Economy of India#Manufacturing and industry

{{Main|Economic history of India|Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent}}

For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 CE, India was the world's largest economy, constituting 35 to 40% of the world GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.visualcapitalist.com/2000-years-economic-history-one-chart/|title=2000 years economic history one chart|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909213431/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/2000-years-economic-history-one-chart/|url-status=live}} The combination of protectionist, import-substitution, Fabian socialism, and social democratic-inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule. The economy was then characterised as Dirigism, It had extensive regulation, protectionism, public ownership of large monopolies, pervasive corruption and slow growth.{{cite web|url=http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/Indias_Rising_Growth_Potential.pdf|title=India's Rising Growth Potential|publisher=Goldman Sachs|year=2007|access-date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120152/http://www.usindiafriendship.net/viewpoints1/Indias_Rising_Growth_Potential.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2011}} Since 1991, continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market-based economy.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|title=Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=OECD|access-date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112149/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2011}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|title=India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 August 1992|author=Edward A. Gargan|access-date=17 January 2011|archive-date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208134134/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|url-status=live}} By 2008, India had established itself as one of the world's faster-growing economies.

The citizens of the Indus Valley civilisation, a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BCE and 1800 BCE, practised agriculture, domesticated animals, used uniform weights and measures, made tools and weapons, and traded with other cities. Evidence of well-planned streets, a drainage system, and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning, which included the first-known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government.{{cite book|author=Nehru, Jawaharlal|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1946|isbn=0-14-303103-1|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|title-link=The Discovery of India}}

Maritime trade was carried out extensively between southern regions of India and Southeast Asia and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century CE. Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BCE, used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia.{{Harvnb|Raychaudhuri|Habib|2004|pp=17–18}} Over time, traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage. This state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century CE, when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi, Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim communities, initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast.{{Harvnb|Raychaudhuri|Habib|2004|pp=40–41}}

Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries.{{Citation|title=An Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian Sea|first=Jonas|last=Hanway|year=1753|publisher=Sold by Mr. Dodsley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etApAAAAYAAJ|quote=... The Persians have very little maritime strength ... their ship carpenters on the Caspian were mostly Indians ... there is a little temple, in which the Indians now worship|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109222928/https://books.google.com/books?id=etApAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}{{Citation|title=Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750|author=Stephen Frederic Dale|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-52597-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqEWw_54uVUC|quote=... The Russian merchant, F.A. Kotov ... saw in Isfahan in 1623, both Hindus and Muslims, as Multanis.|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109222930/https://books.google.com/books?id=GqEWw_54uVUC|url-status=live}}{{Citation|title=The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550–1900|author=Scott Cameron Levi|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12320-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qVkNBge8mIC|quote=... George Forster ... On the 31st of March, I visited the Atashghah or place of fire; and on making myself known to the Hindoo mendicants, who resided there, I was received among these sons of Brihma as a brother}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} During this period, Indian traders settled in Surakhani, a suburb of greater Baku, Azerbaijan. These traders built a Hindu temple, which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century.{{Citation|title=From Constantinople to the home of Omar Khayyam: travels in Transcaucasia and northern Persia for historic and literary research|author=Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson|year=1911|publisher=The Macmillan company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4aBAAAAIAAJ|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326205033/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4aBAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}{{Citation|title=A journey from Bengal to England: through the northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia, by the Caspian-Sea|author=George Forster|year=1798|publisher=R. Faulder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSkQAAAAYAAJ|quote=... A society of Moultan Hindoos, which has long been established in Baku, contributes largely to the circulation of its commerce; and with the Armenians, they may be accounted the principal merchants of Shirwan ...|author-link=George Forster (traveller)|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109222928/https://books.google.com/books?id=CSkQAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}{{Citation|title=A Second Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, between the Years 1810 and 1816|author=James Justinian Morier|year=1818|publisher=A. Strahan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjdtPAAACAAJ}}{{Citation|title=Reports from the consuls of the United States, 1887|author=United States Bureau of Foreign Commerce|year=1887|publisher=United States Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KBASAAAAYAAJ|quote=... Six or 7 miles southeast is Surakhani, the location of a very ancient monastery of the fire-worshippers of India ...|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109222930/https://books.google.com/books?id=KBASAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}

Further north, the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade, and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river-borne commerce. Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia.{{Harvnb|Raychaudhuri|Habib|2004|pp=10–13}} Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins, barter was prevalent. Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers, while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|page=14}}

{{multiple image

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| caption1 = Silver coin of the Maurya Empire, 3rd century BCE

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| caption2 = Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty, 5th century CE

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{{See also|Muslin trade in Bengal|Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore}}

The Indian economy was the largest and most prosperous throughout world history and would continue to be under the Mughal Empire, up until the 18th century.Karl J. Schmidt (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, page 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034442/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |date=22 September 2023 }}, Routledge Sean Harkin estimates that China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century. The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency, land revenue and trade. Gold, silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage.{{Harvnb|Raychaudhuri|Habib|2004|pp=360–361}} The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralized administration under the Mughals, coupled with a well-developed internal trade network, ensured that India–before the arrival of the British–was to a large extent economically unified, despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|p=3}} Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms, with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time, such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture,{{cite book|author=Irfan Habib|author2=Dharma Kumar|author3=Tapan Raychaudhuri|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=214|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=230|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804231000/http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=230|url-status=live}} and possibly higher per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption than 17th century Europe.{{Cite book|author=Vivek Suneja|title=Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy|page=13|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Stw3qadXG0C&pg=PA13|isbn=978-0-415-23857-1|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922034936/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Stw3qadXG0C&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}

The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy, with India producing about 25% of the world's industrial output up until 1750,{{cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf|title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries|author=Jeffrey G. Williamson, David Clingingsmith|publisher=Harvard University|date=August 2005|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213044056/http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf|url-status=live}} making it the most important manufacturing centre in international trade.{{Citation|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|given=Prasannan|surname=Parthasarathi|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-139-49889-0|page=2}} Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel, and processed exports included cotton textiles, yarns, thread, silk, jute products, metalware, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century.{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Eraly|year=2007|title=The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=5|isbn=978-0-14-310262-5}}

In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia.Om Prakash, "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320 |date=18 November 2022 }}", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context. Retrieved 3 August 2017 In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient. Indian goods, especially those from Bengal, were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets, such as Indonesia and Japan.{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|author-link=John F. Richards|year=1995|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=202|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2}} At the time, Mughal Bengal was the most important centre of cotton textile production.Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, page 202] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202 |date=4 April 2023 }}, University of California Press

In the early 18th century the Mughal Empire declined, as it lost western, central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire, which integrated and continued to administer those regions.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|pp=5–8}} The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity, which in turn negatively affected the textile industry.{{cite book|title=Trade and Poverty: When the Third World Fell Behind|author=Jeffrey G. Williamson|publisher=MIT Press|year=2011|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiDslL0o-hUC&pg=PA91|author-link=Jeffrey G. Williamson|isbn=978-0-262-29518-5|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922033919/https://books.google.com/books?id=QiDslL0o-hUC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}} The subcontinent's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east., which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages.{{Citation|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|given=Prasannan|surname=Parthasarathi|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-139-49889-0}} However, the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal{{cite book|author=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253|author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|isbn=978-0-521-03159-2}}{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828|author=P. J. Marshall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA73|author-link=P. J. Marshall|isbn=978-0-521-02822-6}} and then British colonization in the mid-18th century. After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat, the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states, and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country – although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms. By the late eighteenth century, the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers. This marked a determinative shift in India's trade, and a less-powerful effect on the rest of the economy.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|p=26}}

{{Main|Economy of India under Company rule |Economy of India under the British Raj}}

{{Blockquote| There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis. As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown, India's share of world income collapsed from 22.6% in 1700, almost equal to Europe's share of 23.3% at that time, to as low as 3.8% in 1952. Indeed, at the beginning of the 20th century, "the brightest jewel in the British Crown" was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income.|Manmohan Singh{{cite news|title=Of Oxford, economics, empire, and freedom|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071002301000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027013702/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071002301000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2005|location=Chennai|date=2 October 2005|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 December 2010}}}}

File:1 AD to 2003 AD Historical Trends in global distribution of GDP China India Western Europe USA Middle East.png|page=379|isbn=978-0-19-164758-1|author-link=Angus Maddison|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223015/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison#v=snippet&q=angus%20maddison&f=false|url-status=live}} Up until the 18th century, China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output.]]

From the beginning of the 19th century, the British East India Company's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies, which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade, resulting in decreased production of food crops, mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers, and in the short term, led to numerous famines.{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|pp=158–160}} The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors, due to reduced demand and dipping employment.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|pp=538–540}} After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813, Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|pp=826–827}} The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to Britain, which, due to the colonial policies of the British, led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|pp=876–877}} The economy of the Indian subcontinent was the largest in the world for most of recorded history up until the onset of colonialism in early 19th century.{{cite book|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|author=Paul Bairoch|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0/page/95 95]|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-226-03463-8|author-link=Paul Bairoch}}

File:1700 AD through 1950 AD per capita GDP of United Kingdom and India during the Colonial Era.png.Maddison A (2007), Contours of the World Economy I-2030AD, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199227204}}. The data tables from this book are available online here [http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216033959/http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm|date=16 February 2019}} However, Maddison's estimates for 18th-century India have been criticized as gross underestimates,{{cite book|title=Reorienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age|author=Andre Gunder Frank, Robert A. Denemark|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|pages=83–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|isbn=978-1-317-25293-1}} Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century,{{cite book|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|author=Paul Bairoch|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1995|pages=95–104|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|author-link=Paul Bairoch|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060209/https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|url-status=dead}}Chris Jochnick, Fraser A. Preston (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SpqmITSjgWAC&pg=PA86 Sovereign Debt at the Crossroads: Challenges and Proposals for Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis, pages 86–87] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109222929/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpqmITSjgWAC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=9 November 2023 }}, Oxford University Press and Parthasarathi's findings show higher real wages in 18th-century Bengal and Mysore.{{Citation|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38|pages=38–45|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49889-0|given=Prasannan|surname=Parthasarathi|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212704/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA38|url-status=live}} But there is consensus that India's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era, starting in the late 18th century.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|page=422}}]]

Under British rule, India's share of the world economy declined from 24.4% in 1700 down to 4.2% in 1950. India's GDP (PPP) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule.Maddison, Angus (2003): [https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA261 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics], OECD Publishing, {{ISBN|9264104143}}, page 261 India's share of global industrial output declined from 25% in 1750 down to 2% in 1900. At the same time, Britain's share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 up to 9% in 1870. The British East India Company, following their conquest of Bengal in 1757, had forced open the large Indian market to British goods, which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties, compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed, while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there, whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market. British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.{{cite book|title=The Process of Economic Development|author=James Cypher|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|isbn=978-1-136-16828-4|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600–1850|year=2005|url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf|website=International Institute of Social History|publisher=Department of Economics, University of Warwick|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910075425/http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes|author=Paul Bairoch|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1995|page=89|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|author-link=Paul Bairoch|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060209/https://www.scribd.com/document/193124153/Economics-and-World-History-Myths-and-Paradoxes-Paul-Bairoch|url-status=dead}} India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods.{{cite book|title=Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India|author=Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|isbn=978-1-317-25293-1}}

British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that, on paper, guaranteed property rights among the colonisers, encouraged free trade, and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates, standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company-held territories. It also established a system of railways and telegraphs, a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference, a common-law, and an adversarial legal system.{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|pp=291–292}} This coincided with major changes in the world economy – industrialisation, and significant growth in production and trade. However, at the end of colonial rule, India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world,{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p = 1}} with industrial development stalled, agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population, a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force, and extremely inadequate infrastructure.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=179}}

The 1872 census revealed that 91.3% of the population of the region constituting present-day India resided in villages.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|p=519}} This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era, when 85% of the population resided in villages and 15% in urban centres under Akbar's reign in 1600.{{cite book|author=Irfan Habib|author2=Dharma Kumar|author3=Tapan Raychaudhuri|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=165|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=185|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804231000/http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=185|url-status=live}} Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s, due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation. Subsequently, the policy of discriminating protection (where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state), coupled with the Second World War, saw the development and dispersal of industries, encouraging rural-urban migration, and in particular, the large port cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly. Despite this, only one-sixth of India's population lived in cities by 1951.{{Harvnb|Kumar|2005|pp=520–521}}

The effect of British rule on India's economy is a controversial topic. Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for India's poor economic performance following independence and argued that the capital required for the Industrial Revolution in Britain came from India. At the same time, other historians have countered that India's poor economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration.{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|pp= 22–24}}

Several economic historians have argued that Indian real wages declined in the early 19th century, or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century, largely as a result of British colonial rule. According to Prasannan Parthasarathi and Sashi Sivramkrishna, the grain wages of Indian weavers were likely comparable to that of their British counterparts and their average income was around five times the subsistence level, which was comparable to advanced parts of Europe.{{Cite book|last=Parthasarathi|first=Prasannan|title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850|year=2011|page=45}}{{Cite journal|last=Sivramkrishna|first=Sashi|title=Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 1800-01: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence|doi=10.1163/002249909X12574071689177|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History|year=2009|volume=52|issue=4|page=729|issn=0022-4995}} However they concluded that due to the scarcity of data, it was hard to draw definitive conclusions and that more research was required. It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire.

File:Navi_Mumbai_Maharashtra.jpg built during pre-liberalization]]

{{Main|Five-Year Plans of India|Economic policy of the Indira Gandhi government|Licence Raj}}

Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience, which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to the planned economy of the Soviet Union. Domestic policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation, economic interventionism, a large government-run public sector, business regulation, and central planning,{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|pp=31–32}} while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|p=24}} Five-Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union. Steel, mining, machine tools, telecommunications, insurance, and power plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s. The Indian economy of this period is characterised as Dirigism.

File:GDP per capita of India (1820 to present).png.]]

{{Blockquote|Never talk to me about profit, Jeh, it is a dirty word.|Nehru, India's Fabian Socialism-inspired first prime minister to industrialist J. R. D. Tata, when Tata suggested state-owned companies should be profitable{{cite book|title=India Unbound|first=Gurcharan|last=Das|publisher=Anchor Books|year=2002|isbn=978-0-385-72074-8|pages=167–174}}}}

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country's independence. They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy, involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors, and based on direct and indirect state intervention, rather than the more extreme Soviet-style central command system.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=185–187}}{{Cite journal|author1=Cameron, John|author2=Ndhlovu, P Tidings|title=Cultural Influences on Economic Thought in India: Resistance to diffusion of neo-classical economics and the principles of Hinduism|journal=Economic Issues|volume=6|issue=2|date=September 2001|url=http://www.economicissues.org/archive/pdfs/5v6p2.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823161225/http://www.economicissues.org/archive/pdfs/5v6p2.PDF|archive-date=23 August 2006|access-date=17 January 2011}} The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital- and technology-intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual, low-skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman, who thought it would waste capital and labour, and retard the development of small manufacturers.{{cite web|title=Milton Friedman on the Nehru/Mahalanobis Plan|url=http://www.indiapolicy.org/debate/Notes/fried_opinion.html|publisher=India Policy Institute|date=22 September 1998|first=Subroto|last=Roy|access-date=16 July 2005|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331032602/http://indiapolicy.org/debate/Notes/fried_opinion.html|url-status=live}}

{{Blockquote | I cannot decide how much to borrow, what shares to issue, at what price, what wages and bonus to pay, and what dividend to give. I even need the government's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive.| J. R. D. Tata, on the Indian regulatory system, 1969}}

Since 1965, the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India, which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity, improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=504–506}} However, it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort, resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming, ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=507}}

In 1984, Rajiv Gandhi promised economic liberalization, he made V. P. Singh the finance minister, who tried to reduce tax evasion and tax receipts rose due to this crackdown although taxes were lowered. This process lost its momentum during the later tenure of Mr. Gandhi as his government was marred by scandals.

{{Main|Economic history of India|Economic liberalisation in India|Economic development in India|Economic policy of the Narendra Modi government}}

{{multiple image

| align = left

| image1 = Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg

| width1 = 130

| alt1 = P. V. Narasimha Rao

| caption1 = P. V. Narasimha Rao

| image2 = Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in March 2014.jpg

| width2 = 130

| alt2 = Manmohan Singh

| caption2 = Manmohan Singh

| footer = Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.

