Glossary of botanical terms#anther

This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glossary of phytopathology, Glossary of lichen terms, and List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.

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A

File:Tetradenia riparia leaves and buds IMG 2103c.jpg leaves have their upper surfaces turned toward the stem and the {{gli|axil}}. The lower surface is {{gli|abaxial}} ("away from the axis"), and the upper surface is {{gli|adaxial}}.}}]]

File:Viburnum abscission.jpg {{gli|abscission}}}}]]

File:Welwitschia at Ugab River basin.jpg presents an example of an {{gli|acaulescent}} growth {{gli|habit}} unusual in so large a plant species.}}]]

File:Accumbent cotyledon.jpg (formerly Cheiranthus)}}]]

File:Strawberry.achene.es.jpg

File:Geranium incanum floral stages IMG 2752.jpg flowers are {{gli|actinomorphic}}, having five axes of symmetry, as opposed to the two axes of symmetry of the {{gli|zygomorphic}} flowers of most species of the related genus Pelargonium.}}]]

File:Ferns- British and exotic.. (1856) (14595221459).jpg

File:Starr-091104-0742-Gossypium tomentosum-flower-Kahanu Gardens NTBG Kaeleku Hana-Maui (24961202116).jpg}}]]

File:Watsonia flower with adnate stamens and connate petals IMG 1974c.jpg flower slit open and with one {{gli|stamen}} bent upward to show its {{gli|adnate}} attachment to the petal}}]]

File:Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden (1899-) (20677430362).jpg

File:Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg is an {{gli|alkaloid}} with four nitrogen atoms in its carbon skeleton.}}]]

File:Rothmannia globosa, blaarbearing, Uniegeboutuine, a.jpg leaf with extensively {{gli|anastomose}} venation}}]]

File:Sandersonia aurantiaca 1DS-II 2-5399.jpg cut open longitudinally to show the {{gli|androecium}}, which comprises the {{gli|anther}}s surrounding the green central {{gli|pistil}}}}]]

File:2012-01-04 17-57-36-lys.jpg in a state of {{gli|anthesis}}, {{gli|dehiscent}} and releasing {{gli|pollen}}}}]]

File:Neea sp., Nyctaginaceae, Atlantic forest, northeastern Bahia, Brazil (9463277249).jpg species, family Nyctaginaceae, presents an example of an {{gli|anthocarp}}: the {{gli|calyx}} and {{gli|style}} remain around the ripening fruit.}}]]

File:Quercus robur RF.jpg, being {{gli|anemophilous}}, have no need of being conspicuous to pollinating animals.}}]]

File:Populus angustifolia × balsamifera (5001208139).jpg (poplar) shoot}}]]

File:Ochrosia borbonica fruit 1.JPG actually are {{gli|apocarpous}} {{gli|carpel}}s, two from each flower.}}]]

File:Starr 070404-6665 Araucaria cunninghamii.jpg amount to spikes.}}]]

File:Alyssum linifolium leaf2 ST (14931806424).jpg (formerly Alyssum linifolium) are {{gli|stellate}} and {{gli|appressed}} to the leaf surface.}}]]

File:Arachnoid leaves of unidentified Gazania 2012 07 05 7252s.JPG species}}]]

File:Gymnocalycium bayrianum GN88 69 spines.JPG emerging from the {{gli|areole}}s of the stem {{gli|node}}s}}]]

File:2013.11-411-169 Akee,seed&aril(whole,LS) Bobo-Dioulasso,BF thu14nov2013-0953h.jpg (ackee), one whole and one in longitudinal section, showing the pale {{gli|aril}}}}]]

File:Wild rye.jpg

File:Rytidosperma longifolium33 floret19 (9412598806).jpg}}]]

File:Searsia angustifolia (Rhus angustifolia) axillary and apical buds 5471.jpg

{{defn|defn= Prefix meaning "position away from".{{Sfn|New Oxford Dictionary v1|2007|p=2}}}}

{{defn|defn= Surface of an organ facing away from the organ's axis, e.g. the lower surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=3}} Contrast {{gli|adaxial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= To abandon development of a structure or organ.{{Sfn|New Oxford Dictionary v1|2007|p=7}}}}

{{defn|defn= Natural shedding of an organ that is mature or aged, as of a ripe fruit or an old leaf.{{Sfn|New Oxford Dictionary v1|2007|p=8}}}}

{{defn|defn= Specialized layer of tissue that allows an organ to be shed by {{gli|abscission}} when it is ripe or senescent. Such tissue is commonly formed, for example, at the base of a {{gli|petiole}} or {{gli|pedicel}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having no apparent {{gli|stem}}, or at least none visible above the ground surface.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=3}} Examples include some species of Oxalis,{{Sfn|Shreve|Wiggins|1964|p=738}} Nolina,{{Sfn|Shreve|Wiggins|1964|p=355}} and Yucca.{{Sfn|Shreve|Wiggins|1964|p=351}} Antonym: {{gli|caulescent}} (possessing stem).}}

{{defn|defn= Increasing in size with age, such as a {{gli|calyx}} that continues to grow after the {{gli|corolla}} has fallen,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=3}} e.g. in Physalis peruviana.}}

{{defn|defn= Lying against another part of the plant; when applied to a {{gli|cotyledon}}, it means that an edge of the cotyledon lies along the folded {{gli|radicle}} in the seed.{{Sfn|New Oxford Dictionary v1|2007|p=16}}}}

{{defn|defn= Suffix added to the word stem of a generic name to form the name of a taxonomic family;{{Sfn|Turland|Wiersema|Barrie|Greuter|2018|loc=[https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html Article{{Nbsp}}18]}} for example, Rosaceae is the rose family, of which the type genus is Rosa.{{Sfn|IPNI|2022}}}}

{{defn|defn= Dry, one-seeded {{gli|indehiscent}} {{gli|fruit}}{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=4}} in which the true fruit is not the so-called "berry", but the achenes, which are the so-called "seeds" on the {{gli|infructescence}}, e.g. in the genus Fragaria.}}

{{defn|defn= Slender or needle-shaped.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=4}} See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= Moving from roots to leaves, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.}}

{{defn|defn= Regular {{gli|leaf|leaves}} of a mature plant, produced above the base, as opposed to {{gli|bathyphyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (describing a type of {{gli|sorus}}) Covering the entire {{gli|abaxial}} surface of a {{gli|frond}}, usually densely so, as in Elaphoglossum and Acrostichum.}}

{{defn|defn= Prefix that indicates a radial pattern, form, or morphology.}}

{{defn|defn= (of leaf venation) {{gli|Palmate}} or {{gli|radial|radially}} arranged venation with three or more {{gli|primary vein}}s arising at or near the base of the leaf and reaching the {{gli|margin}} in most species, but not all.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Regular}} or {{gli|radial|radially}} symmetrical;{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|pp=4–5}} may be bisected into similar halves in at least two planes. Applies e.g. to {{gli|stele}}s and flowers in which the {{gli|perianth}} segments within each whorl are alike in size and shape. Compare {{gli|regular}}. Contrast {{gli|asymmetrical}}, {{gli|irregular}}, and {{gli|zygomorphic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Armed with {{gli|prickle}}s,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} e.g. the stem of a rose.}}

{{defn|defn= A long, tapering point, especially the apex of an acuminate leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= Tapering gradually to a point, with concave sides approaching the point.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} Contrast {{gli|acute}} and {{gli|mucronate}}. See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|no=1 | Sharply pointed, but not drawn out, with straight sides approaching the point.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} Contrast {{gli|acuminate}}. See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|no=2 | Converging at an angle of less than 90°. Contrast {{gli|obtuse}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Prefix meaning "near or toward"; also meaning "added to".{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}}}}

{{defn|defn= Surface of an organ facing toward the organ's axis,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} e.g. the upper surface of a lateral organ such as a leaf or petal. Contrast {{gli|abaxial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. adelphiae}} A bundle or structure of stamens forming one unit in an {{gli|adelphous}} flower; for example, the stamen tube around the pistil of Hibiscus.}}

{{defn|defn= Having organs, particularly {{gli|filament}}s such as {{gli|stamen}}s, connected into one or more {{gli|adelphia|adelphiae}}, whether in the form of bunches or tubes, such as is commonly seen in families such as Malvaceae. Usage of the term is not consistent; some authors include closely bunched filaments, while others include only adelphiae in which filaments are connected minimally at their bases. See, for example, Sims: "...the filaments are so closely pressed that they have the appearance of being monadelphous...".{{sfn|Sims|1803|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dGdMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP93 [p. 93]]}} Compare derived terms such as {{gli|monadelphous}}, having stamens growing in a single bunch or tube, for example in Hibiscus, and {{gli|diadelphous}}, growing in two bunches.}}

{{defn|defn= Slightly united to an organ of another kind,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} usually to a part of another whorl, e.g. a {{gli|sepal}} connected to a {{gli|petal}}. Contrast {{gli|adnate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Grown from or closely fused to an organ of a different kind,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} especially along a {{gli|margin}}, e.g. a {{gli|stamen}} fused to a petal. Adnate {{gli|anther}}s have their halves attached to the filament through most of their length. Contrast {{gli|connate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Produced in an unpredictable or unusual position,{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} e.g. an adventitious {{gli|bud}} produced from a {{gli|stem}} rather than from the more typical {{gli|axil}} of a {{gli|leaf}}. Adventitious {{gli|root}}s may develop from {{gli|node}}s of {{gli|prostrate}} stems of some plant species, or from the {{gli|hypocotyl}} rather than from the {{gli|radicle}} of a germinating {{gli|monocotyledon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Introduced accidentally{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=5}} (usually referring to a {{gli|weed}}).}}

{{defn|defn= Of the air; growing or borne above the surface of the ground or water.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=6}}}}

{{defn|defn= Arrangement of {{gli|sepal}}s and {{gli|petal}}s or their {{gli|lobe}}s in an unexpanded flower {{gli|bud}}. Contrast {{gli|vernation}}.}}

{{defn|defn= With affinity to others, akin to; often used for a provisionally recognized but unnamed taxon considered close to that name, perhaps a hybrid or extreme variant.}}

{{defn|defn= Cluster of {{gli|fruit}}s formed from the free {{gli|carpel}}s of a single flower, e.g. a blackberry. Compare {{gli|multiple fruit}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Plants that are spread through accidental transport.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|weed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Plant species that have invaded native vegetation and could survive there without human intervention. They are established there in natural habitats, remaining part of natural vegetation even after human influence has ceased, and are independent of humans in their continued existence.{{Sfn|Cappers|Neef|2012|p=95}}}}

{{defn|defn= Comb-like series of veins forking from a single side of a primary or secondary vein.}}

{{defn|The scientific study of grasses, in the strictest sense only those species which are members of the family Poaceae. Broader usages sometimes also include grass-like or {{gli|graminoid}} species from the families Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Typhaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a {{gli|wing}} or wings.}}

{{defn|defn= Older name for the {{gli|endosperm}} of flowering plants. Except for being a storage tissue for nutrients, it is not like the albumen (egg white) of animal embryos.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|seed}}s) Containing {{gli|endosperm}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Suffix added to the stem of a {{gli|generic name}} or descriptive name to form the name of a taxonomic {{gli|order}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any plant introduced to an area outside its natural range. Often used interchangeably or in combination with foreign, {{gli|exotic}}, non-{{gli|native}}, and non-{{gli|indigenous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any of a loosely defined class of organic compounds found in the tissues of many species of plants. Alkaloid molecules have one or more alkaline-reacting nitrogen atoms in their carbon structures. Many alkaloids are commercially important as drugs or poisons, e.g. caffeine, morphine, quinine, and strychnine, each of which occurs naturally in certain plants.}}

{{defn|defn= The secretion by a plant of biochemicals which influence the growth and reproduction of nearby plants.}}

{{defn|defn= Having geographically separate, non-overlapping ranges of distribution.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=15}} Contrast {{gli|sympatric}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= (adj.) (of {{gli|leaf|leaves}} or {{gli|flower}}s) Borne singly at different levels along a {{gli|stem}}, including spiralled parts. Contrast {{gli|opposite}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= (prep.) Occurring between something else, e.g. {{gli|stamen}}s alternating with {{gli|petal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A configuration where parts of the flower, e.g. {{gli|stamen}}s, alternate in position with the {{gli|petal}}s.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=16}} }}

{{term|term= ament |content= {{linktext|ament}} }}

{{defn|defn= A synonym of {{gli|catkin}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of an {{gli|ovule}}) Bent so that both ends are near each other. Contrast {{gli|anatropous}}, {{gli|campylotropous}}, and {{gli|orthotropous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= With the base dilated and clasping the stem, usually of leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= a vegetative propagative body filled with starch (amylum) and located around the lower nodes of certain {{gli|stonewort}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Branching and then rejoining, as with {{gli|leaf venation}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A connection or fusion of two or more {{gli|vein}}s that are normally diverging or branching, thereby forming a network.}}

{{term|term= anatropous |content= {{vanchor|anatropous}} }}

{{defn|defn= (of an {{gli|ovule}}) Inverted so that the {{gli|micropyle}} faces the {{gli|placenta}} (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants). Contrast {{gli|amphitropous}}, {{gli|campylotropous}}, and {{gli|orthotropous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Flat, with two edges (versus round).{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=17}} }}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|bisexual}} flowers and male flowers on separate individuals. Contrast {{gli|andromonoecious}}, {{gli|polygamodioecious}}, {{gli|polygamomonoecious}}, and {{gli|polygamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A collective name for the male reproductive parts of a {{gli|flower}}; the {{gli|stamen}}s of a flower considered collectively. Contrast {{gli|gynoecium}}. Abbreviated A; e.g. {{Nowrap|A 3+3}} indicates six stamens in two {{gli|whorl}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A stalk bearing both the {{gli|androecium}} and {{gli|gynoecium}} of a flower above the level of {{gli|insertion}} of the {{gli|perianth}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having male and female flowers in the same {{gli|inflorescence}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The stalk or column supporting the {{gli|stamen}}s in certain flowers. }}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|bisexual}} flowers and male flowers on the same individual plant. Contrast {{gli|androdioecious}}, {{gli|gynomonoecious}}, {{gli|polygamodioecious}}, {{gli|polygamomonoecious}}, and {{gli|polygamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Adapted to {{gli|pollination}} by wind.}}

{{defn|defn= Adaptation to {{gli|pollination}} by wind.}}

{{defn|defn= A flowering plant; a plant with developing seeds enclosed in an {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The condition of having a floral {{gli|whorl}} with a different (usually smaller) number of parts from the other floral whorls.}}

{{defn|defn= Branching, with branches having unequal diameters, such as a trunk and its branch. Contrast {{gli|isotomic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant that completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within a single year or growing season.}}

{{defn|no=1|A ring-like structure; in the form of a ring. {{gli|Pappus}} bristles are sometimes attached to a ring called an annulus or disk at the top of the {{gli|achene}} beak. In some {{gli|pollen}} grains, the exine around the apertures is either thicker or thinner. In pores, this border is termed an annulus. Certain flowers have ring-like constrictions at the mouth of the flower, e.g. in Huernia and Aristolochia.}}

{{defn|defn= Positioned in front of, toward the {{gli|apex}}. Compare {{gli|distal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In the Compositae, a {{gli|style}} with a brush-like tuft of sweeping hairs at the tip of each style branch.}}

{{defn|defn= The {{gli|pollen}}-bearing part of a {{gli|stamen}}.}}

{{defn|defn= in bryophytes, a specialized gametophytic organ that produces the male gametes. }}

{{defn|defn= In liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a male {{gli|gametophore}}, a specialized, stalked structure that bears the antheridia. }}

{{defn|defn= A sterile {{gli|anther}} of a {{gli|staminode}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|(of a flower) The period during which {{gli|pollen}} is presented and/or the {{gli|stigma}} is receptive.}}

{{defn|no=2|(of a flowering plant) The period during which flowers in anthesis are present. Not defined for some cases, such as when pollen is released in the bud.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|fruit}} in which some part of the {{gli|flower}} persists attached to the {{gli|pericarp}}, e.g. in Nyctaginaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= A stalk-like structure, {{gli|internode}} located between the {{gli|calyx}} and the other parts of the flower.}}

{{defn|defn= Pointing up, away from, or perpendicular to a surface. Contrast {{gli|periclinal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Directed forward or upward, e.g. of hairs on a stem. Contrast {{gli|retrorse}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Lacking {{gli|petal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. apices}} The tip; the point furthest from the point of attachment.}}

{{defn|defn= (of flowers) Inconspicuous or unshowy, as opposed to {{gli|phaneranthous}} or showy.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. aphlebiae}} Imperfect or irregular leaf endings commonly found on ferns and fossils of ferns from the Carboniferous Period.}}

{{defn|defn= Leafless; having no leaves.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=20}} }}

{{defn|defn= At or on the {{gli|apex}} of a structure, usually a {{gli|shoot}}, a {{gli|stem}}, or the {{gli|trunk}} of a tree, e.g. an apical {{gli|meristem}} or an apical {{gli|bud}}.}}

{{defn|defn= especially of leaves, ending in a short triangular point. See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= A form of {{gli|pollination}} whereby {{gli|pollen}} is distributed by honey bees.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|gynoecium}}) Consisting of one or more {{gli|carpel}}s which are free from one another (or almost so), e.g. in members of the Ranunculaceae and Dilleniaceae.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. apomictic}} A type of asexual reproduction whereby viable {{gli|seed}}s or {{gli|spore}}s are produced asexually, without fertilization, such that the genetic material they contain is a clone of the parent's genetic material. A plant produced in this way is called an apomict.}}

{{defn|defn= In cladistics, a "different form" from the form of an ancestor (i.e., an innovation) of use in determining membership in a {{gli|clade}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having separate {{gli|petal}}s, not fused ({{gli|sympetalous}}).}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Perianth}} or other segments free, not united. Compare {{gli|symphyllous}}, {{gli|gamophyllous}}, and {{gli|polyphyllous}}. }}

{{defn|no=1|The external part of a {{gli|scale|cone scale}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|An outgrowth of an organ or an enlargement of a {{gli|stem}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A secondary part attached to a main structure; an external growth that seldom has any obvious function, hence {{gli|appendiculate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having the nature of or bearing {{gli|appendage}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Pressed closely but not fused, e.g. leaves against a stem.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant whose natural habitat is water, living in or on water for all or a substantial part of its lifespan; generally restricted to fresh or inland waters.}}

{{defn|defn= Cobwebby, from being covered with fine white hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|tree|Tree}}-like in growth or general appearance.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. arboreta}} A taxonomically arranged collection of {{gli|tree}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A non-{{gli|native}} plant that has nonetheless been present in a particular geographic area for some time. Contrast {{gli|neophyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A multicellular haploid structure or organ of the {{gli|gametophyte}} phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the {{gli|antheridium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In liverworts of the order Marchantiales, a female {{gli|gametophore}}: a specialized, stalked structure that bears the {{gli|archegonium|archegonia}} and the {{gli|sporophyte|sporophytes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In the Compositae, a {{gli|style}} with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style proximal to the style branches.}}

{{defn|defn= Having or being composed of {{gli|areole}}s, as an areolate {{gli|crustose}} lichen.}}

{{defn|no=1|A space between the threads of a net, e.g. that part of a {{gli|leaf}} surface defined by each of the elements of a {{gli|vein}} network; as with cacti, the area between the veinlets of a leaf.}}

{{defn|no=2|A structure on the stem {{gli|node}} of a cactus, morphologically a specialised branch; the region of a cactus upon which {{gli|spine}}s, {{gli|glochid}}s, and flowers are borne.}}

{{defn|defn= A membranous or fleshy {{gli|appendage}} formed by expansion of the {{gli|funicle}} which partly or wholly covers a {{gli|seed}}, e.g. the fleshy outer layer of lychee fruit, or that found in members of the Sapindaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= With a stiff, bristle-like {{gli|awn}} or tip. See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= A segment of a jointed {{gli|stem}} or of a {{gli|fruit}} with constrictions between the seeds; an organ part that separates easily from the rest of the organ at a joint or articulation.}}

{{defn|defn= Jointed; separating freely, leaving a clean scar; e.g. the {{gli|frond}}s of certain ferns where they join the {{gli|rhizome}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|(of a {{gli|stem}}) Spreading horizontally, then directed upward; an ascending stem is more or less {{gli|prostrate}} near its base, then {{gli|erect}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|(of an {{gli|ovule}}) Attached somewhat above the base.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a pitcher, as with the leaves of pitcher plants, e.g. species of Nepenthes and Sarracenia.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=24}} }}

{{defn|defn= Reproduction that does not involve {{gli|gamete}}s. Often used interchangeably with {{gli|vegetative reproduction}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a rough, sandpapery texture; e.g. some leaf surfaces.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Irregular}} or unequal; lacking any plane of symmetry; e.g. flowers of Canna.}}

{{defn|defn= An ear-shaped {{gli|lobe}}, particularly a small, roundish, lateral {{gli|appendage}} of a {{gli|leaf}} or leaf-like organ.}}

