List of weather records#Wind speeds
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
File:1951+ Percent of global area at temperature records - Seasonal comparison - NOAA.svg
The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.{{Cite web |last= |title=World Meteorological Organization: Global Weather & Climate Extremes |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#global |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113854/http://wmo.asu.edu/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=15 December 2013 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}
Temperature
{{multiple image |total_width=450
| image1=1951- Percent of record temperatures that are cold or warm records.svg |caption1= Increasingly, record temperatures have been warm record temperatures.{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185412/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202310/supplemental/page-3 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |website=NCEI.NOAA.gov |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}} (Change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October. Use "Timeseries of ratio... data across all months.)
| image2= 1940-2024 Global surface temperature - stacked - Copernicus.jpg |caption2=2024 saw the highest global average surface temperature in recorded history.{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=The 2024 Annual Climate Summary / Global Climate Highlights 2024 |url=https://sites.ecmwf.int/data/c3sci/global-climate-highlights/2024/chart-gallery/supplementary/GCH2024-gallery-figureS1/figureS1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115224213/https://sites.ecmwf.int/data/c3sci/global-climate-highlights/2024/chart-gallery/supplementary/GCH2024-gallery-figureS1/figureS1.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=Copernicus Programme}}
}}
=Measuring conditions=
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, {{convert|1.25|m|ft|1}} to {{convert|2.00|m|ft|1}} above the ground,{{Cite web |url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10616 |title=WMO (2018): Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730071140/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10616 |url-status=dead }} and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade"). The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by {{convert|30|to|50|C-change|0}}.{{Cite journal |last1=Mildrexler |first1=David J. |last2=Zhao |first2=Maosheng |last3=Running |first3=Steven W. |year=2011 |title=Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=2011 |issue=7 |pages=855–860 |bibcode=2011BAMS...92..855M |doi=10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 |doi-access=free}} {{Anchor|Highest temperature ever recorded}}The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of {{convert|93.9|C|F|1}} at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.{{Cite journal |last=Kubecka |first=Paul |year=2001 |title=A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature |journal=Weather |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=218–221 |bibcode=2001Wthr...56..218K |doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x |s2cid=120698040}} In 2011, a ground temperature of {{convert|84|C|F|1}} was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|1139500244}}. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between {{convert|90|and|100|C|F|0}} for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.{{Cite journal |last=Garratt |first=J. R. |year=1992 |title=Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1096–1105 |bibcode=1992JApMe..31.1096G |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of {{convert|70.7|C|F|1}}, which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of {{convert|-93.2|C|F|1}} on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of {{convert|-89.2|C|F|1}}.[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414013306/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 |date=14 April 2016 }}, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90 °C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220245/http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
=Hottest=
====Highest temperatures ever recorded====
{{main|Highest temperature recorded on Earth|Heat wave}}
File:Koppen-Geiger Map B present.svg B classification (dry climates). The temperatures of the hot variants (BWh, BSh) of these climates have the potential to exceed {{convert|50|C|F}} during the hottest seasons.]]
According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was {{Convert|56.7|C|F}} on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,{{Cite web |title=World: Highest Temperature |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501140030/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-temperature |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}} but the validity of this record is challenged
as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least {{convert|4|or|5|F-change|order=flip}} too high. Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead {{convert|54.0|C|F}} recorded on 30 June 2013.{{Cite web |last=Burt |first=Christopher C. |date=22 July 2016 |title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812030844/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=3 August 2016 |publisher=Weather Underground}} This is lower than a 1931 measurement of {{convert|55|C|F}} recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, but the WMS rejects this measurement as due to an inexperienced operator misreading the instrument.{{Cite journal |last1=Fadli |first1=Khalid |last2=Cerveny |first2=Randall |last3=Burt |first3=Christopher |last4=Eden |first4=Philip |last5=Parker |first5=David |last6=Brunet |first6=Manola |last7=Peterson |first7=Thomas |year=2013 |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922) |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=199–204 |bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 |doi-access=free}} Temperature of {{convert|54|C|F}} is also matched by a 1942 record from Tirat Zvi, Israel.{{Cite web |date=21 June 1942 |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140959/http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=5 December 2019 |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service}} 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (130 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Temperature reaches 130 °F (54.4 °C) at California's Death Valley |url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/07/temperature-reaches-130f-at-death-valley-california/}} The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.