}}

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which was India's major trading partner, and the Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices, resulted in a major balance-of-payments crisis for India, which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans.{{cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Arunabha|title=India's pathway through economic crisis(which makes failer of mixed economy)|work=GEG Working Paper 2004/06|publisher=Global Economic Governance Programme|date=1 June 2004|url=http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/Ghosh%20-%20India.pdf|access-date=12 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112080531/http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/Ghosh%20-%20India.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2011}} India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which in return demanded de-regulation.{{sfn|Task Force Report|2006|p=7}}

In response, the Narasimha Rao government, including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, initiated economic reforms in 1991. The reforms did away with the Licence Raj, reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.{{sfn|Task Force Report|2006|pp=7–8}} Since then, the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same, although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers, on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies.{{cite news|title=That old Gandhi magic|date=27 November 1997|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=107076|access-date=17 January 2011|archive-date=6 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506203934/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=107076|url-status=live}} This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates, and food security, although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents.{{sfn|Task Force Report|2006|pp=17–20}}

File:India GDP without labels.PNG

File:India Annual GDP Growth Rate - World Bank.png

From 2010, India has risen from ninth-largest to the fifth-largest economies in the world by nominal GDP in 2019 by surpassing UK, France, Italy and Brazil.{{cite web|title=Where does India stand in the list of world's largest economies?|website=Times Now|date=2 April 2020|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/where-does-india-stand-in-the-list-of-world-s-largest-economies/573015|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617052035/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/article/where-does-india-stand-in-the-list-of-world-s-largest-economies/573015|url-status=live}}

India started recovery in 2013–14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4% from the previous year's 5.5%. The acceleration continued through 2014–15 and 2015–16 with growth rates of 7.5% and 8.0% respectively. For the first time since 1990, India grew faster than China which registered 6.9% growth in 2015.{{update inline|date=June 2017}} However the growth rate subsequently decelerated, to 7.1% and 6.6% in 2016–17 and 2017–18 respectively,{{cite web|title=PRESS NOTE ON SECOND ADVANCE ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL INCOME 2017–18|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/nad_pr_2eni_28feb18_0.pdf|website=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|access-date=26 May 2018|ref=Mospi2018|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516211929/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/nad_pr_2eni_28feb18_0.pdf|url-status=live}} partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation and the Goods and Services Tax (India).{{cite news|title=Demonetisation, GST impact: IMF lowers India's 2017 growth forecast to 6.7%|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/demonetisation-gst-impact-imf-lowers-india-s-2017-growth-forecast-to-6-7/story-UeJfgfJKPJOvbzo5kRexDM.html|access-date=26 May 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 October 2017|ref=HTgrowth|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/demonetisation-gst-impact-imf-lowers-india-s-2017-growth-forecast-to-6-7/story-UeJfgfJKPJOvbzo5kRexDM.html|url-status=live}}

India is ranked 63rd out of 190 countries in the World Bank's 2020 ease of doing business index, up 14 points from the last year's 100 and up 37 points in just two years.[https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/i/india/IND.pdf Economy Profile India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714013432/https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/i/india/IND.pdf |date=14 July 2020 }} Doing Business 2020 In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts, it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world, while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit.{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings|website=DoingBusiness.org|title=Rankings & Ease of Doing Business Score|access-date=31 October 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915112537/http://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings|url-status=live}} The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to affect the overall rankings of India.{{cite web|title=Business Reforms Action Plan|url=http://eodb.dipp.gov.in/index.aspx|website=Business Reforms Action Plan|access-date=8 July 2016|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021233/http://eodb.dipp.gov.in/index.aspx|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous rating agencies downgraded India's GDP predictions for FY21 to negative figures,{{Cite news|date=21 May 2020|title=A Bigger Hit on the Economy?|page=1|work=The Economic Times (ET Graphics)|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/|url-access=subscription|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617152043/https://epaper.timesgroup.com/TOI/TimesOfIndia/index.html?a=c%2F|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Noronha|first=Gaurav|date=2 May 2020|title=India's GDP to see 5% contraction in FY21, says Icra|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indias-gdp-to-see-5-contraction-in-fy21-says-icra/articleshow/75847028.cms|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626043921/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indias-gdp-to-see-5-contraction-in-fy21-says-icra/articleshow/75847028.cms|url-status=live}} signalling a recession in India, the most severe since 1979.{{cite web|title=Goldman Sachs: India's economy will shrink 45% this quarter and suffer a brutal recession this year|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/goldman-sachs-indias-economy-will-shrink-45-this-quarter-and-suffer-a-brutal-recession-this-year/articleshow/75807045.cms|last=Nagarajan|first=Shalini|date=21 May 2020|website=Business Insider|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603134823/https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/goldman-sachs-indias-economy-will-shrink-45-this-quarter-and-suffer-a-brutal-recession-this-year/articleshow/75807045.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Goldman report most damning|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/goldman-on-economic-package-for-coronavirus-lockdown-narendra-modis-steps-smaller-than-upas/cid/1774089|date=19 May 2020|website=The Daily Telegraph|language=en|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525122406/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/goldman-on-economic-package-for-coronavirus-lockdown-narendra-modis-steps-smaller-than-upas/cid/1774089|url-status=live}} The Indian Economy contracted by 6.6 percent which was lower than the estimated 7.3 percent decline.{{cite news|title=Indian economy contracts by 6.6 pc in 2020–21|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indian-economy-contracts-by-6-6-pc-in-2020-21/articleshow/89248879.cms|access-date=3 September 2022|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131130834/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indian-economy-contracts-by-6-6-pc-in-2020-21/articleshow/89248879.cms|archive-date=31 January 2022}} In 2022, the ratings agency Fitch Ratings upgraded India's outlook to stable similar to S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investors Service's outlooks.{{cite news|last1=Dhasmana|first1=Indivjal|last2=Choudhury|first2=Shrimi|title=Moody's upgrades India's rating outlook to 'stable' from 'negative'|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/moody-s-changes-india-s-rating-outlook-to-stable-from-negative-121100501141_1.html|access-date=3 September 2022|work=Business Standard|date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816021754/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/moody-s-changes-india-s-rating-outlook-to-stable-from-negative-121100501141_1.html|archive-date=16 August 2022}} In the first quarter of financial year 2022–2023, the Indian economy grew by 13.5%.{{cite news|last1=Dhoot|first1=Vikas|title=India's GDP grows at 13.5% in April–June quarter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/indias-gdp-grows-at-135-in-april-june-quarter/article65833826.ece|access-date=3 September 2022|work=The Hindu|date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903054834/https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/indias-gdp-grows-at-135-in-april-june-quarter/article65833826.ece|archive-date=3 September 2022}}

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2024 (with IMF staff estimates in 2025–2029). Inflation below 5% is in green.{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=534,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP,&sy=1980&ey=2000&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=IMF |language=en}} The annual unemployment rate is extracted from the World Bank, although the International Monetary Fund finds them unreliable.{{Cite web|title=Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS|access-date=1 March 2022|publisher=World Bank|archive-date=12 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612090355/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|access-date=20 May 2024|website=World Bank Open Data}}{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}

{{Main|List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)}}

{{Static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}

{{See|List of Indian states and union territories by GDP}}

India's regional economies vary significantly in terms of output, industrial composition, and development levels. Maharashtra has the largest state economy, contributing over 13% to the national GDP, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.{{cite book|title=Logistics Management for International Business: Text and Cases|author1=SUDALAIMUTHU, S.|author2=RAJ, S.A.|year=2009|publisher=PHI Learning|isbn=9788120337923|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NG2TjfQF6zEC|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514103308/https://books.google.com/books?id=NG2TjfQF6zEC|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}} These five states collectively account for nearly half of India's economic output. Southern states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Telangana are known for strong performance in services and manufacturing, while western states like Gujarat and Maharashtra are industrial powerhouses. In contrast, eastern and central states such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh exhibit lower GDPs, reflecting ongoing challenges in industrialisation and infrastructure. Union Territories like Delhi and Chandigarh, though smaller in size, have high per capita incomes due to urban-centric service-driven economies. This economic landscape highlights both growth opportunities and regional disparities, underscoring the need for tailored economic strategies across states.

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Percent of share in GDP of India contributing from various sector in 2023-24

|label1 = Financial, real estate & professional services

|value1 = 22.86

|color1 = Blue

|label2 = Trade, hotels, transport, communication and broadcasting

|value2 = 18.30

|color2 = Red

|label3 = Manufacturing

|value3 = 17.04

|color3 = Orange

|label4 = Agriculture, forestry and fishing

|value4 = 14.27

|color4 = Green

|label5 = Public Administration, defence and other services

|value5 = 12.52

|color5 = Pink

|label6 = Construction

|value6 = 8.89

|color6 = Gray

|label7 = Electricity, gas, water supply & other utility services

|value7 = 2.32

|color7 = Yellow

|label8 = Mining & quarrying

|value8 = 2.09

|color8 = black

}}

{{Main|Agriculture in India|Forestry in India|Animal husbandry in India|Fishing in India|Natural resources in India}}

Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 18.4% of the GDP, the sector employed 51.2 crore persons or 45.5% of the workforce in India are employed in agriculture.{{cite web|last1=Chand|first1=Ramesh|last2=Singh|first2=Jaspal|title=Workforce Changes and Employment|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/Discussion_Paper_on_Workforce_05042022.pdf|publisher=NITI Aayog, Government of India|access-date=19 August 2024|date=March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102232414/https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/Discussion_Paper_on_Workforce_05042022.pdf|archive-date=2 January 2024|url-status=live}} India is major agriculture producing country and has the most arable land in the world followed by the United States.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area/|title=CIA World Factbook-Area|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105164242/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/area|url-status=live}} However, agricultural output lags far behind its potential.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html|title=The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth Outstrips Agriculture|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 June 2008|first=Somini|last=Sengupta|access-date=29 March 2010|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512072651/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html|url-status=live}} Agriculture's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2023, shifting from 52% to 15% of India's GDP{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/|title=India at glance|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526143948/https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=19 December 2023|title=Share of agriculture in India's GDP declined to 15% in FY23: Govt|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/share-of-agriculture-in-indias-gdp-declined-to-15-in-fy23-govt/articleshow/106124466.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 May 2024|work=The Economic Times|issn=0013-0389}} yet it is still the country's largest employment provider sector .{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/explained-economics-agriculture-and-employment-8480945/|title=What India's labour force and national income data tell us about jobs shifting from agriculture|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115071629/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/explained-economics-agriculture-and-employment-8480945/|url-status=live}} Crop-yield-per-unit-area of all crops has grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India. However, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=499–501}} The states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture.

India receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1208|mm|in}} and a total annual precipitation of 4,000 billion cubic metres, with the total utilisable water resources, including surface and groundwater, amounting to 1,123 billion cubic metres.{{cite web|url=http://cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/statistics.html#2|title=India – Land and Water Resources at a glance|publisher=Central Water Commission, Government of India|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119200518/http://cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/statistics.html#2|archive-date=19 November 2010|url-status=dead}} {{convert|546820|km2|mi2}} of the land area, or about 39% of the total cultivated area, is irrigated.{{cite web|url=http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/statewiseirrigated2079753822.pdf|title=State-Wise Details of Net Irrigated Area (NIA), Net Sown Area (NSA) And Percentage of NIA To NSA|publisher=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161906/http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/statewiseirrigated2079753822.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}} India's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly 6 million people in the fisheries sector. In 2023, according to the Ministry of Fisheries, India is the 3rd largest fish producing and 2nd largest aquaculture producing nation in the world.

File:Cashew nut packet.jpg alone.{{cite news|url=http://www.qmak.in/mypics%5C91120154629572.pdf|title=Cashew industry : Challenges and Opportunities|access-date=22 March 2016|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528021450/http://qmak.in/mypics/91120154629572.pdf|url-status=live}}]]

India is the largest producer of milk, jute and pulses, and has the world's largest cattle population with 303 million animals in 2023.{{Cite web|title=Ranking Of Countries With The Most Cattle {{!}} India had the largest|url=https://www.nationalbeefwire.com/ranking-of-countries-with-the-most-cattle|access-date=2 May 2024|website=www.nationalbeefwire.com}} It is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and groundnuts, as well as the second-largest fruit and vegetable producer, accounting for 10.9% and 8.6% of the world fruit and vegetable production, respectively, but only for 1% of global fruits and vegetables trade. India is also the second-largest producer and the largest consumer of silk, producing {{convert|77000|t}} in 2005.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=1185&year=2005|title=Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers – Countries By Commodity|publisher=FAO|access-date=12 December 2009|archive-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328071129/http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=1185&year=2005|url-status=live}} India is the second-largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during FY 2023 reached 356M$. {{convert|76,624|t}} of kernels were exported during 2023.{{Cite web|title=Cashew Nut Industry India: Cashew Manufacturers And Exporters In India{{!}} IBEF|url=https://www.ibef.org/exports/cashew-industry-india|access-date=2 May 2024|website=India Brand Equity Foundation|language=en}} There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam, Kerala.

India's foodgrain production stagnant at approximately {{convert|316|Mt|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} during 2020–21.{{cite web|url=https://agriwelfare.gov.in/Documents/CWWGDATA/Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf|title=Agriculture statistics at a glance|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115133426/https://agriwelfare.gov.in/Documents/CWWGDATA/Agricultural_Statistics_at_a_Glance_2022_0.pdf|url-status=live}} India exports several agriculture products, such as Basmati rice, wheat, cereals, spices, fresh fruits, dry fruits, cotton, tea, coffee, milk products and other cash crops to the Asian, African and other countries.{{cite web|url=https://agriwelfare.gov.in/en/AgricultureTrade|title=Department of Agriculture & Farmer Welfare|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115134659/https://agriwelfare.gov.in/en/AgricultureTrade|url-status=live}}

File:Sugarcane weighing at sugarmill.jpg in Maharashtra]]

The low productivity in India is a result of several factors.Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty, and governmental intervention in labour, land, and credit are hurting the market. Infrastructure such as rural roads, electricity, ports, food storage, retail markets and services remain inadequate.{{cite web|url=http://go.worldbank.org/8EFXZBL3Y0|title=India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=World Bank|access-date=8 January 2011}} The average size of land holdings is very small, with 70% of holdings being less than {{convert|1|ha|spell=in}} in size.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|p=318}} Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 46% of the total cultivable land was irrigated {{as of|2016|lc=y|post=,}} resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the monsoon season, which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=502}} In an effort to bring an additional {{convert|20000000|ha}} of land under irrigation, various schemes have been attempted, including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) which was provided {{INRConvert|800|b|year=2016}} in the Union Budget.{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-agriculture-production-to-double-with-rs-80000-crore-irrigation-scheme-others-nitin-gadkari-2223667|title=Agriculture production to double with Rs 80000 crore irrigation scheme, others: Nitin Gadkari|access-date=22 June 2016|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|archive-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507141209/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-agriculture-production-to-double-with-rs-80000-crore-irrigation-scheme-others-nitin-gadkari-2223667|url-status=live}} Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure; a third of India's agricultural production is lost from spoilage.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324907204578187122310400706|title=India's Food Transportation Ordeal|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=11 January 2013|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213022/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324907204578187122310400706|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Automotive industry in India}}

The automotive industry in India is one of the largest and fastest-growing globally, contributing significantly to the country’s economy, employment, and export performance. As of 2023, India ranked as the fourth-largest automobile producer in the world, following China, United States and Japan. The sector accounts for approximately 7.1% of India's GDP and employs over 37 million people directly and indirectly.{{cite web |title=2022 Statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/|access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.oica.net}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles.aspx|title=Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics}} {{As of|2022|04}}, India's auto industry is worth more than US$100 billion and accounts for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of India's GDP.{{Cite web |title=Invest in Indian Automobile Industry, Auto Sector Growth Trends |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/automobile |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.investindia.gov.in |language=en}}

India's automotive market comprises both domestic and international manufacturers. Key passenger vehicle producers include Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motor India, Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, Kia India, and Toyota Kirloskar Motor. In the two-wheeler segment, leading companies are Hero MotoCorp, Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India, TVS Motor, and Bajaj Auto. The commercial vehicle space is dominated by Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, and Mahindra & Mahindra.

{{See also|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises}}

India began its first few steps during the years 1978-80 when early conditions for SMEs or entrepreneurship were hostile too. 63 million MSMEs in India which contribute 35% to the country's GDP provides employment to 111.4 million persons and accounts for more than 40% of India's exports and are hailed as the ‘growth engines’ of the economy.China has been creating 16,000-18,000 new enterprises per day for the last 5 years. When you compare that with India, it is about 1000-1100 per day.{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/taking-a-cue-from-china-how-india-can-help-smes-flourish-and-prosper/articleshow/80917708.cms?from=mdr|title=Taking a cue from China: How India can help SMEs flourish and prosper|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=15 February 2021|access-date=15 March 2024|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315214050/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/taking-a-cue-from-china-how-india-can-help-smes-flourish-and-prosper/articleshow/80917708.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|last1=Dewan|first1=Neha}}

Micro and small enterprises have the potential to resolve India's unemployment crisis provided the constraints impeding the growth of the sector are resolved.According to Annual MSME Report 2021-22, over 90 per cent of India's 6.3 crore MSMEs are in the micro-segment. Within the micro sector, 62 per cent firms are self-employments which no workers, another 32 per cent have two or three workers and just 6-7 per cent have four workers or above (up to 19).{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme-msme-eodb-micro-sector-should-become-the-key-employment-generator-in-the-country-report-2954066/|title=Micro sector should become the key employment generator in the country: Report|date=19 January 2023|access-date=15 March 2024|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315214050/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme-msme-eodb-micro-sector-should-become-the-key-employment-generator-in-the-country-report-2954066/|url-status=live}} In 2023, SME IPOs set a record-breaking year with 179 listings.