{{defn|defn= Attached at the base with ear-shaped appendages ({{gli|auricle}}s). See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= Self-pollinating, self-fertilizing – in flowering plants }}

{{defn|no=1|Any long, bristle-like {{gli|appendage}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|In the Poaceae, an appendage terminating or on the back of {{gli|glume}}s or {{gli|lemma}}s of some grass {{gli|spikelet}}s.}}

{{defn|no=3|In the Geraniaceae, the part of the {{gli|style}} that remains attached to the {{gli|carpel}} that separates from the carpophore (column).}}

{{defn|no=4|A generally straight, stiff {{gli|pappus}} element, varying from stiffly bristle-like to hard and needle-like. In Strophanthus, the awn is the beak of the {{gli|seed}}, {{gli|stipe}} of the {{gli|coma}} hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= The upper angle between one part of a plant and another, e.g. the stem and a leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= On an axis; of a {{gli|placenta}}, on the central axis of the {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Borne in or arising from the {{gli|axil}}, usually referring to the axil of a leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= The main {{gli|stem}} of a whole plant or {{gli|inflorescence}}; also, the line along which this stem extends.}}

B

File:Mikrofoto.de-Closterium 5.jpg in genus Closterium}}]]

File:Spine2.jpg

File:Berries of Olinia ventosa IMG 12951304.jpg, including a cross-section showing hard seeds in the pulp}}]]

File:Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) leaves (11683653383).jpg, suggest the common name "butterfly tree".}}]]

File:Arabidopsis thaliana sl18.jpg, showing it to be {{gli|biloculate}}, formed of two {{gli|carpel}}s, morphologically a silique and not a {{gli|pod}}}}]]

File:Gymnocladus dioicus Berlin Bernauer TP03.jpg}}]]

File:Leaf morphology type ternately-compound biternate.png

File:Baobab tree.jpg, has an enormous {{gli|bole}} beneath a relatively modest {{gli|canopy}} that is typical of this species.}}]]

File:Bougainvilea bracts.jpg are commonly mistaken for its petals.}}]]

File:Burrdock Seed heads - geograph.org.uk - 1131389.jpg species}}]]

File:XN buttress root 526.jpg}}]]

{{defn|defn= Fruit appearing like a berry that may or may not be a true berry.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=27}}}}

{{defn|defn= Rod-like; longer than wide. Compare {{gli|cylindrical}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|barb}}s pointing in one direction.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|barbed}} hairs (barbellae).}}

{{defn|defn= The protective external layer of tissue on the {{gli|stem}}s and {{gli|root}}s of {{gli|woody}} trees and shrubs; includes all of the living and non-living tissue external to the {{gli|cambium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Situated or attached at or close to the base (of a plant or a phylogenetic tree diagram).}}

{{defn|defn= Something attached by its base, e.g. an {{gli|anther}} attached to the {{gli|filament}}. Compare {{gli|dorsifixed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Developing sequentially from the {{gli|apex}} toward the base (i.e. with the youngest toward the base), e.g. of flowers in an {{gli|inflorescence}}. Also, moving from leaves to roots, e.g. of molecular signals in plants.}}

{{defn|defn= A specialized {{gli|leaf}} produced at the base of a plant, usually when the plant is immature, and which serves to anchor the plant to a substrate; especially notable in the fern Teratophyllum. Contrast {{gli|acrophyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A prominent, pointed terminal projection, especially of a {{gli|carpel}} or {{gli|fruit}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|indehiscent}} {{gli|fruit}} with the {{gli|seed}}s immersed in the pulp, e.g. a tomato.}}

{{defn|defn= A prefix meaning "two", e.g. {{gli|sulcate|bisulcate}}, having two sulci or grooves.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant which completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within two years or growing seasons. Biennial plants usually form a basal {{gli|rosette}} of leaves in the first year and then flower and fruit in the second year.}}

{{defn|defn= Forked; cut in two for about half its length. Compare {{gli|trifid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|compound|compound leaf}}) Having precisely two {{gli|leaflet}}s, usually in a symmetrical pair, e.g. a leaf of Colophospermum mopane. Compare {{gli|jugate}} lobed leaf, e.g. most species of Bauhinia.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|fusiform|Fusiform}} with a pinch in the middle.}}

{{defn|defn= Having two lips, e.g. the form of the {{gli|petal}}s in many {{gli|irregular}} flowers.}}

{{defn|no=1|Having two distinguishable sides, such as the two faces of a {{gli|dorsiventral}} leaf.}}

{{defn|no=2|Arranged on opposite sides, e.g. {{gli|leaf|leaves}} on a {{gli|stem}}; Compare {{gli|distichous}} and {{gli|opposite}}.}}

{{defn|no=3|Bilaterally symmetrical, as in a leaf with a symmetrical outline.}}

{{defn|defn= Having two {{gli|loculus|loculi}}, e.g. in {{gli|anther}}s or {{gli|ovary|ovaries}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Making use of names consisting of two words to form the scientific name (or combination) in a Latin form. For example, where the first is the name of the {{gli|genus}} to which the {{gli|species}} belongs, and the second is the {{gli|specific epithet}} given to that species to distinguish it from others in the same genus.}}

{{term|term= binomial nomenclature |content= binomial nomenclature }}

{{defn|defn= The system of nomenclature in which the scientific name of a {{gli|species}} (and not of a taxon at any other rank) is a combination of two names, the first name being the {{gli|generic name}}. The second name is referred to botanically as the {{gli|specific epithet}}. Note that the two names together (not just the second name) constitute the species name.}}

{{defn|defn= Doubly {{gli|pinnate}}; e.g. a {{gli|compound}} leaf with individual {{gli|leaflet}}s pinnately divided.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|pinnatisect}} {{gli|leaf}} with deeply dissected segments.}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing both male and female reproductive organs; usually, flowers with both {{gli|stamen}}s and {{gli|carpel}}s; synonymous with {{gli|hermaphrodite}}, {{gli|synoecious}}, and {{gli|monoclinous}}. Bisexual flowers occur only on {{gli|monoecious}} plants. See also {{gli|androgynous}}, {{gli|monoicous}}, and plant reproductive morphology.}}

{{defn|defn= (of an {{gli|ovule}}) Covered by two {{gli|integument}}s. Contrast {{gli|unitegmic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Ternate}}, with each division divided into three.}}

{{defn|defn= Having two valves or hinged parts. Contrast {{gli|trivalve}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The {{gli|lamina}} or flattened part of a {{gli|leaf}}, excluding the stalk or {{gli|petiole}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A fine white or bluish waxy powder occurring on plant parts, usually stems, leaves, and fruits. It is easily removed by rubbing.}}

{{defn|defn= The {{gli|trunk}} of a tree, usually the portion below the lowest branch. Compare {{gli|canopy}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged on a conical surface (like a snail shell); used to describe {{gli|inflorescence}}s in which the {{gli|bud}}s are arranged in an almost helical manner on the outside of a long, tapering, conical {{gli|rachis}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A modified {{gli|leaf}} associated with a {{gli|flower}} or {{gli|inflorescence}} and differing in shape, size, or color from other leaves (and without an {{gli|axillary}} {{gli|bud}}).}}

{{defn|defn= Possessing {{gli|bract}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|bract}} borne singly or in pairs on the {{gli|pedicel}} or {{gli|calyx}}; synonymous with {{gli|bractlet}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Possessing {{gli|bracteole}}s (bractlets).}}

{{defn|defn= Having many or showy {{gli|bract}}s.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=35}} }}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|bracteole}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|branch}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant that loses all of its leaves only briefly before growing new ones, so that it is leafless for only a short time, e.g. approximately two weeks.}}

{{defn|defn= A straight, stiff hair (smooth or with minute teeth); the upper part of an {{gli|awn}} (when the latter is bent and has a lower, stouter, and usually twisted part, called the {{gli|column}}).}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|pinnate|Pinnate}} {{gli|leaf venation}} in which the {{gli|secondary vein}}s do not terminate at the leaf {{gli|margin}}, but are {{gli|anastomosis|joined}} in a succession of prominent arcs.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. brochi}} Width of one lumen of a {{gli|pollen}} grain reticulum and half of the width of the surrounding muri (walls), hence heterobrochate and homobrochate, where the lumina are of different or similar sizes, respectively.}}

{{defn|defn= Informally, any plant that is a moss, hornwort, or liverwort. Formally, these plants are placed in three separate divisions: hornworts (Anthocerophyta), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and mosses (Bryophyta).}}

{{defn|defn= A thick storage organ, usually underground, consisting of a stem and leaf bases (the inner ones fleshy).}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|bulb}} arising from another bulb. See {{gli|bulblet}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small, deciduous {{gli|bulb}} or {{gli|tuber}} formed in the {{gli|axil}} of a leaf or {{gli|pinna}}; a means of vegetative propagation.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|bulb}} arising from another bulb; a {{gli|bulbel}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|Having a rounded or blister-like appearance; arched or vaulted.}}

{{defn|no=2|(of a leaf) Having arched leaf tissue between each lateral vein, i.e. the veins appear depressed in the leaf surface.}}

{{defn|defn= A deformation or knot in the branches or trunk of a tree, sometimes sought after in woodworking.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=39}}}}

{{defn|no=1|A prickly {{gli|fruit}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|A rough or prickly propagule consisting of a {{gli|seed}} or fruit and associated floral parts or {{gli|bract}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|root}} growing from an above-ground stem or trunk, and providing support, e.g. commonly of Ficus macrophylla.}}

C

File:Dianthus chinensis - Raspberry parfait 3.jpg has a {{gli|caespitose}} growth habit.}}]]

File:Callus1.jpg growing on a nutrient medium in plant tissue culture}}]]

File:Praecoxanthus labelled.pdf, with the {{gli|callus}} labelled}}]]

File:Chrysopogon filipes callus (6914259711).jpg}}]]

File:Zyzyura mayana SEM carpopodium.jpg, Asteraceae}}]]

File:Leaf bud of American Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) showing imbricate cataphylls 5405.jpg

File:Betula pendula male catkins 2.jpg}}]]

File:Dioscorea elephantipes.JPG grows largely above the soil surface. Many species that form caudices grow them underground.}}]]

File:Epicharis-parasitica-SF21204-04.jpg, an example of {{gli|cauliflory}}}}]]

File:Frailejón (Espeletia sp.) (14285633322).jpg genus exhibit a growth habit that is {{gli|caulirosulate}}.}}]]

File:Moehringia Vilin razboj 2.JPG growing as a {{gli|chasmophyte}} on an overhanging cliff}}]]

File:Bryum capillare leaf cells.jpg}}]]

File:The freshwater alga Spirogyra.jpg are helical within the tubular cells of their algal filaments.}}]]

File:Sadleria cyatheoides unfurling.jpg of the fern Sadleria cyatheoides}}]]

File:New cladode and bud of Velvet Tree Pear, Opuntia tomentosa (10921285475).jpg, are actually {{gli|cladode}}s (branches). The true leaves are the {{gli|spine}}s growing on the cladodes, which on this young cladode are still fleshy.}}]]

File:Pediastrum minus 1.jpg in the genus Pediastrum}}]]

File:Asclepias syriaca (fruits and seeds) D130902 closeup.jpg seeds, showing the {{gli|coma}} of hairs in its {{gli|pappus}}}}]]

File:Curcuma pseudomontana.JPG with red {{gli|coma}} bracts}}]]

File:Pfaffia gnaphalioides- Soriano, Palmar, Suelo arenoso pedregoso al margen del Lago.JPG flowers with basal {{gli|coma}} hairs}}]]

File:Muscari armeniacum flowerhead3 ST (14999577633).jpg, bearing sterile flowers}}]]

File:Aeonium arboreum - Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo - Gran Canaria - 03.jpg is a compound {{gli|panicle}} composed of minor panicles, some of which are compound in their turn.}}]]

File:Aesculus californica-12.jpg) has a {{gli|compound palmate}} leaf, the leaflets radiating from a central point.}}]]

File:Nicotiana × sanderae flowers.jpg flowers are {{gli|conduplicate}} in the bud.}}]]

File:Starr-170624-0907-Casuarina equisetifolia-male and female flowers and cones-Abandoned Runway Near Rusty Bucket Sand Island-Midway Atoll (36059371970).jpg male and female flowers and {{gli|cone}}s}}]]

File:Watsonia flower with adnate stamens and connate petals IMG 1974c.jpg flower split open between two petals to show the {{gli|connate}} formation of the {{gli|corolla}} tube; compare the {{gli|adnate}} attachment of the stamen bases to the matching petals}}]]

File:Corms of Crocosmia, entire, partly peeled, and split.jpg

File:Passiflora kermesina3.jpg flower is a ring of purple {{gli|filament}}s between the {{gli|petal}}s and the {{gli|stamen}}s.}}]]

File:Koelreuteria paniculata - cotyledons and first true leaves, 2.jpg. One plant shows the first new leaves above its cotyledons, and the rest show various younger stages of emerging cotyledons.}}]]

File:Crassula rupestris on cliff face - Cape Town.jpg frequently grows as a {{gli|cremnophyte}} on cliff faces in fynbos.}}]]

File:Nymphoides crenata leaf1 (16826924328).jpg has {{gli|crenate}} leaf margins.}}]]

File:Mimetes cucullatus 0147.jpg, so named for the hooded, {{gli|cucullate}} shape of its white flowers}}]]

File:Murraya paniculata leaves at Peravoor (cropped).jpg has leaves with {{gli|cuneate}} (wedge-shaped) bases.}}]]

File:Cupule of Fagaceae.jpg:
A: Quercus rubra B: Quercus trojana
C: Fagus sylvatica D: Castanea sativa}}]]

File:Diplacus bigelovii (A. Gray) A. Gray var. cuspidatus A. L. Grant 20000508 01.jpg var. cuspidatus}}]]

File:Euphorbia Milii flowers.jpg is commercially grown for the aesthetic appearance of its brightly colored, {{gli|bract}}-like structures called {{gli|cyathophyll}}s, which sit below the {{gli|inflorescence}}.}}]]

{{defn|defn= Falling off early, e.g. the {{gli|sepal}}s of poppies, which fall off when the {{gli|petal}}s begin to open. Compare {{gli|persistent}} and {{gli|fugacious}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses and sedges.}}

{{defn|defn= possessing a {{gli|spur}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A soil type or a lichen substrate rock type that is rich in or largely composed of calcium carbonate.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a slipper.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=41}}}}

{{defn|defn= A plant which thrives in {{gli|calcareous}} soil. Also calciphile, calciphyte. Antonym: calcifuge.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=41}}}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. calli}} 1. A protruding mass of tissue}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Undifferentiated tissue growth formed in response to wounding; may be grown in vitro.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= In orchids, fleshy outgrowths from the {{gli|labellum}} which can be variously shaped from {{gli|papilla|papillae}} to plates.}}

{{defn|no=4|defn= In grasses, a hardened extension from the base of a {{gli|floret}} (formed from the {{gli|rachilla}} joint and/or the base of the {{gli|lemma}}), which may or may not elongate and is often covered in hairs or bristles.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|petal}}s and {{gli|stamen}}s attached to the {{gli|calyx}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Leaf-like structure formed from a {{gli|sepal}} or {{gli|calyx}} lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after {{gli|anthesis}}, especially when most of the other sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size. More extreme than an {{gli|accrescent}} calyx, calycophylls are found in Rubiaceae. Compare {{gli|semaphyll}} and {{gli|pterophyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having an {{gli|epicalyx}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A cup-shaped structure formed from {{gli|bract}}s resembling an outer {{gli|calyx}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In some Asteraceae, a circle of bracts below the {{gli|involucre}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A hood or lid. See {{gli|operculum}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. calyces}} Collective term for the {{gli|sepal}}s of one flower; the outer {{gli|whorl}} of a flower, usually green. Compare {{gli|corolla}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A tube formed by the fusion of the sepals ({{gli|calyx}}), at least at the base.}}

{{defn|defn= Tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth.}}

{{term|term= campanulate |content= {{vanchor|campanulate}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|pinnate|Pinnate}} {{gli|venation}} in which the {{gli|secondary vein}}s curve toward the margins, in some cases becoming nearly parallel with them, and not reconnecting with other veins to form loops.}}

{{defn|defn= When the {{gli|ovule}} is oriented transversely (i.e. with its axis at right angles to its stalk) and with a curved embryo sac. Compare {{gli|amphitropus}}, {{gli|anatropous}}, and {{gli|orthotropous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Approaching white in color, as in a leaf covered with white down or wool.}}

{{defn|defn= Branches and foliage of a tree; the {{gli|crown}}. Also refers to the protective upper layer of a forest. Compare {{gli|trunk}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Tube, pore, or passage with a narrow, internal cross-section.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= (of an {{gli|inflorescence}}) Having a knob-like head, with the flowers unstalked and aggregated into a dense cluster.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= (of a {{gli|stigma}}) Like the head of a pin.}}

{{defn|defn= Dense cluster of {{gli|sessile}} or {{gli|subsessile}} {{gli|flower}}s or {{gli|floret}}s, e.g. a flower {{gli|head}} in the daisy family Asteraceae. See {{gli|pseudanthium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Dry {{gli|fruit}} formed from two or more united {{gli|carpel}}s and {{gli|dehiscent|dehiscing}} when ripe (usually by splitting into pieces or opening at summit by teeth or pores).}}

{{defn|defn= In Asteraceae, having a {{gli|style}} with a ring of sweeping hairs borne on the shaft of the style below the style branches.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|keel}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Longitudinal cavity in the {{gli|stem}}s of Equisetum and extinct Equisetopsida, coinciding with a ridge in the stem surface.}}

{{defn|defn= Flesh-colored, especially as applied to some flowers.}}

{{defn|defn= Fleshy or pulpy in texture, especially as applied to some tissues or organs. Contrast {{gli|coriaceous}} and {{gli|corneous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. Native range: Turkey to Iran. Not to be confused with {{gli|Carpopodium|Carpopodium}} }}

{{defn|defn= The basic female reproductive organ in {{gli|angiosperm|angiosperms}}, either consisting of a single {{gli|sporophyll}} or a single {{gli|locule}} of a compound {{gli|ovary}}, with a {{gli|style}} and a {{gli|stigma}}. The {{gli|gynoecium}} is the collective term for all of the carpels of a single {{gli|flower}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Referring to carpels or to associated structures or outgrowths of carpels, for example staminodes attached to carpels in Nymphaeaceae, were frequently referred to as carpellary attachments. The current and past usage of the terms "carpellary attachments", {{gli|paracarpel|paracarpels}}, and {{gli|staminode}}s is confused and varies among authors.}}

{{defn|defn= On {{gli|achene}}s (Cypselae), an elongation of the base of the {{gli|gynoecium}} which looks distinct; the {{gli|abscission zone}}, where the achene is separated from the {{gli|receptacle}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Genus Carpopodium in the family Brassicaceae; not to be confused with {{gli|Caropodium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Hard and tough; gristly. Compare {{gli|corneous}} and {{gli|coriaceous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small piece of flesh-like tissue, typically lumpy or warty, growing on the {{gli|testa}} near the {{gli|hilum}}. Contrast {{gli|aril}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A dry, {{gli|indehiscent}}, one-seeded {{gli|fruit}} in which the {{gli|seed coat}} is closely fused to the fruit wall, e.g. in most grasses.}}

{{term|term= Casparian strip |content= Casparian strip {{anchor|Casparian strip}} }}

{{defn|defn= A continuous band of suberin in the radial primary cell walls of the {{gli|endodermis}} in vascular plant stems and roots that forms a permeability barrier to the passive diffusion of external water and solutes into the vascular tissue.}}

{{defn|defn= Hood-, helmet- or bonnet-shaped; generally referring to floral anatomy, e.g. in the flowers of Aconitum, Satyrium, etc.}}

{{defn|defn= Chestnut-colored, reddish-brown.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=46}} }}

{{defn|defn= An exotic plant that appears with no apparent human assistance but does not develop a sustained population(s), or one that persists only by repeated new introductions. Compare {{gli|alien}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any plant structure which is morphologically a {{gli|leaf}} but which has at most an incidental or transient {{gli|photosynthesis|photosynthetic}} function. They are either shed when their main function has been completed, or are incorporated into structures where, when dead, they serve a protective or supportive purpose.}}

{{defn|defn= In the shape of a chain; formed of parts or cells connected as if chained together, e.g. some diatoms, algae, and cyanobacteria such as Anabaena. See also {{gli|concatenate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|spike}}, usually pendulous, in which the mostly small {{gli|flower}}s are {{gli|unisexual}} and without a conspicuous {{gli|perianth}}, e.g. in willows, poplars, oaks, and casuarinas. The individual flowers often have scaly {{gli|bract}}s and are generally {{gli|anemophilous|wind-pollinated}}. Catkins are usually shed as a unit.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a narrow, tail-like appendage or tip, e.g. a {{gli|drip tip}}. Contrast {{gli|acuminate}}, {{gli|cuspidate}}, and {{gli|mucronate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. caudices}} The {{gli|stem}} of a plant, especially a {{gli|woody}} one; also used to mean a {{gli|rootstock}}, or particularly a {{gli|basal}} stem structure or storage organ from which new growth arises. Compare {{gli|lignotuber}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Stem}}-like or {{gli|caudex}}-like; sometimes used to mean "pachycaul", meaning "thick-stemmed".}}