The former highest official temperature on Earth, {{convert|58.0|C|F}}, measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record. There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,[http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=89 Weather Extremes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025122339/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=89|date=25 October 2016}}, Weather Underground – Retrieved 14 September 2012. thus not being recognised as world records.{{Cite book |last=Burt |first=Christopher C |url=https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt_0 |title=Extreme Weather |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-393-32658-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt_0/page/36 36] |quote=heat burst 158. |access-date=21 June 2007 |url-access=registration}}
==Highest global average temperature==
The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at {{Convert|17.16|C|F}}.{{Cite web |last=Copernicus |date=25 July 2024 |title=New record daily global average temperature reached in July 2024 |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/new-record-daily-global-average-temperature-reached-july-2024 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=climate.copernicus.eu}} The previous record was {{Convert|17.09|C|F}} set the day before on 21 July 2024. The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.{{Cite web |last1=McGuinness |first1=Jackie |last2=Rohloff |first2=Katherine |date=2023-08-14 |title=NASA Clocks July 2023 as Hottest Month on Record Ever Since 1880 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-clocks-july-2023-as-hottest-month-on-record-ever-since-1880 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=NASA}} September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.{{Cite web |last=Copernicus |date=5 October 2023 |title=Copernicus: September 2023 – unprecedented temperature anomalies; 2023 on track to be the warmest year on record |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-september-2023-unprecedented-temperature-anomalies#:~:text=September%202023%20global%20temperature%20was,1900,%20the%20preindustrial%20reference%20period. |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=climate.copernicus.eu}} The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.{{Cite news | first1=Julia |last1=Jacobo | first2=Daniel | last2=Peck |title=Earth sets daily global temperature record for 2nd day in a row: Copernicus |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/earth-sets-daily-global-temperature-record-2nd-day/story?id=112233810 | date=July 24, 2024 | access-date=2024-07-26 |website=ABC News |language=en}}
{{sticky header}}
==Other high-temperature records==
- Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: {{convert|42.6|C|F}} at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.{{Cite web |last=Burt |first=Christopher |date=13 July 2018 |title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018 |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717195827/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=31 July 2018 |publisher=Wunderground}}
- Highest average monthly temperature: {{convert|108.5|F|order=flip}}, in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2024.{{Cite web |last=Ian |first=Livingston |title=Death Valley Sets New Global Record for Hottest Single Month |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/new-global-record-hottest-single-month-established-death-valley |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501135806/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/new-global-record-hottest-single-month-established-death-valley |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |publisher=Wunderground}}{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Angela |date=7 August 2017 |title=Death Valley just experienced the hottest month ever recorded on Earth |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/03/death-valley-just-experienced-the-hottest-month-ever-recorded-in-the-u-s/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501135917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/03/death-valley-just-experienced-the-hottest-month-ever-recorded-in-the-u-s/ |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
- Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: {{convert|38.0|C|F|abbr=on}} in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020.{{Cite web |last=Sinclare |first=Terry |date=2020-06-22 |title=A small town in Siberia has likely broken the Arctic high temperature record |url=https://www.webcenter11.com/tvtv/content/news/A-small-town-in-Siberia-has-likely-broken-the-Arctic-high-temperature-record-571426651.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626122452/https://www.webcenter11.com/tvtv/content/news/A-small-town-in-Siberia-has-likely-broken-the-Arctic-high-temperature-record-571426651.html |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Webcenter11 |publisher=Gray Television, Inc}}{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-06-22 |title=Arctic Temperatures Hit Record High in Russia Amid Heat Wave |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/06/22/arctic-temperatures-hit-record-high-in-russia-amid-heat-wave-a70647 |access-date=2020-06-22 |publisher=The Moscow Times}}
- Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north: {{convert|49.6|C|F|abbr=on}} at Lytton, British Columbia, Canada on 29 June 2021.{{Cite news |last=Samenow |first=Jason |date=June 30, 2021 |title='Hard to comprehend': Experts react to record 121 degrees in Canada |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/06/30/canada-record-heat-experts-react/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630212450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/06/30/canada-record-heat-experts-react/ |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=July 4, 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post}}{{Cite news |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=2021-07-02 |title=Literally hotter than the Sahara: How Western Canada became one of the hottest corners of the globe |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/literally-hotter-than-the-sahara-how-western-canada-became-one-of-the-hottest-corners-of-the-globe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210703203956/https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/literally-hotter-than-the-sahara-how-western-canada-became-one-of-the-hottest-corners-of-the-globe |archive-date=July 3, 2021 |access-date=July 4, 2021 |work=National Post}}{{Cite web |title=State of the Global Climate 2021 WMO Provisional report |url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10859 |access-date=November 4, 2021 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429231825/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10859 |url-status=dead }}
==Humidity==
- Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of {{convert|35|°C|F}} — while the temperature was {{convert|42|°C|F}} — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.{{Cite news |title=Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/29/iran-city-soars-to-record-of-129-degrees-near-hottest-ever-reliably-measured-on-earth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702063507/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/06/29/iran-city-soars-to-record-of-129-degrees-near-hottest-ever-reliably-measured-on-earth/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |newspaper=Washington Post}}
- Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was {{convert|81.1|°C|F}}.
- Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of {{convert|34|°C|F}} with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.{{Cite web |date=4 August 2015 |title=Iran city hits suffocating heat index of 165 degrees, near world record |url=https://www.kleanindustries.com/s/environmental_market_industry_news.asp?ReportID=718276 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Klean Industries}}
=Coldest=
== Lowest temperatures recorded ==
{{main|Lowest temperature recorded on Earth|Cold wave}}
The lowest temperature recorded is {{convert|-89.2|C|F}}, in Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.
{{sticky header}}
== Other low-temperature records ==
- Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): {{convert|-33|C|F|1}}; Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.{{Cite web |date=6 July 2017 |title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice |url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729174759/https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |website=vencore weather}}
- Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: {{convert|-69.6|C|F}}; Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.
- Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: {{convert|-54.1|C|F}}; Oymyakon, Russia for the month of January 1931.{{Cite web |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Оймяконе |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24688&month=1&year=2001 |access-date=April 24, 2021 |publisher=Pogodaiklimat.ru}}
- Coldest temperature in the tropics: {{convert|-25.2|C|F}}; Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966.
=Record extreme temperature differences=
- Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (49 °F), from {{convert|-20|C|F}} to {{convert|7|C|F}}; Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Walter A |url=https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon |title=The Handy Weather Answer Book |publisher=Visible Ink press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7876-1034-0 |edition=2nd |location=Detroit, Michigan}}
- Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from {{convert|-48|C|F}} to {{convert|9|C|F}}; Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.{{Cite web|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/54387.pdf|title=A NATIONAL TEMPERATURE RECORD AT LOMA, MONTANA}}
- Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.
- Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to {{convert|38.0|C|F}} on 20 June 2020; Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia{{Cite web |title=Установлена в честь 120-летия регистраций абсолютного минимума температуры в Северном полушарии Земли |url=https://turizm-puteshestvuem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/puteshestvie-na-polyus-xoloda-v-severnom-polusharii-pamyatnaya-tablichka.jpg |format=JPG}}{{Cite web |title=Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Февраль 1892 г. |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24266&month=2&year=1892 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=pogodaiklimat.ru |language=ru}}{{Cite web |title=Погода в Верхоянске. Температура воздуха и осадки. Июль 1988 г. |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=24266&month=7&year=1988 |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=pogodaiklimat.ru |language=ru}}{{Cite news |title=Greatest temperature range on Earth |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/greatest-temperature-range-on-earth/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |website=Guinness World Records}}
Precipitation
- Least per year (locale): {{convert|0.2|mm|in|3}} per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.{{Cite web |last=Christopher C. Burt |title=Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations? |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |publisher=Weather Underground}}
=Rain=
- Most in 60 seconds (1 minute): {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Barot, Sainte-Anne, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, France 11:03–11:04 am on 26 November 1970.{{Cite web |last=Christopher C. Burt |date=8 September 2013 |title=World's greatest 1-minute Precipitation Record |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/worlds-greatest-1minute-precipitation-record.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616091616/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/worlds-greatest-1minute-precipitation-record.html |archive-date=16 June 2020 |access-date=4 May 2021 |publisher=Weather Underground}}
- Most in 180 seconds (3 minutes): {{convert|62|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911Ch. Péguy (1970){{Cite web |last=Sepúlveda |first=Sílvia Maria Ferreira |title=Avaliação da Precipitação Extrema na Ilha da Madeira |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/395143271110/tese.pdf |access-date=28 August 2021 |page=19}}
- Most in 300 seconds (5 minutes): {{convert|106|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911
- Most in 60 minutes (1 hour): {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.
- Most in 12 hours ({{frac|1|2}}-day): {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.
- Most in 24 hours (1 day): {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.
- Most in 48 hours (2 days): {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.
- Most in 72 hours (3 days): {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.
- Most in 96 hours (4 days): {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.
- Most in one year: {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.