In Budget 2023, The government has implemented a number of reforms aimed at boosting MSMEs' growth in India while also improving their international competitiveness.{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-budget-2023-govt-mega-push-for-msme-announces-revamped-credit-guarantee-scheme-worth-rs-9000-crore-220085|title=Budget 2023: Govt's mega push for MSME, announces revamped credit guarantee scheme worth Rs 9,000 crore|date=February 2023|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319200732/https://www.zeebiz.com/small-business/news-budget-2023-govt-mega-push-for-msme-announces-revamped-credit-guarantee-scheme-worth-rs-9000-crore-220085|url-status=live}}

Machinery and equipment market is expected to grow 8% from 2024 to 2029. India's Industrial Machinery Equipment and Tools market size is expected to be $210 billion in 2023.The rise in R&D and large number of startups has led to increase in investment in tools, industrial equipment, robotics, industrial automation, pharmaceutical machinery, mining & construction equipment.{{cite web|url=https://equipmenttimes.in/india-construction-equipment-market-current-status-and-outlook-2|title=India Construction Equipment Market: Current Status and Outlook|work=Equipment Times|date=5 January 2024|last1=Times|first1=Equipment}}

Indian Government has launched an initiative in promoting electrification of fossil-fuel based equipment hence reducing carbon footprint and leading to new innovations.{{cite web|url=https://equipmenttimes.in/charging-ahead|title=Charging Ahead: The Surging Popularity of Electric Machinery|work=Equipment Times|date=9 February 2024|last1=Times|first1=Equipment}}

{{Main|Mining in India|Iron and steel industry in India}}

File:Mine_II,_Neyveli_NLCIL.jpg mine]]

India has, in 2022, a reported 1,319 mines of which reporting mines for metallic minerals were estimated at 545 and non-metallic minerals at 775.{{Cite web|title=Metals & Mining Industry in India: Overview, Market Size & Growth {{!}} IBEF|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/metals-and-mining|access-date=2 May 2024|website=India Brand Equity Foundation|language=en}}

Mining contributed to 1,75% of GDP and employed directly or undirecly 11 million people in 2021.{{Cite web|date=7 April 2021|title=In new India, leveraging the country's great mineral potential|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/in-new-india-leveraging-the-country-s-great-mineral-potential-101617803609498.html|access-date=2 May 2024|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}} India's mining industry was the fourth-largest producer of minerals in the world by volume, and eighth-largest producer by value in 2009.[http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2014/CH-15-MINING/Mining.pdf Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003924/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2014/CH-15-MINING/Mining.pdf|date=9 August 2014}} Chapter 15, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt of India (2011) In 2013, it mined and processed 89 minerals, of which four were fuel, three were atomic energy minerals, and 80 non-fuel.[http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Industries/Mining---Metals/EY-emerging-economies-and-Indias-mining-industry Emerging economies and India's mining industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727161413/http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Industries/Mining---Metals/EY-emerging-economies-and-Indias-mining-industry |date=27 July 2014 }} Ernst & Young (2014) The public sector accounted for 68% of mineral production by volume in 2011–12.[http://www.ficci.com/spdocument/20317/Mining-Industry.pdf Development of Indian Mining Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701051056/http://www.ficci.com/spdocument/20317/Mining-Industry.pdf |date=1 July 2014 }} FICCI (2012), pp 12–14 India has the world's fourth-largest natural resources, with the mining sector contributing 11% of the country's industrial GDP and 2.5% of total GDP.

Nearly 50% of India's mining industry, by output value, is concentrated in eight states: Odisha, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Another 25% of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources. India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010, half of which were coal, limestone and iron ore.[http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2014/CH-15-MINING/Mining.pdf Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809003924/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2014/CH-15-MINING/Mining.pdf|date=9 August 2014}} Chapter 15, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt of India (2011), pp 205 On output-value basis, India was one of the five largest producers of mica, chromite, coal, lignite, iron ore, bauxite, barite, zinc and manganese; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals. India was the fourth-largest producer of steel in 2013,[https://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/Word-Steel-in-Figures-2013/document/World%20Steel%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf World Steel Figures in 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101150040/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/Word-Steel-in-Figures-2013/document/World%20Steel%20in%20Figures%202013.pdf|date=1 November 2013}} World Steel Association (2014), pp 9 and the seventh-largest producer of aluminium.[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminum/mcs-2014-alumi.pdf Aluminum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427004808/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/aluminum/mcs-2014-alumi.pdf |date=27 April 2017 }} USGS, U.S. Government (2014)

India's mineral resources are vast.[http://business.gov.in/Industry_services/mines.php Mines] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213140237/http://business.gov.in/Industry_services/mines.php|date=13 February 2014}} Business Knowledge Resources, Government of India (2013) However, its mining industry has declined – contributing 2.3% of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3% in 2000, and employed 2.9 million people – a decreasing percentage of its total labour. India is a net importer of many minerals including coal. India's mining sector decline is because of complex permit, regulatory and administrative procedures, inadequate infrastructure, shortage of capital resources, and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies.[http://mines.nic.in/writereaddata%5CContentlinks%5C9eeb6e3b6113423586029ee88e1f4b36.pdf Unlocking the Potential of the Indian Minerals Sector] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418144441/http://mines.nic.in/writereaddata/Contentlinks/9eeb6e3b6113423586029ee88e1f4b36.pdf|date=18 April 2014}} Ministry of Mines, Govt of India (November 2011)

Indian cement industry is the 2nd largest cement producing country in the world, next only to China. At present, the Installed Capacity of Cement in India is 500 MTPA with production of 298 million tonnes per annum. Majority of the cement plants installed capacity (about 35%) is located in the states of south India. In PAT scheme, Total Installed Capacity of Cement in India is 325 MTPA which contributes to 65% coverage of total installed capacity in India.

File:Steel Plant, Bokaro Steel City.jpg (BSL) alone contributes 45% of SAIL's profit and it produces highly diversified steel portfolio]]

India surpassed Japan as the second largest steel producer in January 2019.{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/india-replaces-japan-as-second-top-steel-producer-worldsteel/67725232|title=India replaces Japan as second top steel producer: Worldsteel – ET Auto|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411131644/https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/india-replaces-japan-as-second-top-steel-producer-worldsteel/67725232|url-status=live}} As per worldsteel, India's crude steel production in 2018 was at {{convert|106.5|t}}, 4.9% increase from {{convert|101.5|t}} in 2017, which means that India overtook Japan as the world's second largest steel production country.

According to data presented by PIB(FY2021-22), there are more than 900 steel plants in India that produce crude steel. These are owned by PSUs, large-scale companies as well as small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In the year 2021–22, the total capacity of these plants stood at 154.06 million tonnes.{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1907151|title=Production of Steel|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601212943/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1907151|url-status=live}}

The total market value of the Indian steel sector stood at US$57.8 billion in 2011 and is predicted to touch US$95.3 billion by 2016.Growth of crude steel production in India has not kept pace with the growth in capacity of production, according to the report. As per this report, steel sector contributes 2 per cent to India's GDP and employs half a million people directly and 2 million people indirectly. The Indian steel sector has been vibrant, growing at a compounded rate of 6% year-on-year.{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/steel-industry-can-steer-india-towards-5-tn-economy-by-2025-ey-cii-report-314240-2021-12-02|title=Steel industry can steer India towards $5 tn economy by 2025: EY-CII report|first=Mehak|last=Agarwal|website=businesstoday.in|date=2 December 2021|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162504/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/steel-industry-can-steer-india-towards-5-tn-economy-by-2025-ey-cii-report-314240-2021-12-02|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Oil and gas industry in India}}

File:MRPL_Refinery.jpg in Mangalore]]

Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India's industrial GDP, and together they contribute over 34% of its export earnings. India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations developed with help of Soviet technology such as Barauni Refinery and Gujarat Refinery, it also includes the world's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day.[http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-largest-oil-refineries-world/ Top ten large oil refineries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711121138/http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-largest-oil-refineries-world |date=11 July 2014 }} Hydrocarbon Technologies (September 2013) By volume, the Indian chemical industry was the third-largest producer in Asia, and contributed 5% of the country's GDP. India is one of the five-largest producers of agrochemicals, polymers and plastics, dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals.[http://www.ibef.org/download/Chemicals-March-220313.pdf Indian Chemical Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727012832/http://www.ibef.org/download/Chemicals-March-220313.pdf |date=27 July 2014 }} IBEF, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India (March 2014) Despite being a large producer and exporter, India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands.[http://www.ibef.org/download/chemicals-august-2013.pdf Indian Chemical Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102061430/http://www.ibef.org/download/chemicals-august-2013.pdf |date=2 November 2013 }} IBEF, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India (August 2013) India's chemical industry is extremely diversified and estimated at $178 billion.{{cite news|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/chemical-industry-india.aspx|website=ibef.org|title=Chemicals Industry and Exports|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113142222/https://www.ibef.org/industry/chemical-industry-india.aspx|url-status=live}}

The chemical industry contributed $163 billion to the economy in FY18 and is expected to reach $300–400 billion by 2025.{{cite web|title=Pro-growth environment pays off for Indian chemical companies {{!}} KPMG Belgium|url=https://home.kpmg/be/en/home/insights/2018/02/pro-growth-environment-pays-off-for-indian-chemical-companies.html|publisher=KPMG|access-date=15 August 2019|date=13 March 2018|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815070003/https://home.kpmg/be/en/home/insights/2018/02/pro-growth-environment-pays-off-for-indian-chemical-companies.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=Chemical industry may reach USD 304 billion by FY25: Report|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/chemical-industry-may-reach-usd-304-billion-by-fy25-report/articleshow/66106551.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=15 August 2019|date=7 October 2018|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815070003/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/chemical-industry-may-reach-usd-304-billion-by-fy25-report/articleshow/66106551.cms|url-status=live}} The industry employed 17.33 million people (4% of the workforce) in 2016.{{cite web|title=BENCHMARK REPORT 2017 – INDI|url=https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/benchmark-reports/country-reports-2017/india.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082953/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/benchmark-reports/country-reports-2017/india.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2018|access-date=11 April 2018|website=World Travel and Tourism Council}}

At present, 57 large fertilizer units are manufacturing a wide number of nitrogen fertilizers. These include 29 urea-producing units and 9 ammonia sulfate-producing units as a by-product. Besides, there are 64 small-scale producing units of single super phosphate.{{Cite web|url=https://timesofagriculture.in/top-fertilizer-companies-in-india/|title=Top 15 Fertilizer Companies in India: Nurturing Agricultural Growth|date=8 June 2023|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817065434/https://timesofagriculture.in/top-fertilizer-companies-in-india/|url-status=live}}

According to the latest data released by the WTO, India has emerged as the second largest exporter of agrochemicals in the world. The rank was sixth, 10 years ago.The Indian agrochemical industry fetches valuable trade surplus every year. The trade surplus sharply increased from Rs. 8,030 crores in 2017–18 to Rs. 28,908 crores in the last fiscal.

India's agrochemicals export has doubled in the last 6 years from $2.6 bn in 2017–18 to $5.4 bn in the last financial year according to the data recently released by Ministry of Commerce. It has grown at an impressive CAGR of 13% which is among the highest in the manufacturing sector.{{Cite news|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-gains-global-prominence-in-agrochemicals-export|title=India gains global prominence in agrochemicals export|date=28 May 2023|website=sundayguardianlive.com|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728060720/https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/india-gains-global-prominence-in-agrochemicals-export|url-status=live}}

Millions of farmers in over 130 countries trust Indian agrochemicals for their high quality and affordable prices, said an industry observer. With the global agrochemicals market estimated at $78 billion, predominantly comprising post-patent products, India is rapidly becoming a preferred global hub for sourcing such agrochemicals. To bolster domestic production and reduce imports, the Crop Care Federation of India (CCFI) has recommended specific measures to the Government of India.{{Cite news|url=https://krishijagran.com/news/india-emerges-as-global-powerhouse-in-agrochemical-exports-setting-new-industry-standards/|title=India Emerges as Global Powerhouse in Agrochemical Exports, Setting New Industry Standards|first=P.|last=S. Saini|website=krishijagran.com|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728055920/https://krishijagran.com/news/india-emerges-as-global-powerhouse-in-agrochemical-exports-setting-new-industry-standards/|url-status=live}}

{{See also|Indian Railways|Civil aviation in India|Roads in India}}

File:Kalaburagi_-_SMVT_Bengaluru_Vande_Bharat_Express.jpg train ]]

The Indian Railways contributes to ~3% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and has social obligations pegged at $5.3 billion annually.{{Cite web|url=https://metrorailtoday.com/article/rolling-stock-systems-emerging-business-opportunities-in-india|title=Rolling Stock & Systems - Emerging Business Opportunities in India | Metro Rail Today|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324095640/https://metrorailtoday.com/article/rolling-stock-systems-emerging-business-opportunities-in-india|url-status=live}} Indian Railways revenue has grown at 5% CAGR in the past 5 years but profitability has reduced drastically in the past 4 years, due to growing infrastructure and modernization expenses. With a workforce of 1.31 million people, the IR is also one of the country's largest employers. The railways is a major contributor to jobs, GDP, and mobility.{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-railways-passenger-revenues-stagnate-over-the-last-decade-growth-below-nominal-gdpnbsp-3388672/|title=Railways' passenger revenues stagnate over the last decade, growth below nominal GDP|date=9 February 2024|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312122044/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-railways-passenger-revenues-stagnate-over-the-last-decade-growth-below-nominal-gdpnbsp-3388672/|url-status=live}}

Indian Railways has decided to revise its 2022–23 rolling stock production plan upwards. The Ministry's new plan targets the production of 8,429 units for the coming financial year. Production for 2022–23 has been raised by 878 units from the earlier planned 7,551, according to the revised targets.{{Cite web|last=News Desk|first=RailPost|date=22 February 2022|title=Indian Railways Revises FY23 Rolling Stock Production Plan, Will Boost Output To 8,000+ Coaches|url=https://www.railpost.in/indian-railways-revises-fy23-rolling-stock-production-plan-will-boost-output-to-8000-coaches/|access-date=11 July 2023|website=RailPost.in|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711073050/https://www.railpost.in/indian-railways-revises-fy23-rolling-stock-production-plan-will-boost-output-to-8000-coaches/|url-status=live}} Indian Railways has targeted to manufacture 475 new Vande Bharat trainsets for the next four years as a part of its modernization plan.{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/race-on-to-meet-vande-bharat-targets/111842|title=Race on to Meet Vande Bharat Targets|date=10 March 2023|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623081959/https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/race-on-to-meet-vande-bharat-targets/111842|url-status=live}} It is about Rs 40,000 crore($5 billion) business opportunity that would also create 15,000 jobs and several spin-off benefits.{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/400-vande-bharat-trains-rs-40000-crore-business-opportunity-and-jobs/articleshow/89318126.cms?from=mdr|title=Vande bharat: 400 Vande Bharat trains: Rs 40,000 crore business opportunity and jobs - the Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=3 February 2022|access-date=25 September 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929003107/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/400-vande-bharat-trains-rs-40000-crore-business-opportunity-and-jobs/articleshow/89318126.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} Indian Railway's CORE aims to electrify all of its broad gauge network by 31 March 2024.{{Cite news|title=Mission Electrification to save railways power bill by Rs 10K crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/04/mission-electrification-to-save-railways-power-bill-by-rs-10k-crore-1534699.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2016|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411114300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/04/mission-electrification-to-save-railways-power-bill-by-rs-10k-crore-1534699.html|url-status=live}} The entire electrified mainline rail network in India uses 25 kV AC; DC is used only for metros.As of July 2023, India currently has 90% of total train tracks fully electrified.{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-on-track-to-meet-target-of-100-electrification-by-dec-11690543908598.html|title=Railways on track to meet target of 100% electrification by Dec|date=28 July 2023|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006060956/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/railways-on-track-to-meet-target-of-100-electrification-by-dec-11690543908598.html|url-status=live}}

Under the eleventh Five Year Plan of India (2007–12), the Ministry of Railways started constructing a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) in two long routes, namely the Eastern and Western freight corridors.{{cite web|title=DFC – as revolutionary as the Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090559/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|url-status=live}} The two routes cover a total length of {{Convert|3260|km|mi}}, with the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor stretching from Ludhiana in Punjab to Dankuni in West Bengal and the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor from Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai (Maharashtra) to Dadri in Uttar Pradesh.{{cite web|title=Dedicated Freight Corridors: Paradigm Shift Coming in Indian Railways' Freight Operations|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=134359|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103085626/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=134359|url-status=live}} The DFC will generate around 42,000 jobs and provide long term employment to many people in public sector and private sector.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

{{Main|Urban rail transit in India}}

File:Mumbai Metro at Gundavali Station.jpg]]

India is developing modern mass rapid transit systems to meet present and future urban requirements. A modern metro rail system is already in place in the cities of Navi Mumbai, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Kochi, Gurgaon, Jaipur, Noida, Pune, Nagpur, Kanpur, Ahmedabad and Lucknow. Similar mass transit systems are intended for Agra, Bhopal, Indore, Surat, Patna, Bhubaneswar Tri-city, Chandigarh Tri-city, Gwalior, Mysore, Nashik, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Ranchi, Thane and Trivandrum.

Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee has been credited with success of the metro systems in India and every metro has followed Delhi Metro model generating lot of real estate wealth in India specially in smaller cities like Gurgaon and Noida. For Elevated corridor, there is no need for land acquisition as pillars are built above Median strip of a road.{{Cite web|url=https://www.factchecker.in/fact-check/did-atal-bihari-vajpayee-first-launch-the-delhi-metro--708421|title=Did Atal Bihari Vajpayee First Launch The Delhi Metro ?|first=Nidhi|last=Jacob|date=31 December 2020|website=factchecker.in|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703161535/https://www.factchecker.in/fact-check/did-atal-bihari-vajpayee-first-launch-the-delhi-metro--708421|url-status=live}}{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} Land prices in tier-II cities such as Lucknow, Patna, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kochi, and Coimbatore have gone up by almost 8-10 percent following the introduction of a metro corridor in these cities, an assessment by JLL has said.{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/metro-corridors-in-tier-ii-cities-led-to-8-10-increase-in-land-prices-jll-8745311.html|title=Metro corridors in tier-II cities led to 8-10% increase in land prices: JLL|date=27 June 2022|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110559/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/metro-corridors-in-tier-ii-cities-led-to-8-10-increase-in-land-prices-jll-8745311.html|url-status=live}}

India is also developing modern RRTS system to replace the old MRTS system which will provide connectivity in Delhi Metropolitan Area and Mumbai Metropolitan Region which will serve the suburbs of these big cities at 80–100 km of distance from city centre.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

India is the fourth-largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 158 million passengers in 2017.{{cite web|title=India becomes fourth largest aviation market in the world|url=https://mediaindia.eu/news-aibm/india-becomes-fourth-largest-aviation-market-in-the-world/|website=Media India Group|access-date=14 October 2017|date=21 April 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044733/https://mediaindia.eu/news-aibm/india-becomes-fourth-largest-aviation-market-in-the-world/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Potential and Challenges of Indian Aviation|url=https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-09-04-02.aspx|website=IATA|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134816/https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-09-04-02.aspx|url-status=dead}} The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020, which would account for 4.3% of global volumes,{{citation|title=Aviation|url=http://www.makeinindia.com/sector/aviation|publisher=Make in India|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015320/http://www.makeinindia.com/sector/aviation|url-status=live}} and is expected to record annual passenger traffic of 520 million by 2037. IATA estimated that aviation contributed $30 billion to India's GDP in 2017, and supported 7.5 million jobs – 390,000 directly, 570,000 in the value chain, and 6.2 million through tourism.

As of 2024, There are 75 new airports have been built in the last ten years, taking the total count to 149 airports (include helipads and aerodromes). Government vision is to take this milestone 149 to 220 airports in the next 5 to 7 years and Government of India has a Rs 1 lakh crore capex plan to spend on Airport infrastructure.

{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-sector-on-upswing-75-airports-built-in-10-years-says-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/106776362.cms|title=Civil aviation sector on upswing, 75 airports built in 10 years, says Jyotiraditya Scindia|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=12 January 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319201742/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/civil-aviation-sector-on-upswing-75-airports-built-in-10-years-says-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/106776362.cms|url-status=live}}

File:INS Vikrant under construction at Cochin Shipyard.png under construction at Cochin Shipyard]]

The Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) was introduced in 2016, provides financial assistance to Indian shipyards for shipbuilding contracts. According to the ministry of ports, shipping and waterways, under SBFAP, a total of 313 domestic and export vessel orders were procured by 39 shipyards since the inception of the scheme, with the total value standing at about ₹10,500 crore($1.26 billion).{{cite web |last1=Narayan |first1=Subhash |last2=Kundu |first2=Rhik |title=New shipbuilding scheme likely after 2026, with higher incentives |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/ship-building-financial-assistance-policy-sbfap-2-0-incentives-ship-manufacturing-hub-maritime-sector-11725875357200.html |website=Mint |access-date=16 November 2024 |date=9 September 2024}}

India has multiple ship building companies such as Cochin Shipyard, Hindustan Shipyard and Swan Defence and Heavy Industries, mainly produces ships for European, South American and African shipping companies. Cochin shipyard is the pioneer in autonomous electric propulsion ships.{{Cite web|url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/maritime-technology/cochin-shipyard-to-build-autonomous-electric-vessels-for-asko-maritime|title=Cochin Shipyard to build autonomous electric vessels for ASKO Maritime|website=seatrade-maritime.com}}

{{Main|Data centre industry in India}}

India has emerged as the leading data centre hub in the Asia-Pacific region (excluding China), surpassing established players like Singapore, Australia, South Korea, Japan, and Hong Kong in installed capacity. This reflects the escalating demand for data services in one of the world's fastest-growing major economies.

With a current installed capacity of 950 MW and projections indicating an additional 850 MW by 2026, India is poised to solidify its position as a key player in the Asia-Pacific data centre landscape.{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/india-overtakes-apac-countries-australia-japan-singapore-hong-kong-in-data-centre-capacity-13771478.html|title=India overtakes APAC countries Australia, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong in data centre capacity|date=16 May 2024}}

In Hyderabad, The largest datacentre is spread over 1. 31 lakh square feet, the proposed rated-4 (tier-4) data centre will be equipped with 1,600 racks and powered by 18MW of electricity.{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ctrls-to-set-up-its-third-largest-data-centre-in-hyderabad/articleshow/90367512.cms|title=CTRLS to set up its third & largest data centre in Hyderabad|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 March 2022}}

India's overall public cloud services market is projected to hit US $13 billion by 2026, expanding at a CAGR of 23.1% in 2021-26. The market's revenue totaled US $2.8 billion for the first half of 2022.{{cite web|url=https://thetechpanda.com/indian-cloud-sector-generates-startup-as-well-as-big-tech-interest/39028/|title=Indian cloud sector generates startup as well as big tech interest|date=11 July 2023}}

{{Main|Telecommunications in India}}

File:STS008-44-611.jpg satellite: broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on INSAT system.]]

The telecommunication sector generated {{INRConvert|2.20|t}} in revenue in 2014–15, accounting for 1.94% of total GDP.{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-telecom-sector-share-in-gdp-marginally-up-at-194-in-fy15-2158878|title=Telecom sector share in GDP marginally up at 1.94% in FY15 & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=23 December 2015|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130037/http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-telecom-sector-share-in-gdp-marginally-up-at-194-in-fy15-2158878|url-status=live}} Telecom equipment manufacturing and exports are becoming a new success story following the success of smartphone exports. In the financial year 2024, the telecom equipment production exceeded the milestone of Rs 45,000 crore with exports totaling approximately Rs 10,500 crore.{{cite web |title=New success story after smartphone exports! Telecom equipment production crosses Rs 45,000 crore milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-success-story-after-smartphone-exports-telecom-equipment-production-crosses-rs-45000-crore-milestone/articleshow/109724260.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 February 2025 |date=2 May 2024}} India is the second-largest market in the world by number of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phones) with 1.053 billion subscribers {{as of|2016|August|31|lc=y|post=.}} It has one of the lowest call-tariffs in the world, due to fierce competition among telecom operators. India has the world's third-largest Internet user-base. {{As of|2016|March|31|post=,}} there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/Indicator_Report_05_August_2016.pdf|title=The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators January – March, 2016|website=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|access-date=29 November 2016|date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130132013/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/Indicator_Report_05_August_2016.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2016}} India's telecommunication industry is the world's second largest by the number of mobile phone, smartphone, and internet users. It is the world's 24th-largest oil producer and the third-largest oil consumer.{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2019&end=2019|title=Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2019|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|format=CVS download|access-date=31 March 2019|archive-date=27 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427031435/https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2019&end=2019|url-status=live}}

Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India {{as of|2012|lc=y|post=.}}{{cite web|url=http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf|title=Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings|at=Growth: Literacy & Media Consumption|publisher=Media Research Users Council|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092737/http://mruc.net/irs2012q1-topline-findings.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2014}} India is the largest direct-to-home (DTH) television market in the world by number of subscribers. {{As of|2016|May|post=,}} there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country.{{cite press release|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/QPIR_Oct_to_Dec-15.pdf|title=Telecom Subscription data, May 2016|publisher=TRAI|date=18 May 2016|access-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615054203/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PIRReport/Documents/QPIR_Oct_to_Dec-15.pdf|archive-date=15 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}

{{Main|Defence industry of India}}

File:DRDO AIP (Air Independent Propulsion) model for Kalvari-class submarine.jpg of India to power marine transport]]

With over 1.3 million active personnel, the Indian Army is the third-largest military force and the largest volunteer army. Defence expenditure was pegged at US$70.12 billion for fiscal year 2022–23 and, increased 9.8% than previous fiscal year.{{cite web|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|title=Ministry wise Summary of Budget Provisions, 2022–23|access-date=3 February 2022|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202221425/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sumsbe.pdf|url-status=live}} India is the world's second largest arms importer; between 2016 and 2020, it accounted for 9.5% of the total global arms imports.{{cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=16 March 2021|title=India's weapon imports fell by 33% in last five years but remains world's second-largest arms importer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-weapon-imports-fell-by-33-in-last-five-years-but-remains-worlds-second-largest-arms-importer/articleshow/81516403.cms|access-date=26 April 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607130254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-weapon-imports-fell-by-33-in-last-five-years-but-remains-worlds-second-largest-arms-importer/articleshow/81516403.cms|url-status=live}} India exported military hardware worth {{INRConvert|159.2|b}} in the financial year 2022–23, the highest ever and a notable tenfold increase since 2016–17.{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-defence-exports-hit-record-high-of-rs-15-920-crore-in-fy-2022-23-a-tenfold-increase-since-2016-17-thanks-to-make-in-india-reforms-101680344018909.html|title=India's defence exports reach ₹15,920 cr in 2022–23, tenfold jump in 6 years|date=April 2023|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145943/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-defence-exports-hit-record-high-of-rs-15-920-crore-in-fy-2022-23-a-tenfold-increase-since-2016-17-thanks-to-make-in-india-reforms-101680344018909.html|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Electricity sector in India|Energy policy of India}}

File:PHWR_under_Construction_at_Kakrapar_Gujarat_India.jpg reactor undergoing construction in Kakrapar Nuclear Plant started in 1984]]

Primary energy consumption of India is the third-largest after China and US with 5.3% global share in the year 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-india-insights.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review 2016|access-date=29 May 2016|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020034026/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016-india-insights.pdf|url-status=dead}} Coal and crude oil together account for 85% of the primary energy consumption of India. India's oil reserves meet 25% of the country's domestic oil demand.{{cite web|title=CIA – The World Factbook – India|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=20 September 2007|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|access-date=2 October 2007|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=live}}{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=104}} {{As of|2015|April|post=,}} India's total proven crude oil reserves are {{convert|763.476|Mt|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}}, while gas reserves stood at {{convert|1490|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=off}}.{{cite web|title=Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas Statistics, 2014–15|url=http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/pngstat.pdf|access-date=19 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032742/http://petroleum.nic.in/docs/pngstat.pdf|archive-date=5 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Ashoknagar Oil Field, Bombay High, Krishna Godavari Basin, Mangala Area and the Cauvery Delta, and onshore mainly in the states of West Bengal, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan. India is the fourth-largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly {{INRConvert|8.2|t}} in 2014–15, which had an adverse effect on the country's current account deficit. The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL). There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) which operates the world's largest oil refining complex.{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-27/reliance-net-beats-estimate-after-boosting-natural-gas-sales.html|title=Reliance Net Beats Estimate After Boosting Natural Gas Sales|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=27 January 2010|access-date=5 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915194809/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-27/reliance-net-beats-estimate-after-boosting-natural-gas-sales.html|archive-date=15 September 2011}}

India became the world's third-largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8% global share in electricity generation, surpassing Japan and Russia.{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-electricity-section.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review of world electric energy, 2015|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704145824/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-electricity-section.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2015|df=dmy-all}} By the end of calendar year 2015, India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand.{{cite web|url=http://vidyutpravah.in/|title=Vidyut Pravah – See FAQ section for more information|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013060025/http://www.vidyutpravah.in/|url-status=dead}} The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW {{as of|2016|May|lc=y}} of which thermal power contributed 69.8%, hydroelectricity 15.2%, other sources of renewable energy 13.0%, and nuclear power 2.1%.{{cite web|url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-05.pdf|title=All India Installed Capacity (In MW) Of Power Stations|access-date=9 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705063841/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2016/installed_capacity-05.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016|df=dmy-all}} India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its {{convert|106|Gt|e9LT e9ST|abbr=off}} of proven coal reserves.{{cite web|url=http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm|title=Inventory of Coal Resources of India|publisher=Ministry of Coal, Government of India|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419020324/http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm|archive-date=19 April 2010}} India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar, wind and biofuels (jatropha, sugarcane). India's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years.{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/06/30222448/Uranium-shortage-holding-back.html|title=Uranium shortage holding back India's nuclear power drive|newspaper=Mint|date=30 June 2008|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-date=3 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203021707/http://www.livemint.com/2008/06/30222448/Uranium-shortage-holding-back.html|url-status=live}} Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide,{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1554078.ece|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|title=Massive uranium deposits found in Andhra Pradesh|date=20 March 2011|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024220949/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1554078.ece|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/massive-uranium-deposit-found-andhra-pradesh-india-299977|location=US|work=International Business Times|first=Monami|last=Thakur|title=Massive uranium deposits found in Andhra Pradesh|date=19 July 2011|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072600/http://www.ibtimes.com/massive-uranium-deposit-found-andhra-pradesh-india-299977|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8647745/Largest-uranium-reserves-found-in-India.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8647745/Largest-uranium-reserves-found-in-India.html|archive-date=10 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|location=New Delhi, India|work=The Telegraph|first=Rahul|last=Bedi|title=Largest uranium reserves found in India|date=19 July 2011}}{{cbignore}}{{update inline|date=June 2017|reason=2011 speculative data, should have better information by now}} and an estimated reserve of {{convert|846477|t}} of thorium{{cite news|title=Availability of Thorium|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74293|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=27 March 2012|date=10 August 2011|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910065608/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=74293|url-status=live}} – about 25% of world's reserves – are expected to fuel the country's ambitious nuclear energy programme in the long run. The Indo-US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries.{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/10/09005930/Bush-signs-IndiaUS-nuclear-de.html|title=Bush signs India-US nuclear deal into law|newspaper=Mint|date=9 October 2008|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720040118/https://www.livemint.com/2008/10/09005930/bush-signs-indiaus-nuclear-de.html|url-status=live}}

{{Update|date=June 2023}}

{{Main|Roads in India|Indian Railways|Ports in India|Construction industry of India}}

File:MSC_Claude_at_Vizhinjam.jpg, the first Mother Port in the world, with harbor depth of 24 metres]]

India's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5% of its GDP. India has a road network of over {{convert|5472144|km|mi}} {{as of|2015|March|31|lc=y|post=,}} the second-largest road network in the world only behind United States. At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land (2.68 miles per square mile), the quantitative density of India's road network is higher than that of Japan (0.91) and United States (0.67), and far higher than that of China (0.46), Brazil (0.18) or Russia (0.08).{{cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2445|title=Basic Road Statistics of India 2013–14 and 2014–15|website=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211014330/http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2445|url-status=live}} Qualitatively, India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being improved.{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html|title=India Transport Sector|publisher=World Bank|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119002640/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20703625~menuPK:868822~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html|url-status=live}} {{As of|2015|March|31|post=,}} 87.05% of Indian roads were paved. It is upgrading its infrastructure. {{As of|2014|May|post=,}} India had completed over {{convert|22600|km}} of 4- or 6-lane highways, connecting most of its major manufacturing, commercial and cultural centres.{{cite web|title=National Highway Development Project (NHDP)|publisher=NHAI, Ministry of Roads Transport, Govt of India|date=July 2014|url=http://www.nhai.org/WHATITIS.asp|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515151253/http://www.nhai.org/WHATITIS.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2016}} India's road infrastructure carries 60% of freight and 87% of passenger traffic.{{cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=414|title=Annual report 2010–2011|publisher=Ministry of Road transport and highways|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-date=24 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124154837/http://www.morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=414|url-status=live}}

File:Delhi-Meerut-Express-Highway-India.png is the 2nd widest 14 lane expressway after Dwarka Expressway]]

India has a coastline of {{convert|7500|km}} with 13 major ports, 15 big private ports and 60 operational non-major ports, which together handle 95% of the country's external trade by volume and 70% by value (most of the remainder handled by air).[http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/FICCI_Infra_report_final/$FILE/FICCI_Infra_report_final.pdf India Infrastructure Summit 2012] Ernst & Young (2013), pp 4 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727183953/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/FICCI_Infra_report_final/%24FILE/FICCI_Infra_report_final.pdf |date=27 July 2014 }} Kandla Port, New Kandla is the largest public port established in early 1960's, while Mundra is the largest private sea port.[http://business.gov.in/infrastructure/ports.php Ports] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821185951/http://business.gov.in/infrastructure/ports.php |date=21 August 2014 }} Business Resources, Govt of India (2013) The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports,[http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/airports.jsp Airports] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618154837/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/airports.jsp |date=18 June 2014 }} AAI, Govt of India (2013) of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo.[http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf LIST OF LICENSED AERODROME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926172324/http://dgca.nic.in/aerodrome/aero_list.pdf |date=26 September 2019 }} Directorate General of Commercial Aviation, Govt of India (May 2014)

India has multiple global infrastructure companies such as Afcons Infrastructure, Adani Group, JSW Infrastructure, Larsen & Toubro etc.