{{defn|defn= diminutive of {{gli|caudex}}. Meaning is context-dependent, usually referring to stem-like support of tiny items such as the {{gli|pollinium}} of an orchid. Often used interchangeably with {{gli|stipe}}}}

{{defn|defn= possessing a well-developed stem above ground, similar to {{gli|cauline}}. Antonym: {{gli|acaulescent}} (lacking an apparent stem).}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. cauliflorous}} Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's trunk.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=47}} }}

{{defn|defn= Borne on an aerial {{gli|stem}} or {{gli|caulis}}, as with leaves, flowers, or fruits (when applied to the latter two organs, usually referring to older stems.}}

{{defn|defn= Borne at the end of the {{gli|stem}} or {{gli|caulis}}, as with leaves or bracts.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= The basic, microscopic unit of plant structure, generally consisting of compartments in a viscous fluid surrounded by a {{gli|cell wall}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A cavity of an {{gli|anther}} or {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|perianth}}) Lacking both {{gli|stamen}}s and {{gli|pistil}}, i.e. a flower with neither {{gli|androecium}} nor {{gli|gynoecium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a two-branched organ attached by its center, e.g. a hair or {{gli|anther}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a waxy appearance, color, or texture, e.g. flowers of many species of Ceropegia, and the waxy fruit of some species of Myrica.}}

{{defn|defn= Nodding, falling headlong or face down; inclined, stooping, or bowing forward. Applied to many species with a nodding, stooping {{gli|habit}}, such as many Narcissus and Dierama species. Many plant species bear the {{gli|specific epithet}} "cernua".}}

{{defn|defn= An alternative spelling of {{gli|caespitose}}, meaning tufted or turf-like, e.g. the growth form of some grasses.}}

{{defn|defn= A cavity of an {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Sunken below the surface, resulting in a rounded channel.}}

{{defn|defn= Of flowers that are pollinated when the {{gli|perianth}} is open. Compare {{gli|cleistogamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows, such as in cliff faces. Compare {{gli|cremnophyte}}.{{Sfn|Jackson|1928}}{{Sfn|Jaeger|1959}}}}

{{defn|defn= An individual composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, most commonly as a result of a {{gli|graft}} and sometimes by mutations that occur during cell division or cellular transfers during seed development.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|pollination|Pollinated}} by bats.}}

{{defn|defn= Any of a variety of different chemical pigments in {{gli|chloroplast}}s that are essential for {{gli|photosynthesis}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An organelle present in plant cells which contains {{gli|chlorophyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An abnormal lack or paleness of color in a normally green organ.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|sing. cilium; adj. {{gli|ciliate}}}} Very small hairs or hair-like protrusions more or less confined to the {{gli|margin}}s of an organ, as with eyelashes; in motile cells, minute, hair-like protrusions which aid motility.}}

{{defn|defn= Ash-colored, grayish, usually because of a covering of short hairs; somewhat darker than {{gli|canescent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Spirally coiled with the tip innermost, e.g. circinate {{gli|vernation}} of the developing {{gli|frond}}s of most ferns.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a leaf) Ending in a {{gli|tendril}} at the {{gli|apex}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|tendril}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|photosynthesis|photosynthetic}} {{gli|branch}} or {{gli|stem}}, often leaf-like and usually with foliage leaves either absent or much reduced. Compare {{gli|phyllode}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The principal category for taxa ranking between {{gli|division}} and {{gli|order}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a net or lattice; pierced with apertures, as with a cage.}}

{{defn|defn= In the Apocynaceae, an enlarged, drum-shaped {{gli|stigma}} of which the sides and lower surface are the receptive zones. Coherent with the {{gli|anther}}s or not.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A narrow, stalk-like, {{gli|basal}} portion of a {{gli|petal}}, {{gli|sepal}}, or {{gli|bract}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In Melaleuca, the united portion of a {{gli|stamen}} bundle.}}

{{defn|defn= Having flowers which self-pollinate and never open fully, or which self-pollinate before opening. Compare {{gli|chasmogamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A rough category of fruit that can undergo a ripening phase post-harvest, preceded or accompanied by an increase in ethylene respiration .}}

{{defn|defn= A plant growing more or less {{gli|erect}} by leaning on or twining around another structure for support, or by clinging with {{gli|tendril|tendrils}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|climber}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. clinal}} A continuous morphological variation in form within a species or sometimes between two species.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant derived from the asexual vegetative reproduction of a parent plant, with both plants having identical genetic compositions.}}

{{defn|defn= Having plant parts fused or grown together to form a single unit.}}

{{defn|defn= An arranged colony of algae that acts like a single organism.}}

{{defn|defn= A single cell with multiple nuclei, formed when nuclear division was not followed by cytokinesis.}}

{{defn|defn= One type of {{gli|sheath}} in the structure of {{gli|monocotyledon}}ous seeds. The coleoptile is a protective sheath or cap ({{gli|pileus}}), generally more or less pointed, that covers the monocotyledonous {{gli|plumule}} as it emerges from the soil. It generally turns green and contributes to photosynthesis until its function is superseded by the main growth of the seedling. Contrast this with the {{gli|coleorhiza}}, which remains underground until it is superseded as the roots emerge.}}

{{defn|defn= One type of {{gli|sheath}} in the structure of {{gli|monocotyledon}}ous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the {{gli|radicle}} and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast {{gli|coleoptile}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin {{gli|cell wall|cell walls}} that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.}}

{{defn|defn= A multicellular, {{gli|glandular}} hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on {{gli|sepal}}s, {{gli|stipule|stipules}}, or {{gli|petiole|petioles}}, or on nearby parts of {{gli|stem}}s; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.}}

{{defn|defn= In flowering plants, the central axis of the {{gli|cone}} or {{gli|fruit}}, e.g. in Callitris.}}

{{defn|no=1|A structure extending above the {{gli|ovary}} and incorporating the {{gli|style}} and {{gli|stamen}}s also known as the {{gli|gynostegium}}, e.g. in orchids and milkweeds.}}

{{defn|no=2|In grasses, the lower, stouter, and usually twisted part of an {{gli|awn}}, distinct from the slender upper part or bristle.}}

{{defn|no=1|A tuft of hairs from {{gli|testa}} or {{gli|funiculus}} at one or both ends of some seeds, e.g. in Strophanthus, Asclepias, or Alstonia.}}

{{defn|no=2|Sterile {{gli|bract}}s, e.g. in Curcuma, Ananas, or Eucomis.}}

{{defn|no=3|Sterile {{gli|flower}}s, e.g. in Muscari and Leopoldia, at the {{gli|apex}} of some {{gli|inflorescence|inflorescences}}.}}

{{defn|no=4|A tuft of hairs at the base of some flowers, e.g. in Pfaffia gnaphalioides.}}

{{defn|no=5|A tuft of hairs at the apex or base of some {{gli|spikelet}}s.}}

{{defn|no=6|An {{gli|axil}} tuft of hairs in inflorescences in some Poaceae, e.g. in Eragrostis comata.}}

{{defn|defn= A name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant.}}

{{defn|defn= The seam or face at which two {{gli|carpel}}s adhere. See also {{gli|fissure}} and {{gli|suture}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together.}}

{{defn|defn= Composed of several parts, e.g. a {{gli|leaf}} composed of multiple {{gli|leaflet}}s, a {{gli|gynoecium}} composed of multiple {{gli|carpel}}s, or an {{gli|inflorescence}} made up of multiple smaller inflorescences.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|leaflet}}s that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a {{gli|petiole}}), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare {{gli|palmate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).}}

{{defn|defn= Joined together in a chain-like form. See also concatenate and {{gli|catenate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having the same color throughout; uniformly colored.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ptyxis, {{gli|aestivation}}, and {{gli|vernation}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|fruit}}, usually {{gli|woody}}, {{gli|ovoid}} to {{gli|globular}}, including {{gli|scale|scales}}, {{gli|bract}}s, or {{gli|bracteole|bracteoles}} arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and Casuarina.}}

{{defn|defn= A rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an {{gli|inflorescence}} and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus Callistemon.}}

{{defn|defn= Fused to another organ (or organs) of the same kind, e.g. {{gli|petal}}s in a {{gli|gamopetalous}} {{gli|corolla}} tube. Compare {{gli|adnate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The part of an {{gli|anther}} that connects the anther cells.}}

{{defn|defn= Belonging to the same {{gli|species}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|sepal}}s or {{gli|petal}}s) A type of imbricate {{gli|aestivation}} in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See {{gli|convolute}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a {{gli|bud}} when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of {{gli|imbricate}} arrangement. See {{gli|contort}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= (of {{gli|leaf|leaves}}) A type of {{gli|vernation}} in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= A type of vernation of two leaves at a {{gli|node}}, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant {{gli|embryo}}, {{gli|plumule}}, or plumule plus {{gli|radicle}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a {{gli|leaf}}, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast {{gli|obcordate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Leathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare {{gli|corneous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. cormose, cormous}} A fleshy, swollen {{gli|stem}} base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with {{gli|bud|buds}} naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of {{gli|rootstock}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|corm}} (or cormlet), forming at the base of a growing larger corm.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=58}}}}

{{defn|defn= Horny in texture; stiff and hard, but somewhat tough. Compare {{gli|coriaceous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A collective term for the {{gli|petal}}s of a {{gli|flower}}. Compare {{gli|calyx}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the {{gli|corolla}} or {{gli|perianth}} of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the {{gli|stamen}}s. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.}}

{{defn|no=2|In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the {{gli|lemma}} in some species.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. cortexes or cortices}} A region of tissue located between the {{gli|epidermis|surface cells}} and the {{gli|vascular cylinder}}.{{sfn|Beentje|2010|page=33}} }}

{{defn|defn= Growing on {{gli|bark}} or on wood with the bark stripped off. Compare {{gli|lignicolous}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. corymbose}} An {{gli|inflorescence}} with branches arising at different points but reaching about the same height, giving the flower cluster a flat-topped appearance.}}

{{defn|defn= A costa is an extension of the petiole into the leaf blade, forming a midrib-like structure. This feature is characteristic of costapalmate leaves, which are intermediate between fan-shaped palmate and feather-like pinnate leaves. Also see {{gli|rib}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a definite {{gli|costa}} (midrib), unlike the typical {{gli|palmate}} or fan leaf, but with the {{gli|leaflet}}s arranged radially as in a palmate leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= The primary leaf or leaves of a plant embryo which upon germination develops into the seed-leaf or the first set of leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|pinnate|Pinnate}} {{gli|venation}} in which the {{gli|secondary vein|secondary veins}} terminate at the {{gli|margin}}s, often as teeth.}}

{{defn|defn= In the shape of a saucer or shallow cup; hemispherical or more shallow.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant adapted to growing on, especially hanging from, cliff faces or crevices. Compare {{gli|chasmophyte}}.{{Sfn|Jackson|1928}}{{Sfn|Jaeger|1959}}}}

{{defn|defn= Finely curled, as with the edges of leaves and petals.}}

{{defn|defn= A sclereid which contains a {{gli|druse}} and has the lignin deposited excentrically on the {{gli|cell wall}} to form a cup shape, or in cross-section, a ∪-shape.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|canopy}}.}}

{{defn|defn= To make something interbreed; the act of hybridization.}}

{{defn|defn= Any of the "lower plants" which produce spores and do not have {{gli|stamen}}s, {{gli|ovary|ovaries}}, or {{gli|seed|seeds}}; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare {{gli|phanerogam}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. Pelargonium cucullatum. Similarly derived terms include cuculliform and cuccularis.}}

{{defn|defn= In grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other {{gli|monocotyledon|monocotyledons}}, an {{gli|aerial}} {{gli|stem}} bearing the {{gli|inflorescence}}, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest {{gli|involucral bract}} (or base of the inflorescence).}}

{{defn|defn= A plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.}}

{{defn|defn= A term derived from "cultivated variety" denoting an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.}}

{{defn|defn= The defining part of a name that denominates a {{gli|cultivar}}. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.}}

{{defn|defn= Wedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base.}}

{{defn|defn= A cup-shaped structure composed of {{gli|coalescent}} {{gli|bract}}s, such as the cup of an acorn. See {{gli|calybium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a {{gli|cupule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing {{gli|cupule|cupules}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Nearly hemispherical, shaped like a cupola or dome.}}

{{defn|defn= Said of compact, low-growing plants that is found in alpine, subalpine, arctic, or subarctic environments around the world.}}

{{defn|defn= A hard, pointed tip, stiffer and more formidable than a {{gli|mucro}}, hence {{gli|cuspidate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Tipped with a {{gli|cusp}}, as with some leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= A waterproofing layer covering the {{gli|epidermis}} of {{gli|aerial}} plant surfaces and composed of the polymers cutin, and/or cutan and waxes.}}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|apical}} tip of {{gli|shoot}} structure, {{gli|root}}, or {{gli|leaf}} which is cut from a plant and used for asexual vegetative propagation.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. cyathia}} An {{gli|inflorescence}} of {{gli|unisexual}} flowers surrounded by {{gli|involucre|involucral bracts}}, especially the flowers of Euphorbia.}}

{{defn|defn= In Euphorbia, the {{gli|bract}}-like structure on which the {{gli|involucre}} sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with {{gli|petal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Rod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare {{gli|baculiform}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|carduoid}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. {{gli|cymose}}}} A type of {{gli|inflorescence}} in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a {{gli|flower}} (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).}}

{{defn|Having a {{gli|cyme}} or cymes.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of dry, one-seeded, {{gli|indehiscent}} {{gli|fruit}} formed from an {{gli|inferior ovary}}.}}

D

File:Eucalyptus grandis bark decorticating 7th Brigade Park Chermside L1100307.jpg outer bark}}]]

File:Descripción General-V150.jpg

File:Crassula rupestris-PICT3087.jpg of Crassula rupestris}}]]

File:Princeton leaf.JPG}}]]

File:Ziziphus mauritiana Lam - Flickr - lalithamba.jpg}}]]

File:Astragalus austriacus sl18.jpg is regarded as {{gli|diadelphous}} because it has one stamen unattached to the main {{gli|adelphia}} (bunch).}}]]

File:Young castor bean plant showing prominent cotyledons.jpg) are typical of a {{gli|dicotyledon}}.}}]]

File:Brachylaena discolor Brachylaena uniflora leaves both.JPG differ in color between their upper and lower surfaces.}}]]

File:Sonnenblume Helianthus 2.JPG. They open progressively from the edge to the center of the disk.}}]]

File:Dissepiment label added to file of Jon Houseman.jpgs where they meet to form locules in the capsule of the ovary of Lilium}}]]

File:Boophone disticha, habitus, Skeerpoort, a.jpg has conspicuously {{gli|distichous}} leaves.}}]]

File:Acacia drepanolobium-- Whistling Thorn (25396927222).jpg, the whistling thorn, with visible access holes}}]]

File:Dorsiventral (bilateral) leaves of Syzygium gerrardii and Triadica sebifera IMG 1994c.jpg and Triadica sebifera}}]]

File:Epipremnum pinnatum var.jpg (golden pothos) have a {{gli|cuspidate}} {{gli|drip tip}}.}}]]

{{defn|defn= {{gli|dehiscent|Dehiscing}} and falling seasonally, as with {{gli|bark}}, {{gli|leaf|leaves}}, or {{gli|petal}}s. Contrast {{gli|persistent}}.}}

{{term|term= declinate |content={{vanchor|declinate}}}}

{{defn|defn= Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.}}

{{defn|defn= Divided to more than one level, e.g. in {{gli|bipinnate}} leaves, in which the {{gli|leaflet}}s of what would otherwise be a {{gli|pinnate}} leaf are themselves pinnately divided.}}

{{defn|no=1|(intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.}}

{{defn|no=2|(tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested Agave leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.}}

{{defn|defn= Extending downward beyond the point of {{gli|point of insertion|insertion}}, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the {{gli|stem}} in a raised line or narrow wing.}}

{{defn|defn= A synonym of {{gli|decussate}}; the usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is {{gli|decussate}}.}}

{{term|term= decussate |content={{vanchor|decussate}}}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|opposite|Opposite}} with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many {{gli|stamen}}s as {{gli|petal}}s or {{gli|sepal}}s (or less), or an {{gli|inflorescence}} ending in a {{gli|flower}} or an aborted floral {{gli|bud}}, typically a {{gli|cymose}} inflorescence. Contrast {{gli|indefinite}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Bent downward. Contrast {{gli|inflexed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of {{gli|fruit|fruits}} to release {{gli|seed|seeds}}, of {{gli|anther}}s to release {{gli|pollen}}, and of {{gli|sporangium|sporangia}} to release {{gli|spore|spores}}. Contrast {{gli|indehiscent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|tree|Tree}}-like; branching like a tree.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|toothed|Toothed}}, especially in reference to {{gli|leaf}} {{gli|margin}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Finely {{gli|toothed}}; a diminutive form of {{gli|dentate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Limited, usually in growth. Contrast {{gli|indeterminate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Referring to a class of {{gli|adelphous}} structure in which the {{gli|stamen}}s or similar organs are connected in two {{gli|adelphia|adelphiae}} instead of just one.}}

{{defn|defn= Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a {{gli|seed}}, or other parts such as specialized {{gli|bud|buds}}, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|cymose}} {{gli|inflorescence}} with all branches below the terminal flower in {{gli|regular}} opposite pairs. Compare {{gli|monochasium}} and {{gli|pleiochasium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a {{gli|perianth}} which is divided into a separate {{gli|calyx}} and {{gli|corolla}}. Compare {{gli|homochlamydeous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in Aloidendron dichotomum, but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of Carissa (which morphologically are branches), and the {{gli|thallus|thalli}} or hyphae of various algae and fungi.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also abbreviated dicot.}} A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more {{gli|cotyledon|cotyledons}} (seed leaves). Contrast {{gli|monocotyledon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also {{gli|palmate}} and {{gli|palmatisect}}. See also Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of {{gli|stamen}}s, fronds, or leaves. See also {{gli|monomorphic}} (having a single form) and polymorphic (having many forms).}}

{{defn|defn= (of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast {{gli|monoecious}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|bryophyte}} {{gli|gametophyte}}) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast {{gli|monoicous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a {{gli|sporophyte}} cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental {{gli|gamete|gametes}}. This is often expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the {{gli|haploid}} gamete.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|stamen}}s arranged in two {{gli|whorl|whorls}}, with the outer whorl alternating with the {{gli|petal}}s while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare {{gli|obdiplostemonous}} and {{gli|haplostemonous}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also spelled disk.}} A plate or ring of structures derived from the {{gli|receptacle}}, and occurring between {{gli|whorl|whorls}} of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the {{gli|nectary}} is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the {{gli|capitulum}} is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called {{gli|disk floret|disk flowers or florets}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower {{gli|capitulum|head}} of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|leaf|leaves}}) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.}}

{{defn|defn= Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|floret}} occurring most typically in the {{gli|disc|disk}} of the {{gli|capitulum}} of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as Scabiosa.}}

{{defn|defn= A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the {{gli|locule|loculi}} of {{gli|capsule|capsules}} or of other fruits with multiple partitions.}}

{{defn|defn= Remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast {{gli|proximal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).}}

{{defn|defn= The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the {{gli|style}} and {{gli|stamen}}s, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare {{gli|heterostyly}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Spreading in different directions, generally upward.}}

{{defn|defn= A taxonomic rank below {{gli|kingdom}} in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. "Division" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term {{gli|phylum}}, which is used for animals and other kingdoms.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|sing. domatium}} Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites.}}

{{defn|defn= From Latin dorsum, a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "dorsal" refers to "the rear or back or upper surface", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

facing away from the axis ({{gli|abaxial}}) in a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf ({{gli|adaxial}}) or the upper part of the crown of the plant
facing away from the substrate in a {{gli|prostrate}} or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea.