- Most from a single tropical cyclone: {{convert|6433|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.{{Cite journal |last1=Quetelard |first1=Hubert |last2=Bessemoulin |first2=Pierre |last3=Cerveny |first3=Randall S. |last4=Peterson |first4=Thomas C. |last5=Burton |first5=Andrew |last6=Boodhoo |first6=Yadowsun |date=2009-05-01 |title=Extreme Weather: World-Record Rainfalls During Tropical Cyclone Gamede |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=603–608 |bibcode=2009BAMS...90..603Q |doi=10.1175/2008BAMS2660.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=122555985 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |title=Précipitations extrêmes (report) |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/meteoreunion2/climatologie/records/rec_RR1.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.meteo.fr}}
- Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}} (over 38 years) and {{convert|12701|mm|in|abbr=on}} (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or {{convert|13466|mm|in|abbr=on}} (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.Christopher Burt, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130329010048/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=135 New Wettest Place on Earth Discovered?], 18 March 2013
- Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least {{convert|0.01|in|mm}} of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii, 1939–1940{{Cite web |title=Where It Rained for 331 Days in a Row in the U.S. |url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/rain-331-days-hawaii-record |website=The Weather Channel}}
=Snow=
- Most in a 24-hour period: {{convert|90.6|in|cm|order=flip}} of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Angela |date=11 March 2015 |title=World record? 100 inches of snow may have clobbered Italy in 18 hours, review pending. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/03/11/100-inches-of-snow-may-have-clobbered-italy-in-18-hours-review-pending/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231192807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/03/11/100-inches-of-snow-may-have-clobbered-italy-in-18-hours-review-pending/ |archive-date=31 December 2020 |access-date=31 December 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
- Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).{{Citation |last=Burt |first=Christopher |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |page=[https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt_0/page/77 77] |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/extremeweathergu00burt_0/page/77 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |isbn=978-0-393-32658-1}}Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather ({{ISBN|0486242188}}), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911–390 inches."
- Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.
- Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.
- Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.{{Cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=News |url=http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/worlds-deepest-snow-photos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126042232/http://www.weather.com/storms/winter/news/worlds-deepest-snow-photos |archive-date=26 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Weather Channel}}
- Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico, in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book; Christopher Burt; 2007{{Cite web |title=Answers archive: Winter, snow, ice |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/wasnow.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008003101/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/wasnow.htm |archive-date=8 October 2012 |website=USA Today}}
Wind speeds
- Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (301±20 mph) (3-second gust); calculated by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma, USA, 3 May 1999. Recently, the wind speeds were re-examined and adjusted to a maximum official wind speed of 321 mph (516.6 km/h).{{Cite web |last=Center for Severe Weather Research |year=2006 |title=Doppler On Wheels |url=http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=18 February 2007}} A DOW calculation of a subvortice of the 2013 El Reno tornado was estimated in a range of {{cvt|257–336|mph|km/h}} in 2024.{{cite journal |last1=Lyza |first1=Anthony W. |last2=Flournoy |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Alford |first3=A. Addison |title=Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=19 March 2024 |volume=-1 |issue=aop |pages=1689–1710 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0242.1/MWR-D-23-0242.1.xml |access-date=19 March 2024 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society|bibcode=2024MWRv..152.1689L }}
- Fastest non-tornadic winds: {{convert|408|km/h|abbr=on}} (3-second gust); recorded by anemometer in Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia passing over Barrow Island, Western Australia, 10 April 1996.{{Cite web |title=World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second) |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230225653/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Info note No. 58 – World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/new-world-record-wind-gust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171508/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/new-world-record-wind-gust |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization}}
- Fastest non-cyclonic winds: 372 km/h (231 mph) (1-minute average); recorded by anemometer on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA, 12 April 1934.
- Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.
Tornadoes
{{Main|Tornado records}}
= Deadliest in history =
- On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.{{Cite web |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=20 August 2010 |publisher=Tornadoproject.com}}
- In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.
- In Europe: 600 or more deaths (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).{{Cite web |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |archive-date=14 August 2007 |access-date=20 August 2010 |publisher=TORRO}}
- In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.{{Cite web |title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica |url=https://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530061022/https://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Uno Santa Fe}}
- In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.{{Cite web |last=National Climate Centre |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archive-date=17 March 2009 |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=BOM}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
=Outbreaks=
- Largest: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=26 September 2013 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website
- Most severe: The 1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.{{cite book |last1=Grazulis |first1=Thomas P. |author1-link=Thomas P. Grazulis |title=Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022 |date=2023 |publisher=The Tornado Project |location=St. Johnsbury, Vermont |isbn=978-1-879362-01-7 |page=637}}
Tropical cyclones
{{Main|List of tropical cyclone records}}
=Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)=
- Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.
- Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.{{Cite web |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023015111/http://www.weather.com//storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=23 October 2015 |publisher=weather.com}}
- Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, 15 August 2014, [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landsea-et-al-jclimate-2014.pdf A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504085643/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landsea-et-al-jclimate-2014.pdf |date=4 May 2017 }}, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
- Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated that Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Howard |date=5 July 2017 |title=Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC) |url=http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/speartc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618013001/http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/speartc/ |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017}} A reading of 880hPa (26inHg) from Bathurst Bay, Queensland, Australia, during Cyclone Mahina, on 4 March 1899 is disputed to have been recorded by Captain William Porter, the same person who recorded the currently established mark of 914hPa (27inHg). {{Cite web |last=corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent |first=Acton Peninsula |title=National Museum of Australia - Cyclone Mahina |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cyclone-mahina |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.nma.gov.au |language=en}} Further evidence to back up this claim comes in the form of an eyewitness estimate for the storm surge at Ninian Bay, 30km from Bathurst Bay, which was said to be approximately 13m. This figure would be consistent with the pressure of 880hPa allegedly recorded by Capt. Porter. {{Cite web |title=Cyclone - Cyclone Mahina, Cape York, Queensland 1899 {{!}} Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub |url=https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/cyclone-cyclone-mahina-cape-york-queensland-1899/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=knowledge.aidr.org.au}}
=Most precipitation=
{{Main|List of the wettest tropical cyclones}}
- Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: {{convert|6433|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Other severe weather
=Hail=
{{Main|List of costly or deadly hailstorms}}
- Heaviest officially recorded: {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}; Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.{{Cite web |title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes |url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |publisher=National Weather Service |location=San Diego, California}}
- Largest diameter officially measured: {{convert|8.0|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} diameter, {{convert|18.625|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, USA, 23 July 2010.{{Cite web |last=NWS |date=30 July 2010 |title=Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010 |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805045751/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate |archive-date=5 August 2010 |access-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=National Weather Service |location=Aberdeen, South Dakota}}
- Largest circumference officially measured: {{convert|18.75|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, USA, 22 June 2003.{{Cite web |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420073335/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |archive-date=20 April 2010 |access-date=20 August 2010 |website=National Geographic}}
=Lightning=
- Longest lightning bolt: {{convert|768|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Megaflash: Longest lightning flash ever breaks record |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/2/new-megaflash-lightning-records-spark-excitement-692268 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-GB}}
- Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.
=Ultraviolet index=
- Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at {{convert|19423|ft}} altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America |url=http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704214803/http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=LiveScience.com}}
=Thunderstorm cloud height=
- Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was a supercell that occurred on May 24, 2016 near Nueva Rosita, in rural areas of the Mexican state of Coahuila, in the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of {{cvt|68000|ft|km mi}}. Lightning from this storm was detected as far as {{cvt|50–60|mi|km}} away from the center of the storm.{{cite web |url=https://weather.com/news/weather/news/thunderstorm-cruising-altitude-commercial-aircraft |title=Supercell Thunderstorm Towers Nearly 70,000 Feet, About Twice the Cruising Altitude of Commercial Planes |first1=Jonathan |last1=Belles |date=24 May 2016 |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=The Weather Channel }} A supercell thunderstorm that struck Chicago, Illinois and surrounding areas on June 13, 2022 may have surpassed its height, being at least over {{cvt|60000|ft|km mi}} and potentially reaching as high as {{cvt|65000–70000|ft|km mi}} above the ground.{{cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/lot/2022jun13 |title=June 13, 2022: Supercell Storm Brings a Swath of Severe Wind Damage and Two Tornadoes to the Chicago Metro |publisher=National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois }}
Other categories
{{see also|List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe}}
- Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.{{Cite web |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}} This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} above sea level.
:The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia ({{coord|66|53|N|93|28|E}}, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).{{Cite web |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}}
:The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.
See also
Notes
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group="note"}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=29 August 2009 }}
- [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State University)
- [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a346058.pdf Weather and Climate Extremes from US Army Corps of Engineers]
{{records}}
{{World topic|title=Extreme temperatures around the world|prefix=List of extreme temperatures in}}
{{Portal bar|Weather}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Weather Records}}