The construction industry contributed $288 billion (13% of GDP) and employed 60.42 million people (14% of the workforce) in 2016. The construction and real estate sector ranks third among the 14 major sectors in terms of direct, indirect, and induced effects in all sectors of the economy.{{cite news|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/real-estate-india.aspx|website=ibef.org|title=Indian Real Estate Industry|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315184209/https://www.ibef.org/industry/real-estate-india.aspx|url-status=live}}

The real estate sector will provide huge business opportunities, employment and big avenues for startup ecosystem. The 2023 Union budget of India also focused significantly on infrastructure with nearly ₹10 trillion direct investment of central government.{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/india-to-become-3rd-largest-construction-market-in-3-years-11681575402097.html|title=India to become 3rd largest construction market in 3 years|date=15 April 2023|website=livemint.com|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703104042/https://www.livemint.com/economy/india-to-become-3rd-largest-construction-market-in-3-years-11681575402097.html|url-status=live}}

India has MGNREGA scheme which provides employment to 80 million people and as well as provides large infrastructure development. India is massively privatizing airports, ports, bus stands, railway stations, dams, dam wind park,{{cite web|url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-kseb-kerala-dam-wind-farm-india/|title=Power plant profile: KSEB- Kerala Dam Wind Farm, India|date=27 April 2023}} solar parks, floating solar plants, power transmission, highways, thermal power and other utilizes.

{{Main|Banking in India|Finance in India}}

File:BKC - panoramio.jpg HQ in BKC]]

[[File:India bonds.webp|thumb|India bonds

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The financial services industry contributed $809 billion (37% of GDP) and employed 14.17 million people (3% of the workforce) in 2016, and the banking sector contributed $407 billion (19% of GDP) and employed 5.5 million people (1% of the workforce) in 2016. The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector, comprising private, public and foreign-owned commercial banks and cooperative banks, together known as 'scheduled banks'; and the unorganised sector, which includes individual or family-owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=858}} The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas, especially for non-productive purposes such as short-term loans for ceremonies.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=838–839}}

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969, followed by six others in 1980, and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40% of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture, small-scale industry, retail trade and small business, to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals. Since then, the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period. The total bank deposits increased from {{INRConvert|59.1|b|year=1971}} in 1970–71 to {{INRConvert|38.31|t|year=2009}} in 2008–09. Despite an increase of rural branches – from 1,860 or 22% of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42% in 2007 – only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank.{{cite web|title=Bank Nationalisation: The Record|work=Macroscan|url=http://www.macroscan.com/cur/jul05/cur210705Bank_Nationalisation.htm|publisher=Economic Research Foundation|date=21 July 2005|first=Jayati|last=Ghosh|access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023070928/http://www.macroscan.com/cur/jul05/cur210705Bank_Nationalisation.htm|archive-date=23 October 2005}}{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=839–842}}

India's gross domestic savings in 2006–07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8%.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=334–335}} More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land, houses, cattle, and gold.{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN028982.pdf|title=Reforming India's Financial System|first=Diana|last=Farrell|author2=Susan Lund|publisher=United Nations Public Administration Network|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223047/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN028982.pdf|url-status=dead}} The government-owned public-sector banks hold over 75% of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively.{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/01001100/India-growth-story-is-attracti.html|title=India growth story is attracting talent from govt establishments|newspaper=Mint|date=1 September 2007|first=Jeetha|last=D'Silva|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=28 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228082124/http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/01001100/India-growth-story-is-attracti.html|url-status=live}} Since liberalisation, the government has approved significant banking reforms. While some of these relate to nationalised banks – such as reforms encouraging mergers, reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness – other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=854–855}}

{{Main|Retailing in India}}

File:Surat Diamond Bourse Aerial View 1.jpg

The retail industry, excluding wholesale, contributed $793 billion (10% of GDP) and employed 35 million people (8% of the workforce) in 2020. The industry is the second largest employer in India, after agriculture.{{cite news|title=The Uneasy Compromise – Indian Retail|last=Dikshit|first=Anand|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=12 August 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576461540616622966|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430204532/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461104576461540616622966|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/retail-e-commerce#:~:text=The%20Indian%20retail%20market%20is%20largely%20unorganized.,to%20reach%2018%25%20by%202025.|title=Retail Industry in India – Indian Retail Sector, Market Size|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509125326/https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/retail-e-commerce#:~:text=The%20Indian%20retail%20market%20is%20largely%20unorganized.,to%20reach%2018%25%20by%202025.|url-status=live}}[https://nasscom.in/sites/default/files/media_pdf/NASSCOM_Press_Release_NASSCOM_RETAIL_4_REPORT%20.pdf NASSCOM press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430210254/https://nasscom.in/sites/default/files/media_pdf/NASSCOM_Press_Release_NASSCOM_RETAIL_4_REPORT%20.pdf |date=30 April 2022 }} NASSCOM. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2022 The Indian retail market is estimated to be US$600 billion and one of the top-five retail markets in the world by economic value. India has one of the fastest-growing retail markets in the world,{{cite web|title=Winning the Indian consumer|publisher=McKinsey & Company|year=2005|url=http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Marketing/Sectors_Regions/Winning_the_Indian_consumer_1659?gp=1|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-date=26 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126161914/http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Marketing/Sectors_Regions/Winning_the_Indian_consumer_1659?gp=1|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15885055|first=Sanjoy|last=Majumder|title=Changing the way Indians shop|work=BBC News|date=25 November 2011|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101094039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-15885055|url-status=live}} and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020.[http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/retail-and-consumer/retail-report-300812.pdf The Indian Kaleidoscope – Emerging trends in retail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228033058/http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/industries/retail-and-consumer/retail-report-300812.pdf |date=28 February 2013 }} PWC (2012)[http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf Successful Innovations in Indian Retail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808025059/http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/RAI_Strategyand_Successful-Innovations-in-Indian-Retail.pdf |date= 8 August 2014 }} Booz Allen & PwC (February 2013) India has retail market worth $1.17 trillion, which contributes over 10% of India's GDP. It also has one of the world's fastest growing e-commerce markets.{{cite news|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx|website=ibef.org|title=Retail industry in India|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221032409/https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx|url-status=live}} The e-commerce retail market in India was valued at $32.7 billion in 2018, and is expected to reach $71.9 billion by 2022.{{cite web|title=Market Realist|url=https://marketrealist.com/2019/01/what-next-for-amazon-in-india-amid-new-retail-rules|website=marketrealist.com|date=7 January 2019|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030300/https://marketrealist.com/2019/01/what-next-for-amazon-in-india-amid-new-retail-rules|url-status=live}}

India's retail industry mostly consists of local mom-and-pop stores, owner-staffed shops and street vendors. Retail supermarkets are expanding, with a market share of 4% in 2008.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11465586|title=Retailing in India: Unshackling the chain stores|newspaper=The Economist|date=29 May 2008|access-date=10 January 2010|archive-date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006022549/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11465586|url-status=live}} In 2012, the government permitted 51% FDI in multi-brand retail and 100% FDI in single-brand retail. However, a lack of back-end warehouse infrastructure and state-level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail.{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Amol|last2=Mukherji|first2=Biman|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323622904578129294224588914|title=Bad Roads, Red Tape, Burly Thugs Slow Wal-Mart's Passage in India|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=12 January 2013|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062452/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323622904578129294224588914|url-status=live}} Compliance with over thirty regulations such as "signboard licences" and "anti-hoarding measures" must be made before a store can open for business. There are taxes for moving goods from state to state, and even within states.

File:Harangi_Elephant_Camp_and_Tree_Park.jpg in Coorg ]]

{{Main|Tourism in India}}

File:Sarayu_River_night_view,_Ayodhya_001.jpg became the top destination in 2024]]

The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated {{INRConvert|15.24|t}} or 9.4% of the nation's GDP in 2017 and supported 41.622 million jobs, 8% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to {{INRConvert|32.05|t}} by 2028 (9.9% of GDP).{{cite web|title=Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018 India|url=https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/india2018.pdf|publisher=World Travel and Tourism Council|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143152/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2018/india2018.pdf|url-status=dead}} Over 10 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2017 compared to 8.89 million in 2016, recording a growth of 15.6%.{{cite news|last1=Team|first1=BS Web|title=India attracted 10 mn foreign tourists in 2017, sports to bring more|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-attracted-10-mn-foreigners-in-2017-sports-to-bring-more-alphons-118011700293_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=11 February 2018|date=17 January 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215003052/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-attracted-10-mn-foreigners-in-2017-sports-to-bring-more-alphons-118011700293_1.html|url-status=live}} The tourism industry contributes about 9.2% of India's GDP and employs over 42 million people.{{cite web|title=2019 ANNUAL RESEARCH: KEY HIGHLIGHTS|url=https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2019/india2019.pdf|publisher=WTTC|access-date=15 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230065707/https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2019/india2019.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2019}} India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/India%20Tourism%20Book%20English.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910140217/http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/India%20Tourism%20Book%20English.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2016|title=India Tourism Statistics at a Glance 2015|website=Ministry of Tourism}} International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015. Bangladesh is the largest source of international tourists to India, while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists.[https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-09/English%20Tourisum%202021.pdf India's tourism performance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043955/http://asiapacific.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/cap-csa-24-5b_ref_indias_report.pdf |date=8 August 2014 }} United Nations World Tourism Organization (2013)[http://www2.unwto.org/publication/yearbook-tourism-statistics-data-2008-2012-2014-edition Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Data 2008 – 2012, 2014 Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201132717/http://www2.unwto.org/publication/yearbook-tourism-statistics-data-2008-2012-2014-edition |date=1 December 2018 }} United Nations World Tourism Organization (2014) In 2024, Ayodhya, particularly with the Ram Temple became Uttar Pradesh's top tourist destination, attracting more domestic and international visitors.{{cite web |title=Ayodhya's Ram Mandir becomes UP's most visited attraction of 2024; outshines the Taj Mahal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/ayodhyas-ram-mandir-becomes-ups-most-visited-attraction-of-2024-outshines-the-taj-mahal/articleshow/116851743.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 March 2025 |date=2 January 2025}} Less than 10% of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal, with the majority visiting other cultural, thematic and holiday circuits.RN Pandey, [http://statistics.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/india_inbound_0.pdf Inbound Tourism Statistics of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528064125/http://statistics.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/india_inbound_0.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India (2012) Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism, while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers.

India has a fast-growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy, offering low-cost health services and long-term care.{{cite journal|last=Mudur|first=Ganapati|date=June 2004|title=Hospitals in India woo foreign patients|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=328|issue=7452|page=1338|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7452.1338|pmid=15178611|pmc=420282}}{{cite news|url=http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/travelers-notebook/2013/aug/18/medical-tourism-draws-americans-india/|title=Medical Tourism draws Americans to India|work=The Washington Times|date=18 August 2013|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811054014/http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/travelers-notebook/2013/aug/18/medical-tourism-draws-americans-india/|url-status=live}} In October 2015, the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US$3 billion. It is projected to grow to $7–8 billion by 2020.{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/indian-medical-tourism-industry-to-touch-8-billion-by-2020-grant-thornton/articleshow/49615898.cms|title=Indian medical tourism industry to touch $8 billion by 2020: Grant Thornton – The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times|access-date=16 April 2016|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318195634/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/indian-medical-tourism-industry-to-touch-8-billion-by-2020-grant-thornton/articleshow/49615898.cms|url-status=live}} In 2014, 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment.{{cite web|title=Promotion of Medical Tourism|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=36|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 April 2016|archive-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011232253/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=36|url-status=live}}

India's wedding industry has a size of $75 billion, second largest after China. It is the fourth largest industry in India.{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/decoding-the-indian-wedding-business/117305|title=Decoding the Indian wedding business|date=9 June 2024}} The wedding industry saw significant growth in 2023 as weddings became larger and more extravagant post the pandemic blues. Average guest size grew by nearly 15%, from 270 guests in 2022 to 310 in 2023. Celebrations also expanded, with couples now hosting an average of 4.2 functions, up from 3.2.A significant 27 lakh weddings fall in the ₹10-25 lakh range, reflecting the popularity of mid-range wedding budgets. Smaller budgets like ₹3 lakh and ₹6 lakh account for 10 lakh weddings each, while high-end weddings costing ₹1 crore or more make up 50,000 weddings.

India hosts the highest number of weddings in the world each year, as per investment banking and capital market firm Jefferies. However, in terms of market size, the Indian wedding industry is still smaller than China's but almost twice as big as the US's.{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/economy-and-policy/story-in-numbers-big-fat-indian-wedding|title=Story in Numbers: Big Fat Indian Wedding|date=9 November 2024}}

{{Main|Cinema of India}}

The Indian cinema industry is expected to garner a revenue of around Rs 16,198 crore by 2026, of which Rs 15,849 would be Box office revenue and the rest Rs 349 crore from advertising, the report added.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/pwc-report-says-indian-media-and-entertainment-industry-could-be-worth-over-r-lakh-crore-rupees-13915872.htm|title=Streaming will rake in Rs 21,000 crore by 2026, more than Indian film industry: Report|agency=Press Trust of India|date=23 June 2022|website=cnbctv18.com|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703091730/https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/pwc-report-says-indian-media-and-entertainment-industry-could-be-worth-over-r-lakh-crore-rupees-13915872.htm|url-status=live}}

India's Recorded Music industry (which is a key sub-segment) is making steady progress at a CAGR of 13.6 percent, thanks to streaming models.

File:IT7A2275 copy (cropped).jpg (NSE) is the biggest stock exchange in India by trading volume as 96% trading occurs in NSE]]

The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in July 1875 and the Ahmedabad Stock Exchange in 1894. Since then, 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities. In 2014, India's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation, just above those of South Korea and Australia.{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/fa07a946-e1a1-11e3-b7c4-00144feabdc0.html|title='Modi Mania' propels India's stock market into world's top 10|work=Financial Times|date=22 May 2014|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223843/https://www.ft.com/content/fa07a946-e1a1-11e3-b7c4-00144feabdc0|url-status=live}} India's two major stock exchanges, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India, had a market capitalisation of US$1.71 trillion and US$1.68 trillion {{as of|2015|February|lc=y|post=,}} according to the World Federation of Exchanges, which grew to $3.36 trillion and $3.31 trillion respectively by September 2021.{{cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/|title=BSE Ltd. (Bombay Stock Exchange) – Live Stock Market Updates for S&P BSE SENSEX, Stock Quotes & Corporate Information|website=BSEIndia.com|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128034956/http://www.bseindia.com/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817220823/http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/monthly-reports|url-status=dead|title=WFE|archive-date=17 August 2014}}

The initial public offering (IPO) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ, raising US$300 million in 2013 and US$1.4 billion in 2012. Ernst & Young stated[http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Global_IPO_Trends_Q4_2013/$FILE/EY-Global-IPO-Trends-Q4-2013.pdf EY Global IPO Trends Global IPO Trends Q4 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040938/http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Global_IPO_Trends_Q4_2013/$FILE/EY-Global-IPO-Trends-Q4-2013.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} Ernst & Young (2014) that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions, slow government approval processes, and complex regulations. Before 2013, Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India. In 2013, these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first: overseas, domestically, or both concurrently.{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/listing-abroad-sans-domestic-ipo-set-to-be-a-reality-soon-113122000712_1.html|title=Listing abroad sans domestic IPO set to be a reality soon|work=Business Standard|date=28 July 2013|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801152809/http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/listing-abroad-sans-domestic-ipo-set-to-be-a-reality-soon-113122000712_1.html|url-status=live}} Further, security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already-listed companies, to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies.