Derived or related terms include dorsad, "toward the dorsal", and dorsum, "the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit". Related anatomical terms of location include {{gli|ventral}}, {{gli|lateral}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Attached at or by the back, e.g. {{gli|anther}}s on a {{gli|filament}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having structurally and visibly different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves. Compare {{gli|bilateral}} and isobilateral.}}

{{defn|defn= A long, narrow, {{gli|acuminate}}, {{gli|caudate}}, or {{gli|cuspidate}} extension at the tip of a {{gli|leaf}} or {{gli|leaflet}}. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term drip tip is not anatomically descriptive in the way that acuminate or cuspidate are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|succulent}} {{gli|fruit}} formed from one {{gli|carpel}}; the single {{gli|seed}} is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a {{gli|kernel}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|drupe}} formed from one of the carpels in an {{gli|apocarpous}} flower. Drupelets usually form a {{gli|compound fruit}}, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna.}}

{{defn|defn= A globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic core.}}

E

File:Corydalis cheilanthifolia pod.jpg bear seeds with attached {{gli|elaiosome|elaiosomes}}, which have various functions, commonly attracting ants. On some Corydalis species, elaiosomes that attract ants also repel mice.{{Sfn|Hanzawa|Beattie|Holmes|1985}}}}]]

File:Ficus lyrata as an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf.jpg is an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf with lateral and apical emargination; it also might be seen as a basally emarginate.}}]]

File:Heracleum sphondylium 003.JPG are variously {{gli|emarginate}} at their tips. Flowers in the middle of the inflorescence have slightly emarginate petals, whereas flowers at the periphery are so deeply emarginate as to be almost cleft in two.}}]]

File:Date Seed sprouting.jpg seed is tiny in comparison to the {{gli|endosperm}}, its main food supply, which comprises almost all of the rest of the seed.}}]]

File:Water lilies and reeds, Lochan Dubh - geograph.org.uk - 233467.jpg and reeds represent two ecological categories of {{gli|emergent}} aquatic vegetation.}}]]

File:IrisPseudacorus 6004.JPG has clearly {{gli|ensiform}} leaves: narrow, straight-edged, sword-shaped.}}]]

File:Terengganu roselle.jpg}}]]

File:Epicormic Shoots from an Epicormic Bud on Eucalyptus following Bushfire 2, near Anglers Rest, Vic, Aust, jjron 27.3.2005.jpg following a bushfire}}]]

File:Tillandsia recurvata epiphyte IMG 1620.jpg growing as a harmless, non-parasitic {{gli|epiphloedal}} epiphyte on a tree trunk that is also infested with an epiphloedal foliose lichen}}]]

File:Epizoochoria NRM.jpg

File:Boophane disticha in Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens.jpg

File:Cut of seeds with hypogeal germination.jpg

File:Aloe marlothii02.jpg flowers with stamens and stigmata of mature flowers {{gli|exserted}} from the mouths of the {{gli|floral tube|floral tubes}}}}]]

{{term|term= -eae |content= {{linktext|-eae}} }}

{{defn|defn= A suffix added to the stem of a {{gli|generic name}} to form the name of a {{gli|tribe}}, e.g. Aster → Astereae.}}

{{defn|defn= Lacking {{gli|bract}}s; synonymous with ebracteolate.}}

{{term|term= ecological amplitude |content= ecological amplitude }}

{{defn|defn= The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also aglandular}} Not having glands.}}

{{defn|defn= An external structure attached to the {{gli|seed}} of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed.{{Sfn|Hanzawa|Beattie|Holmes|1985}}}}

{{defn|defn= A form of {{gli|pollination}} whereby {{gli|pollen}} or {{gli|spore|spores}} are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii.}}

{{defn|defn= A three-dimensional shape that is {{gli|elliptical}} in all sections through the long axis.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also elliptic.}} Planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; {{gli|oval}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Typically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the {{gli|apex}}; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal}}

{{defn|defn= The young plant contained by a {{gli|seed}} prior to {{gli|germination}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears {{gli|flower}}s and commonly {{gli|leaf|leaves}} above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as Stuckenia are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface.}}

{{defn|defn= Leaf-like outgrowth from a surface.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=78}} }}

{{defn|defn= The condition in which the {{gli|gynoecium}} protrudes laterally, to the right ({{gli|dextrostyly}}) or to the left ({{gli|sinistrostyly}}) of the {{gli|androecium}}, e.g. Senna.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region. Compare {{gli|native}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a {{gli|drupe}}, the stony layer surrounding the seed.}}

{{defn|defn= The innermost layer of the {{gli|cortex}} of vascular plant {{gli|root|roots}}, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.}}

{{defn|no=1|({{gli|angiosperm|angiosperms}}) A nutritive tissue surrounding the {{gli|embryo}} of the {{gli|seed}}, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.}}

{{defn|no=2|({{gli|gymnosperm|gymnosperms}}) The {{gli|prothallus}} within the embryo sac.}}

{{defn|defn= The production of {{gli|spore|spores}} that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast {{gli|exospory}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|(of a {{gli|margin}}) Smooth and not {{gli|lobed}} or {{gli|toothed}} (though possibly wavy or {{gli|scalloped}}). See also entire in Glossary of leaf morphology}}

{{defn|defn= A form of {{gli|pollination}} whereby {{gli|pollen}} or {{gli|spore|spores}} are distributed by insects.}}

{{defn|defn= Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence.{{Sfn|Schulze|Zwölfer|2012|p=261}}}}

{{defn|defn= Short-lived. See also {{gli|caducous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|involucre}} resembling an outer {{gli|calyx}}, e.g. as in Hibiscus.}}

{{defn|defn= The outer layer of the wall of a {{gli|fruit}}, i.e. the "skin".}}

{{defn|defn= Used to refer to {{gli|bud|buds}}, {{gli|shoot|shoots}}, or {{gli|flower}}s developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire.}}

{{defn|defn= The part of the plant axis or stem between the {{gli|cotyledon|cotyledonary}} node and the first foliage leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= A layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the {{gli|cuticle}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick.}}

{{defn|defn= Borne on the {{gli|ovary}}; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare {{gli|hypogynous}} and {{gli|perigynous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Growing on stone. Compare {{gli|lithophytic}}, a plant growing on stone.}}

{{defn|defn= Of {{gli|stamen}}s that are attached to the {{gli|petal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Growing on rock or stone, {{gli|lithophytic}}, {{gli|epilithic}}. }}

{{defn|defn= Growing on the surface of {{gli|bark}}. Contrast {{gli|endophloeodal}} (growing inside, not on, the bark) and {{gli|epilithic}} (growing on rock, not bark).}}

{{defn|defn= A plant, alga or fungus that grows on another plant without deriving nourishment from it but using it for support.}}

{{defn|defn= Of an {{gli|epiphyte}}; living on the surface of a plant. Compare {{gli|epilithic}}, {{gli|lithophytic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of {{gli|stamen}}s that are attached to the {{gli|sepal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Of {{gli|stamen}}s that are attached to the {{gli|tepal|tepals}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a {{gli|specific epithet}}; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as "mirabilis" in Welwitschia mirabilis.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|seed}} dispersal that occurs when seeds or {{gli|fruit|fruits}} physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies.}}

{{defn|defn= Not {{gli|pruinose}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|leaf}}) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= Upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare {{gli|patent}} (spreading) and {{gli|erecto-patent}}, between erect and patent.}}

{{defn|defn= Having leaves like those of the European heaths (Erica); small and sharply pointed.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|margin}}) Irregular as though nibbled or worn away.}}

{{defn|defn= Deliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds or plants in a new habitat by humans.}}

{{defn|defn= Weak growth due to lack of light, resulting in elongated stems and yellowish color.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=83}} }}

{{defn|defn= Having an even number of {{gli|leaflet}}s in a {{gli|compound}} leaf; synonymous with {{gli|paripinnate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Not {{gli|deciduous}}; having leaves all year.}}

{{defn|defn= In nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).}}

{{defn|defn= In seeds of a given species, having no {{gli|endosperm}}, i.e. no {{gli|albumen}}, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= The outer layer of the {{gli|pericarp}}, often the skin of fleshy {{gli|fruit|fruits}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The production of {{gli|spore|spores}} that germinate into free-living multicellular gametophytes. Contrast {{gli|endospory}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The outer layer of the {{gli|testa}} (seed coat). It is derived from the outer {{gli|integument}} of the {{gli|ovule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Not native; introduced from another region or country.}}

{{defn|defn= Projected beyond, e.g. {{gli|stamen}}s beyond the {{gli|corolla tube}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Lacking {{gli|stipule|stipules}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Outside the {{gli|stamen}}s or {{gli|androecium}}, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|anther}} {{gli|locule|locules}}) Opening toward the outside of the {{gli|flower}}. Contrast {{gli|introrse}} and {{gli|latrorse}}.}}

F

File:Astragalus falcatus (7441409300).jpg has conspicuously {{gli|falcate}} pods; not many falcate anatomical structures are so markedly curved.}}]]

File:Rhigozum obovatum 8217s.jpg bears its leaves in well-defined {{gli|fascicle}}s.}}]]

File:Bondues parc vert bois allee peupliers.jpg

File:Orange Pore Fungus (Favolaschia calocera) (33327394770).jpg, the orange pore fungus, has conspicuously {{gli|faveolate}} fruiting bodies.}}]]

File:The emerging leaves of Oldenburgia grandis are white-felted IMG 5582.jpg are heavily {{gli|felted}}.}}]]

File:Darlingtonia californica ne1 (crop).jpg}}]]

File:Fenestrate leaves of Fenestraria aurantiaca IMG 3851c.jpg commonly are covered in soil, except for the transparent {{gli|fenestration}}; this permits photosynthesis while reducing damage from exposure to intrense sunlight and herbivores.}}]]

File:Digitalis ferruginea-IMG 9992.jpg owes its specific name to its {{gli|ferruginous}} (rust-colored) flowers.}}]]

File:Calochortus fimbriatus open flower.jpeg has {{gli|fimbriate}} flowers.}}]]

File:Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Britzelm 447936.jpg has gently {{gli|flexuous}} {{gli|stipe|stipes}}.}}]]

File:Zinnia elegans of Kadavoor.jpg is typical of many Asteraceae in that it includes two types of {{gli|floret}}s, ray florets and disk florets.}}]]

File:Medicago sativa plant1 (10603928013).jpg or lucerne) is an agriculturally important {{gli|forb}}, grown in large volumes for forage, soil improvement, and other purposes.}}]]

File:Seeds of Physochlaina physaloides.jpg}}]]

{{term|term= F1 hybrid |content= F1 hybrid {{anchor|F1 hybrid|F1|f1}} }}

{{defn|defn= A single {{gli|cross}}; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines.}}

{{term|term= F2 hybrid |content= F2 hybrid {{anchor|F2 hybrid|F2|f2}} }}

{{defn|defn= A plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a {{gli|cross}} between two {{gli|F1 hybrid}}s; may also refer to {{gli|self-pollination}} in a population of F1 hybrids.}}

{{defn|defn= Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way.Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for faculative biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution. Compare {{gli|obligate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A taxonomic group of one or more {{gli|genus|genera}} with features, ancestry, or both in common. It is the term for the principal rank between {{gli|order}} and genus.}}

{{defn|defn= Powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. {{gli|fasciculate}}}} A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.}}

{{defn|defn= Branching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having {{gli|fascicle|fascicles}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= In Plant morphology, the {{gli|habit}} of a plant that consists in part, of a bundle of erect, more or less parallel branches or stems, particularly if they form or taper to a peak or point. (Latin fastigiatus,meaning "having a peak".}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In palynology, the form of a pollen grain that has a {{gli|fastigium}}, a pointed apex over a hollow between the layers of the pollen outer wall.}}

{{defn|defn= Pertaining to the {{gli|fauces}}; located in the throat of a {{gli|calyx}} or {{gli|corolla}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The throat of a {{gli|calyx}} or {{gli|corolla}}; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the {{gli|apex}} of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.}}

{{defn|defn= Honeycombed; having regular, angled {{gli|pit}}s. Compare {{gli|foveolate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted.{{Sfn|Jackson|1928}}}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|pistillate flower}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which {{gli|perforate}} is the more precise term.}}

{{defn|defn= Capable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed, or of anthers containing pollen.}}

{{defn|defn= The union of male and female {{gli|gamete|gametes}} during sexual reproduction.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= The stalk of a {{gli|stamen}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Any very narrow, thread-like structure that is one or a few cells thick.}}

{{defn|defn= Consisting of {{gli|filament}}s or {{gli|fiber}}s; hairlike.}}

{{term|term= filiform |content={{vanchor|filiform}}}}

{{defn|defn= Thread-like, e.g. {{gli|stamen}} {{gli|filament}}s or leaf shapes.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. fimbriae}} Slender, hair-like projection; fringe.}}

{{term|term= fimbriate |content={{vanchor|fimbriate}}}}

{{defn|defn= Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions.Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for fimbriate biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution. Having {{gli|fimbriae}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A split or crack, often referring to fissured bark; a line or opening of dehiscence.}}

{{defn|defn= Hollow; usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity, as in a reed.}}

{{defn|defn= Limp; tending to wilt. Compare {{gli|turgid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Depending on the degree of maturation of the {{gli|stamen}}s, the {{gli|style}} moves up or down (cataflexistyle or (ana-)hyperflexisyle).}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= All the plants growing in a certain region or country.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Victoria, Flora of New South Wales, and so on). In this case, flora is written with a capital F.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|perianth}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.}}

{{defn|defn= A graphical means to describe flower structure, usually a schematic cross-section through a young flower.}}

{{defn|defn= A description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols.}}

{{defn|defn= An imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of {{gli|hypanthium}}, {{gli|corolla tube}}, or {{gli|calyx tube}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|flower}}, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an {{gli|inflorescence}}, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthia of family Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|defn= The sexual reproductive structure of the {{gli|angiosperm}}s, typically with a {{gli|gynoecium}}, {{gli|androecium}}, {{gli|perianth}}, and an {{gli|axis}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= When describing a whole plant: leafy or having leaves (as opposed to nonfoliate).}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= When preceded by a number: specifying a number of leaflets, e.g. {{Nowrap|3-foliate}} means "having three leaflets".}}

{{defn|defn= A growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants.}}

{{defn|defn= A dry fruit formed from one {{gli|carpel}} splitting along a single {{gli|suture}} to which the seeds are attached, e.g. from the {{gli|pod}} of a legume.{{Sfn|Rendle|1911}}}}

{{defn|defn= A small, leaf-like appendage on the front or back.{{of what|date=December 2022}}}}

{{defn|defn= Leaf-like; flattened like a {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any non-woody {{gli|flowering plant}} that is not a {{gli|grass}}, sedge, or rush.}}

{{defn|defn= Vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs.}}

{{defn|defn= A taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below {{gli|variety}} ({{gli|varietas}}), and usually differentiated by a minor character. Its abbreviation is "f."}}

{{defn|defn= Having regular tiny {{gli|pit}}s. Compare {{gli|faveolate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Not united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|placentation}}) {{gli|Ovule}}s attached to a free-standing column in the center of a {{gli|unilocular}} {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|leaf}} of a fern, cycad, or palm.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|shrub|Shrub}}-like ({{gli|fruticose}}) or becoming shrub-like.}}

{{defn|defn= Shrubby; having the branching character of a {{gli|shrub}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A seed-bearing structure, present in all {{gli|angiosperm|angiosperms}}, formed from the mature {{gli|ovary}} and sometimes associated floral parts upon {{gli|fertilization}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Disappearing, falling off, or withering. Compare {{gli|persistent}} and {{gli|caducous}}.}}

{{term|term= funicle |content= funicle (funiculus) {{anchor|funiculus}} }}

{{defn|defn= The stalk of an {{gli|ovule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a form gradually widening from the base to the {{gli|apex}}; funnel-shaped.}}

{{defn|defn= Forked, usually applied to a {{gli|terminal}} division; with two long {{gli|lobe}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped.}}

G

File:Podocarpus elatus foliage & cones.JPG tree Podocarpus elatus}}]]

File:CharaV3.jpg and brown female archegonia) borne on a {{gli|gametophyte}} of a Chara species of green algae}}]]

File:Male Gametophyte Male Gametophyte Pinus Staminate Zoomed.jpg

File:Geranium dissectum sl11.jpg}}]]

File:Eucalyptus macrocarpa buds.jpg are {{gli|glaucous}}, covered with a thick waxy {{gli|pruinose|pruinosity}}.}}]]

File:Opuntia cactus spine and glochids.jpg cactus spine}}]]

File:Urochloa mosambicensis spikelet12 annotated - Flickr - Macleay Grass Man.jpg

File:Stoma.jpg on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the pore are the {{gli|guard cell|guard cells}}.}}]]

File:Weinblatt13-05.JPG

[[File:Gymnospermae.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Examples of {{gli|gymnosperm|gymnosperms}}
}}

LEFT

1-Welwitschia mirabilis

2-Cycas revoluta

3-Taxus baccata

4-Ginkgo biloba

RIGHT

1-Cupressus sempervirens

2-Sequoiadendron giganteum

3-Agathis dammara

4-Araucaria heterophylla

]]

{{defn|defn= In {{gli|gymnosperm|gymnosperms}}, a fleshy cone ({{gli|megastrobilus}}); chiefly relates to cones borne by junipers and cypresses, which are often mistakenly called {{gli|berry|berries}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors.}}

{{defn|defn= Abnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.}}

{{defn|defn= A cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction.}}

{{defn|defn= Specialized structures on the {{gli|gametophyte|gametophytes}} of some {{gli|bryophyte}} species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores.}}

{{defn|defn= The haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears {{gli|gametes}}. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the {{gli|sporophyte}}, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules. }}

{{defn|defn=a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare {{gli|symphyllous}} (synonym), {{gli|apophyllous}}, and {{gli|polyphyllous}}. }}

{{defn|defn= an asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses.}}

{{defn|defn= The complete range of genetic variation found within a population.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. genera}} A group of one or more {{gli|species}} with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between {{gli|family}} and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.}}

{{defn|defn= The name of a taxonomic {{gli|genus}}, such as Acacia and Eucalyptus.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.}}

{{defn|defn= (of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base.}}

{{defn|defn= Becoming {{gli|glabrous}}, almost glabrous; glabrate.}}

{{defn|defn= Lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth.}}

{{defn|defn= A secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.}}

{{defn|defn= A hair tipped with a {{gli|gland}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Describing the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or {{gli|arachnoid}} surface, but properly referring to {{gli|pruinose}} surfaces, meaning those with a waxy {{gli|bloom}}. The surfaces of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some {{gli|xerophyte|xerophytes}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also globular.}} Roughly spherical. See also {{gli|subglobose}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as Opuntia.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|bract}}s subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a {{gli|spikelet}} (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A plant {{gli|shoot}} suitable for grafting; loosely, a {{gli|scion}}, {{gli|sucker}}, or branch.}}

{{term|term= graft chimaera |content= graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid) }}

{{defn|defn= A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also gramineous}} Of or relating to grass.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.}}

{{defn|defn= A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of {{gli|genus}} which distinguishes

an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;
plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or,
a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.}}

{{defn|defn= Each of two cells surrounding the {{gli|stoma}} which control gas exchange between the {{gli|apoplast}} of the plant and the external environment.}}

{{defn|defn= Having droplet-shaped spots. Compare {{gli|punctate}} and {{gli|maculate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See {{gli|hydathode}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside.}}

{{defn|defn= A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a {{gli|sporophyll}}. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare {{gli|angiosperm}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Alternative term for {{gli|gynoecium}}, but with partly different etymology.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a style, arising near the base of the {{gli|gynoecium}}, e.g. between the lobes of the {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a species, with some plants bearing only {{gli|bisexual}} flowers and others bearing only female flowers.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a species, with {{gli|bisexual}} flowers and female flowers on the same plant.}}

{{defn|defn= The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the {{gli|carpel}}s of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast {{gli|androecium}}. Abbreviation: G. For instance, {{underline|G}} indicates a {{gli|superior ovary}}; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.}}

{{defn|defn= A stalk supporting the {{gli|gynoecium}} and situated above the level of {{gli|insertion}} of the other floral parts.}}

{{defn|defn= A compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the {{gli|filament|filaments}} of the {{gli|stamen}}s with the {{gli|style}}. Also known as the {{gli|column}}.}}

H

File:Vicia villosa leaf hairs1 (14692343921).jpg

File:Veronica sublobata sl18.jpg}}]]

File:Catunaregam spinosa.jpg

File:Hastate leaf Salvia canariensis IMG 9038.jpg}}]]

File:Viscum capense and haustorium on Searsia sp IMG 2203.jpg

File:Poncirus trifoliatus fruit and seeds.jpg is a typical hesperidium.}}]]

File:Eucalyptus foliage isobilateral dorsiventral IMG 0588e.JPG

File:Erythrina - seeds (6531865875).jpg

File:AbbotV1Tab02A.jpg.}}]]

File:Rhizophora mangle.jpg "mangle" or {{gli|mangrove}}. The apparent root of the propagule is in fact {{gli|meristem|meristematic}} tissue developing from the {{gli|hypocotyl}}. The new plant develops largely from this tissue, especially if it has successfully penetrated into mud in which the new plant can establish itself.}}]]

{{defn|defn= The general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation.}}

{{defn|defn= The place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.}}

{{defn|defn= A single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.}}

{{term|term= half-inferior ovary |content= half-inferior ovary }}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|ovary}} partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare {{gli|inferior ovary}} and {{gli|superior ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.}}

