\|[niða]}} \|'I' \|Reflex of Proto-Algonguian *r. Shares features of a sonorant.
colspan="2" \| Dahalo{{Harvcoltxt\|Maddieson\|Spajić\|Sands\|Ladefoged\|1993\|p=34}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{example needed\|date=August 2016}}		Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d̪/}}, and may be simply a plosive {{IPAblink\|d̪}} instead.
colspan=2\| Elfdalian	{{lang\|ovd\|baiða}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbaɪða]}}	'wait'
Emilian \|Bolognese \|żänt \|{{IPA\|[ðæ̃:t]}} \|'people' \|
rowspan=2\|English \|Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=143}} \|rowspan=2 \| this \| {{IPA\|[ðɪs]}} \|rowspan=2 \| 'this' \|
Western American English \| {{Audio-IPA\|this-prounciation-audio-nonlabial.ogg\|[ð̪͆ɪs]\|help=no}} \| Interdental.{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=143}}
colspan="2" \|Extremaduran \|{{lang\|ext\|ḥazel}} \|{{IPA\|[häðel]}} \|'to do' \|Realization of etymological 'z'. Can also be realized as {{IPA\|[θ]}}
colspan=2\| Fijian	{{lang\|fj\|ciwa\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ðiwa]}}	'nine'
Galician \| Some dialects{{Cite web\|url=https://ilg.usc.es/es/proxectos/atlas-linguistico-gallego-alga\|title=Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) {{!}} Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG\|website=ilg.usc.es\|date=14 October 2013 \|access-date=2019-11-25}} \| {{lang\|gl\|fazer}} \| {{IPA\|[fɐˈðeɾ]}} \| 'to do' \| Alternative realization of etymological {{angbr\|z}}. Can also be realized as {{IPA\|[θ, z, z̺]}}.
German	Austrian{{cite web\|author=Sylvia Moosmüller\|year=2007\|title=Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis\|url=http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/habil_2007may28_tableofcontents_zus_final.pdf\|access-date=March 9, 2013\|page=6}}	{{lang\|de-AT\|leider\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈlaɛ̯ða]}}	'unfortunately'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in casual speech. See Standard German phonology
colspan=2\| Greek	{{lang\|el\|δάφνη}} / {{Transliteration\|el\|dáfni}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðafni]}}	'laurel'	See Modern Greek phonology
colspan=2\| Gwich'in	{{lang\|gwi-Latn\|niidhàn}}	{{IPA\|[niːðân]}}	'you want'
colspan=2\| Hän	{{lang\|haa-Latn\|ë̀dhä̀}}	{{IPA\|[ə̂ðɑ̂]}}	'hide'
colspan=2\| Harsusi	colspan=2 align=center\| {{IPA\|[ðebeːr]}}	'bee'
rowspan=2\|Hebrew	Iraqi	{{lang\|he\|אדוני\|rtl=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Athonai.ogg\|[ʔaðoˈnaj]}}	'my lord'	Commonly pronounced {{IPAblink\|d}}. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Temani	{{lang\|he\|גָּדוֹל\|rtl=yes}}/ğaḏol	{{IPA\|[dʒaðol]}}	'large, great'	See Yemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish	Many dialects	{{lang\|lad-Hebr\|קריאדֿור\|rtl=yes}} / {{lang\|lad-Latn\|kriador}}	{{IPA\|[kɾiaˈðor]}}	'creator'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in many dialects.
colspan=2\|Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|ḏuḇ}}	{{IPA\|[ðuβ]}}	'to be exhausted'
colspan=2\| Kagayanen{{Harvcoltxt\|Olson\|Mielke\|Sanicas-Daguman\|Pebley\|2010\|pp=206–207}}	{{lang\|cgc\|kalag\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[kað̞aɡ]}}	'spirit'
colspan=2\| Kurdish	{{example needed\|date=August 2023}}			An approximant; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Kurdish phonology.
Malay \|Standard \|azan \|{{IPA\|[a.ðan]}} \|'azan' \|Only in Arabic loanwords; usually replaced with {{IPA\|/z/}}. See Malay phonology
Malayalam \| \|'അത്' \|{{IPA\|[aðɨ̆]}} \|'That' \|Colloquial usage.