{{Further|Globalisation in India}}

File:2006Indian exports.PNG

The following table shows the largest trading partners for India in 2024-25 by total trade value in billions of USD.{{cite web|title=The cumulative exports (merchandise & services) during FY 2024-25 (April-March) is estimated to grow by 5.50% at US$ 820.93 Billion, as compared to US$ 778.13 Billion in FY 2023-24 (April-March).|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2122016|publisher=Press Information Bureau: Government of India|access-date=16 April 2025}}

{{Main|Foreign trade of India}}

{{Further|List of the largest trading partners of India}}

{{multiple image

| direction = vertical

| align = right

| width = 280

| footer = India's exports (top) and imports (bottom), by value, in 2013–14

| image1 = April 2013 to March 2014 Export commodities from India, by percent value in US$.png

| image2 = April 2013 to March 2014 Import commodities from India, by percent value in US$.png

}}

Until the liberalisation of 1991, India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets, to protect its economy and to achieve self-reliance. Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs, export taxes and quantitative restrictions, while foreign direct investment (FDI) was restricted by upper-limit equity participation, restrictions on technology transfer, export obligations and government approvals; these approvals were needed for nearly 60% of new FDI in the industrial sector. The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid, commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians.{{cite web|author=Srinivasan, T.N.|title=Economic Reforms and Global Integration|year=2002|version=17 January 2002|url=http://www.econ.yale.edu/%7Esrinivas/ec_reforms.pdf|website=Economic Growth Center, Yale University|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326211644/http://www.econ.yale.edu/%7Esrinivas/ec_reforms.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009}} India's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence, due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period; imports in the same period, with early industrialisation, consisted predominantly of machinery, raw materials and consumer goods.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|pp=27–29}}

Since liberalisation, the value of India's international trade has increased sharply,{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=747–748}} with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16% in 1990–91 to 47% in 2009–10.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|p=109}}{{cite web|url=http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&Country=IN|title=Trade profiles-India|publisher=World Trade Organization|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520195000/http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=IN&Language=E|url-status=dead}} Foreign trade accounted for 48.8% of India's GDP in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506|title=Human Development Index (HDI)|website=hdr.undp.org|publisher=HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215174637/http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506|url-status=live}} Globally, India accounts for 1.44% of exports and 2.12% of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34% of exports and 3.31% of imports for commercial services trade. India's major trading partners are the European Union, China, United States and United Arab Emirates.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=757}} In 2006–07, major export commodities included engineering goods, petroleum products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, textiles and garments, agricultural products, iron ore and other minerals. Major import commodities included crude oil and related products, machinery, electronic goods, gold and silver.{{cite web|url=http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp|title=Imports and Exports Databank|publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122004154/http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=dead}} In November 2010, exports increased 22.3% year-on-year to {{INRConvert|851|b|year=2010}}, while imports were up 7.5% at {{INRConvert|1.25|t|year=2010}}. The trade deficit for the same month dropped from {{INRConvert|469|b|year=2009}} in 2009 to {{INRConvert|401|b|year=2010}} in 2010.{{cite web|url=http://commerce.nic.in/tradestats/Indiastrade_press.pdf|title=India's Foreign Trade: November 2010|work=Press Release|publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India|date=3 January 2011|access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124192815/http://commerce.nic.in/tradestats/Indiastrade_press.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2011}}

India is a founding-member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the WTO. While participating actively in its general council meetings, India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world. For instance, India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour, environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies.{{cite web|title=India & the World Trade Organization|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/WTO/overview.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050613080223/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/WTO/overview.html|publisher=Embassy of India|archive-date=13 June 2005|access-date=9 July 2005}}

India secured 43rd place in competitiveness index.{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-moves-up-to-43rd-place-on-competitiveness-singapore-reaches-top-4033901.html|title=India moves up to 43rd place on competitiveness; Singapore reaches top|website=Moneycontrol|date=29 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529054655/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-moves-up-to-43rd-place-on-competitiveness-singapore-reaches-top-4033901.html|url-status=live}}

File:Cumulative Current Account Balance.png current account balance 1980–2008 based on IMF data]]

Since independence, India's balance of payments on its current account has been negative. Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s, precipitated by a balance-of-payment crisis, India's exports rose consistently, covering 80.3% of its imports in 2002–03, up from 66.2% in 1990–91.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=763–765}} However, the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4% in 2008–09.{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|pp=127–129}} India's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit, which rose to $118.7 billion, or 11.11% of GDP, in 2008–09.{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|p=127}} Between January and October 2010, India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil.{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-07/rupee-rally-falters-as-oil-rises-to-two-year-high-india-credit.html|title=Rupee Rally Falters as Oil Rises to Two-Year High|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=7 December 2010|author=V. Ramakrishnan|access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111083311/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-07/rupee-rally-falters-as-oil-rises-to-two-year-high-india-credit.html|archive-date=11 January 2011}} The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012, with a merchandise trade deficit of US$189 billion in 2011–12.[http://commerce.gov.in/publications/pdf/annualreport_overview-2012-13.pdf 2013 Annual Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810031400/http://commerce.gov.in/publications/pdf/annualreport_overview-2012-13.pdf |date=10 August 2014 }} Ministry of Commerce, Govt of India (2013) Its trade with China has the largest deficit, about $31 billion in 2013.{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/news/46066593_1_trade-deficit-indian-it-trade-data|title=India's trade deficit with China mounts to $ 31.42 bn|work=The Economic Times|date=10 January 2014|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144404/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/news/46066593_1_trade-deficit-indian-it-trade-data|url-status=dead}}

India's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy, and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3% in 1990–91 to 4.4% in 2008–09.{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|pp=142–144}} In India, external commercial borrowings (ECBs), or commercial loans from non-resident lenders, are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates. The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999.{{cite web|url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/PDFs/27ECB010709_F.pdf|title=Master Circular on External Commercial Borrowings and Trade Credits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917004422/http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/27ECB010709_F.pdf|url-status=live}} India's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to ₹38,832.21 billion (US$540 billion) in July 2020.{{cite web|title=Weekly statistical supplement|url=https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?TYPE=Section&PARAM1=2|work=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=2 December 2022|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172637/https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?TYPE=Section&PARAM1=2|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|p=132}} In 2012, United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India, citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy.{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/30203e68-2a55-11e2-99bb-00144feabdc0.html|title=UK to end financial aid to India|work=Financial Times|date=9 November 2012|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223843/https://www.ft.com/content/30203e68-2a55-11e2-99bb-00144feabdc0|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-cenbank-forex-reserves-idINS8N0QH02M20140905|title=TABLE-India's forex reserves rise to $318.64 bln as of Aug 29 – cbank|work=Reuters|date=5 September 2014|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210215231/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-cenbank-forex-reserves-idINS8N0QH02M20140905|url-status=dead}}

India's current account deficit reached an all-time high in 2013.{{cite web|last1=Nag|first1=Anirban|title=Foreigners to the rescue as inflows rise to bridge India's current account deficit|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/6XJ5pjEUBlu9eRBgwEypaM/Foreigners-to-the-rescue-as-inflows-rise-to-bridge-Indias-c.html|website=Mint|access-date=4 April 2017|date=27 March 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170637/http://www.livemint.com/Money/6XJ5pjEUBlu9eRBgwEypaM/Foreigners-to-the-rescue-as-inflows-rise-to-bridge-Indias-c.html|url-status=live}} India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows. From April 2016 to January 2017, RBI data showed that, for the first time since 1991, India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows. The Economic Times noted that the development was "a sign of rising confidence among long-term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ability to strengthen the country's economic foundation for sustained growth".{{cite news|title=In a first since 1991, FDI flow takes care of CAD|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/in-a-first-since-1991-fdi-flow-takes-care-of-cad/articleshow/58000640.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=4 April 2017|last1=Nayak|first1=Gayatri|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405165843/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/in-a-first-since-1991-fdi-flow-takes-care-of-cad/articleshow/58000640.cms|url-status=live}}

{{update section|date=October 2015}}

{{Main|Foreign direct investment in India}}

As the third-largest economy in the world in PPP terms, India has attracted foreign direct investment (FDI).{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/India-2nd-best-country-for-biz-investment-Survey/343344/|title=India 2nd best country for biz investment: Survey|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=3 November 2008|archive-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705004920/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/India-2nd-best-country-for-biz-investment-Survey/343344/|url-status=live}} During the year 2011, FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion, 51.1% higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion. India has strengths in telecommunication, information technology and other significant areas such as auto components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and jewellery. Despite a surge in foreign investments, rigid FDI policies{{cite news|url=http://news.indiamart.com/story/finmin-considers-three-single-brand-retail-fdi-proposals-169557.html|title=FinMin considers three single-brand retail FDI proposals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021202322/http://news.indiamart.com/story/finmin-considers-three-single-brand-retail-fdi-proposals-169557.html|archive-date=21 October 2012}} were a significant hindrance. Over time, India has adopted a number of FDI reforms. India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise. The size of the middle-class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market.{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp|title=Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class|publisher=McKinsey & Company|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-date=16 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116211914/http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp|url-status=dead}}

India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005, allowing up to a 100% FDI stake in ventures. Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements, removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment. The upward growth curve of the real-estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime. In March 2005, the government amended the rules to allow 100% FDI in the construction sector, including built-up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing, commercial premises, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational facilities, and city- and regional-level infrastructure.{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/25/stories/2005022506990100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405032727/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/25/stories/2005022506990100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2005|title=100 per cent FDI in construction industry automatic route|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 February 2005|first=Sushma|last=Ramachandran|access-date=17 December 2010|location=Chennai, India}} Between 2012 and 2014, India extended these reforms to defence, telecom, oil, retail, aviation, and other sectors.{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Govt-unleashes-big-bang-FDI-reforms-opens-up-defence/articleshow/21110866.cms|title=Govt unleashes big-bang FDI reforms, opens up defence|work=The Times of India|date=17 July 2014|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106104913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Govt-unleashes-big-bang-FDI-reforms-opens-up-defence/articleshow/21110866.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-economy-retail-fdi-reform-idINDEE88D08M20120914|title=Govt allows FDI multi-brand retail, aviation in bold reform push|work=Reuters|date=14 September 2012|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610124354/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-economy-retail-fdi-reform-idINDEE88D08M20120914|url-status=dead}}

From 2000 to 2010, the country attracted $178 billion as FDI.{{cite web|url=http://www.dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india_fdi_index.htm|title=India FDI Fact sheet – September 2010|publisher=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry|access-date=21 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216063528/http://www.dipp.nic.in/fdi_statistics/india_fdi_index.htm|archive-date=16 December 2010}} The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages – double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius, and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven, effectively creating a zero-taxation FDI channel.{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/jaimini-bhagwati-rationalising-fdi-taxes/418512/|title=Rationalising FDI taxes|newspaper=Business Standard|date=17 December 2010|first=Jaimini|last=Bhagwati|access-date=21 December 2010|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223445/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news|url-status=live}} FDI accounted for 2.1% of India's GDP in 2015.

As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years, FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India.{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-fdi-inflows-at-a-record-60-1-billion-in-2016-17/story-7a8pt2u7e8IJttptDQcwhO.html|title=India's FDI inflows at a record $60.1 billion in 2016–17|date=19 May 2017|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021213125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/india-s-fdi-inflows-at-a-record-60-1-billion-in-2016-17/story-7a8pt2u7e8IJttptDQcwhO.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/fdi-jumps-37-to-10-4-billion-during-april-june-2017/articleshow/60163515.cms|title=FDI jumps 37% to $10.4 billion during April–June 2017|date=21 August 2017|access-date=2 November 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927072848/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/fdi-jumps-37-to-10-4-billion-during-april-june-2017/articleshow/60163515.cms|url-status=live}}

Since 2000, Indian companies have expanded overseas, investing FDI and creating jobs outside India. From 2006 to 2010, FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP.Shah and Patnaik, [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1107.pdf India's financial globalisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054858/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1107.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} IMF (2012) Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in United States,{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304655304579552181391629024|title=Mahindra Expands Effort to Counter Global Rivals with U.S. Engineering|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 May 2014|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315084129/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304655304579552181391629024|url-status=live}} Europe and Africa.{{cite news|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/bt-500-indian-inc-goes-global/1/189144.html|title=A Slice of World Action|work=Business Today|date=11 November 2012|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052716/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/bt-500-indian-inc-goes-global/1/189144.html|url-status=live}} The Indian conglomerate Tata Group is United Kingdom's largest manufacturer and private-sector employer.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21528653|title=India's industrial outpost Tata for now|newspaper=The Economist|date=10 September 2011|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528051431/http://www.economist.com/node/21528653|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/9722673/JLRs-Ratan-Tata-warns-on-UK-competitiveness.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/9722673/JLRs-Ratan-Tata-warns-on-UK-competitiveness.html|archive-date=10 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=JLR's Ratan Tata warns on UK competitiveness|work=The Telegraph|date=5 December 2012}}{{cbignore}}

{{Main|Remittances to India}}

In 2015, a total of US$68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries, and a total of US$8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries. UAE, US, and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India, while Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India.{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/interactives/remittance-map/|title=Remittance Flows Worldwide in 2015|date=31 August 2016|website=PewGlobal.org|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425103928/http://www.pewglobal.org/interactives/remittance-map/|url-status=live}} Remittances to India accounted for 3.32% of the country's GDP in 2015.

Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in, into (inbound) and out of (outbound) India. This cumulates to a value of US$618 billion. In terms of value, 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil. USD. Most deals have been conducted in 2007 (1,510).{{Cite news|url=https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-statistics-countries/|title=M&A Statistics by Countries|work=Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA)|access-date=26 February 2018|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127222829/https://imaa-institute.org/m-and-a-statistics-countries/|url-status=live}}

Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating:

{{Main|Indian rupee|Reserve Bank of India}}

File:RBI-Tower.jpg's headquarters in Mumbai, India]]

{{Bullet}}EXCHANGE RATES

The Indian rupee ({{INR}}) is the only legal tender in India, and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan, both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee. The rupee previously was divided into 100 paise, which no longer exist. The highest-denomination banknote was the {{INR}}2,000 note until 30 September 2023 after which it was scrapped and ₹500 note became the highest denomination; the lowest-denomination coin in circulation is the ₹1 coin.{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/FAqs.html|title=Your Guide to Money Matters|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116022151/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/faqs.html|archive-date=16 January 2011}} In 2017, demonetisation was announced in which ₹500 and ₹1000 notes were withdrawn and new ₹500 notes were issued. India's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country's central bank.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=812}} Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949, the RBI serves as the nation's monetary authority, regulator and supervisor of the monetary system, banker to the government, custodian of foreign exchange reserves, and as an issuer of currency. It is governed by a central board of directors, headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=887–888}} The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee.

The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946, and then to US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate. It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies: the British pound, US dollar, the Japanese yen and the Deutsche Mark.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=822}} In 1991, after the collapse of its largest trading partner, the Soviet Union, India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19% in two stages on 1 and 2 July. In 1992, a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism (LERMS) was introduced. Under LERMS, exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI-determined exchange rate; the remaining 60% could be converted at the market-determined exchange rate. In 1994, the rupee was convertible on the current account, with some capital controls.International Monetary Fund (1996), {{Google books|a0IuF5RmrbEC|1996 Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements & Exchange Restrictions}}, pages 224–226

After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994, the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces. The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000–2010. In October 2022, rupee touched an all-time low 83.29 to US dollar.[https://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=USDINR%3DX+Interactive#symbol=USDINR=X;range=2y USD INR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711192414/http://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=USDINR%3DX+Interactive#symbol=USDINR=X;range=2y |date=11 July 2016 }} Currency Conversion Rates, Yahoo

{{cite news|last1=Vora|first1=Nimesh|title=With Indian rupee near record low, cenbank steps up NDF intervention|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/with-indian-rupee-near-record-low-cenbank-steps-up-ndf-intervention-2023-09-07/|access-date=7 October 2023|work=Reuters|date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007173754/https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/with-indian-rupee-near-record-low-cenbank-steps-up-ndf-intervention-2023-09-07/|archive-date=7 October 2023|language=en}}

{{Update|date=March 2022}}

{{Main|Income in India}}

File:India vs World by Nominal GDP per capita in 2020.png|date=October 2020|access-date=13 October 2020|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015091908/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}|400px]]

File:GINI index World Bank up to 2018.png of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables {{as of|2018||lc=y|post=}}{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map|access-date=23 July 2020|publisher=World Bank|archive-date=12 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712173327/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map|url-status=live}}]]

India's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002. It tripled from {{INR}}19,040 in 2002–03 to {{INR}}53,331 in 2010–11, averaging 13.7% growth each of these eight years, with peak growth of 15.6% in 2010–11{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Homes-become-more-affordable-in-last-10-years/articleshow/12958960.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510183020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-02/india-business/31537296_1_affordability-rental-income-home-price|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Homes become more affordable in last 10 years|date=2 May 2012}} and, growth in the inflation-adjusted per-capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6% in 2010–11, down from 6.4% in the previous year. These consumption levels are on an individual basis.{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,menuPK:336998~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:336992,00.html|title=Poverty reduction and equity (2010)|publisher=World Bank|date=July 2012|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-date=20 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720225227/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,menuPK:336998~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:336992,00.html|url-status=live}} The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011.[http://www.euromonitor.com/medialibrary/PDF/Book_WCIEP0.pdf Table 3.4, World Consumer Income and Expenditure Patterns – Annual Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705030928/http://www.euromonitor.com/medialibrary/PDF/Book_WCIEP0.pdf |date=5 July 2016 }} Euro Monitor International (2013)

According to 2011 census data, India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households. The household size in India has dropped in recent years, the 2011 census reporting 50% of households have four or fewer members, with an average of 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents.{{cite web|title=Final Figures of Houselisting & Housing Census, 2011 Released|publisher=Census 2011, Government of India|date=13 March 2012|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80811|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012151338/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=80811|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Median household size drops below 4 in cities|date=25 March 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Median-household-size-drops-below-4-in-cities/articleshow/12397117.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906214655/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-25/india/31236370_1_household-family-size-census|url-status=live|work=The Times of India|archive-date=6 September 2012}} These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion.{{cite web|title=Country Report – India (2010)|publisher=The World Bank|year=2011|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629050630/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india|url-status=live}} Consumption patterns note: approximately 67% of households use firewood, crop residue, or cow-dung cakes for cooking purposes; 53% do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises; 83% have water supply within their premises or {{convert|100|m}} from their house in urban areas and {{convert|500|m}} from the house in rural areas; 67% of the households have access to electricity; 63% of households have landline or mobile telephone service; 43% have a television; 26% have either a two- or four-wheel motor vehicle. Compared to 2001, these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements. One report in 2010 claimed that high-income households outnumber low-income households.{{cite news|first=Prabhakar|last=Sinha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-has-more-rich-people-than-poor-now/articleshow/6242324.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612045150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/india/28285817_1_households-middle-class-slowdown|url-status=live|archive-date=12 June 2013|title=India has more rich people than poor now|date=1 August 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2010}}

File:Countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita in 2016.png (2016)Table 2.9 of [http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.9 World Development Indicators: Distribution of income or consumption] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923045844/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.9 |date=23 September 2014 }} The World Bank]]

New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries, which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country. According to New World Wealth, India's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017, a growth rate of 160%. India's total wealth decreased by 1% from $8.23 trillion in 2017 to $8.148 trillion in 2018, making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world. There are 20,730 multimillionaires (7th largest in the world){{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/0k6mJNHvCEZLvXSo7vg5TK/India-6th-wealthiest-country-in-the-world-with-total-wealth.html|title=India 6th wealthiest country with total wealth of $8,230 billion|date=30 January 2018|website=livemint.com/|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090307/http://www.livemint.com/Money/0k6mJNHvCEZLvXSo7vg5TK/India-6th-wealthiest-country-in-the-world-with-total-wealth.html|url-status=live}} and 118 billionaires in India (3rd largest in the world). With 327,100 high net-worth individuals (HNWI), India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world. Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world, with a total net worth of $941 billion in 2018. Twenty-eight billionaires reside in the city, ranked ninth worldwide.{{cite web|url=https://e.issuu.com/embed.html?u=newworldwealth&d=gwmr_2019|title=Global Wealth Migration Review|date=April 2019|via=Issuu|publisher=New World Wealth|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227181506/https://e.issuu.com/embed.html?u=newworldwealth&d=gwmr_2019|url-status=live}} {{as of|2016|December|post=,}} the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ($450 billion), Bengaluru ($320 billion), Hyderabad ($310 billion), Kolkata ($290 billion), Chennai ($200 billion), and Gurugram ($110 billion).{{cite news|title='Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 bn' – The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-bn/articleshow/57354354.cms|website=The Economic Times|access-date=26 February 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226200627/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-bn/articleshow/57354354.cms|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Mumbai richest Indian city with total wealth of $820 billion: Report|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-report/story-G8SKgU3jmO3TaE6Skin1QJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=26 February 2017|date=26 February 2017|archive-date=26 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226211225/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/mumbai-richest-indian-city-with-total-wealth-of-820-billion-report/story-G8SKgU3jmO3TaE6Skin1QJ.html|url-status=live}}

The Global Wealth Migration Review 2019 report, published by New World Wealth, found that 5,000 HNWI's emigrated from India in 2018, or about 2% of all HNWIs in the country. Australia, Canada, and United States were among the top destination countries.{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/why-indias-millionaires-are-leaving-india/articleshow/69321959.cms|title=India's millionaires are fleeing from homeland – and these are the countries where they are headed|website=Business Insider|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826225006/https://www.businessinsider.in/why-indias-millionaires-are-leaving-india/articleshow/69321959.cms|url-status=live}} The report also projected that private wealth in India would grow by around 180% to reach $22,814 billion by 2028.

{{Main|Poverty in India}}

File:2012 Poverty distribution map in India by its states and union territories.svg

In May 2014, the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing-power-parity basis for measuring poverty. According to the revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million lived in India. With 17.5% of the total world's population, India had a 20.6% share of the world's poorest in 2013.Note: 24.6% rate is based on 2005 PPP at $1.25 per day, International dollar basis, {{cite book|last1=The World Bank|title=A measured approach to ending poverty and boosting shared prosperity|date=2015|publisher=World Bank Group|isbn=978-1-4648-0361-1|page=50|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20384/9781464803611.pdf|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009183315/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20384/9781464803611.pdf|url-status=live}} According to a 2005–2006 survey,[http://www.unicef.org/india/nutrition.html Nutrition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220054556/http://www.unicef.org/india/nutrition.html |date=20 December 2014 }}, Fast Facts, UNICEF (2009) India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished. A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010, India achieved a 45 percent reduction in mortality rates under the age of 5, and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric.{{cite web|title=India Statistics|publisher=UNICEF, United Nations|year=2011|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html|access-date=10 July 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225050318/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_statistics.html|url-status=dead}}

Since the early 1960s, successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty, under central planning, that have met with partial success.{{cite web|title=Economic Survey 2004–2005|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2004-05/esmain.htm|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216142417/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2004-05/esmain.htm|archive-date=16 December 2007|url-status=dead}} In 2005, the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|p=146}} In 2011, it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials, deficit financing as the source of funds, poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme, and unintended destructive effects.{{cite news|title=India's Boom Bypasses Rural Poor|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=29 April 2011|author1=Tom Wright|author2=Harsh Gupta|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716054442/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704081604576143671902043578|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=India rural welfare – Digging holes|newspaper=The Economist|date=5 November 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21536642|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=9 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609205426/http://www.economist.com/node/21536642|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Rural India enjoys consumption boom|work=Financial Times|date=29 February 2012|author1=James Fontanella-Khan|author2=James Lamont|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/04473296-5865-11e1-9f28-00144feabdc0.html|access-date=18 August 2012|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223444/https://www.ft.com/content/04473296-5865-11e1-9f28-00144feabdc0|url-status=live}} Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases.Sarkar & Kumar (2011), [http://purl.umn.edu/119395 Impact of MGNREGA on Reducing Rural Poverty and Improving Socio-economic Status of Rural Poor: A Study in Burdwan District of West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109223450/https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/119395 |date=9 November 2023 }}, Agricultural Economics Research Review, Vol 24Swain & Ray (2013), Social welfare through guaranteed wage employment: experience of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in an Indian state, Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 29(1), 79–90 Yet other studies report that India's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction, though a sizeable population remains in poverty.Aggarwal & Kumar (November 2012), [http://sswa.unescap.org/pdf/sswa_development_paper_1206_nov2012.pdf Structural change, industrialization and poverty reduction: the case of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127021556/http://sswa.unescap.org/pdf/SSWA_Development_Paper_1206_Nov2012.pdf |date=27 November 2013 }}, in United Nation's UNIDO workshop "The Untold Story: Structural Change for Poverty Reduction–The Case of the BRICS", Vienna, 16–17 August (pp 1–68)Kotwal, Ramaswami & Wadhwa (2011), Economic liberalization and Indian economic growth: What's the evidence?, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 49, No. 4, 1152–1199 India lifted 271 million people out of poverty between 2006 and 2016, recording the fastest reductions in the multidimensional poverty index values during the period with strong improvements in areas such as assets, cooking fuel, sanitation, and nutrition.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-lifted-271-million-people-out-of-poverty-in-10-years-un/article28397694.ece|title=India lifted 271 million people out of poverty in 10 years: UN|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714191602/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-lifted-271-million-people-out-of-poverty-in-10-years-un/article28397694.ece|url-status=live}}

On the 2019 Global Hunger Index India ranked 102nd (out of 117 countries) with a score of 30.3, being categorized as 'serious' in severity.{{cite web |title=2019 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2019.pdf |website=Global Hunger Index |access-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102071754/https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2019.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2020 |pages=17, 56 |url-status=live}} In 2024, India ranked 105 (out of 127 countries) with a score of 27.3, indicating an improvement in its hunger situation.{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/india.html |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Saptaparno |date=2024-10-17 |title=What does the Global Hunger Index 2024 state about India? {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-does-the-global-hunger-index-2024-state-about-india/article68762149.ece#:~:text=The%20story%20so%20far:%20The,and%20above%2050%20extremely%20alarming. |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

{{See also|Labour in India|Indian labour law|Child labour in India|Unemployment in India}}

File:Share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty.png

Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52% of the total workforce in 2009–10. While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed, services which include construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3% of employment in 2012–13.{{cite web|url=http://labourbureau.nic.in/EUS_2012_13_Vol_1.pdf|title=Report on Employment & Unemployment Survey (2012–13)|publisher=Bureau of Labour Statistics, Indian Government|date=January 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801190115/http://labourbureau.nic.in/EUS_2012_13_Vol_1.pdf|archive-date=1 August 2014|url-status=dead}} Of the total workforce, 7% is in the organised sector, two-thirds of which are in the government-controlled public sector.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=423–424}} About 51.2% of the workforce in India is self-employed. Despite having one of the longest working hours, India has one of the lowest workforce productivity levels in the world.Dougherty, S., R. Herd and T. Chalaux (2009), "What is holding back productivity growth in India ?: Recent microevidence", OECD Journal: Economic Studies, vol. 2009/1, {{doi|10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art3-en}}.Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., Low Productivity: India's Bottleneck of Growth (21 May 2019). Available at SSRN: {{ssrn|3391621}} or {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.3391621}}Bloom, Nicholas, Aprajit Mahajan, David McKenzie, and John Roberts. 2010. "Why Do Firms in Developing Countries Have Low Productivity?" American Economic Review, 100 (2): 619–23. {{doi|10.1257/aer.100.2.619}}Sivadasan, Jagadeesh. "Barriers to Competition and Productivity: Evidence from India" The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol. 9, no. 1, 2009. {{doi|10.2202/1935-1682.2161}}Goldar, B., Krishna, K.L., Aggarwal, S.C. et al. Productivity growth in India since the 1980s: the KLEMS approach. Ind. Econ. Rev. 52, 37–71 (2017). {{doi|10.1007/s41775-017-0002-y}} According to a 2005–06 survey, there is a gender gap in employment and salaries. In rural areas, both men and women are primarily self-employed, mostly in agriculture. In urban areas, salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006.Desai, Sonalde, Amaresh Dubey, B.L. Joshi, Mitali Sen, Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman (201) [http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/04HDinIndia.pdf India Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208092634/http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/04HDinIndia.pdf |date=8 February 2016 }}, Oxford University Press, page 40-44

{{Main|Unemployment in India}}

Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic (disguised) unemployment. Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment – which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods – attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses, honing skills, setting up public sector enterprises, reservations in governments, etc. The decline in organised employment, due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation, has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms.{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|pp=275–277}}{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=434–436}} India's labour regulations are heavy, even by developing country standards, and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them to make the environment more conducive for employment generation.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=431}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4103554.stm|title=Why India needs labour law reform|publisher=BBC|date=27 June 2005|author=Kaushik Basu|access-date=16 December 2010|author-link=Kaushik Basu|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4103554.stm|url-status=live}} The 11th five-year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation, by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|p=434}} Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle, which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society.{{Harvnb|Drèze|Sen|1996|p=39}}

{{Main|Child labour in India}}

Child labour is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty. Since the 1990s, the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour. These have included setting up schools, launching free school lunch programs, creating special investigation cells, etc.{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Child_Labor/childlabor.htm#intro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023064701/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Child_Labor/childlabor.htm|archive-date=23 October 2007|title=Child Labour and India|publisher=Embassy of India|access-date=13 March 2009|url-status=dead}}{{Harvnb|Drèze|Sen|1996|pp=130–131}} Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed, but overall, relatively few Indian children are employed. Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare. In the 10–14 age group, the latest surveys find only 2% of children working for wage, while another 9% work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops.Desai, Sonalde, Amaresh Dubey, B.L. Joshi, Mitali Sen, Abusaleh Shariff and Reeve Vanneman (201) [http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/04HDinIndia.pdf India Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208092634/http://ihds.umd.edu/IHDS_files/04HDinIndia.pdf |date=8 February 2016 }}, Oxford University Press, page 131

India has the largest diaspora around the world, an estimated 32 million people according to the Ministry of External Affairs (India),{{cite web|title=Population of Overseas Indians|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm|website=mea.gov.in|access-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007174555/https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm|archive-date=7 October 2023|language=english}} many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families. The Middle East region is the largest source of employment for expat Indians. The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians. Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades.Leone Lakhani, [https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/15/business/dubai-indians-expats-elections/ Dubai's expat Indians: The world's most productive foreign workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324225631/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/15/business/dubai-indians-expats-elections/ |date=24 March 2017 }} CNN (19 May 2014) In 2009–10, remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at {{INRConvert|2.5|t|lk=on|year=2010}}, the highest in the world, but their share in FDI remained low at around 1%.{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110110/main1.htm|title=NRIs don't invest as much as they remit, says Montek|work=The Tribune|location=India|date=9 January 2011|first=Ajay|last=Banerjee|access-date=13 January 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080943/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110110/main1.htm|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Trade unions in India}}

In India, the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, trade unions had a combined membership of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 12 Central Trade Union Organisations (CTUO) recognized by the Ministry of Labour.{{cite web|url=http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003061752/http://www.labourfile.org/superAdmin/Document/113/table%201.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2011|title=Table 1: Aggregate data on membership of CTUOs 1989 to 2002 (Provisional)|website=labourfile.org}} The forming of these unions was a big deal in India. It led to a big push for more regulatory laws which gave workers a lot more power.{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Meghna|title=Trade Unions in India|url=http://www.pocketlawyer.com/blog/trade-unions-india/|website=Pocket Lawyer|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116131308/http://www.pocketlawyer.com/blog/trade-unions-india/|url-status=dead}}

AITUC is the oldest trade union in India. It is a left supported organization.

A trade union with nearly 2,000,000 members is the Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) which protects the rights of Indian women working in the informal economy. In addition to the protection of rights, SEWA educates, mobilizes, finances, and exalts their members' trades.{{Cite journal|last=Datta|first=Rekah|title=From Development to Empowerment: The Self-Employed Women's Association in India|journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society}} Multiple other organizations represent workers. These organizations are formed upon different political groups. These different groups allow different groups of people with different political views to join a Union.{{cite web|last=Chand|first=Smriti|title=6 Major Central Trade Unions of India|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/trade-unions/6-major-central-trade-unions-of-india-trade-unions/26113|website=Your Article Library|access-date=15 November 2017|date=17 February 2014|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629101329/https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/trade-unions/6-major-central-trade-unions-of-india-trade-unions/26113|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Corruption in India|Indian black money}}

File:Countries by Corruption Perceptions Index (2023).svg in other countries as compared to India in 2023; a higher score indicates lower levels of corruption

{{Legend|#008000|100 – 90}}

{{Legend|#00bf00|89 – 80}}

{{Legend|#00ff00|79 – 70}}

{{Legend|#80ff00|69 – 60}}

{{Legend|#ffff00|59 – 50}}

{{Legend|#ffbf00|49 – 40}}

{{Legend|#ff8000|39 – 30}}

{{Legend|#ff4000|29 – 20}}

{{Legend|#ff0000|19 – 10}}

{{Legend|#bf0000|9 – 0}}

{{Legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}]]

Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India.[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993646 India: Potential for a Parliamentary Budget Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603144231/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993646 |date=3 June 2018 }}. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Retrieved 18 July 2017. A 2005 study by Transparency International (TI) found that more than half of those surveyed had first-hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year. A follow-up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent.{{cite web|title=India Corruption Study – 2008|publisher=Transparency International|year=2008|url=http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619212155/http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2012|url-status=dead}} In 2011, TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption.{{cite web|url=http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/interactive2/|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2011|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120045916/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/interactive2/|url-status=dead}} By 2016, India saw a reduction in corruption, and its ranking improved to 79th place.{{cite web|last1=e.V.|first1=Transparency International|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|website=transparency.org|date=25 January 2017|access-date=18 February 2018|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125081958/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|url-status=live}}

In 1996, red tape, bureaucracy, and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency.{{Harvnb|Drèze|Sen|1996|p=180}} More recent reports{{cite web|title=Survey on Bribery and Corruption – Impact on Economy and Business Environment|publisher=KPMG|year=2011|url=http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184127/http://www.kpmg.com/IN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ThoughtLeadership/KPMG_Bribery_Survey_Report_new.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Corruption in India|publisher=The World Finance Review|author=Debroy and Bhandari|year=2011|url=http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501135424/http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=1575|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Corruption in India – A rotten state|newspaper=The Economist|date=10 March 2011|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18332796|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-date=18 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818134512/http://www.economist.com/node/18332796|url-status=live}} suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements, mandated spending programs, monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government-controlled institutions, bureaucracy with discretionary powers, and lack of transparent laws and processes.