{{defn|defn= The controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.}}

{{defn|defn= Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the {{gli|gametophyte}}, the nucleus of a {{gli|gamete}}, and the {{gli|spore|spores}}. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare {{gli|diploid}}, {{gli|triploid}}, and {{gli|tetraploid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a single series of {{gli|stamen}}s equal in number to the proper number of {{gli|petal}}s, and alternating with them. Compare {{gli|diplostemonous}} and {{gli|obdiplostemonous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= process by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their apertures to avoid losing water}}

{{defn|defn= Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears {{gli|truncate}}; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare {{gli|sagittate}}, which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.}}

{{defn|defn= In parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|capitulum}}, a {{gli|pseudanthium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Vegetation dominated by small {{gli|shrub|shrubs}} which usually have {{gli|ericoid}} leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= Coiled; of a {{gli|cymose}} inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often {{gli|recurved}}). Compare {{gli|scorpioid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly.{{Sfn|Schulze|Zwölfer|2012|p=261}}}}

{{defn|defn= A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata.}}

{{defn|defn= Any {{gli|vascular plant}} that does not develop a {{gli|woody}} stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a daffodil.}}

{{defn|defn= Not {{gli|woody}}; usually green and soft in texture.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. herbaria}} A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.}}

{{defn|defn= A synonym of {{gli|bisexual}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus Citrus. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as Murraya, to 15{{Nbsp}}cm or more in some varieties of Citrus. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers.}}

{{defn|defn= Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.}}

{{defn|defn= Having more than one leaf type on the same plant. For example, leaves adapted to the open air and leaves adapted to being under water in Ranunculus aquatilis.{{sfn|Hickey|King|2000|p=20, 87}} }}

{{defn|defn= A condition in which a plant has two or more types of leaves that differ in form and/or function.{{sfn|Hickey|King|2000|p=20}} }}

{{defn|defn= Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare {{gli|isomorphic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The production of {{gli|spore|spores}} of two different sizes (small and large) by the {{gli|sporophyte|sporophytes}} of land plants. Compare {{gli|homospory}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See {{gli|distyly}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk ({{gli|funicle}}).}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See {{gli|indumentum}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.}}

{{defn|defn= Covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.}}

{{defn|defn= A type chosen by the author of a name. Compare {{gli|lectotype}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a {{gli|perianth}} which is not divided into a separate {{gli|calyx}} and {{gli|corolla}}. Contrast {{gli|dichlamydeous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The production of {{gli|spore|spores}} of only one size by the {{gli|sporophyte|sporophytes}} of land plants. Compare {{gli|heterospory}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|(never capitalized)}} Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:
1. as a name misapplied by gardeners}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.}}

{{defn|defn= Protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut.}}

{{defn|defn= Translucent; usually delicately membranous and colorless.}}

{{defn|defn= Plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).}}

{{defn|defn= The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.}}

{{defn|defn= Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.}}

{{defn|defn= Tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected ({{gli|adnate}}) to the {{gli|ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a petiole or pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare {{gli|resupinate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the {{gli|receptacle}} or {{gli|hypanthium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the {{gli|cotyledon}} and {{gli|node}}, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.}}

{{defn|defn= Salver-shaped. Synonym of {{gli|salverform}}. From Greek {{lang|el|kratḗrion}}: a vessel.}}

{{defn|defn= Borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare {{gli|epigynous}} and {{gli|perigynous}}.}}

{{term|term= hysteranthous |content= {{vanchor|hysteranthous}} }}

{{defn|defn= Type of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled histeranthous. Compare {{gli|proteranthous}} and {{gli|synanthous}}.}}

I

File:Dormant buds on twig of English Oak Quercus robur 5523.jpg}}]]

File:Mespilus germanica imbrication.jpg are imbricate before the flower opens.}}]]

File:Melia azedarach doubly imparipinnate compound leaf IMG 2096c.jpg}}]]

File:Pelargonium graveolens- Kirstenbosch botanical garden - 2.jpg}}]]

File:Hypericum garden specimen indefinite stamens IMG 9066.jpg}}]]

File:Indehiscent pods of Libidibia ferrea IMG 8652.jpg; unlike most Fabaceae species, the plant depends on the pods being crushed by large ungulates to disperse the seeds.}}]]

File:Aloe brevifolia indeterminate raceme IMG 9016.jpg bears an {{gli|indeterminate}} {{gli|raceme}}.}}]]

File:Starr 080117-1868 Syagrus romanzoffiana.jpg palms are '{{gli|induplicate|induplicately}} folded, in contrast to many other palm genera with {{gli|reduplicate}} leaves.}}]]

File:Calotropis gigantea R.Br. - Flickr - lalithamba.jpg are {{gli|inserted}} at the base of the corolla.}}]]

File:Starr 070906-8739 Caladium bicolor.jpg

File:Malacothrixcoulteri.jpg {{gli|involucre|involucres}} encase unopened flower heads, and the third supports the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The imbricate phyllaries around the heads of this Malacothrix coulteri suggest the keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name: "snake's head".}}]]

File:Iridescent begonia.jpg leaf shows unusual {{gli|iridescent|iridescence}} for a plant.}}]]

{{defn|defn= A cell, especially of a {{gli|leaf}}, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialized products such as crystals.}}

{{term|term= illegitimate name |content= illegitimate name (nomen illeg.) }}

{{defn|defn= A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; {{gli|cultivar}} names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.}}

{{defn|defn= From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of {{gli|perianth}} parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|pinnate}} leaf with an odd number of {{gli|pinna|pinnae}} (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare {{gli|paripinnate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.}}

{{defn|defn= The suffix added to the stem of a {{gli|generic name}} to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Corydalinae from Corydalis + -inae.}}

{{defn|defn= The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.}}

{{defn|defn= Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.}}

{{defn|defn= Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).}}

{{defn|defn= Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. {{gli|stamen}}s within the {{gli|corolla}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.}}

{{defn|defn= Bent or curved inward; of {{gli|leaf}} {{gli|margin}}s, when curved toward the {{gli|adaxial}} side.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.}}

{{defn|defn= variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term {{gli|indeterminate}}, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare {{gli|numerous}}. Contrast {{gli|definite}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to {{gli|fruit}}. Contrast {{gli|dehiscent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or {{gli|meristem}} that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast {{gli|determinate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native' but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare {{gli|endemic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.}}

{{defn|defn= Folded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Membrane covering the sori of some ferns.{{Sfn|Carolin|Tindale|1994|p=23}}}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.{{Sfn|Carolin|Tindale|1994|p=23}}}}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|ovary}} at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare {{gli|superior ovary}} and {{gli|half-inferior ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Bent sharply upward or forward. Compare {{gli|deflexed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.}}

{{defn|defn= denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.}}

{{defn|defn= denoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series.}}

{{term|term= infundibular |content= {{vanchor|infundibular}} (infundibuliform)}}

{{defn|defn= funnel-shaped, for example in the {{gli|corolla}} of a flower.}}

{{defn|defn= The point at which one organ or structure (such as a {{gli|leaf}}) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a {{gli|stem}}).}}

{{defn|defn= in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an {{gli|ovule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ}}

{{term|term= intercalary meristem |content= intercalary meristem }}

{{defn|defn= a {{gli|meristem}} located between the apex and the base of an organ}}

{{defn|defn= in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf {{gli|rachis}} between the {{gli|pinna|pinnae}} (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare {{gli|jugary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The portion of a {{gli|stem}} between two {{gli|node|nodes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= inside but close to the margin. For example, an intramarginal {{gli|vein}} is one that parallels, and is very close to, the leaf margin.}}

{{defn|defn= inside the stamens or {{gli|androecium}}, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.}}

{{defn|defn= of anther {{gli|locule|locules}}, with opening toward the center of flower (at least in bud). Compare extrorse and latrorse.}}

{{defn|defn= Use of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.}}

{{defn|defn= A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like {{gli|cyathophyll}} structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.}}

{{defn|defn= Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a {{gli|leaf}} are rolled toward the {{gli|adaxial}} (usually upper) surface. Compare {{gli|revolute}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a reflective colored sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum. }}

{{defn|defn= Not able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also {{gli|asymmetrical}}. Compare {{gli|zygomorphic}}, {{gli|actinomorphic}}, and {{gli|regular}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of {{gli|stoma|stomata}}.}}

{{defn|defn= with all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare {{gli|heteromorphic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having branches of equal diameter. Compare {{gli|anisotomic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Referring to an organism, such as a plant, that potentially reproduces repeatedly instead of dying after reproducing for the first time; the opposite of {{gli|semelparity}}}}

J

File:Acacia karroo bipinnate leaf IMG 2153a.jpg bipinnate leaf}}

A. Rachilla

B. Pinnule

C. {{gli|jugary gland|Jugary glands}}

D. Juga (plural of {{gli|jugum}})

E. Base of petiole

F. Petiolary gland

G. Rachis]]

File:Bauhinia glabra (11135932776).jpg

File:Toad-tree (Tabernaemontana elegans) fruit (11822645486).jpg}}]]

File:Eucalyptus camaldulensis has dorsiventral juvenile leaves but isobilateral leaves on mature trees IMG 2014a.jpg has {{gli|dorsiventral}} {{gli|juvenile leaves}}.}}]]

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|node}} or junction of two parts; {{gli|articulate|articulation}}.}}

{{defn|defn= associated with a {{gli|jugum}} or something yoke-like; see for example {{gli|jugary gland}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A gland occurring on the {{gli|rachis}} of a {{gli|pinnate}} or {{gli|bipinnate}} leaf on a {{gli|jugum}}, the junction or attachment of pairs of {{gli|pinna|pinnae}} or {{gli|pinnule|pinnules}}, as in some Acacia species. Compare {{gli|interjugary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= yoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a {{gli|jugum}} or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit.}}

{{defn|defn= applied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of {{gli|pinna|pinnae}} on a {{gli|rachis}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Leaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form.}}

K

File:Tropical pitcher plant - Tanjung Puting National Park - Indonesia 1.jpg

File:Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito - ejemplo de hoja reniforme.jpg}}]]

File:Setaria incrassata node1 NWP - Flickr - Macleay Grass Man.jpg

File:Cypress knee 6016.JPGs around the parent tree}}]]

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. keeled}} A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the {{gli|corolla}} formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|drupe}}.}}

{{defn|defn= another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.}}

{{defn|defn= A novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.}}

{{defn|defn= A term describing a kidney-shaped object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, oblately cordate, or crescent-shaped with the ends rounded.}}

{{defn|defn= the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the {{gli|clade}} Viridiplantae.}}

{{defn|defn= Klausen or Klausenfrucht (German) is a special type of fruit in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into one-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel. Mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlet.}}

{{defn|defn= abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a {{gli|node}}; a cypress knee, or {{gli|pneumatophore}}, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.}}

L

File:Prunella vulgaris 003.jpg}}]]

File:Pelargonium graveolens- Kirstenbosch botanical garden - 2.jpg}}]]

File:Euphorbia latex IMG 8745c.jpgs are laticiferous and instantly exude {{gli|latex}} when even mildly punctured.}}]]

File:Bladlitteken van Juglans regia.jpg, showing the layer of corky protective tissue that remained after the leaf separated along the {{gli|abscission zone}}. It also shows the leaf traces of the {{gli|vascular bundle|vascular bundles}} that broke off when the abscission zone failed. The {{gli|axillary}} bud associated with the leaf shows just above the scar.}}]]

File:European birch bark.jpg bark are {{gli|lenticel}}s.}}]]

File:CSIRO ScienceImage 207 The Mountain Devil Lambertia formosa shrub regenerating from lignotubers.jpg growing sprouts after a bush fire}}]]

File:Holcus lanatus ligule1 (7325929936).jpg

File:Crepe myrtle 1.jpg

File:Hedysarum occidentale (28915806450).jpg occidentale splits into single-seeded segments along the visible lines of weakness when ripe.}}]]

{{defn|defn= lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= lipped; where a {{gli|corolla}} is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.}}

{{term|term= lacerate |content= {{vanchor|lacerate}} }}

{{defn|defn= Of {{gli|lobes}} – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of {{gli|margins}} – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.}}

{{defn|defn= An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. lamellae}} Thin, plate-like layer. {{ghat|adj. lamellate}} Composed of an assemblage of many layers. }}

{{defn|defn= the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a {{gli|petal}}, {{gli|sepal}} or {{gli|bract}}.}}

{{defn|defn= longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).}}

{{defn|defn= covered in long hairs that cross and/or interweave with each other. More commonly the term lanate is used.{{sfn|Beentje|2010|page=67}} }}

{{defn|defn= attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see {{gli|dorsal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions.}}

{{defn|defn= a type of anther {{gli|dehiscence}} in which the {{gli|anthers}} open laterally toward adjacent anthers. Compare introrse and extrorse.}}

{{defn|defn= resembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.}}

{{defn|defn= a parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a {{gli|leaf trace}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A healing layer forming on a {{gli|stem}} where a {{gli|leaf}} has fallen off.}}

{{defn|defn= A vascular bundle connecting the stele to a {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The ultimate segments of a {{gli|compound}} {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either {{gli|dehiscent}} along both sides, or {{gli|indehiscent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= the lower of 2 {{gli|bract}}s enclosing a grass flower.}}

{{defn|defn= Typically {{gli|lenticular}} (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large {{gli|intercellular}} spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= covered in {{gli|lenticel|lenticels}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground ({{gli|liane}} is also used).}}

{{defn|defn= a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also {{gli|liana}}. }}

{{defn|defn= having hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody}}

{{defn|defn= Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens. }}

{{defn|defn= Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to {{gli|corticolous}}).}}

{{defn|defn= a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= bearing a {{gli|ligule}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A small membranous appendage on the top of the {{gli|sheath}} of grass leaves.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A minute {{gli|adaxial}} appendage near the base of a {{gli|leaf}}, e.g. in Selaginella.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= An extended, strap-like {{gli|corolla}} in some daisy florets.}}

{{defn|defn= Various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line.}}

{{defn|defn= Very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|labellum}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant growing on rocks; an {{gli|epilithic}} plant.}}

{{defn|defn= Part of a {{gli|leaf}} (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the {{gli|midrib}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having, consisting of or relating to a lobe or lobes.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a fruit) {{gli|dehiscent|Dehiscing}} through the centers of {{gli|locule|loculi}}. Compare {{gli|septicidal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A chamber or cavity containing seeds within an {{gli|ovary}}, pollen within an {{gli|anther}} or spores in a {{gli|sporangium}}. }}

{{defn|defn= One of two or three minute organs at the base of the {{gli|ovary}} of a {{gli|grass}} flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced {{gli|perianth}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A pod-like {{gli|indehiscent}} fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|anther}}s) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare {{gli|poricidal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal {{gli|lobe}} and smaller lateral ones.}}

M

File:Acaulescent habit of Drimiopsis maculata IMG 1956.jpg

File:Eucalyptus socialis tree.jpg, showing its {{gli|mallee}} {{gli|habit}}, a single tree with several trunks growing from an underground {{gli|lignotuber}}}}]]

File:Beechmast - Flickr - S. Rae.jpg

File:Geranium incanum schizocarp and mericarp IMG 8807c.jpg {{gli|schizocarp}} and {{gli|mericarp}}}}]]

File:Root-tip-tag.png
showing statocytes with statoliths
3: Lateral part of the tip
4: Dead cells
5: Elongation zone]]

File:Dicot leaf L.jpg

File:Pinus ovule L.jpg ovule}}A={{gli|Gametophyte}}
B=Egg cell
C={{gli|Micropyle}}
D=Integument
E={{gli|Megasporangium}}]]

File:Selaginella strobulus L.jpg

File:Acacia nilotica-4-yercaud-salem-India.jpg}}]]

File:Germination of Date Palm.jpg, Phoenix dactylifera, a {{gli|monocotyledon}}, showing its single {{gli|cotyledon}}}}]]

File:Mucro at the tip of the rachis of a compound leaf of Vachellia karoo IMG 7977.jpg}}]]

File:P. involutus01.JPG

File:Mycorhizes-02.jpg of {{gli|mycorrhiza}} growing on the roots of Picea}}]]

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|staminate flower}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a {{gli|lignotuber}}; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.}}

{{defn|defn= Any {{gli|shrub}} or small {{gli|tree}} growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.}}

{{defn|defn= The edge of a structure, as in the edge of a {{gli|leaf}} blade.}}

{{defn|defn= Occurring at or very close to a {{gli|margin}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.}}

{{defn|defn={{gli|pith}}. See also medullary rays in wood.}}

{{defn|defn= the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female {{gli|gametophyte|gametophytes}}. Compare {{gli|microsporangium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female {{gli|gametophyte}}. Compare {{gli|microspore}}.}}

{{defn|defn= in hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more {{gli|megasporangium|megasporangia}}. Compare {{gli|microsporophyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= the larger of two kinds of cones or {{gli|strobilus|strobili}} produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare {{gli|microstrobilus}}.}}

{{defn|defn= one segment of a fruit (a {{gli|schizocarp}}) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual {{gli|carpel}}s, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.}}

{{defn|defn= Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.}}

{{defn|defn= The fleshy portion of the wall of a {{gli|succulent}} fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); {{gli|sarcocarp}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not {{gli|succulent}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= The {{gli|parenchyma}} tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In ecology, the blade of a leaf or {{gli|leaflet}} that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm²; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= (of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.}}

{{defn|defn= The smaller of two kinds of {{gli|sporangium}} produced by a {{gli|heterospory|heterosporous}} plant, producing {{gli|microspore|microspores}} that contain the male {{gli|gametophyte}}. Compare {{gli|megasporangium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a {{gli|heterospory|heterosporous}} plant. Compare {{gli|megaspore}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In {{gli|heterospory|heterosporous}} plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more {{gli|microsporangium|microsporangia}}. Compare {{gli|megasporophyll}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The smaller of two kinds of cones or {{gli|strobilus}} produced by {{gli|gymnosperm|gymnosperms}}, being male and producing the pollen. Compare {{gli|megastrobilus}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also midvein.}} The central and usually most prominent {{gli|vein}} of a leaf or leaf-like organ.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|midrib}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from {{gli|tetrad|tetrads}} or polyads.}}

{{defn|defn= A term describing stamen filaments that are fused for the greater part of their length, forming a tube around the style. }}

{{defn|defn= Flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also {{gli|semelparous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|cyme|cymose}} inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare {{gli|dichasium}} and {{gli|pleiochasium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of {{gli|monocotyledon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A flowering plant whose {{gli|embryo}} contains one {{gli|cotyledon}} (seed-leaf). Compare {{gli|dicotyledon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of vascular plants) {{gli|hermaphrodite|Hermaphroditic}}, with all flowers {{gli|bisexual}}, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has {{gli|unisexual}} flowers of both sexes. Contrast {{gli|dioecious}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|bryophyte}} {{gli|gametophyte|gametophytes}}) {{gli|hermaphrodite|Hermaphroditic}} or {{gli|bisexual}}, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast {{gli|dioicous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare {{gli|revision}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of one type, rather than several. See also {{gli|dimorphic}} (two types) and polymorphic (many types).}}

{{defn|defn= Having a single {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A mode of {{gli|stem}} growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant {{gli|meristem}}. Contrast {{gli|sympodial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Being a single cell thick, as in the alga Monostroma.}}

{{defn|defn= having a sole compartment or cell. Compare {{gli|Dithecous}}. }}

{{defn|defn= Containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|dim. mucronule.}} A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.{{Sfn|Jackson|1928}}}}

{{defn|defn= Terminating in a {{gli|mucro}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A cluster of {{gli|fruit|fruits}} produced from more than one {{gli|flower}} and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare {{gli|aggregate fruit}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel color, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or {{gli|chloroplast}}s). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.}}

{{defn|defn= The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. mycorrhizae; adj. mycorrhizal}} One of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. mycotrophic}} A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus.}}

N

File:Hoya carnosa nectar IMG 1395c.jpg secretes so much {{gli|nectar}} that it falls in drops if no pollinators remove it.}}]]

File:Helleborus argutifolius flower-5155~2016 01 03.JPG act as floral {{gli|nectary|nectaries}}. The {{gli|sepal}}s function as {{gli|petal}}s.}}]]

File:Nylanderia flavipes extrafloral nectary.jpg species have extrafloral nectaries that attract ants to defend them from pests.}}]]

File:Plant nodes c.jpg

{{defn|defn= Naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare {{gli|endemic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.}}

{{defn|defn= A usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other pollinators.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. nectariferous}} A specialized gland that secretes {{gli|nectar}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast {{gli|archaeophyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Another name for a {{gli|vein}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The part of a {{gli|stem}} from which leaves or branches arise.}}

{{term|term= nomen conservandum |content= nomen conservandum }}

{{defn|defn= (Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.}}

{{defn|defn= A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).}}

{{defn|defn= A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See valid publication.}}

{{defn|defn= A name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.}}

{{defn|defn= The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.}}

{{defn|defn= Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.}}

{{defn|defn= The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of {{gli|epidermis|epidermal}} origin.}}