Mari	Eastern dialect	{{lang\|mhr\|шодо}}	{{IPA\|[ʃoðo]}}	'lung'
Norman	Jèrriais	{{lang\|nrf-JE\|méthe}}	{{IPA\|[mɛð]}}	'mother'	Predominantly found in western Jèrriais dialects; otherwise realised as {{IPA\|[ɾ]}}, and sometimes as {{IPA\|[l]}} or {{IPA\|[z]}}.
colspan=2\| Northern Sámi	{{lang\|se\|dieđa\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ieðɑ]}}	'science'
Norwegian	Meldal dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=14}}	{{lang\|no\|i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}}	'in'	Syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant corresponding to {{IPA\|/iː/}} in other dialects. See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	{{lang\|oc-Latn\|que divi}}	{{IPA\|[ke ˈð̞iwi]}}	'what I should'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Occitan phonology
Portuguese	European{{Harvcoltxt\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=92}}	{{lang\|pt-PT\|nada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈn̪äðɐ]}}	'nothing'	Northern and central dialects. Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}, mainly after an oral vowel.{{Harvcoltxt\|Mateus\|d'Andrade\|2000\|p=11}} See Portuguese phonology
colspan=2\| Sardinian	{{lang\|sc\|nidu\|italic=yes}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Sr-nidu.wav\|[ˈnið̞u]}}	'nest'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}
Scottish Gaelic	Many Outer Hebrides dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Ó Dochartaigh\|1997}}	{{lang\|gd\|Màiri\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmaːði]}}	'Mary'	Often slightly palatalized. Common Hebridean realisation of /ɾʲ/, standard in Lewis{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=129}} and also common in Harris, Benbecula and South Uist; otherwise realized as {{IPA\|[ɾʲ]}},{{cite web\|url=http://doug5181.wixsite.com/sgdsmaps/blank-wlxn6\|title=Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s' }} as {{IPAblink\|ʒ}} in southern Barra, or as {{IPAblink\|j}} in Tiree.
Sioux	Lakota	{{lang\|lkt\|zapta}}	{{IPA\|[ˈðaptã]}}	'five'	Sometimes with {{IPA\|[z]}}
Spanish	Most dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|dedo\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪e̞ð̞o̞]}}	'finger'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt\|Quilis\|1981}} have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}. See Spanish phonology
colspan=2\| Swahili	{{lang\|sw\|dhambi}}	{{IPA\|[ðɑmbi]}}	'sin'	Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
rowspan=2\| Swedish	Central Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Engstrand\|2004\|p=167}}	{{lang\|sv\|bada\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɑːð̞ä]}}	'to take a bath'	An approximant; allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}} in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Some dialects{{better source needed\|date=May 2021\|reason=Trivial mention without citation}}	{{lang\|sv\|i\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ð̩ʲ˕ː]}}	'in'	A syllabic palatalized frictionless approximant{{better source needed\|date=May 2021}} corresponding to {{IPA\|/iː/}} in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Syriac	Western Neo-Aramaic	{{lang\|amw\|rtl=yes\|ܐܚܕ}}	{{IPA\|[aħːeð]}}	'to take'
colspan=2\| Tamil	{{lang\|ta\|ஒன்பது}}	{{IPA\|[onbäðɯ]}}	'nine'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA\|/t/}}. See Tamil phonology
colspan=2\| Tanacross	{{lang\|tcb-Latn\|dhet}}	{{IPA\|[ðet]}}	'liver'
colspan="2" \|Turkmen \|ýyldyz \|{{IPA\|[jɯldɯð]}} \|'star' \|Realization of the {{IPA\|/z/}} phoneme
rowspan=2\| Tutchone	Northern	{{lang\|ttm-Latn\|edhó\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[eðǒ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'hide'
Southern	{{lang\|tce-Latn\|adhǜ\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[aðɨ̂]}}
colspan=2\| Venetian	{{lang\|vec\|mezorno\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[meˈðorno]}}	'midday'
colspan=2\| Welsh	{{lang\|cy\|bardd\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[barð]}}	'bard'	See Welsh phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{Harvcoltxt\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/d/}}

Voiced dental fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links