Computerisation of services, various central and state vigilance commissions, and the 2005 Right to Information Act – which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action – have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances.{{cite web|url=http://www.cmsindia.org/cms/events/corruption.pdf|title=India Corruption Study 2005|author=Transparency International India|publisher=Centre for Media Studies|access-date=14 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415110720/http://www.cmsindia.org/cms/events/corruption.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2007}}

In 2011, the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients, as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10804248|title=India's civil service: Battling the babu raj|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 March 2008|access-date=8 January 2011|archive-date=30 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530044857/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10804248|url-status=live}} India's absence rates are among the worst in the world; one study found that 25% of public sector teachers and 40% of government-owned public-sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace.{{cite web|url=http://econ.ucsd.edu/~kamurali/teachers%20and%20medical%20worker%20incentives%20in%20india.pdf|title=Teachers and Medical Worker Incentives in India|first=Karthik|last=Muralidharan|publisher=University of California|access-date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326211644/http://econ.ucsd.edu/~kamurali/teachers%20and%20medical%20worker%20incentives%20in%20india.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4051353.stm|title=Combating India's truant teachers|publisher=BBC|date=29 November 2004|first=Kaushik|last=Basu|access-date=9 January 2011|archive-date=15 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215104757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4051353.stm|url-status=live}} Similarly, many issues are facing Indian scientists, with demands for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.{{cite journal|last=Jayaraman|first=K.S.|title=Report row ousts top Indian scientist|volume=462|issue=7270|page=152|journal=Nature|date=9 November 2009|pmid=19907467|doi=10.1038/462152a|doi-access=free}}

India has an underground economy, with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks. This would amount to 13 times the country's total external debt.{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134580/laundering-black-money.html|title=Laundering black money|work=Deccan Herald|location=India|date=4 February 2011|author=Kuldip Nayar|access-date=6 February 2011|author-link=Kuldip Nayar|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224835/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/134580/laundering-black-money.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm|title=Black, bold and bountiful|newspaper=Business Line|date=13 August 2010|author=V. Venkateswara Rao|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918110326/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/13/stories/2010081350370900.htm|archive-date=18 September 2011|url-status=dead}} These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association. James Nason, the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association, suggested "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them."{{cite news|title=No 'black money' statistics exist: Swiss banks|date=13 September 2009|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-black-money-statistics-exist-Swiss-banks/articleshow/5005874.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912101749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-13/india/28092452_1_james-nason-swiss-bankers-association-sba-s-head|url-status=live|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=12 September 2011}}{{cite news|title=Banking secrecy spices up Indian elections|publisher=SWISSINFO – A member of Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 May 2009|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340|access-date=28 June 2012|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926182809/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Banking_secrecy_spices_up_Indian_elections.html?cid=7396340|url-status=live}}

A Step was taken by Prime Minister Modi, on 8 November 2016, involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes (replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes) to return black money into the economy followed by criticism that the measure was deemed ineffective by economists and negatively affected the poorest people of India. This demonetisation together with the introduction of The goods and services tax(GST) is believed to be responsible for the slowdown in growth.{{Cite web|date=20 January 2020|title=Understanding India's Economic Slowdown|url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/understanding-india-s-economic-slowdown|access-date=14 June 2022|website=The India Forum|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611212419/https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/understanding-india-s-economic-slowdown|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Education in India | Literacy in India}}

File:Calcutta university 1870.jpg, established in 1857, was the first multidisciplinary and secular Western-style institution in Asia.]]

India has made progress in increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three-fourths of the population.{{cite web|url=http://go.worldbank.org/OSFVRGA240|title=Education in India|publisher=World Bank|access-date=13 January 2011}} India's literacy rate had grown from 52.2% in 1991 to 74.04% in 2011. The right to education at the elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the Eighty-Sixth Amendment of 2002, and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children.{{sfn|Economic Survey|2010|pp=280–281}} However, the literacy rate of 74% is lower than the worldwide average, and the country suffers from a high drop-out rate.{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12749735|title=A special report on India: An elephant, not a tiger|date=11 December 2008|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=17 January 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053405/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2008/12/11/an-elephant-not-a-tiger|url-status=live}} Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region, gender, urban and rural areas, and among different social groups.{{Harvnb|Drèze|Sen|1996|pp=114–115}}[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf Ranking of states and union territories by lireacy rate: 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |date=6 July 2015 }} Census of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2013)

{{Main|Economic disparities in India|Poverty in India}}

File:NSDP Per Capita of Indian States and UT's, 2018-19.png, and GDP per capita basis in 2011]]

{{Blockquote|Poverty rates in India's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states. While India's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 – placing it among the poorest of the world's middle-income countries – it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh (which has more people than Brazil) and only $294 in Bihar, one of India's poorest states.|World Bank: India Country Overview 2013{{cite news|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/overview|title=India Country Overview 2013|year=2014|publisher=World Bank|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502113421/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/overview|url-status=live}}}}

A critical problem facing India's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India's different states and territories in terms of poverty, availability of infrastructure, and socio-economic development.{{Harvnb|Datt|Sundharam|2009|pp=474–475}} Six low-income states – Assam, Chhattisgarh, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh – are home to more than one-third of India's population.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf|title=Country Strategy for India (CAS) 2009–2012|publisher=World Bank|access-date=21 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2009}} Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income, literacy rates, life expectancy, and living conditions.{{Harvnb|Drèze|Sen|1996|pp=45–46}} The four states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Karnataka alone are projected to account for almost 50% of India's GDP by 2030; the five South Indian states are projected to contribute 35% of India's GDP by 2030 despite currently having 20% of India's population.{{Cite news|date=9 June 2023|title=Southern states to contribute 35% of India's $7 trillion economy by 2030|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-states-to-contribute-35-of-indias-7tn-economy-by-2030/articleshow/100862819.cms?from=mdr|access-date=6 September 2023|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906030550/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-states-to-contribute-35-of-indias-7tn-economy-by-2030/articleshow/100862819.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}

The five-year plans, especially in the pre-liberalisation era, attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states. The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth.{{Harvnb|Panagariya|2008|pp=164–165}} The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation, with well-developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce, which attract the manufacturing and service sectors. Governments of less-advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land and focused on sectors like tourism, which can develop faster than other sectors.{{cite web|author1=Sachs, D. Jeffrey|author2=Bajpai, Nirupam|author3=Ramiah, Ananthi|title=Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India|year=2002|work=Working paper 88|url=http://www2.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042205/http://www2.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|archive-date=1 July 2007}}{{cite web|author=Kurian, N.J.|title=Regional disparities in india|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/vision2025/regdsprty.doc|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=6 August 2005|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105050844/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/vision2025/regdsprty.doc|url-status=dead}} India's income Gini coefficient is 33.9, according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The Global Wealth Migration Review 2019 report, published by New World Wealth, estimated that 48% of India's total wealth was held by high-net-worth individuals. According to a 2021 report by the Pew Research Center, India has roughly 1.2 billion lower-income individuals, 66 million middle-income individuals, 16 million upper-middle-income individuals, and 2 million in the high-income group.{{cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/ |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Pew Research Center |quote=The poor live on $2 or less daily, low income on $2.01-$10, middle income on $10.01-$20, upper-middle income on $20.01-$50 and high income on more than $50. All dollar figures are expressed in 2011 prices and purchasing power parity dollars, currency exchange rates adjusted for differences in the prices of goods and services across countries.}} As per The Economist, 78 million of India's population are considered middle class as of 2017, if defined using the cutoff of those making more than $10 per day, a standard used by the India's National Council of Applied Economic Research.{{cite news |date=11 January 2018 |title=India's missing middle class |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/01/11/indias-missing-middle-class |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213840/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/01/11/indias-missing-middle-class |archive-date=10 August 2019 |access-date=10 August 2019 |newspaper=The Economist}}

There is a continuing debate on whether India's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor.Datt & Ravallion (2011), Has India's economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms?, The World Bank Economic Review, 25(2), pp 157–189 Studies suggest that economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India.Tripathi, Sabyasachi (December 2013), [http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52336/1/MPRA_paper_52336.pdf Has urban economic growth in Post-Reform India been pro-poor between 1993–94 and 2009–10?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104083338/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52336/1/MPRA_paper_52336.pdf |date=4 November 2018 }} Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, MPRA Paper No. 52336, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München

Several banks including State Bank of India, Axis Bank, ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank have taken the lead in funding green projects even as the Reserve Bank of India comes up with norms for lenders to disclose their actions on climate risk. RBI in an earlier report in 2022, had said that climate change would require "intensive capital mobilisation" for that India needs $17.77 trillion.{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lenders-push-to-stay-ahead-of-the-curve-in-climate-financing/articleshow/108120889.cms|title=Lenders push to stay ahead of the curve in climate financing|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=March 2024|last1=Sinha|first1=Shilpy}}

The RBI recommends that regulated entities rely upon the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) framework, the most prominent climate disclosure framework globally, at least at the initial stage.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=21071#C2|title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications|website=rbi.org.in}}

India is home to 75 per cent of the world's wild tiger population.The big cats like lion, tiger, leopard, cheetah, snow leopard, jaguar and puma were on the brink of extinction. With hunting and encroachment, their numbers dropped to a mere 20. Efforts to save the lion started before Independence but it was in 1965 that the Indian Forest Service stepped in to set up a conservation programme.Researchers believe a combination of factors is driving the unprecedented migration in tigers. Rising temperatures due to climate change are making the lower foothills less hospitable.{{Cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/biodiversity/news/2024-02-07-climate-change-habitat-loss-push-bengal-tigers-to-higher|title=Tigers on the Move: Climate Change, Habitat Loss Push India's Big Cats to Higher Altitudes | Weather.com|website=The Weather Channel}}

{{Portal|India|Business and economics}}

• Economic Advisory Council
• Economic development in India
• List of Indian states and union territories by GDP
• List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita
• List of industrial cities in India
• List of megaprojects in India
• Make in India, a government programme to encourage manufacturing in India
• edieval India
• Political funding in India
• Economically Weaker Section

Events:

• Great Recession
• Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
• World oil market chronology from 2003
• Demonetization
• Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India

Lists:

• List of companies of India
• List of largest companies in India
• List of the largest trading partners of India
• List of megaprojects in India
• Trade unions in India
• Natural resources of India

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

;Books

• {{cite book|title=Indian Economy|last1=Datt|first1=Ruddar|last2=Sundharam|first2=K.P.M.|year=2009|publisher=S. Chand Group|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-219-0298-4|page=976}}
• {{cite book|last1=Drèze|first1=John|author-link1=Jean Drèze|last2=Sen|first2=Amartya|author-link2=Amartya Sen|title=India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-564082-3|page=292}}
• {{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Dharma|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume II : c. 1757–2003|publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=978-81-250-2710-2|page=1115}}
• {{cite book|author=Nehru, Jawaharlal|author-link=Jawaharlal Nehru|title=The Discovery of India|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1946|isbn=0-14-303103-1|title-link=The Discovery of India}}
• {{cite book|last=Panagariya|first=Arvind|author-link=Arvind Panagariya|title=India: The Emerging Giant|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaemerginggia00pana_483|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531503-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaemerginggia00pana_483/page/n544 514]}}
• {{cite book|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume I : c. 1200 – c. 1750|last1=Raychaudhuri|first1=Tapan|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|author-link2=Irfan Habib|year=2004|publisher=Orient Longman|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-250-2709-6|page=543}}
• {{cite book|last=Roy|first=Tirthankar|title=The Economic History of India 1857–1947|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-568430-8|page=385}}
• {{cite book|last=Alamgir|first=Jalal|title=India's Open-Economy Policy|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-415-77684-4|title-link=India's Open-Economy Policy}}
• {{cite book|last=Bharadwaj|first=Krishna|year=1991|chapter=Regional differentiation in India|editor=Sathyamurthy, T.V|title=Industry & agriculture in India since independence|pages=189–199|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-564394-1}}
• Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915060518/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063 |date=15 September 2021 }} pp 609–649.

;Papers and reports

• Bahl, R., Heredia-Ortiz, E., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Rider, M. (2005). [https://ideas.repec.org/p/ays/ispwps/paper05141.html India: Fiscal Condition of the States, International Experience, and Options for Reform: Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201221108/https://ideas.repec.org/p/ays/ispwps/paper05141.html |date=1 December 2016 }} (No. paper05141). International Center for Public Policy, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University.
• {{cite web|url=http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/News/press-releases/IPP%20Economic%20Reform%20in%20India.pdf|publisher=University of Chicago|page=32|title=Economic reforms in India: Task force report|ref={{harvid|Task Force Report|2006}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207125338/http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/News/press-releases/IPP%20Economic%20Reform%20in%20India.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2009}}
• {{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2009-10/chapt2010/chapter.zip|title=Economic Survey 2009–10|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|page=294|ref={{harvid|Economic Survey|2010}}|access-date=22 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205025143/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2009-10/chapt2010/chapter.zip|archive-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead}}

;Articles

• {{cite web|title=Growth of India|url=http://www.janderie.live.haverford.edu/wiki/index.php?title=India_growth|access-date=10 August 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615234241/http://www.janderie.live.haverford.edu/wiki/index.php?title=India_growth|archive-date=15 June 2013}}
• {{cite web|title=Milton Friedman on the Nehru/Mahalanobis Plan|url=http://www.indiapolicy.org/debate/Notes/fried_opinion.html|access-date=16 July 2005|archive-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331032602/http://indiapolicy.org/debate/Notes/fried_opinion.html|url-status=live}}
• {{cite web|title=Infrastructure in India: Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment|url=http://www.asiatradehub.com/india/intro.asp|access-date=14 August 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050713073856/http://www.asiatradehub.com/india/intro.asp|archive-date=13 July 2005}}
• {{Cite journal|author1=Bernardi, Luigi|author2=Fraschini, Angela|title=Tax System And Tax Reforms in India|year=2005|version=Working paper n. 51|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html|journal=Polis Working Papers|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629132746/https://ideas.repec.org/p/uca/ucapdv/45.html|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite report|author=Centre for Media Studies|title=India Corruption Study 2005: To Improve Governance Volume – I: Key Highlights|work=Transparenty International India|publisher=Transparency International India|year=2005|url=http://www.prajanet.org/newsroom/internal/tii/ICS2k5_Vol1.pdf|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326211644/http://www.prajanet.org/newsroom/internal/tii/ICS2k5_Vol1.pdf|archive-date=26 March 2009|via=PrajaNet}}
• {{cite web|author=Ghosh, Jayati|title=Bank Nationalisation: The Record|work=Macroscan|url=http://www.macroscan.com/cur/jul05/cur210705Bank_Nationalisation.htm|access-date=5 August 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023070928/http://www.macroscan.com/cur/jul05/cur210705Bank_Nationalisation.htm|archive-date=23 October 2005}}
• {{Cite conference|author1=Gordon, Jim|author2=Gupta, Poonam|title=Understanding India's Services Revolution|book-title=A Tale of Two Giants: India's and China's Experience with Reform and Growth|year=2003|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/gordon.pdf|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326211643/http://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/gordon.pdf|url-status=live}}
• {{Cite journal|author=Panagariya, Arvind|title=India in the 1980s and 1990s: A Triumph of Reforms|journal=International Trade|year=2004|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpit/0403005.html|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133045/https://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpit/0403005.html|url-status=live}}
• {{cite web|author1=Sachs, D. Jeffrey|author2=Bajpai, Nirupam|author3=Ramiah, Ananthi|title=Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India|website=Center for International Development at Harvard University|year=2002|version=Working paper 88|url=http://www2.cid.harvard.edu/cidwp/088.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042206/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/CID/cidwp/088.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2007}}
• {{cite web|author=Kurian, N.J.|title=Regional disparities in india|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/vision2025/regdsprty.doc|access-date=6 August 2005|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105050844/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/vision2025/regdsprty.doc|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3347336|title=India Inc. and its Moral Discontent|first=Ravinder|last=Kaur|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2012|access-date=10 May 2015|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327062412/https://www.academia.edu/3347336|url-status=live}}
• {{cite web|url=http://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/137464936/Good_Times_Brand_Modi_TVNM.pdf|title=Good Times, Brought to you by Brand Modi|first=Ravinder|last=Kaur|year=2015|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212720/http://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/137464936/Good_Times_Brand_Modi_TVNM.pdf|url-status=live}}
• {{citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=Library of Congress Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division|url=https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131058/https://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011|access-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead|ref={{sfnRef|Library of Congress|2004}}}}

;News

• {{cite news|title=India, the Goliath, Falls with a Thud|author=Ravi S Jha|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=business&xfile=data/business/2008/october/business_october347.xml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509214520/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=business&xfile=data%2Fbusiness%2F2008%2Foctober%2Fbusiness_october347.xml|archive-date=9 May 2013}}
• {{cite news|title=India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax|date=25 March 2005|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065316/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_25-3-2005_pg5_13|archive-date=16 January 2009}}
• {{cite news|title=Economic structure|date=6 October 2003|newspaper=The Economist|url=http://www.economist.com/countries/India/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DEconomic%20Structure|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406030423/http://www.economist.com/countries/india/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Economic%20Structure|archive-date=6 April 2008}}a
• {{cite web|title=Regional stock exchanges – Bulldozed by the Big Two|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/07/20/stories/0420.62 billion.htm|access-date=10 August 2005}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{cite news|url=http://news.indiamart.com/story/finmin-considers-three-single-brand-retail-fdi-proposals-169557.html|title=FinMin considers three single-brand retail FDI proposals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021202322/http://news.indiamart.com/story/finmin-considers-three-single-brand-retail-fdi-proposals-169557.html|archive-date=21 October 2012}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [http://finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance]
• [https://commerce.gov.in/ Ministry of Commerce and Industry]
• [http://www.mospi.gov.in/ Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]
• [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ India profile] at the CIA World Factbook
• [http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india India profile] at The World Bank
• [http://www.oecd.org/india/ India – OECD]

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