{{defn|defn= Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare {{gli|indefinite}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A hard, dry, {{gli|indehiscent}} fruit containing only one seed.}}

{{defn|no=1|A small {{gli|nut}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|One of the lobes or sections of the mature {{gli|ovary}} of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.}}

O

File:Starr-010330-0591-Ficus carica-fruit-Kahului-Maui (24236554100).jpg}}]]

File:Oxalis pes-caprae 1DS-II 1-9711.jpg}}]]

File:Kummerowia striata leaf1 (10355256105).jpg}}]]

File:Dovyalis zeyheri, blare, Pretoria.jpg zeyheri}}]]

File:Eucalyptus macrocarpa flower operculum.jpg, next to a shed {{gli|operculum}}}}]]

File:HK 灣仔 Wan Chai 囍匯 The Avenue Rooftop Garden terrace plants Oct 2017 IX1 opposite green leaves (2).jpg) of leaves}}]]

File:Dombeya rotundifolia-leaves.jpg}}]]

File:Vigna parkeri leaf2 (10737009993).jpg species}}]]

{{term|term= ob- |content= ob- {{anchor|ob}} }}

{{defn|defn= A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See {{gli|obcordate}}, {{gli|oblanceolate}} and {{gli|obovate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|fruit}}, {{gli|hypanthium}}, {{gli|pistil}}, or {{gli|calyx}}) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a leaf {{gli|blade}}) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|stamen}}s arranged in two {{gli|whorl|whorls}}, and having twice as many stamens as {{gli|petal}}s, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare {{gli|diplostemonous}} and {{gli|haplostemonous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a {{gli|lanceolate}} shape but broadest in the upper third.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a spherical shape but flattened at the poles.}}

{{defn|defn= (of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast {{gli|facultative}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the {{gli|midrib}} than the other, in other words {{gli|asymmetrical}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a three-dimensional {{gli|oblong}} shape, e.g. a fruit.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the center.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|trapeziform}}, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf)}}

{{defn|defn= Blunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare {{gli|acute}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also spelled ochrea.}} A {{gli|sheath}} formed from two {{gli|stipule|stipules}} encircling the {{gli|node}} in members of the Polygonaceae.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also {{gli|imparipinnate}}}} Having an odd number of {{gli|leaflet}}s in a {{gli|compound}} pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of "often". Compare {{gli|usu.}} and {{gli|s.t.}}.}}

{{term|term= -oideae |content= {{linktext|-oideae}} }}

{{defn|defn= A suffix added to the stem of a {{gli|generic name}} to form the name of a {{gli|subfamily}}, e.g. Fumaria → Fumarioideae.}}

{{defn|defn= Formerly, e.g. "olim B", formerly in the Berlin {{gli|herbarium}} (Herbarium Berolinense).}}

{{defn|defn= The sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows.}}

{{defn|defn= A lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of {{gli|perianth}} parts.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common {{gli|axis}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. {{gli|anther}}s opposite {{gli|sepal}}s. Compare {{gli|alternate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. opera utique oppressa}} Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).}}

{{defn|defn= A group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.}}

{{defn|defn= The original single parent plant from which a {{gli|clone}} ultimately derives.}}

{{defn|defn= Describes an ovule that is erect, with the {{gli|micropyle}} directed away from the placenta; {{gli|atropous}}. Compare {{gli|amphitropous}}, {{gli|anatropous}}, and {{gli|campylotropous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|elliptical}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The basal portion of a {{gli|carpel}} or group of fused carpels, enclosing the {{gli|ovule|ovules}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a section through the "long axis" of an egg and attached by the wider end.}}

{{defn|defn= Egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis.}}

{{defn|defn= Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more {{gli|megaspore|megaspores}} are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).}}

P

File:Brachychiton rupestris.jpg accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a {{gli|pachycaul}} {{gli|habit}}.}}]]

File:Senecio articulatus 01 ies.jpg is {{gli|pachycladous}} in that it has a disproportionately thick stem.}}]]

File:Maple leaf Fcb981.JPG) leaf has {{gli|palmate}} venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand.}}]]

File:Agave July 2011-1.jpg is a giant {{gli|panicle}}.}}]]

File:Starr-030210-0016-Asclepias physocarpa-seeds and pappus-Auwahi-Maui (24252209689).jpg shedding seeds, each with its silky {{gli|pappus}}}}]]

File:HK 上水 Sheung Shui 彩園路 Choi Yuen Road 鳳凰木 Delonix regia green pinnate compound leaves Sept 2017 IX1 03.jpg

File:Aloe ferox D2007-02-03.jpg in flower, bearing two {{gli|inflorescence|inflorescences}} on {{gli|peduncles}}}}]]

File:Peltate vine Barrenjoey.JPG is a vine with {{gli|peltate}} leaves.}}]]

File:Doorwaskervel - Smyrnium perfoliatum (2).jpg perfoliatum with stems passing through them}}]]

File:Aponogeton madagascariensis.jpg are {{gli|perforate}}.}}]]

File:A moss - Polytrichum piliferum - geograph.org.uk - 974857.jpg and aids in dispersal of sperm.}}]]

File:Liquidambar styraciflua bud emerging from its protective imbricate cataphyll scales IMG 2102.jpg bud emerging from its protective brown {{gli|imbricate}} {{gli|cataphyll}} scales, also known as {{gli|perule}}s }}]]

File:Pelargonium lobatum.JPG

File:Cherry petiole glands.JPG

File:Large-leaved Rock Fig (Ficus abutilifolia) (13960371426).jpg}}]]

File:Anthochaera chrysoptera.jpg, can attract pollinators such as the honey eater, Anthochaera chrysoptera, from a considerable distance.}}]]

File:Acacia facsiculifera seedling.jpg bear leaves that illustrate the ancestral function of their {{gli|phyllode}}s as {{gli|petiole|petioles}}.}}]]

File:Pluteus admirabilis Peck 587250.jpg admirabilis}}]]

File:Aquilegia grata glandular pilose hair.jpg }}]]

File:Bipinnate leaf anatomy with alternate labels.jpg

File:Simply pinnate leaf of Ekebergia capensis IMG 2422.jpg}}]]

File:Shepherdia canadensis 5459.JPG

File:Tracheiden Picea abies.jpg) show {{gli|pit}}s in the tracheid walls.}}]]

File:Euphorbia platyphyllos sl18.jpg platyphyllos open simultaneously, as a {{gli|pleiochasium}}.}}]]

File:Whiteflower8.jpg of Datura discolor is {{gli|plicate}}.}}]]

File:Zea Kernal L.jpg,}} {{Nowrap|1=C={{gli|stalk}},}} {{Nowrap|1=D={{gli|endosperm}},}} {{Nowrap|1=E={{gli|coleorhiza}},}} {{Nowrap|1=F={{gli|radicle}},}} {{Nowrap|1=G={{gli|hypocotyl}},}} {{Nowrap|1=H={{gli|plumule}},}} {{Nowrap|1=I=scutellum,}} {{Nowrap|1=J={{gli|coleoptile}}}}}}]]

File:Pneumatophores of Avicennia by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN9864 (13).jpg

File:Epipactis palustris Pollinien auf Fliege 2012-07-05 001.jpg fly that visited one flower, and may yet deposit its burden onto another flower of the same species.]]

File:Acacia nigrescens, knoppiesbas, Steenbokpan, a.jpg, are {{gli|prickle}}s rather than thorns, botanically speaking.}}]]

File:Starr-150330-0516-Sagina procumbens-flowering habit-Tarmac Near Fire Station Sand Island-Midway Atoll (25244594686).jpg, growing mainly along the soil surface, but without rooting}}]]

File:Carpobrotus acinaciformis (plants).jpg and other {{gli|prostrate}} plants growing on sand in Sicily, striking root and binding the soil as they grow}}]]

File:Floral stages of Geranium incanum.jpg. The flower at first has intensely colored petals, and both {{gli|androecium}} and {{gli|gynoecium}}. After a day or so in bloom, it sheds the stamens and the color of the petals becomes somewhat paler.}}]]

File:Gomphrena celosioides flowerhead3 (14646694313).jpg}}]]

File:Artemisia nova (5061071225).jpg are visible because they are not covered with epidermal {{gli|hair|hairs}}.}}]]

File:Punctate under-surface of Plectranthus leaf IMG 9256s.jpg leaf}}]]

File:Picea pungens USDA1.jpg}}]]

File:Fig.jpg

{{defn|defn= An expanded lower lip of a flower that nearly or entirely blocks the opening of a flower tube, as in a snapdragon flower.{{cite web |title=Glossary: P |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/ |website=Go Botany |publisher=Native Plant Trust |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101916/https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/glossary/p/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |url-status=live}}}}

{{term|term= palea |content=palea {{anchor|paleae}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. paleae}}

1. The upper of two {{gli|bract}}s enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= Chaffy scales on the {{gli|stipe}} of many ferns.}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing {{gli|palea|paleae}} or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a {{gli|petiole}}), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A {{gli|compound palmate}} leaf has {{gli|leaflet}}s that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).}}

{{defn|defn= Deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.}}

{{defn|defn= Intermediate between {{gli|palmate}} and {{gli|palmatifid}}, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less {{gli|digitate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= shaped like the body of a fiddle (mainly, of plant leaves)}}

{{term|term= panicle |content= panicle {{anchor|paniculate}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. paniculate}} A {{gli|compound}} {{gli|raceme}}; an {{gli|indeterminate}} inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.}}

{{defn|defn= Butterfly-like; having a {{gli|corolla}} like that of a pea.}}

{{term|term= papilla |content= papilla {{anchor|papillae|papillose|papillate}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. papillae; adj. papillose or papillate}}A small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one {{gli|epidermis|epidermal}} cell.}}

{{defn|defn= In daisy {{gli|floret}}s, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the {{gli|ovary}} and outside the {{gli|corolla}} (representing the reduced {{gli|calyx}}); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.}}

{{defn|defn= Ill-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to {{gli|carpel}}s; {{gli|staminode}}s close to the {{gli|gynoecium}}; and to a {{gli|pistillode}} in a {{gli|staminate flower}} }}

{{term|term= paraperigonium |content= paraperigonium {{anchor|paraperigone}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also paraperigone.}} An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal {{gli|meristem}} with ramifying vasculature. See also {{gli|perigonium}}, {{gli|perianth}}, and {{gli|corona}}.{{Sfn|Meerow|Fay|Guy|Li|1999}}}}

{{defn|defn= An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare {{gli|saprophyte}} and {{gli|epiphyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.}}

{{defn|defn= Attached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation.}}

{{defn|defn= Having an even number of {{gli|leaflet}}s (or {{gli|pinna|pinnae}}), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare {{gli|imparipinnate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The development or production of {{gli|fruit}} without {{gli|fertilization}}. Compare {{gli|stenospermocarpy}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also patulous.}} Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also {{gli|erecto-patent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|patent}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having few flowers per {{gli|inflorescence}}. Compare {{gli|pluriflor}} and {{gli|uniflor}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Pinnate|Pinnately}} divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a terminal lobe or {{gli|leaflet}}, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.}}

{{term|term= pedicel |content= pedicel {{anchor|pedicellate}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. pedicellate}} The stalk of a {{gli|flower}}; may also be applied to the stalk of a {{gli|capitulum}} in the Asteraceae.}}

{{term|term= peduncle |content= peduncle {{anchor|pedunculate}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. pedunculate}} The stalk of an {{gli|inflorescence}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the {{gli|margin}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light. }}

{{defn|defn= Hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare {{gli|suspended}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end.}}

{{term|term= penninervation |content= penninervation {{anchor|penninerved}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. penninerved}} With {{gli|pinnate|pinnately}} arranged {{gli|vein|veins}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also {{gli|trimerous}} and {{gli|tetramerous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|berry}} formed from an {{gli|inferior ovary}} and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon).}}

{{defn|defn= Of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant whose life span extends over several years.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|flower}}) {{gli|Bisexual}}; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same {{gli|inflorescence}}. Contrast {{gli|imperfect}}.}}

{{defn|defn= With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and {{gli|bract}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also {{gli|fenestrate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a {{gli|pit}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The collective term for the {{gli|calyx}} and {{gli|corolla}} of a {{gli|flower}} (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.}}

{{defn|defn= The wall of a fruit, developed from the {{gli|ovary}} wall.}}

{{defn|defn= Curved along parallel to a surface. Compare {{gli|anticlinal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.}}

{{defn|defn= In flowering plants, synonym of {{gli|perianth}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a {{gli|splash-cup}}, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum.}}

{{defn|defn= A sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an {{gli|utricle}}, around the {{gli|pistillate flower}} of sedges}}

{{defn|defn= Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare {{gli|epigynous}} and {{gli|hypogynous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare {{gli|deciduous}} and {{gli|caducous}}.}}

{{term|term= perule |content= perule {{anchor|perulate}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. perulate}} 1. The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked".}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In Camellias the final {{gli|bract}}s and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral {{gli|sepal}}s in certain orchids.}}

{{defn|defn= In a {{gli|flower}}, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare {{gli|sepal}}, {{gli|tepal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The transformation of reproductive organs of flower into {{gli|petal}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Like a {{gli|petal}}; soft in texture and colored conspicuously.}}

{{defn|defn= Associated with a {{gli|petiole}}, as in petiolary glands.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|leaf}}) Having a {{gli|petiole}}. Contrast {{gli|sessile}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The stalk of a {{gli|leaf}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The stalk of a {{gli|leaflet}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Showy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to {{gli|aphananthous}} (unshowy)}}

{{defn|defn= Gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams.}}

{{defn|defn= The study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall. }}

{{defn|defn= Specialized conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs. }}

{{defn|defn= Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing {{gli|chloroplast}}s. All plants, except certain {{gli|parasite|parasites}}, can perform photosynthesis.}}

{{defn|defn= Individual {{gli|bract}} within an {{gli|involucre}} or {{gli|involucel}}.}}

{{term|term= phyllode |content= phyllode {{anchor|phyllodineous}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. phyllodineous}} A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or {{gli|rachis}} perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare {{gli|cladode}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the {{gli|frond}} is borne and which remains attached to the {{gli|rhizome}} after the frond has been shed.}}

{{defn|defn= the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms. }}

{{defn|defn= The above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for {{gli|epiphyte|epiphytic}} microorganisms.}}

{{defn|defn= A level of {{gli|classification}} or taxonomic rank below {{gli|kingdom}} and above {{gli|class}}. Traditionally, in botany the term {{gli|division}} has been used instead of phylum.}}

{{term|term= phytomelan |content= phytomelan {{anchor|phytomelanin|phytomelanous}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also phytomelanin; adj. phytomelanous}} A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a cap, a {{gli|pileus}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the {{gli|plumule}} of some {{gli|monocotyledon|monocotyledons}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having the shape of a cap, a {{gli|pileus}}.}}

{{defn|defn= covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.}}

{{term|term= pinna |content= pinna {{anchor|pinnae}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. pinnae}} A primary segment of a {{gli|compound}} leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|compound}} leaf with {{gli|leaflet}}s arranged on each side of a common petiole or {{gli|axis}}; also applied to how the lateral {{gli|vein|veins}} are arranged in relation to the main vein.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|pinnate|Pinnately}} lobed.}}

{{defn|defn= pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.}}

{{defn|defn= Usage varies:
ultimate free division (or {{gli|leaflet}}s) of a {{gli|compound}} leaf,
or
a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= a single {{gli|carpel}} when the carpels are free.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.}}

{{defn|defn= a flower containing one or more {{gli|pistil|pistils}} but no fertile {{gli|stamen}}s. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with {{gli|staminate flower}}}}

{{defn|defn= A sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a {{gli|staminate flower}}. }}

{{defn|defn= In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.}}

{{defn|defn= The central region of a stem, inside the {{gli|vascular cylinder}}; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.}}

{{defn|defn= The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.}}

{{defn|defn= The arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.}}

{{term|term= Plant Breeders Rights |content= Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) {{anchor|Plant Breeders Rights|Plant Breeder's Rights|Plant Breeders' Rights|PBR|plant breeder's rights|plant breeders' rights}} }}

{{defn|defn= These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare UPOV.}}

{{term|term= Plant Variety Rights |content= Plant Variety Rights (PVR) {{anchor|Plant Variety Rights|PVR}} }}

{{defn|defn= Governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.}}

{{defn|defn= The time between successive leaf initiation events.}}

{{term|term= pleiochasium |content= pleiochasium {{anchor|pleiochasia}} }}

{{defn|defn= pl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. Compare {{gli|monochasium}} and {{gli|dichasium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.}}

{{defn|defn= (of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis.}}

{{defn|defn= Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.}}

{{defn|defn= The part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare {{gli|radicle}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having many flowers per inflorescence. See also {{gli|pauciflor}} and {{gli|uniflor}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having many ovules as in placentae, carpels, or ovaries.}}

{{defn|defn= A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on {{gli|mangrove}} roots, but some {{gli|knee|versions}} occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A {{gli|legume}}, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single {{gli|carpel}}, splitting along two {{gli|suture|sutures}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A {{gli|siliqua}} and {{gli|silicula}}, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two {{gli|carpel}}s separated by a partition.}}

{{defn|defn= In four {{gli|genus|genera}} of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, and Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused {{gli|bract}}s beneath the female {{gli|cone}}, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals.{{Sfn|Eckenwalder|2009|pp=648–661}}}}

{{defn|defn= pollen-grains, the microspores of seed plants from anthers of angiosperms or the microsporangia (of gymnosperms); .}}

{{defn|defn= Sometimes = {{gli|pollinium}}, but more loosely, any mass of pollen a plant produces, such as around the spadix and within the {{gli|spathe}} of some Araceae.}}

{{defn|defn= the tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|pollinium}}. Variously applied to structures of two or more pollinia connected or joined together. Pollinaria occur in various plant taxa, notably Orchidaceae and Asclepiadoideae }}

{{defn|defn= The transfer of {{gli|pollen}} from a male organ (such as an {{gli|anther}}) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a {{gli|stigma}}).}}

{{defn|defn= A structure of coherent pollen-grains from a single anther; pollinia commonly occur in e.g. orchids and Asclepiadoideae as woolly, sticky or waxy masses, adapted to being stuck to appropriate pollinators and carried away to another flower of the same species. Such flowers typically are adapted to stripping incoming pollinia from carrier insects, thereby avoiding pollen from unrelated species.}}

{{defn|defn= Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare {{gli|androdioecious}}, {{gli|andromonoecious}}, {{gli|dioecious}}, {{gli|monoecious}}, {{gli|polygamomonoecious}}, and {{gli|polygamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare {{gli|androdioecious}}, {{gli|andromonoecious}}, {{gli|polygamodioecious}}, and {{gli|polygamous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= having {{gli|bisexual}} and {{gli|unisexual}} flowers on the same plant.}}

{{defn|defn= Of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also {{gli|monomorphic}} (a single type) and {{gli|dimorphic}} (two types)}}

{{defn|defn=having many leaves or {{gli|perianth}} segments. Compare {{gli|symphyllous}}, {{gli|gamophyllous}}, and {{gli|apophyllous}}. }}

{{defn|defn= with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of {{gli|haploid}} sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, {{gli|tetraploid}} = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.}}

{{defn|defn= having {{gli|numerous}} {{gli|stamens}}; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|fruit}} that has developed partly from the {{gli|ovary}} wall but mostly from the {{gli|hypanthium}} (e.g. an apple).}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.}}

{{defn|defn= Opening by pores, as with the {{gli|capsule}} of a poppy or the {{gli|anther}}s in several families of plants. Compare {{gli|longicidal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Positioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast {{gli|anterior}}.}}

{{term|term= prickle |content= prickle {{anchor|prickly}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. prickly}} A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a {{gli|vein}}); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare {{gli|thorn}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The single {{gli|vein}} or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In {{gli|pinnate}} {{gli|venation}}, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in {{gli|palmate}} venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= Spreading along the ground but not rooting at the {{gli|node|nodes}}; not as close to the ground as {{gli|prostrate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any structure capable of generating a new plant; includes {{gli|seed|seeds}}, {{gli|spore|spores}}, {{gli|bulbil|bulbils}}, etc.}}

{{defn|defn= In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.}}

{{defn|defn= A leaf formed at the base of a {{gli|shoot}}, usually smaller than those formed later.}}

{{defn|defn= Lying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface.}}

{{defn|defn= Having male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare {{gli|protogynous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= With new {{gli|leaf|leaves}} appearing before {{gli|flower}}s. See also {{gli|hysteranthous}} and {{gli|synanthous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|gametophyte}} plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies.}}

{{defn|defn= Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding {{gli|pollen}} after the {{gli|stigma}} has ceased to be receptive. Compare {{gli|protandrous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare {{gli|distal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Covered with a powdery, waxy material; having a {{gli|bloom}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|inflorescence}} occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or {{gli|capitulum}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual {{gli|bulb}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of an {{gli|anther}}) Connected to the {{gli|filament}} of the {{gli|stamen}} by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also {{gli|basifixed}} and {{gli|dorsifixed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An enlarged, persistent {{gli|axillary bud}} scale that resembles a {{gli|stipule}}; common in Bignoniaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= Having the appearance of being whorled ({{gli|verticillate}}), without actually being so.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also puberulent.}} Covered with minute soft erect hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= Downy; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= Having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a {{gli|pulvinus}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a swelling at either end of a {{gli|petiole}} of a leaf or {{gli|petiolule}} of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement. }}

{{defn|defn= (from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|pustule|pustules}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a growth habit) Conical or pyramid-shaped. Most familiar in some coniferous trees, especially species adapted to snowy climates}}

{{defn|defn= The stone of a {{gli|drupe}}, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened {{gli|endocarp}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the {{gli|distal}} third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the {{gli|proximal}} end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.}}

Q

File:Conringia austriaca sl36.jpg tend toward a {{gli|quadrate}} cross section.}}]]

R

File:Suráfrica, Namaqualand 21.jpg latifolia {{gli|raceme}}s. The flowers are already open at the bottom; at the top, the axis is still growing and budding.}}]]

File:Acacia karroo bipinnate leaf IMG 2153a.jpg bipinnate leaf, with components labelled as follows:}}

A. Rachilla (the diminutive of rachis)

B. Pinnule

C. Jugary glands

D. Juga (plural of {{gli|jugum}})

E. Base of petiole

F. Petiolary gland

G. Rachis

]]

File:Xanthoceras radicle.jpg

File:Reniform kidney bean seeds.jpg

File:Reticulate veins in leaf of Ficus carica IMG 9203s.jpg, illustrating {{gli|reticulate}} {{gli|venation}}}}]]

File:Retuse obtuse leaf of Searsia glauca IMG 9112.jpg are oblate and commonly {{gli|retuse}}.}}]]

File:Iris pseudacorus rhizome and roots IMG 9222s.jpg.}}]]

File:Kiwifruit vine grafting 15.jpg

File:Rugose leaf from a species of Gasteria IMG 9225.jpg bearing leaves with a {{gli|rugose}} surface, banded with {{gli|callose|callosities}}}}]]

File:Nsr-slika-431.png leaf point downward, i.e. toward the stem.}}]]

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. racemose, }} An {{gli|indeterminate}} {{gli|inflorescence}} in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare {{gli|spike}}. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= the axis of a grass {{gli|spikelet}}, above the {{gli|glumes}}; see spikelet.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= the rachis of higher order in leaves that are compound more than once}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. rachises or rachides}} The axis of an inflorescence or a {{gli|pinnate}} leaf; for example ferns; secondary {{gli|rachis}} is the axis of a {{gli|pinna}} in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost {{gli|pedicel}} attachment.}}

{{defn|defn= With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).}}

{{defn|defn= (of daisies, of a capitulum) With {{gli|ray}} {{gli|floret}} surrounding disc florets.}}

{{defn|defn= Springing from the root; clustered at base of stem.}}

{{defn|defn= The part of an {{gli|embryo}} giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare {{gli|plumule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy. }}

{{defn|defn= An individual member of a {{gli|clone}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids.{{sfn|Pell|Angell|2016|p=169}} }}

{{defn|defn= Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches.}}

{{defn|defn= To divide or spread out into individual branches or branchlike parts.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= zygomorphic (ligulate) {{gli|flower}}s in a {{gli|radiate}} flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= each of the branches of an {{gli|umbel}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (Of a seed) No longer viable after drying or freezing and thus unable to be stored for long periods.}}

{{defn|defn= the {{gli|axis}} of a {{gli|flower}}, in other words, floral axis; {{gli|torus}}; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or {{gli|receptacle}} is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are {{gli|inserted}}.}}

{{defn|defn= folded outward, or with the two {{gli|abaxial}} surfaces together.}}

{{defn|defn= a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder's Rights Office.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= recording a trademark with a trade marks office.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|actinomorphic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a framework-like {{gli|placenta}} to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each {{gli|valve}} drops away.}}

{{defn|defn= Describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: {{gli|hyper-resupinate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. {{gli|vein|veins}} that join one another at more than one point.}}

{{defn|defn= Bent backward or downward. Compare {{gli|antrorse}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a blunt ({{gli|obtuse}}) and slightly notched apex.}}

{{defn|defn= an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified {{gli|monograph}}. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare {{gli|monograph}}.}}

{{defn|defn= rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare {{gli|involute}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|rachis}}.}}

{{defn|defn= the root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root}}

{{defn|defn= a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also {{gli|stolon}}. Abbreviation: rhiz.}}

{{defn|defn= (adj.) having above-ground stems that are derived from below-ground stems (rhizomes). Compare arhizomatous (arhizomatic). }}

{{defn|defn= the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms. }}

{{defn|defn= the dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm.}}

{{defn|defn= like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare {{gli|trapeziform}} and {{gli|trullate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also {{gli|rhombic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.}}

{{defn|defn= with many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen.}}

{{defn|defn= a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the {{gli|radicle}} of the {{gli|embryo}}.}}

{{defn|defn= outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.}}

{{defn|defn= the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.}}

{{defn|defn= 1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock. }}

{{defn|no=2|defn= plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock. }}

{{defn|defn= when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of {{gli|internode|internodes}}, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.}}

{{defn|defn= possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of {{gli|rostrate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= circular and flattened; for example a {{gli|corolla}} with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).}}

{{defn|defn= a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also {{gli|weed}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare {{gli|cataphyll}} and {{gli|vestige}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Being of the nature of a {{gli|rudiment}}; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare {{gli|vestigial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.}}

{{defn|defn= (usually applied to {{gli|endosperm}}) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= Sharply {{gli|pinnatifid}} or cleft, with the segments directed downward.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|stolon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Rupestral}}, {{gli|saxicolous}}, growing on or among rocks. Compare {{gli|epilithic}} and lithophytic.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various {{gli|monocotyledon|monocotyledons}}.}}

S

File:Starr-110209-0812-Alocasia x amazonica-leaves-Resort Management Group Nursery Kihei-Maui (24444063964).jpg plant}}]]

File:Starr-070207-4265-Plumbago auriculata-flowers-Hookele Rd Kahului-Maui (24255038073).jpg}}]]

File:Turkey tail Fungus. (41856600312).jpg, the turkey tail fungus, is a {{gli|saprotroph}} that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible {{gli|mycelium}} that penetrates the dead wood and digests it.}}]]

File:Pink Panda 07 ies.jpg

File:Stipa pulcherrima (subsp. pulcherrima) sl26.jpg.}}]]

File:Amaryllis belladonna in flower, showing scape IMG 5342.JPG

File:Cape Snow (Syncarpha vestita) (45415678955).jpg species are as {{gli|scarious}} as tissue paper, but look like live petals for years, so they are known as "Everlastings" and valued for dried arrangements.}}]]

File:Plant cell type sclerenchyma sclereid.png

File:Stone cells in Pyrus pear (36452689990).jpg

File:Geranium thunbergii (sepal).JPG, five separated behind the {{gli|petal}}s of an open flower, and a connected set enclosing an unopened bud}}]]

File:Podalyria sericea - South African shrub - Cape Town 2.jpg sericea, the silver sweet pea bush}}]]

File:Lepidium bonariense fruit1 (14652857933).jpg bonariense are {{gli|silicula|silicles}}, green and circular, with a notch at the apex.}}]]

File:Leucadendron argenteum - Silvertree - foliage 9.jpg}}]]

File:Rumohra adiantiformis sori crop01.jpg. Some are still covered by their {{gli|indusium|indusia}}.}}]]

File:Amorphophallus maximus - inflorescence detail (6592569989).jpg within its {{gli|spathe}}. The female flowers are around the bottom of the spadix, the male flowers above, and the sterile top part is the major source of pollinator attractants.}}]]

File:Zantedeschia aethiopica convolute spathe around spadix IMG 5884.JPG}}]]

File:Drosera spatulata leaves4 (16806065992).jpg leaves are markedly {{gli|spathulate}}.}}]]

File:Salvia-nemorosa-flower-spike.jpg differs from a {{gli|raceme}} in that the flowers are practically {{gli|sessile}}.}}]]

File:Echinopsis candicans (3).jpg species}}]]

File:Salsola australis stem1 - Flickr - Macleay Grass Man.jpg australis: stiff, narrowed, and with lobes ending in spiny points}}]]

File:Bird nest fungi. (35408587773).jpg, bear examples of {{gli|splash-cup}}s with spores that are spread by raindrops.}}]]

File:Zygo1000L.jpg}}]]

File:Shepherdia canadensis 38574.JPG

File:Manilkara hexandra L. - Flickr - lalithamba.jpg flowers have both {{gli|stamen}}s with {{gli|anther}}s and {{gli|staminode}}s that have no anthers.}}]]

File:Subulate leaves on unidentified Aloe IMG 1999d.jpg.}}]]

File:Acaulescent habit of Hypoxis species and Gasteria species IMG 1957.jpg species and the small, succulent, {{gli|cordate}} leaves of a Crassula species contrast with the {{gli|linear}}, {{gli|herbaceous}} leaves of a Hypoxis species.}}]]

File:Starr-060922-9132-Chrysalidocarpus lutescens-trunk and suckers-Kahului Airport-Maui (24772270571).jpg}}]]

File:Scorzonera cana sl16.jpg}}]]

File:Superior ovary in Aloe IMG 2029d.jpg species. One flower is sectioned to display the {{gli|pistil}} and {{gli|hypanthium}}.}}]]

File:Starr-130320-3453-Crotalaria incana-fuzzy pods and bluish seeds-Mokolea Pt Kilauea Pt NWR-Kauai (25182906376).jpg, along which the seeds are attached, is where the single carpel has folded shut.}}]]

File:Ficus sp-1 140304-0229 tdp.JPG species, plus two more cut open longitudinally to display the fruit within}}]]

{{defn|defn= Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare {{gli|hastate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb}}

{{defn|defn= A dry, {{gli|indehiscent}} fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer.}}

{{defn|defn= A common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae). }}

{{defn|defn= (from Latin sanguineus) Blood-colored: crimson; the color of blood.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. saprophytic}} A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking {{gli|chlorophyll}}. Compare {{gli|parasite}}, {{gli|saprotroph}}, and {{gli|epiphyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. saprotrophic}} An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast {{gli|parasite}} and {{gli|epiphyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A long, slender, {{gli|prostrate}} {{gli|stolon|stolon}}, commonly called a {{gli|runner}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Reproducing by {{gli|sarment|sarments}}; strawberry plants are the most familiar example.}}

{{term|term= scabrid |content= scabrid {{anchor|scabrous}}}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also scabrous}} Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.}}

{{defn|defn= Climbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. {{gli|scapose}}}} Usages vary, e.g.: a leafless {{gli|peduncle}} arising directly from the ground, or a {{gli|stem}}-like flowering stalk of a plant with {{gli|radical}} leaves.}}

{{defn|defn= Having the floral axis more or less {{gli|erect}} with few or no {{gli|leaf|leaves}}; consisting of a {{gli|scape}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Dry and {{gli|membranous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A dry {{gli|fruit}} formed from more than one {{gli|carpel}} but breaking apart into individual carpels ({{gli|mericarp|mericarp}}) when {{gli|ripe}}. For illustration, see {{gli|mericarp|mericarp}}}}

{{defn|defn= The {{gli|aerial}} part of a {{gli|graft}} combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or {{gli|rootstock}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A cell with a thick, {{gli|lignified}}, {{gli|cell wall}} that is shorter than a {{gli|fiber cell}} and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.}}

{{defn|defn= A strengthening or supporting tissue composed of {{gli|sclereid|sclereids}} or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. sclerophyllous}} A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|cymose}} inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare {{gli|helicoid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Dense vegetation dominated by {{gli|shrub}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= Minute, loose, membranous {{gli|scale|scales}} on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves.}}

{{term|term= secondary metabolite |content= secondary metabolite }}

{{defn|defn= Chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.}}

{{defn|defn= The tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.}}

{{defn|defn= The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.}}

{{defn|defn= Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).}}

{{defn|defn= A ripened {{gli|ovule}}, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).}}

{{defn|defn= A part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.}}

{{defn|defn= (also selfing) The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.}}

{{defn|defn= A structure such as a {{gli|bract}} or {{gli|sepal}} (if the remainder of the {{gli|perianth}} is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators.}}

{{defn|defn= When a plant flowers once, then dies. Opposite of {{gli|iteroparity}}}}

{{defn|defn= Of a stem, more or less semicircular in cross-section: rounded on one side but flat on the other. Compare with: {{gli|terete}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|anthemoid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense.}}

{{defn|defn= In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer {{gli|whorl}} of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare {{gli|petal}}, {{gli|tepal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a fruit) {{gli|dehisce|Dehiscing}} along the partitions between {{gli|locule|loculi}}. Compare {{gli|loculicidal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. septa}}A partition, e.g. the {{gli|membranous}} wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.}}

{{term|term= seriate |content= {{vanchor|seriate}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Silky}} with dense {{gli|appressed}} hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between {{gli|section}} and {{gli|species}}. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules".}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|toothed|Toothed}} with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.}}

{{defn|defn= Finely {{gli|serrate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a {{gli|petiole}} or a {{gli|stigma}}, when the {{gli|style}} is absent.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. setae; adj. setose, setaceous}} A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the {{gli|sporophyte}}). A terminal seta is an {{gli|appendage}} to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary {{gli|rachis}} of a {{gli|bipinnate}} leaf in Acacia.}}

{{defn|defn= A tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.{{sfn|Beentje|2010|page=107}} }}

{{defn|defn= When the rolled or tubular part of a plant contains another it is described as sheathing.{{sfn|Beentje|2010|page=107}} }}

{{defn|defn= The {{gli|aerial}} part of a plant; a {{gli|stem}} and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.).}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|woody}} {{gli|perennial}} plant without a single main {{gli|trunk}}, branching freely, and generally smaller than a {{gli|tree}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A fruit like a {{gli|siliqua}}, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide.}}

{{defn|defn= A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a {{gli|silicula}}, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a {{gli|superior ovary}} of two {{gli|carpel}}s, with two {{gli|parietal}} placentas and divided into two {{gli|locule|loculi}} by a 'false' septum.}}

{{defn|defn= Densely covered with fine, soft, straight, {{gli|appressed}} hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.}}

{{defn|defn= The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.}}

{{defn|defn= Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into {{gli|leaflet}}s (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be {{gli|entire}}, {{gli|toothed}} or {{gli|lobed}}) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.}}

{{defn|defn= Having deep, wave-like depressions along the {{gli|margin}}s, but more or less flat. Compare {{gli|undulate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the {{gli|margin}} of an organ.}}

{{defn|defn= Single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. sori}} A cluster of {{gli|sporangium|sporangia}}. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective {{gli|indusium}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of {{gli|species}} (singular), often used when the {{gli|genus}} is known but the species has not been determined, as in "Brassica sp." See {{gli|spp.}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of {{gli|species}} (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same {{gli|genus}}, as in "Astragalus spp." See {{gli|sp.}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|spicate}} (spike-like) {{gli|inflorescence}} with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often {{gli|succulent}} {{gli|axis}}. Particularly typical of the family Araceae}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. spathaceous}} A large {{gli|bract}} ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade.}}

{{defn|defn= Spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.}}

{{defn|defn= A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.}}

{{defn|defn= Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.}}

{{defn|defn= Unintentional introduction by seeds.{{Sfn|Kucewicz|Maćkiewicz|Źróbek-Sokolnik|2010}} Compare {{gli|agochoric}}.}}

{{term|term= spica |content= spica {{anchor|spicate}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. {{gli|spicate}}}} Another name for a {{gli|spike}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. {{gli|spicate}}}} An unbranched, {{gli|indeterminate}} {{gli|inflorescence}} in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare {{gli|raceme}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A subunit of a {{gli|spike}} inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated {{gli|bract}}s or {{gli|glume|glumes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|adj. spinose}} A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a {{gli|stipule}}; includes thorns.}}

{{defn|defn= Of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.}}

{{defn|defn= A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in {{gli|cryptogram|cryptogams}} such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.{{Sfn|Brodie|1951}}}}

{{defn|defn= A structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released}}

{{defn|defn= An organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of Equisetum.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|haploid}} propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a {{gli|sporophyte}} that can germinate to produce a multicellular {{gli|gametophyte}}. }}

{{defn|defn= A fruiting body containing {{gli|spore|spores}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a {{gli|sporangium}} or sporangia.}}

{{defn|defn= The diploid multicellular phase in the {{gli|alternation of generations}} of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare {{gli|gametophyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.}}

{{defn|defn= Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a {{gli|perianth}} segment, often containing nectar.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. squamulae; adj. {{gli|squamulose}}}} A small scale.}}

{{defn|defn= Covered with small scales ({{gli|squamule}}s).}}

{{defn|defn= Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare {{gli|usu.}} and {{gli|oft.}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|adj. staminate}} The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the {{gli|filament}} and a pollen-bearing head called the {{gli|anther}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also male flower.}} A flower with {{gli|stamen}}s but no {{gli|pistil}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A sterile {{gli|stamen}}, often {{gli|rudimentary}}, sometimes {{gli|petal}}-like. Commonly has a function in attracting pollinators that feed on the staminodes.}}

{{defn|defn= A structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens. }}

{{defn|defn= A representative specimen of a {{gli|cultivar}} or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.}}

{{defn|defn= The primary vascular system (including {{gli|phloem}}, {{gli|xylem}}, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.}}

{{defn|defn= The plant {{gli|axis}}, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|amplexicaul}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare {{gli|parthenocarpy}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Infertile, as with a {{gli|stamen}} that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed.}}

{{defn|defn= The pollen-receptive surface of a {{gli|carpel}} or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the {{gli|style}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A descending {{gli|root}} growing from the trunk above ground and sometimes featuring {{gli|lenticel}}s; characteristic of e.g. Rhizophora.{{sfn|Mandal|Bar|2018|p=64}}}}

{{defn|defn= Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The {{gli|stalk}} of a {{gli|frond}} of a fern; the stalk supporting the {{gli|pileus}} of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a {{gli|gynaecium}}, a {{gli|pollinium}}, or a carpel}}

{{term|term= stipella |content= stipella{{anchor|stipella|stipellae}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also stipel; pl. stipellae}} One of two small secondary {{gli|stipule|stipules}} at the base of {{gli|leaflet}}s in some species.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|stalk|stalked}}; borne on a {{gli|stipe}}; of an {{gli|ovary}}, borne on a {{gli|gynophore}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Bearing {{gli|stipule|stipules}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A small appendage at the bases of leaves in many {{gli|dicotyledon|dicotyledons}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|rootstock}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also runner.}} A slender, {{gli|prostrate}} or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its {{gli|node|nodes}}. See also {{gli|rhizome}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having {{gli|stolon|stolons}}.}}

{{term|term= stoma |content= stoma {{anchor|stomata}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. stomata}} A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.}}

{{defn|defn= a {{gli|sclereid}} cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of {{gli|drupe|drupes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.}}

{{defn|defn= Covered with {{gli|appressed}}, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of {{gli|hispid}}.}}

{{term|term= strobilus |content= strobilus {{anchor|strobili}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. strobili}} A cone-like structure consisting of {{gli|sporophyll|sporophylls}} (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or {{gli|sporangiophore|sporangiophores}} (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an {{gli|axis}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An elongated part of a {{gli|carpel}} or a group of fused carpels between the {{gli|ovary}} and the {{gli|stigma}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An elongate {{gli|stigma}} that resembles a {{gli|style}}; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|defn= A swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the {{gli|style|styles}} commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= The elongated apex of a free {{gli|carpel}} which functions like the style of a {{gli|syncarpous}} {{gli|ovary}}, allowing pollen tubes from its {{gli|stigma}} to enter the {{gli|locule}} of only that carpel.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a tapered but not sharply pointed form; moderately acute. See also {{gli|acute}}.}}

{{term|term= subcoriaceous |content= {{vanchor|subcoriaceous}} }}

{{defn|defn= Slightly leathery or {{gli|coriaceous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between {{gli|genus}} and {{gli|section}}. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.}}

{{defn|defn= Inflated, but less than spherical. See also {{gli|globose}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also {{gli|orbicular}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|leaf}}) Having an extremely short {{gli|petiole}}, and may appear {{gli|sessile}}.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also {{gli|undershrub}}}} A small {{gli|shrub}} which may have partially {{gli|herbaceous}} stems, but generally a woody plant less than {{convert|1|m|ft}} high.}}

{{defn|defn= A taxonomic category within a {{gli|species}}, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and {{gli|variety}}.}}

{{defn|defn= To stand beneath or close to, as in a {{gli|bract}} at the base of a flower.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|shoot}} of more or less subterranean origin; an {{gli|erect}} shoot originating from a bud on a root or a {{gli|rhizome}}, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. suffrutices}} A {{gli|subshrub}} or undershrub.}}

{{defn|defn= Furrowed; grooved. May be single (monosulcate), two (bisulcate) or many (polysulcate).}}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|ovary}} borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a {{gli|hypanthium}}. Compare {{gli|inferior ovary}} and {{gli|half-inferior ovary}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of an {{gli|ovule}}, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare {{gli|pendulous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A junction or seam of union. See {{gli|fissure}} and {{gli|commissure}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare {{gli|tussock}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.}}

{{defn|defn= A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. Compare {{gli|monopodial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig.}}

{{term|term= syn- |content= syn- {{anchor|syn|syn-|sym|sym-}} }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Also sym-.}} A prefix meaning "with, together".}}

{{defn|defn= Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. {{gli|zygomorphic}}) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. {{gli|regular}} or {{gli|actinomorphic}}). Compare {{gli|irregular}} and {{gli|asymmetrical}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having united ({{gli|connate}} or fused) {{gli|petal}}s, not free ({{gli|apopetalous}}). See also {{gli|syntepalous}} (having fused {{gli|tepal|tepals}}).}}

{{defn|defn=a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare {{gli|gamophyllous}} (synonym), {{gli|apophyllous}}, and {{gli|polyphyllous}}. }}

{{defn|defn= A fused aggregate of {{gli|sporangium|sporangia}}, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.}}

{{defn|defn= A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also {{gli|hysteranthous}} and {{gli|proteranthous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.}}

{{defn|defn= (of a {{gli|gynoecium}}) Composed of united {{gli|carpel}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= An outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.}}

{{defn|defn= A synonym of {{gli|bisexual}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having fused {{gli|tepal|tepals}}. See also {{gli|sympetalous}} (having fused {{gli|petal}}s).}}

T

{{defn|defn= The primary descending {{gli|root}} of a plant with a single dominant root axis.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a surface that is coarse, thick, rough, and crumbling.}}

{{term|term= taxon |content= taxon {{anchor|taxa}} }}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|pl. taxa}} A group or category in a system of biological classification.}}

{{defn|defn= The study of the principles and practice of classification.}}

{{defn|defn= The inner layer of the {{gli|testa}} (seed coat). It develops from the inner {{gli|integument}} of the {{gli|ovule}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Any slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or {{gli|stipule}} and used by climbing plants to cling to an object.}}

{{defn|defn= A segment of a {{gli|perianth}}, either {{gli|sepal}} or {{gli|petal}}; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also {{gli|semiterete}}}} Circular in cross-section; more or less {{gli|cylindrical}} without grooves or ridges.}}

{{defn|defn= In groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the {{gli|leaflet}}s arranged in groups of three.}}

{{defn|defn= Of or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water ({{gli|aquatic}}), on rocks ({{gli|lithophytic}}), or on other plants ({{gli|epiphytic}}).}}

{{defn|defn= With cracks or fissures arranged in squares so as to give a chequered appearance. Usually applied to the appearance of the bark of a tree}}

{{defn|defn= A group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae).{{Sfn|Beach|1914a}}}}

{{defn|defn= Square; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= In four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also {{gli|trimerous}} and {{gli|pentamerous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having four complete sets of chromosomes in each {{gli|sporophyte}} cell.}}

{{defn|defn= The asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each {{gli|sporangium}} produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.{{Sfn|Beach|1914b}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Obsolete}} 1. A synonym for {{gli|receptacle}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= A {{gli|calyx}}, as used by Carl Linnaeus.}}

{{defn|defn= having a thallus-like structure; in the form of a thallus; thalloid }}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. thalli}} A vegetative structure that is not differentiated into stem and leaves, as in lichens, algae, {{gli|thallose}} liverworts, and certain vascular plants, e.g. Lemna}}

{{defn|defn= One of the usually two {{gli|synangium|synangia}} in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.}}

{{defn|defn= A sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare {{gli|prickle}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The opening of a {{gli|corolla}} or {{gli|perianth}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate ({{gli|racemose}}) and the lateral branches determinate ({{gli|cymose}}).}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also tomentose}} A dense covering of short, matted hairs. {{gli|tomentose|Tomentose}} is often used as a general term for bearing an {{gli|indumentum}}, but this is not a recommended use.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a more or less regularly incised {{gli|margin}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|receptacle}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|pollen transmitting tissue}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length).}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for {{gli|rhombic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A woody plant, usually with a single distinct {{gli|trunk}} and generally more than {{convert|2|–|3|m|ft}} tall.}}

{{defn|defn= A taxonomic grouping that ranks between {{gli|genus}} and {{gli|family}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the {{gli|epidermis}}, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.}}

{{defn|defn= 3-forked or branched into three. Compare {{gli|dichotomous}}.}}

{{term|term= trifid |content={{vanchor|trifid}}}}

{{defn|defn= Split into three parts. See also {{gli|bifid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|compound}} leaf of three {{gli|leaflet}}s; for example, a clover leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|trifoliate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare {{gli|triquetrous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= In three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also {{gli|tetramerous}} and {{gli|pentamerous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having three {{gli|nerve|nerves}} or {{gli|vein|veins}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= More or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare {{gli|trigonous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Divided into three {{gli|valve|valves}}. Also trivalvar. See also {{gli|bivalve}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare {{gli|specific epithet}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or {{gli|microphyll|microphyll}} whose primary function is {{gli|photosynthesis}}. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll.}}

{{defn|defn= {{gli|Ovate}} but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite-shaped. Compare {{gli|rhombic}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Cut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end.}}

{{defn|defn= The upright, large and typically woody main {{gli|stem}} of a tree.}}

{{defn|defn= A compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one center; evident in many rhododendrons.}}

{{defn|defn= Any of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem {{gli|node|nodes}}, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called {{gli|tuberoid}}. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes. }}

{{defn|defn= A small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue.}}

{{defn|defn= Covered in {{gli|tubercle|tubercles}}. See {{gli|warty}}.{{cite web |title=tuberculate |url=http://www.botanydictionary.org/tuberculate.html |website=Dictionary of botany |access-date=7 January 2024}}}}

{{defn|defn= An alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids.}}

{{defn|defn= Resembling a {{gli|tuber}} or producing tubers.}}

{{defn|defn= Densely {{gli|fasciculate}} at the tip.}}

{{defn|defn= The outer covering of some {{gli|bulb|bulbs}} and {{gli|corm|corms}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|bulb|bulbs}}) Consisting of concentric coats.}}

{{defn|defn= Swollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare {{gli|flaccid}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare {{gli|sward}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See {{gli|distichous}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An item (usually an {{gli|herbarium}} specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.}}

{{defn|defn= In nomenclature, a single {{gli|genus}} on which a taxonomic {{gli|family}} is based.}}

File:Starr-070404-6562-Leucaena leucocephala-taproot profile in roadcut-Keomoku Rd-Lanai (24258711924).jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Leucaena leucocephala {{gli|taproot}} exposed in a roadcut}}

File:Brazil nut Seed Tegmen testa.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Cross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the {{gli|tegmen}} and {{gli|testa}}}}

File:Cucurbita pepo 01 ies.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Tendril}}s of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachment}}

File:Nerine bowdenii1.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Nerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible {{gli|sepal}}s, and the {{gli|inferior ovary|inferior ovaries}}. The sepals are incorporated into the {{gli|corolla}} as {{gli|tepal}}s.}}

File:Terete raceme of Kniphofia with cross section of peduncle IMG 2082a.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Terete}} raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. {{Nowrap|A: {{gli|Inflorescence}};}} {{Nowrap|B: Terete {{gli|peduncle}};}} {{Nowrap|C: Cross section of a terete peduncle}}}}

File:Gymnosporia buxifolia thorn.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Gymnosporia buxifolia has true {{gli|thorn}}s, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves.}}

File:Sweet potatoes exposed - DSCF7299.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Sweet potato {{gli|tuber}}s exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically, they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have {{gli|node|nodes}} that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce {{gli|adventitious}} buds for vegetative reproduction.}}

File:Oca du Pérou 01.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Oxalis tuberosa, a stem tuber}}

File:CrocosmiaCormTunic5601s.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Corm|Corms}} of Crocosmia bear typical {{gli|tunic}}s formed of {{gli|cataphyll|cataphylls}} growing from the {{gli|node|nodes}} of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown.}}

File:SugarBeet.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Turbinate}} (spinning top-shaped) roots of sugar beet}}

File:Haworthia lockwoodii - green after rains.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Haworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves {{gli|turgid}} and green after seasonal rains, store water against the coming dry period.}}

File:Lindis Pass, New Zealand (3).JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Tussock}} grasses on mountain slopes}}

U

File:Cantharellula umbonata 59168.jpg}}]]

File:Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens08.jpg subspecies detinens are {{gli|unciform}}.}}]]

File:Mammillaria bocasana (26413016563).jpg has {{gli|uncinate}} tips on its major {{gli|spine|spines}}.}}]]

File:Nepenthes ventricosa.jpg tend to be markedly {{gli|urceolate}}.}}]]

{{defn|defn= A {{gli|raceme|racemose}} inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the {{gli|peduncle}} and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A {{gli|cyme|cymose}} umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.}}

{{defn|defn= A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the {{gli|scale}} of a cone.}}

{{defn|defn= Having an {{gli|umbo}}, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone.}}

{{defn|defn= A low {{gli|shrub}}, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare {{gli|subshrub}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Wavy and not flat. Compare {{gli|sinuate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a single flower (uniflory). Compare {{gli|pauciflor}} (few) and {{gli|pluriflor}} (many).}}

{{defn|defn= Having one {{gli|loculus}} or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. {{gli|Uniseriate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. {{gli|Uniserial}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, {{gli|dioecious}}, {{gli|dioicous}}. See Sexual reproduction in plants. }}

{{defn|defn= (of an {{gli|ovule}}) Covered by a single integument. See also {{gli|bitegmic}}, having two integuments.}}

{{defn|defn= Shaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of usually. Compare {{gli|s.t.}} and {{gli|oft.}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A small bladder; a {{gli|membranous}} bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an {{gli|ovary}} or fruit.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see {{gli|perigynium}}.}}

V

{{defn|defn= A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.}}

{{defn|defn= (of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping.}}

{{defn|defn= A portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a {{gli|pericarp}} in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe.}}

{{defn|defn= An abbreviation of {{gli|varietas}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular {{gli|taxon}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another color.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|Often variety in common usage and abbreviated as var.}} A taxonomic rank below that of {{gli|species}} and between the ranks of {{gli|subspecies}} and {{gli|form}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Referring to the conducting tissues ({{gli|xylem}} and {{gli|phloem}}) of {{gli|vascular plant}}s.}}

{{defn|defn= A bundle of {{gli|vascular}} tissue in the primary stems of {{gli|vascular plant}}s, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water ({{gli|xylem}}) and assimilate ({{gli|phloem}}).}}

{{defn|defn= A container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Also nerve.}} A strand of {{gli|vascular}} tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants.}}

{{defn|defn= A small {{gli|vein}}; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.}}

{{defn|defn= A spongy tissue covering the {{gli|aerial}} {{gli|root|roots}} of orchids and some other {{gli|epiphyte|epiphytes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= See {{gli|velvety}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= The arrangement of {{gli|vein|veins}} in a leaf.}}

{{defn|defn= From Latin venter, meaning "belly". The opposite of {{gli|dorsal}}. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

facing toward the axis ({{gli|adaxial}}) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf ({{gli|abaxial}})
facing toward the substrate in a {{gli|prostrate}} or climbing plant.

For more detail see {{gli|dorsal}}.}}

{{defn|defn= The arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a {{gli|bud}}; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud.}}

{{defn|defn= Having a shiny or polished surface as if covered in varnish and a slick or smooth texture.{{sfn|Harris|Harris|2001|p=132}}}}

{{defn|defn= In the family Asteraceae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches.}}

{{defn|defn= Minutely {{gli|verrucose}}; minutely warty.}}

{{defn|defn= (of {{gli|anther}}s) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the {{gli|filament}}.}}

{{defn|defn= Arranged in one or more {{gli|whorl|whorls}}, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the {{gli|axis}}, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare {{gli|pseudoverticillate}} (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).}}

{{defn|defn= A type of {{gli|pseudoverticillate}} {{gli|inflorescence}}, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite {{gli|cyme|cymes}}.}}

{{defn|defn= (of hairs) Bladder-like; vesiculous, bearing such hairs.}}

{{defn|defn= A capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.}}

{{defn|defn= Reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.}}

{{defn|defn= Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= {{gli|Scandent}} plants {{gli|climber|climbing}} by means of trailing or twining stems or {{gli|runner|runners}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= Such a stem or runner.{{Sfn|Jackson|1928}}{{Sfn|New Oxford Dictionary v2|2007|p=3534}}}}

{{defn|defn={{ghat|Diminutive: virgulate}} Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines.}}

{{defn|defn= A clade of {{gli|autotroph|autotrophic}} organisms that includes the green algae, Charophyta and land plants, all of which have {{gli|cellulose}} in their {{gli|cell wall}}s, {{gli|chloroplast}}s derived from primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins.}}

{{defn|defn= A sticky pad or strap coated with an adhesive secretion, forming part of the structure of the {{gli|pollinium}} or the {{gli|pollinarium}} of many species of plants, most notoriously orchids. In pollination the viscidium sticks the pollen burden to a visiting pollinator, that in turn is likely to visit other flowers of the same species, bearing a concentrated burden of pollen. Such flowers commonly are adapted to stripping the pollinium off incoming pollinators.}}

{{defn|defn= {{ghat|pl. vittae}} An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.{{sfn|Beentje|2010|page=129}} }}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves.}}

File:Rumex vascular bundle from Commons, adapted copy of commons file.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Photomicrograph of a cross section of a {{gli|vascular bundle}} in the stem of a typical {{gli|herbaceous}} {{gli|dicotyledon}}}} A: Phloem
B: Cambium
C: Xylem
D: Fibrous sheath of vascular bundle

File:Leaf veins and velutinous hairs of Nepeta IMG 8150c.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Leaf {{gli|vein}}s and {{gli|velutinous}} hairs of Nepeta}}

File:Clinging root of epiphyte.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Velamen}}, the pale grey membrane covering the mature part of the root of an {{gli|epiphyte}}}}

File:Hesperiidae on Pueraria phaseoloides in Kadavoor.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Flower stalks and sepal tubes of Pueraria phaseoloides are covered with {{gli|velutinous}} ({{gli|velvety}}) hairs.}}

File:Vercillaster.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Verticillaster}} of Salvia yangii}}

File:Fg verticillate.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Verticillate}} leaves and emerging branchlets of a {{gli|forb}}}}

File:Pachycarpus schinzianus 14.jpg|In this pollinarium the viscidium is the sticky lump in the middle of the yoke-like stipe connecting the two pollinia.

File:Viscum capense Detail of branch and vestigial leaf scales IMG 6409.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Vestigial}} leaf scales on stem {{gli|node|nodes}} of Viscum capense}}

File:Asparagus virgatus IMG 8069.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Asparagus virgatus owes its specific epithet virgatus to the twiggy appearance of its {{gli|virgate}} shoots.}}

W

{{defn|defn= A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See {{gli|tuberculate}}.}}

{{defn|defn= An {{gli|erect}}, strong-growing, or {{gli|epicormic}} {{gli|shoot}} developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a {{gli|sucker}}.}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also {{gli|ruderal}}.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural {{gli|crop|crops}}.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.}}

{{defn|defn= Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).}}

{{defn|defn= A ring of organs borne at the same level on an {{gli|axis}} (e.g. leaves, {{gli|bract}}s, or floral parts).}}

{{defn|no=1|defn= A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.}}

{{defn|no=2|defn= A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.}}

{{defn|no=3|defn= One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the {{gli|adaxial}} standard (banner) petal and the two {{gli|abaxial}} keel petals.}}

{{defn|defn= hard and lignified; not {{gli|herbaceous}} }}

{{defn|defn= Very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool.}}

File:Watershoots.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Watershoot}}s}}

File:Brabejum stellatifolium tree CapeWildAlmond 3.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|The {{gli|verticillate}} {{gli|whorl}}s of leaves on Brabejum stellatifolium are unusual among trees in its native region.}}

File:Winged seeds of Catalpa bignonioides IMG 2557c.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Wing}}ed seeds of Catalpa bignonioides are nearly all wing. Tufts at the tips increase aerodynamic drag, thereby improving wind dispersal.}}

File:Citrus limon - leaf with winged petiole.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Leaves of some species of Citrus have winged petioles.}}

File:Senecio haworthii Felted leaves 2012 07 19 7536.JPG|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Senecio haworthii leaves have an unusually dense {{gli|wooly}} coat.}}

X

{{defn|defn= A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare {{gli|xerophyte}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare {{gli|xeromorph}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A specialized water-conducting tissue in vascular plants. }}

Z

{{defn|defn= Having light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers.}}

{{defn|defn= Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the {{gli|perianth}} segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast {{gli|actinomorphic}} and {{gli|irregular}}.}}

{{defn|defn= A fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two {{gli|gamete|gametes}}.}}

File:Pelargonium zonale a1.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|{{gli|Zonate}} markings on the leaves of a garden variety of Pelargonium zonale}}

File:Pelargonium quercifolium habit.jpg|alt=refer to caption|{{center|Like most of the genus Pelargonium, and unlike most members of the genus Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium bears flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical. Accordingly, because the yoke of an ox is bilaterally symmetrical, such flowers are said to be {{gli|zygomorphic}}, which literally means "yoke-shaped".}}

References

Bibliography

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{{Cite IPNI

| last = IPNI

| date = 2022

| taxon = Rosaceae

| authority = Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 334 (1789), nom. cons.

| id = 30000200-2

| access-date = 24 December 2022

}}

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{{Cite EB1911

| wstitle = Fruit

| noicon = x

| last1 = Rendle | first1 = Alfred Barton | author-link1 = Alfred Barton Rendle

| date = 1911

| volume = 11

| pages = 257–258

| language = en

}}

{{Cite book |editor-last1=Schulze |editor-first1=Ernst-Detlef |editor-last2=Zwölfer |editor-first2=Helmut |date=2012 |title=Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqXrCAAAQBAJ |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642716300 |language=en |access-date=16 December 2022 |via=Google Books (preview only)}}
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{{Cite book |editor-last1=Turland |editor-first1=N.J. |editor-last2=Wiersema |editor-first2=J.H. |editor-last3=Barrie |editor-first3=F.R. |editor-last4=Greuter |editor-first4=W. |editor-last5=Hawksworth |editor-first5=D.L. |editor-last6=Herendeen |editor-first6=P.S. |editor-last7=Knapp |editor-first7=S. |editor-last8=Kusber |editor-first8=W.-H. |editor-last9=Li |editor-first9=D.-Z.| editor-last10 = Marhold | editor-first10 = K. |editor-last11=May |editor-first11=T.W. |editor-last12=McNeill |editor-first12=J. |editor-last13=Monro |editor-first13=A.M. |editor-last14=Prado |editor-first14=J. |editor-last15=Price |editor-first15=M.J. |editor-last16=Smith |editor-first16=G.F. |date=2018 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. |url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=159 |publisher=Koeltz Botanical Books |location=Glashütten, Germany |doi=10.12705/Code.2018 |doi-access=free |oclc=1043552267 |isbn=978-3-946583-16-5 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022}}

External links

[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/top/glossarya_h.html Glossary] at [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html APweb]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200346/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/Glossary/glossary.shtml A glossary of botanical terms] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200402/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/intro.e.shtml in English] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200405/http://ariel.minilab.bdeb.qc.ca/~fg/ Flora, etc.])
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141110220911/http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/ Garden Web]
[http://www.efloras.org/glossary.aspx eFloras]
[http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/FNA/findrecords.php Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America Project]

=Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew=

[https://web.archive.org/web/20131205103627/http://www.kew.org/Glossary/index.htm Standard glossary (archive)]
[http://www.kew.org/sites/default/files/assets/KPPCONT_029192_Primary.pdf Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms]

=Australia and New Zealand=

[http://eflora.library.usyd.edu.au/glossary/ University of Sydney: Eflora—Glossary]
[https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/help/glossary Florabase (Western Australia)]
[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/glossaries/index.html Flora of Australia Online Glossary]
[http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/abbrevs.html Flora of Australia Abbreviations]
[https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/114755 Flora of S Australia]
[http://plant-phytography.blogspot.com/ Botany Word of the Day]—Illustrated with New Zealand natives
[https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/help/glossary/ New Zealand Plant Conservation Network]

=Africa=

{{cite web |last1=Herman |first1=P. P. J. |title=Botanical glossary |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf |publisher=SANBI |access-date=21 May 2020 |date=2015 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018153534/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Botanical-Glossary_P_Herman_032016.pdf |url-status=dead }}
[http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/showglossary.php?taxon=genno=2099 Plants of southern Africa] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017192646/http://posa.sanbi.org/flora/showglossary.php?taxon=genno=2099 |date=17 October 2016 }})

Category:Branches of botany

Category:Glossaries of botany

Botanical Terms

Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists