Portuguese people#Portuguese diaspora

The Portuguese people's heritage largely derives from the Indo-European (Lusitanians, Conii),{{cite web|url=https://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair/article/download/1785/1305|title=Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum|website=Ppg.revistas.uema.br|access-date=2 March 2022}}{{cite journal|url=https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=ekeltoi |title=The Celts in Portugal|date=9 September 2004|first=Teresa Júdice |last=Gamito|journal=E-Keltoi Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies}}"the Indo-European but clearly non-Celtic language that we today call Lusitanian.(...)": Book Reviews: Alejandro G. Sinner, Javier Velaza (eds.). Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, Oxford University Press, 2019, Juan Luis García Alonso, University of Salamanca, Spain, Journal of Language Relationship, № 19/3-4, 2021 and Celtic peoples (Gallaecians, Turduli and Celtici).{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal/History |title=Portugal – History |publisher=Britannica |access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cite journal|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/view/53220/48889 |title=Vista de "Lancea", palabra lusitana, y la etnogénesis de los "Lancienses" |journal=Complutum |date=14 July 2016 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=131–168 |publisher=Revistas.ucm.es |doi=10.5209/CMPL.53220 |access-date=21 January 2020|last1=Almagro-Gorbea |first1=Martín |doi-access=free}}{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kfv6HKXErqAC|page=144}}|page=144 |title = Encyclopedia of European Peoples |isbn=9781438129181 |last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|year=2006|publisher = Infobase }} They were later Romanized after the Roman conquest.{{cite journal|last=Bycroft|first=Clare|display-authors=etal|title=Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|year=2019|page=551|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w|pmid=30710075|pmc=6358624|bibcode=2019NatCo..10..551B}}{{cite journal|last=Olalde|first=Iñigo|display-authors=etal|title=The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years|journal=Science|volume=363 |issue=6432|year=2019|pages=1230–1234|doi=10.1126/science.aav4040|pmid=30872528|pmc=6436108|bibcode=2019Sci...363.1230O}}{{Cite web |last=Lenzi |first=Tié |date=2021-12-10 |title=Povo português: conheça as suas origens e características |url=https://www.nacionalidadeportuguesa.com.br/povo-portugues/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nacionalidade Portuguesa Assessoria |language=en}} The Portuguese language–the native language of the overwhelming majority of Portuguese people–stems from Vulgar Latin.{{Citation |last=Pöll |first=Bernhard |title=History of the Portuguese Lexicon |date=2019-04-26 |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-463 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-07-18 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.463 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}

A number of male Portuguese lineages descend from Germanic tribes who arrived as ruling elites after the Roman period, starting in 409.{{Cite web |title=As invasões bárbaras da Península Ibérica |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/as-invasoes-barbaras-da-peninsula-iberica/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt-PT}} These included the Suebi, Buri, Hasdingi Vandals and Visigoths. The pastoral North Caucasus' Alans left traces in a few central-southern areas (e.g. Alenquer, from "Alen Kerke" or "Temple of the Alans").Milhazes, José. [http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101100219/http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 |date=2016-01-01}} – Rádio e Televisão de Portugal in Portuguese.Ivo Xavier Fernándes. Topónimos e gentílicos, Volume 1, 1941, p. 144.{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/13589202|title= Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ricardo Costa de|website=Academia.edu}}{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/37321555 |title=IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). Exhibition Catalogue (English) |journal=Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense |date=January 2017 |last1=Quiroga |first1=Jorge López }}

The Umayyad conquest of Iberia, between the early 8th century until the 12th century, also left small Moorish, Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions.{{cite journal|title=Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history|year=2015|pmc=4313780|last1=Nogueiro|first1=I.|last2=Teixeira|first2=J. C.|last3=Amorim|first3=A.|last4=Gusmão|first4=L.|last5=Alvarez|first5=L.|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=6|page=12|doi=10.3389/fgene.2015.00012|pmid=25699075|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|title=The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula|year=2008|pmc=2668061 |last1=Adams|first1=S. M.|last2=Bosch|first2=E.|last3=Balaresque|first3=P. L.|last4=Ballereau|first4=S. J.|last5=Lee|first5=A. C.|last6=Arroyo|first6=E.|last7=López-Parra |first7=A. M.|last8=Aler|first8=M.|last9=Grifo|first9=M. S.|last10=Brion|first10=M.|last11=Carracedo|first11=A. |last12=Lavinha|first12=J.|last13=Martínez-Jarreta|first13=B.|last14=Quintana-Murci|first14=L.|last15=Picornell|first15=A.|last16=Ramon |first16=M.|last17=Skorecki|first17=K.|last18=Behar|first18=D. M.|last19=Calafell|first19=F.|last20=Jobling|first20=M. A.|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=83|issue=6 |pages=725–736|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007|pmid=19061982}} Other minor – as well as later – influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho.{{cite web |title=The Viking Routes / Les Routes Des Vikings |url=http://culture-routes.net/sites/default/files/Fiche%20A4-1994-Viking.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911173220/http://www.culture-routes.net/sites/default/files/Fiche%20A4-1994-Viking.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=3 April 2018}}{{cite web |title=História da Póvoa de Varzim |url=http://terrasdeportugal.wikidot.com/historia-da-povoa-de-varzim |publisher=Memória Portuguesa |language=pt}}{{cite web |title=09 |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/3886.pdf |access-date=24 April 2020}}{{cite web |title=Vikings- Warriors from the sea |url=https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924073048/https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Portugal.um.dk}} Low-incidence, pre-Roman influence came from Phoenicians and Greeks in southern coastal areas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$fenicios-e-gregos-na-peninsula-iberica|title=Fenícios e Gregos na Península Ibérica - Infopédia}}

The name Portugal is a portmanteau that comes from the Latin word Portus (meaning port) and a second word Cale, whose meaning and origin are unclear. Cale is probably a reminder of the Gallaeci (also known as Callaeci), a Celtic tribe that lived in part of Northern Portugal.

Alternatively the name may have come from the early settlement of Cale (today's Gaia), situated on the mouth of the Douro River on the Atlantic coast (Portus Cale). The name Cale seems to come from the Celts – perhaps from one of their specifications, Cailleach – but which, in everyday life, was synonymous with shelter, anchorage or door.{{Cite web|url=https://manuelfariasousa.pt/ficheiros/d13615381YvuHVwQhxJ.pdf|title=Porque é que Portugal se chama Portugal?}} Among other theories, some suggest that Cale may stem from the Greek word for kalós (beautiful). Another theory for Portugal postulates a French derivation, Portus Gallus{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441 | title=Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal | date=25 September 2023 }} "port of the Gauls".

During the Middle Ages, the area around Cale became known through the Visigoths as Portucale. Portucale could have evolved in the 7th and 8th centuries, to become Portugale, or Portugal, from the 9th century. The term denoted the area between the Douro and Minho rivers.{{Cite web |title=De onde vem o nome Portugal? |date=24 June 2021 |url=https://www.vortexmag.net/de-onde-vem-o-nome-portugal-2/}}

{{Main|Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula}} {{Further|Genetic history of Europe}}File:Aroeira3.jpg skull of 400,000-year-old Homo heidelbergensis found in 2014. The oldest trace of human history in Portugal]]

Portuguese origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggest that modern Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the Paleolithic peoples who began settling the European continent at the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.

File:Y-Haplogroup R1 distribution.png (purple) and R1b (red). See also this map for distribution in Europe.]]

Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to much of Western Europe, particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe.{{cite web|url=https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/investigacao/livro-historia-da-populacao-portuguesa |title=HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade|author=Teresa Ferriera Rodrigues|website=Cepese.pt|access-date=2 March 2022}}

Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in the Iberian peninsula and western Europe.{{cite journal |vauthors=Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, Terzić R, Colak I, Kvesić A, Popović D, Sijacki A, Behluli I, Dordevic D, Efremovska L, Bajec DD, Stefanović BD, Villems R, Rudan P |display-authors=6 |title=High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=1964–75 |date=October 2005 |pmid=15944443 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185 |doi-access=free }} One of the best-characterized of Iberian haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies there and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South, ranging from 87-96% northwards.{{cite web|author=Čeština: Distribuce genu R1b napříč Evropou |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:R1b-DNA-Distribution.jpg |title=File:R1b-DNA-Distribution – Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Commons.wikimedia.org |date=15 June 2012 |access-date=24 August 2014}}

{{See also|Early European Farmers}}

The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East, beginning around 10,000 years ago, reached Iberia after reaching the rest of the continent. According to the demic diffusion model its impact was greatest in the southern and eastern regions.{{cite journal |vauthors=Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G, Chikhi L, Barbujani G |title=Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=21 |issue=7 |pages=1361–72 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15044595 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh135 |s2cid=17665038 |doi-access=free }}

File:Cultures, 1200 BC.PNG|size=60%|outline=#1E90FF}} {{legend|#FF0000|central Urnfield culture|size=60%|outline=#FF0000}} {{legend|#FF8C00|northern Urnfield culture|size=60%|outline=#FF8C00}} {{legend|#FF00FF|Lusatian culture|size=60%|outline=#FF00FF}} {{legend|#1E90FF|(in central Europe) Knovíz culture|size=60%|outline=#1E90FF}} {{legend|#808000|Danubian culture|size=60%|outline=#808000}} {{legend|#00FF7F|Atlantic Bronze Age|size=60%|outline=#00FF7F}} {{legend|#FFD700|Nordic Bronze Age|size=60%|outline=#FFD700}}]]

In the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations by Indo-European language speakers into Iberia occurred. The expansion of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe, most common in many areas of Atlantic Europe, was primarily due to massive migrations from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe during the Bronze Age, along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic and proto-Italic. Unlike older studies on uniparental markers, large amounts of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA. An autosomal component was detected in modern Europeans that was not present in the Neolithic or Mesolithic, and which entered Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages.{{cite journal |last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |last12=Mittnik |first12=Alissa |last13=Bánffy |first13=Eszter |last14=Economou |first14=Christos |last15=Francken |first15=Michael |display-authors=5 |date=2015-03-02 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |arxiv=1502.02783 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |biorxiv=10.1101/013433 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |s2cid=196643946 |last16=Friederich |first16=Susanne |last17=Pena |first17=Rafael Garrido |last18=Hallgren |first18=Fredrik |last19=Khartanovich |first19=Valery |last20=Khokhlov |first20=Aleksandr |last21=Kunst |first21=Michael |last22=Kuznetsov |first22=Pavel |last23=Meller |first23=Harald |last24=Mochalov |first24=Oleg |last25=Moiseyev |first25=Vayacheslav |last26=Nicklisch |first26=Nicole |last27=Pichler |first27=Sandra L. |last28=Risch |first28=Roberto |last29=Rojo Guerra |first29=Manuel A. |last30=Roth |first30=Christina |last31=Szécsényi-Nagy |first31=Anna |last32=Wahl |first32=Joachim |last33=Meyer |first33=Matthias |last34=Krause |first34=Johannes |last35=Brown |first35=Dorcas |last36=Anthony |first36=David |last37=Cooper |first37=Alan |last38=Alt |first38=Kurt Werner |last39=Reich |first39=David}}{{Cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=Morten E. |last2=Sikora |first2=Martin |last3=Sjögren |first3=Karl-Göran |last4=Rasmussen |first4=Simon |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Morten |last6=Stenderup |first6=Jesper |last7=Damgaard |first7=Peter B. |last8=Schroeder |first8=Hannes |last9=Ahlström |first9=Torbjörn |last10=Vinner |first10=Lasse |last11=Malaspinas |first11=Anna-Sapfo |last12=Margaryan |first12=Ashot |last13=Higham |first13=Tom |last14=Chivall |first14=David |last15=Lynnerup |first15=Niels |display-authors=29 |year=2015 |title=Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155 |journal=Nature |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=167–172 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..167A |doi=10.1038/nature14507 |pmid=26062507 |s2cid=4399103 |last16=Harvig |first16=Lise |last17=Baron |first17=Justyna |last18=Casa |first18=Philippe Della |last19=Dąbrowski |first19=Paweł |last20=Duffy |first20=Paul R. |last21=Ebel |first21=Alexander V. |last22=Epimakhov |first22=Andrey |last23=Frei |first23=Karin |last24=Furmanek |first24=Mirosław |last25=Gralak |first25=Tomasz |last26=Gromov |first26=Andrey |last27=Gronkiewicz |first27=Stanisław |last28=Grupe |first28=Gisela |last29=Hajdu |first29=Tamás |last30=Jarysz |first30=Radosław}}{{Cite journal |last1=Mathieson |first1=Iain |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Rohland |first3=Nadin |last4=Mallick |first4=Swapan |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Alpaslan Roodenberg |first6=Songul |last7=Harney |first7=Eadaoin |last8=Stewardson |first8=Kristin |last9=Fernandes |first9=Daniel |last10=Novak |first10=Mario |last11=Sirak |first11=Kendra |last12=Gamba |first12=Cristina |last13=Jones |first13=Eppie R. |last14=Llamas |first14=Bastien |last15=Dryomov |first15=Stanislav |display-authors=29 |year=2015 |title=Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe |url=http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477 |journal=bioRxiv |page=016477 |doi=10.1101/016477 |doi-access=free |last16=Pickrell |first16=Joseph |last17=Arsuaga |first17=Juan Luis |last18=De Castro |first18=Jose Maria Bermudez |last19=Carbonell |first19=Eudald |last20=Gerritsen |first20=Fokke |last21=Khokhlov |first21=Aleksandr |last22=Kuznetsov |first22=Pavel |last23=Lozano |first23=Marina |last24=Meller |first24=Harald |last25=Mochalov |first25=Oleg |last26=Moiseyev |first26=Vayacheslav |last27=Rojo Guerra |first27=Manuel A. |last28=Roodenberg |first28=Jacob |last29=Verges |first29=Josep Maria |last30=Krause |first30=Johannes}}File:Indo-European migrations.jpg

The first immigrations of Indo-European language speakers were followed by waves of Celts. The Celts arrived in Portugal about 3,000 years ago.{{Cite web |title=OS CELTAS |url=https://abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt/os-celtas-1422373 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=abemdanacao.blogs.sapo.pt}} Migration was particularly intense from the 7th to the 5th centuries BC.{{cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry|title=Europe Between the Oceans: Themes and Variations, 9000 BC-AD 1000|year=2008|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0-300-17086-3|pages=254–258|edition=First printed in paperback 2011.}}{{cite journal|last1=Bowman|first1=Sheridan|first2=Stuart|last2=Needham|journal=The Antiquaries Journal|year=2007|volume=87|pages=53–108|url=http://www.littlethetford.org/archaeology/Bowman-and-Needham.pdf|access-date=22 September 2011|doi=10.1017/s0003581500000846|title=The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: History, Technology and Their Position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone Feasting Complex|s2cid=161084139}}

These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape "Continental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast", as historian José Mattoso described.Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)

The northwest–southeast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on 2016 findings,{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Barral-Arca R, Pischedda S, Gómez-Carballa A, Pastoriza A, Mosquera-Miguel A, López-Soto M, Martinón-Torres F, Álvarez-Iglesias V, Salas A |date=21 July 2016 |title=Meta-Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=e0159735 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1159735B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159735 |pmc=4956223 |pmid=27441366 |doi-access=free}} haplogroup H, a cluster within the haplogroup R category, is more prevalent along the Atlantic façade, including the Cantabrian Coast and Portugal. Its highest frequency is in Galicia (northwestern corner of Iberia). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic façade toward the Mediterranean.

This finding adds strong evidence that Galicia and Northern Portugal was a cul-de-sac population, a kind of European edge for a major ancient central European migration. An interesting pattern of genetic continuity exists along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.{{Cite journal |pmc=6534591|year=2019|last1=Pimenta|first1=J.|title=Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|page=7825|last2=Lopes|first2=A. M.|last3=Carracedo|first3=A. |last4=Arenas|first4=M.|last5=Amorim|first5=A.|last6=Comas|first6=D.|pmid=31127131|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.7825P}}

Given the Paleolithic and Neolithic origins, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, the Portuguese ethnic origin was mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para-Celts, such as the Lusitanians{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAkFAAAAYAAJ&q=lusitanians+celtic+people&pg=PA583 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography|last1=Smith|first1=William|year=1854}} of Lusitania, and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&q=celtici+portugal&pg=PA144 |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |isbn=9781438129181 |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |year=2006|publisher=Infobase }} and the Cynetes{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFJAShEc8ykC&q=kunesioi&pg=PA475 |title=Origines Celticae (A Fragment) and Other Contributions to the History of Britain |isbn=9780804612234 |last1=Guest |first1=Edwin |year=1971|publisher=Ardent Media }} of Alentejo and the Algarve.

{{Distinguish|Lusatia}}

The Lusitanians (or Lusitānus – singular – Lusitani – plural – in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and part of Salamanca). They spoke Lusitanian, of which only a few short written fragments survive. Most Portuguese consider Lusitanians as their ancestors, although the northern regions (Minho, Douro, Trás-os-Montes) identify more with Gallaecians. Linguists such as Ellis Evans claimed that Gallaecian-Lusitanian was one language (thus not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant.{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930005923/https://ilg.usc.es/agon/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Callaica_Nomina.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=16 May 2020}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=Evans+lusitanian+celt+linguist&pg=PA484 |title=Celtic Culture: A-Celti |year=2006 |isbn=9781851094400 |last1=Koch |first1=John T. |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }} They were a large tribe who lived between Douro and Tagus rivers.

The Lusitanians may have originated in the Alps and settled in the region in the 6th century BC. Scholars such as Dáithí Ó hÓgáin consider them to be indigenous.{{cite book |last=Ó hÓgáin |first=Dáithí |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-yd1huHoXJwC&pg=PA73 |title=The Celts: A History |publisher=The Collins Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780851159232 |place=Cork |page=73}} He claimed they were initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence. Romanian archaeologist {{ill|Scarlat Lambrino|ro|Scarlat Lambrino}}, active in Portugal for many years, proposed that they were originally a tribal Celtic group, related to the Lusones.{{cite web |title=Lusitani | people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lusitani |website=Britannica.com}}

The first area settled by the Lusitanians was probably the Douro Valley and the region of Beira Alta; they subsequently moved south, and expanded on both sides of the Tagus river, before the Roman conquest.

The Lusitanians originated from either Proto-Celtic or Proto-Italic populations who spread from Central Europe into western Europe after Yamnaya migrations into the Danube Valley, while Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic may have developed east of the Carpathian Mountains, in present-day Ukraine, moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE). One theory claimed that a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European" and associated with the Bell Beaker culture, may have been ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic lanaguages.{{cite conference |first=James P. |last=Mallory |author-link=James P. Mallory |date=2013 |editor2=B. Cunliffe |title=The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe |url=https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxbow Books |pages=17–40 |book-title=Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo–European in Atlantic Europe |editor1=J. T. Koch |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326210720/https://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html |url-status=dead }}

The Lusitanians' Celtic root, is further emphasized by research by the Max Planck Institute on the origins of Indo-European languages. One study identified one common Celtic branch of peoples and languages spanning most of Atlantic Europe, including Lusitania, at around 7,000 BC. This work contradicts previous theories that excluded Lusitanian from the Celtic linguistic family.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mpg.de/20666229/0725-evan-origin-of-the-indo-european-languages-150495-x|title=New insights into the origin of the Indo-European languages|website=www.mpg.de}}

In Roman times, the Roman province of Lusitania was extended north of the areas occupied by the Lusitanians to include the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia, but these were soon ceded to the jurisdiction of the Provincia Tarraconensis in the north, while the south remained the Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river.

File:Mapa de Portugal tribos principais.png movement in red, Celtici in brown and Lusitanian in a blue colour. Most tribes neighbouring the Lusitanians were dependent on them. Names are in Latin.]]

As the Lusitanians fought the Romans, the name Lusitania was adopted by the Gallaeci, tribes living north of the Douro, and other surrounding tribes, eventually spreading as a label to the nearby peoples fighting Roman rule in western Iberia. This led the Romans to name their original province in the area, which initially covered the entire western side of the Iberian peninsula, Lusitania.

{{Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}

{{Main|Lusitanian War}}

File:Nt-Viriato Viseu.jpg (179 – 139 BC), led a guerilla war against the Romans for eight years. He was beheaded by traitors from his ranks, who killed him in his sleep for a bribe.{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$viriato|title=Viriato - Infopédia}} The statue depicted is in Viseu.]]

Rome conquered the peninsula during the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. from Carthage during the Punic Wars.

After 193 B.C., the Lusitanians fought Rome's expansion peninsula following the defeat and occupation of Carthage in North Africa. They fought for years, repeatedly defeating the Roman invaders. In the end they were punished by Praetor Servius Galba in 150 B.C. He killed 9,000 Lusitanians and later sold 20,000 more as slaves to the Roman provinces in Gaul (modern France).

Three years later (147 B.C.), Viriathus became the leader of the Lusitanians and attacked Roman rule in Lusitania and beyond. He commanded a confederation of Celtic tribes{{cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Portugal – History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}} and prevented Roman expansion with guerrilla warfare. In 139 B.C. Viriathus was betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions (emissaries to the Romans), Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas. However, when Audax, Ditalcus and Minurus returned to receive their reward, Consul Quintus Servilius Caepio ordered their execution, declaring, "Rome does not pay traitors".File:Ethnographic Iberia 200 BCE.PNG Viriathus{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+lusitanian+celtic+hero+academic&pg=PT76 |title=Viriathus: and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155–139 BC |date=30 July 2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781473826892 |via=Google Books}} was the first Portuguese 'national hero' .{{cite web |title=Vercingetorix | Gallic chieftain |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vercingetorix |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=8 January 2024 }}{{cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Boudicca | History, Facts, & Death |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boudicca |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}} After Viriathus' rule, the celticized Lusitanians largely adopted romanized culture and the Latin language.

Lusitanian inhabitants, following the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome". Many saints emerged from the territory. These include Saint Engrácia, Saint Quitéria, and Saint Marina of Aguas Santas.

The Romans impacted the population, both genetically and culturally; the Portuguese language derives mostly from Latin, mostly a later evolution of the Roman language after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. According to Mario Pei, the phonetic distance found between Portuguese and Latin stands at 31%.{{Cite journal |last=MALKIEL |first=YAKOV |date=1978 |title=The Classification of Romance Languages |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44943149 |journal=Romance Philology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=467–500 |issn=0035-8002 |jstor=44943149}}{{Cite web |title=ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS |url=http://www.filologia.org.br/viisenefil/02.htm |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.filologia.org.br}} Roman domination lasted from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.

File:Placa largo passeio alegre povoa varzim.jpg, with Siglas poveiras (describing names of local families), believed related to Scandinavian Bomärken."O Barco Poveiro" – Octávio Lixa Filgueiras, 1ª edição 1966]]

After the Romans, Germanic peoples, namely the Suebi, the Buri, and the Visigoths (an estimated 2–3% of the population),{{cite web |last=Ripoll López |first=Gisela |year=1989 |title=Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania |url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072505/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF |archive-date=2010-08-12 |access-date=2017-11-27 |work=Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2 |pages=389–418 |format=PDF |quote=En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo—sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar— representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.}}{{cite book |url=https://books.openedition.org/cvz/2148?lang=en |title=L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique |date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Books.openedition.org |isbn=9788490960981 |series=Collection de la Casa de Velázquez |pages=326–339 |chapter=Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question}}{{cite web|url=https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-património-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa |title=O Património Visigodo Da13 ADngua Portuguesa |date=March 2022}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}{{cite journal |last1=Quiroga |first1=Jorge López |date=January 2017 |title=(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD). |url=https://www.academia.edu/37321555 |journal=Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense |publisher=Academia.edu |access-date=21 January 2020}} ruled the peninsula for centuries and assimilated into the local population. Some of the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and Alans{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/13589202|title="Nós somos Alanos": Documentos, Mitos e Concepções dos Alanos no Ocidente Ibérico|last1=Oliveira|first1=Ricardo Costa de}} lingered. The Suebians were the most numerous Germanic tribes. Portugal and Galicia, (along with Catalonia which was part of the Frankish Kingdom), are the regions with the highest ratios of Germanic Y-DNA.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Other influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in Douro and Minho.

File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif Timetable and expulsion of the Moors.]]

The Moors occupied what is now Portugal from the 8th century until the Reconquista movement expelled them in 1249. Some 2.000 of their population, mainly Berbers and Christian Jews became New Christians (Cristãos novos); some descendants of these people are still identifiable by their new surnames.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58lqDwAAQBAJ&q=portuguese+sephardic+surnames&pg=PA49 |title=Book of Jewish and Crypto-Jewish Surnames|isbn=9781985856561|last1=Jarvis|first1=Judith K.|last2=Levin|first2=Susan L.|last3=Yates|first3=Donald N.|date=10 May 2018|publisher=Panther's Lodge Publishers }} Several genetic studies, including the most comprehensive genome-wide studies published on historical and modern populations of the Iberian Peninsula, conclude that the Moorish occupation left few to no Jewish, Arab and Berber genetic influences throughout Iberia, with higher incidence in the south and west, and ower incidence in the northeast, and almost none in Basque Country.{{cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002 |title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia |publisher=Academic.oup.com |access-date=21 January 2020}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA |display-authors=6 |title=The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=725–36 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19061982 |pmc=2668061 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007}}

Following the end of the Reconquista and the Conquest of Faro, religious and ethnic minorities such as the so-called "new Christians" or the "Ciganos" (Roma gypsies)Numa breve cronologia: 1526 – Alvará de João III, de 13 de Março de 1526, proibiu que os ciganos entrassem no reino, e ordenou que saíssem os que cá estavam; 1538 – Nova lei de 26 de Novembro desse ano, ordenando a sua expulsão; 1592 – Lei de 28 de Agosto agravou as penas contra os ciganos que dentro de 4 meses não saíssem de Portugal; Ordenações Filipinas, proíbindo a entrada no Reino; 1606 – Alvará de 7 de Janeiro exigindo a observância das Ordenações, com a mesma pena agravada com degredo para as galés e com severas cominações para os magistrados remissos; 1614 – Nova carta régia de 3 de Dezembro impedindo a sua entrada no Reino; 1618 – Carta régia de 28 de Março em que o monarca mandava averiguar se no Reino andavam ciganos com «traje e língua diferente dos naturais»; 1654 – D. João IV mandou prender os ciganos que havia no Reino e embarcá-los para Maranhão, Cabo Verde e São Tomé; 1718 – D. João V, em 10 de Dezembro de 1718, determinou a expulsão dos ciganos. Ver Joel Serrão, Dicionário de História de Portugal, ed. de 2006. later suffered persecution from the state and the Inquisition. As a consequence, many were expelled, condemned, and subjected to auto-da-fé,{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2155-auto-da-fe |title=Auto Da Fé |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=21 January 2020}} or fled the country, creating a Jewish diaspora in the Netherlands,{{Cite book|url=https://brill.com/view/title/12707|isbn = 9789047442141|title = The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History|date = 19 June 2008|publisher = Brill}} England, US,{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-sephardic-diaspora-after-1492/|title=The Sephardic Diaspora After 1492|website=Myjewishlearning.com|access-date=2 March 2022}} Brazil,{{cite web|url=http://www.uel.br/seer/index.php/histensino/article/download/11251/10021 |title=A HISTÓRIA DOS CRISTÃOS-NOVOS NO BRASIL COLONIAL: ESCRITA E REPRESENTAÇÕES NOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS NOS ÚLTIMOS VINTE ANOS |first=Helena |last=Ragusa}} Balkans,{{cite web|url=http://www.centrodehistoria-flul.com/uploads/7/1/7/0/7170743/jews_of_portugal_and_the_spanish-portuguese_jewish_diaspora_-_program30.5.18.pdf|title=Jews of Portugal and the Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Diaspora|website=Centrodehistoria-flul.com|access-date=2 March 2022}} and beyond.

File:BritesdeAlmeida.jpg tile image of Brites de Almeida killing Castilian soldiers]]

The political origin of the Portuguese state is in the founding of County of Portugal in 868 ({{langx|pt|Condado Portucalense}}; in period documents the name used was Portugalia{{Citation |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |title=História de Portugal I – A Formação do Território |year=2004 |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |language=pt |isbn=989-554-106-6 |last2=Hermano |first2=José}}). It was the first time that a cohesive nationalism emerged there, as even during the Roman Era, the indigenous populations were from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

Although the country began as a county, after the Battle of São Mamede on 24 June 1128 Portugal was officially recognised as a kingdom via the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III. The establishment of the Portuguese state in the 12th century led the Portuguese to group together as a nation.

A subsequent turning point in Portuguese nationalism was the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, linked to Brites de Almeida, thereby putting an end to Castilian ambitions to take over the Portuguese throne.

The Portuguese share some DNA with the Basques.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0wIBgAAQBAJ&q=genetic+relation+portuguese+and+basques&pg=PT26 |title=Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics|isbn=9781461542315|last1=Arnaiz-Villena|first1=Antonio|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer }} The results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Madrid-area Spaniards: a high frequency of the HLA-haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient Western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are common characteristics. Many Portuguese and Basques do not show the Mediterranean A33-B14-DR1 haplotype, confirming a lower admixture with Mediterraneans.File:Geographical distribution of haplogroup frequency of hgR1b1b2.png

The Portuguese have one unique characteristic: a high frequency of HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13, which may reflect a founder effect from ancient Portuguese, i.e., Oestriminis and Cynetes.{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnaiz-Villena A, Martínez-Laso J, Gómez-Casado E, Díaz-Campos N, Santos P, Martinho A, Breda-Coimbra H |title=Relatedness among Basques, Portuguese, Spaniards, and Algerians studied by HLA allelic frequencies and haplotypes |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=37–43 |date=14 May 2014 |pmid=9382919 |doi=10.1007/s002510050324 |s2cid=11750235}} According to an early genetic study, the Portuguese are a relatively distinct population according to HLA data, as they have a high frequency of the HLA-A25-B18-DR15 and A26-B38-DR13 genes, the latter is a unique Portuguese marker. In Europe, the A25-B18-DR15 gene is found only in Portugal; it also observed in some North Americans and in Brazilians (very likely of Portuguese ancestry).{{cite journal |vauthors=Galbraith W, Wagner MC, Chao J, Abaza M, Ernst LA, Nederlof MA, Hartsock RJ, Taylor DL, Waggoner AS |display-authors=6 |title=Imaging cytometry by multiparameter fluorescence |journal=Cytometry |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=579–596 |year=1997 |pmid=1782829 |doi=10.1002/cyto.990120702}}

The pan-European haplotype A1-B8-DR3 and the western-European haplotype A29-B44-DR7 are shared by Portuguese, Basques, and Spaniards. The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations.

Men from mainland Portugal, the Azores and Madeira belonged to 78–83% of the "Western European" haplogroup R1b, and Mediterranean J and E3b.{{Cite journal |last1=Gonçalves |first1=Rita |last2=Freitas |first2=Ana |last3=Branco |first3=Marta |last4=Rosa |first4=Alexandra |last5=Fernandes |first5=Ana T. |last6=Zhivotovsky |first6=Lev A. |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter A. |last8=Kivisild |first8=Toomas |last9=Brehm |first9=António |date=2005-04-19 |title=Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=443–454 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x |pmid=15996172 |hdl=10400.13/3018 |s2cid=3229760 |issn=0003-4800|hdl-access=free }}

The comparative table shows statistics by haplogroups of Portuguese men with men of European countries, and communities.

Culturally and linguistically, the Portuguese are close to Galicians.{{Cite web |title=Porque querem os galegos ver televisão portuguesa? – Diversidades – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/outros/diversidades/porque-querem-os-galegos-ver-televisao-portuguesa/4005 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}{{Cite web |last=Terra |first=A. Nosa |date=2019-08-31 |title="Decepciona ver galegos difundindo mitos portugueses negadores do galego" |url=https://anosaterra.com/decepciona-ver-galegos-difundindo-mitos-portugueses-negadores-do-galego/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=A Nosa Terra |language=gl-ES}}{{Cite web |date=2020-07-18 |title=O "galego" é o "português da Galiza" |url=https://www.nosdiario.gal/opinion/jose-martinho-montero-santalha/galego-portugues-da-galiza/20200717132413101619.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nós Diario |language=gl}}{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=Portugal 1929: "Os galegos são nossos irmãos" |url=https://www.nosdiario.gal/opinion/manuel-mera/portugal-1929-galegos-sao-nossos-irmaos/20200828204604103934.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Nós Diario |language=gl}} The similarities among the two groups are pronounced. Galician and Portuguese may be the same language (see also: Reintegrationism).{{Cite web |date=2020-01-06 |title=O Galego e o Português São a Mesma Língua? |url=https://www.languagetrainersbrasil.com.br/blog/o-galego-e-o-portugues-sao-a-mesma-lingua/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Artigos com informações, dicas e curiosidades sobre línguas |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/programa/a-rede-social/o-galego-e-o-portugues-sao-a-mesma-lingua-11407203.html/|title=O Galego e o Português são a mesma língua?|website=TSF Rádio Notícias}}

{{Main|Demographics of Portugal}}

{{see also|List of Portuguese municipalities by population}}

File:Lisbon set of images.jpg, with 545,143 inhabitants in the city proper, is the capital and the largest city in Portugal.]]

Around 9.15 million (87%) Portuguese-born people live in the country,{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_POP3CTB__custom_6218523/default/table?lang=en}} out of a total population of 10.467 million.{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.ine.pt}}

About 782,000 foreigners live legally in the country (7%), thus approximately 9.685 million people living in Portugal hold Portuguese citizenship or legal residency.{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Quase 800 mil estrangeiros vivem em Portugal e 30% são brasileiros |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-em-portugal-e-30-sao-brasileiros-16577792.html |access-date= |website= |language= |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130422/https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-em-portugal-e-30-sao-brasileiros-16577792.html |url-status=dead }}

The median age stood at 46.8 years (versus 44.4 in the EU as a whole) as of 2023.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Idade média: 46,8 anos. População portuguesa é a que mais está a envelhecer na UE |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/idade-media-468-anos-populacao-portuguesa-e-a-que-mais-esta-a-envelhecer-na-ue-15882746.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}} People aged 65 or more accounted for 23%.{{Cite web |title=População residente segundo os Censos: total e por grandes grupos etários |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+segundo+os+censos+total+e+por+grandes+grupos+etarios-512-2541 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}} The total fertility rate is 1.35 against the EU average of 1.53. Life expectancy at birth is 83.{{Cite web|title=life expectancy PRT|access-date=2023-08-12|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/life-expectancy}} Due to the high percentage of senior citizens, the crude mortality rate (12%){{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade-367 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}} is well in excess of the crude birth rate (8%).{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de natalidade |url=https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Taxa+bruta+de+natalidade-527 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}}

Portugal boasts one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates (3%), down from 9% in 1961.{{Cite web |title=Taxa bruta de mortalidade e taxa de mortalidade infantil |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/taxa+bruta+de+mortalidade+e+taxa+de+mortalidade+infantil-528 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.pordata.pt}} The average age of women at first childbirth was at 30 years, in contrast to the EU average of 28.{{Cite web |title=Women in the EU are having their first child later |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210224-1 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}

About 67% live in urban settings, concentrated along the coast and in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which hosts 2,883,645, or 28%.{{Cite web |title=Portugal – urbanization 2011–2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/455915/urbanization-in-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.ine.pt}}

About 65% of the national population, or 6,760,989 people, live in the 56 municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants, about 18% of all national municipalities. The country hosts 122 municipalities, about 40% of all national municipalities, with a population of 10,000 inhabitants or less, totaling 678,855 inhabitants, about 7% of the national population.

{{Main|Languages of Portugal}}

File:Asturllionés en Tierra de Miranda.png where Mirandese is spoken]]

The main language spoken as first language is Portuguese.{{Cite web |last=Union |first=Publications Office of the European |date=2013-06-20 |title=Europeans and their languages : special Eurobarometer. 386, June 2012. |url=http://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f551bd64-8615-4781-9be1-c592217dad83 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=op.europa.eu |language=en}} Other autochthonous languages include:

• Caló (see also Caló language), the language of the Portuguese-Romani community. Some 52,000 Romani people live in Portugal.{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |date=25 October 2022 |language=pt}}
• Mirandês (see also Mirandese language) is an officially recognised language.{{Cite web |last=Portuguesa |first=Observatório da Língua |date=2021-07-31 |title=A língua mirandesa é língua oficial em Portugal desde 1999. |url=https://observalinguaportuguesa.org/80760-2/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Observatório da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt-PT}} It enjoys special protection in the areas of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, and Mogadouro. About 15,000 people speak the language (0.14%).{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Língua Mirandesa |url=https://ctmad.pt/lingua-mirandesa/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |last=SAPO |title=Têm menos de 20 anos e sentem-se mais livres por falar mirandês |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/tem-20-anos-e-sentem-se-mais-livres-por-falar-mirandes |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=SAPO 24 |language=pt}}{{Citation |title=Assim se fala o mirandês |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/videos/assim-se-fala-o-mirandes/607827a20cf277cf82c19a2e |access-date=2023-05-11 |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=2015-05-31 |title=Língua Mirandesa |url=https://ctmad.pt/lingua-mirandesa/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Casa de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}} The language is part of the Asturian-Leonese linguistic group which includes the Asturian and Leonese minority languages of Northwestern Spain.{{cite web |date=9 August 2014 |title=Unesco.org |url=http://www.unesco.org |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Unesco.org}}{{cite web |title=Asturiano/Leonés |url=http://www.azkuefundazioa.eus/es/casa-del-euskera/lenguas-minorizadas-listado/asturianoleones |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Azkuefundazioa.eus |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715030824/http://www.azkuefundazioa.eus/es/casa-del-euskera/lenguas-minorizadas-listado/asturianoleones |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |date=20 March 2010 |title=Un enclave lingüístico astur-leonés sobrevive en la "raia" portuguesa |url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/cultura/2010/03/20/enclave-linguistico-astur-leones-sobrevive-raia-portuguesa/0003_8367479.htm |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Lavozdegalicia.es}} All of its speakers are bilingual and speak Portuguese: code-switching is common.
• Barranquenhu (see also Barranquenho) is spoken in the town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain). Some 3,000 speak the language (0.03%).{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Elisabete |date=2020-02-07 |title=O Barranquenho quer ser a 3ª língua oficial de Portugal |url=https://alentejo.sulinformacao.pt/2020/02/o-barranquenho-quer-ser-a-3a-lingua-oficial-de-portugal/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Sul Informação |language=pt-PT}} It is a Portuquese dialect influenced by Extremaduran and, later, southern Spanish.
• Minderico – a sociolect or argot spoken in Minde, which is practically extinct (150 remaining speakers).{{Cite web |title=A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico |url=https://omirante.pt/entrevista/2021-01-06-A-luta-de-Vera-Ferreira-para-salvar-o-minderico |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=O MIRANTE {{!}} A luta de Vera Ferreira para salvar o minderico. |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |last=Vicente |first=Manuel Fernandes |title=Minderico renasce com apoio da Volkswagen a línguas ameaçadas |url=https://www.publico.pt/2009/08/17/local/noticia/minderico-renasce-com-apoio-da-volkswagen-a-linguas-ameacadas-1396430 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=PÚBLICO |date=17 August 2009 |language=pt}}
• Portuguese Sign Language, the official language for the deaf community. About 30,000 deaf people (0.29%) use the language.{{Cite web |title=Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP) |url=https://apsurdos.org.pt/?page_id=3725 |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Associação Portuguesa de Surdos |language=pt-PT}} The first teacher of deaf-mutes in France was Portuguese-Jew Jacob Rodrigues Pereira.

{{Main|Immigration to Portugal}}

{{see also|Religion in Portugal|Racism in Portugal|Romani people in Portugal}}

File:Bandeiras Imigrantes Seixal.jpg|left]]

People from Portugal's former colonies, particularly Brazil, Portuguese Africa (especially Afro-Portuguese), Macau, Portuguese India and Timor-Leste, have been migrating to Portugal since the 1900s.

Many Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now one of the biggest ethnic minorities){{cite web |url=http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142 |title=Portal SEF |publisher=Sef.pt |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182852/http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |last=Kitsoft |title=Embaixada da Ucrânia na República Portuguesa – Informação sobre a comunidade ucraniana em Portugal |url=https://portugal.mfa.gov.ua/pt/partnership/240-ukrajinci-u-portugaliji/informaciya-pro-ukrayinsku-gromadu-v-portugaliyi |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=portugal.mfa.gov.ua |language=pt}} and Russians, as well as Moldovans, Romanians, Bulgarians and Georgians, have been migrating to Portugal since the late 20th century. A wave of Ukrainians arrived in Portugal after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, approximately 60,000, making them the second largest migrant community after Brazilians.{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Portugal concedeu mais de 59.000 proteções temporárias desde o início da guerra na Ucrânia |url=https://observador.pt/2023/04/03/portugal-concedeu-mais-de-59-000-protecoes-temporarias-desde-o-inicio-da-guerra-na-ucrania/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}cite web=https://inforpress.cv/ucrania-comunidade-ucraniana-passa-a-ser-segunda-maior-residente-em-portugal/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627192302/https://inforpress.cv/ucrania-comunidade-ucraniana-passa-a-ser-segunda-maior-residente-em-portugal/ |date=27 June 2023 }}

A Chinese minority of Macau Cantonese origin as well as of Chinese mainlanders are present.

Other relevant Asian communities include Indians, Nepalis, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis while, dealing with Latin Americans, Venezuelans – numbering about 27,700 – are present.{{Cite web |title=Refugiados y migrantes de Venezuela {{!}} R4V |url=https://www.r4v.info/es/refugiadosymigrantes |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.r4v.info}}

A small minority of Romani live–about 52,000.{{cite web |title=CIGANOS, UM PASSADO, UM PRESENTE E QUE FUTURO? |url=https://setentaequatro.pt/ensaio/ciganos-um-passado-um-presente-e-que-futuro |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Errc.org}}{{Cite web |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |date=25 October 2022 |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067}}

Portugal is home to other EU and EEA/EFTA nationals (French, Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Spaniards). The UK and France represented the largest senior resident communities as of 2019. They are part of a larger expatriate community including Germans, Dutch, Belgians and Swedes.{{Cite book |last1=Reis Oliveira |first1=Catarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPmiDwAAQBAJ&q=reformados+residentes+UE+em+portugal+estat%C3%ADsticas&pg=PA18 |title=Estatísticas do Bolso da Imigração |last2=Gomes |first2=Natália |date=July 2019 |publisher=Observatório das Migrações, ACM, I.P. |isbn=9789896851019}}

Officially registered foreigners amount to 7% of the population.{{cite web |title=Imigração para Portugal já cresceu 18% em 2019 (e ainda vai aumentar) |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2019-11-12-Imigracao-para-Portugal-ja-cresceu-18-em-2019--e-ainda-vai-aumentar- |website=Jornal Expresso}} Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens.

Some 100,000 Muslims{{cite web |title=A Comunidade Islâmica de Lisboa faz 50 anos. E "o Islão está na alma de Portugal" |url=https://24.sapo.pt/atualidade/artigos/a-comunidade-islamica-de-lisboa-faz-50-anos-e-o-islao-esta-na-alma-de-portugal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926180641/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page2AfricanMuls.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Imigrantes.no.sapo.pt}}{{Cite web |title="A comunidade muçulmana em Portugal dá-nos uma grande tranquilidade na prevenção do terrorismo" |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/a-comunidade-muculmana-em-portugal-da-nos-uma-grande-tranquilidade-na-prevencao-do-terrorismo-15178283.html}} and 5,000–6,000 Jews (mostly Sephardi such as the Belmonte Jews, and Ashkenazi).{{Cite news |title=Por que judeus estão voltando a Portugal séculos após antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-48440404}}{{Cite web |title=How many Jews live in Portugal? {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/countries/how-many-jews-in-portugal |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.jpr.org.uk |date=5 January 2022 |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=Exodus? The Jewish Community in This European City Is Thriving |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2021-04-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/exodus-the-jewish-community-in-this-european-city-is-thriving/0000017f-deda-df9c-a17f-feda1a5d0000 |access-date=2023-04-20}}{{Cite web |title=New dawn: Portugal Jewish community springs to life |url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/04/27/new-dawn-portugal-jewish-community-springs-to-life/}}

File:1st foreign nationality PT 2022.png|Largest immigrant population by district. Brazilians plus Venezuelans in Madeira, Britons in Algarve and Indians in Beja

File:2nd nationality PT 2022.svg|Second largest. Cape Verdeans in Lisbon Area, Italians in Porto with Britons and Romanians in the interior.

File:3rd nationality PT 2022.svg|Third largest. US-citizens in the Azores, Chinese in the north, Africans in Lisbon metropolitan area.

File:4th foreign nationality PT 2022.svg|Fourth largest. Angolans and Eastern Europeans (such as Ukrainians in Santarém) present nationwide

File:5th foreign nationality PT 2022.svg|Fifth largest. Chinese near the Spanish border and Europeans along the coast.

{{Main|Portuguese name|Portuguese orthography}}

A Portuguese surname is typically composed of a variable number of family names (rarely one, often two or three or more). The first additional names are usually the mother's surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the final surname (excluding prepositions) is used in greetings.

Portugal's adaptable naming system complies with the country's legal framework. The law mandates that a child must be given at least one personal name and one surname from a parent. The limit is two personal names and four surnames.{{cite web |author1=((Registo Civil, Instituto dos Registos e Notariado, Ministério da Justiça)) |title=Composição do nome |trans-title=Composition of the name |url=https://irn.justica.gov.pt/Servicos/Cidadao/Nascimento/Composicao-do-nome |access-date=3 August 2022 |website=IRN.Justica.gov.pt |language=pt-PT |quote=«O nome completo deve compor-se, no máximo, de seis vocábulos gramaticais, simples ou compostos, dos quais só dois podem corresponder ao nome próprio e quatro a apelidos.»}}

In pre-Roman times, inhabitants had either a single name or a name followed by a patronym, which reflected their ethnicity or their tribe/region. These names could be Celtic, Lusitanian, Iberian, or Conii. However, the Roman onomastic system began to slowly gain popularity after the first century AD. This system involved adopting a Roman name (tria nomina), which consisted of a praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile), and cognomen. Today, most Portuguese surnames have a Germanic patronymic (such as Henriques, Pires, Rodrigues, Lopes, Nunes, Mendes, Fernandes etc. where the ending -es means "son of"), locative (Gouveia, Guimarães, Lima, Maia, Mascarenhas, Serpa, Montes, Fonseca, Barroso), religious origin (Cruz, Reis, De Jesus, Moysés, Nascimento), occupational (Carpinteiro (carpenter), Malheiro (wool-maker, thresher), Jardineiro (gardener), or derived from physical appearance (Branco (white), Trigueiro (brown, tanned), Louraço (blond). Toponymic, locative, and religion-derived surnames are often preceded by the preposition 'of' in its varying forms: (De, de), (Do, do- masculine), (Da, da- feminine) or 'of the' (dos, Dos, das, Das – plural) such as De Carvalho, Da Silva, de Gouveia, Da Costa, da Maia, do Nascimento, dos Santos, das Mercês. If the preposition is followed by a vowel, sometimes apostrophes are used in surnames (or stage names) such as D'Oliveira, d'Abranches, d'Eça. In some previous Asian colonies (India, Malaysia, East Timor) alternative spellings are used such as 'D'Souza, Desouza, De Cunha, Ferrao, Dessais, Balsemao, Conceicao, Gurjao, Mathias, Thomaz.

The majority of Portuguese have multiple surnames.

Note: Percentages total > 100 because of individuals with multiple surnames.

{{main|Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers}}

{{multiple image

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| caption2 = Portuguese coat of arms and sign – commending the property and hospital to Anthony of Lisbon – outside the Church of Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi, Rome; the Portuguese presence in Europe outside of Portugal, has had many reasons such as economic, cultural and religious (up). Santa Cruz Church, Thon Buri District, Bangkok, Constructed by Portuguese monks in the 18th Century (down)

}}Portugal was traditionally a land of emigration: according to estimates, more than one hundred million people could have recognizable Portuguese ancestors, with Portuguese diasporas found in diverse regions in all continents. However, poor sources for statistics dating hundreds of years ago complicate any estimates.{{Cite web |title=descendentes ou membros da comunidade |url=https://www.consuladoportugalportoalegre.com/membros-da-comunidade-ou-com-servios-re |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=vcportugalpoa |language=pt}}{{Cite web |title=The Portuguese Diaspora – PILOT GUIDES |date=25 January 2022 |url=https://www.pilotguides.com/study-guides/the-portuguese-diaspora/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=Portugal ǀ Portuguese ǀ Iberian |url=https://dnaconsultants.com/portugal-portuguese-iberian/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=DNA Consultants |language=en}}

Explorations in the 15th and 16th centuries and colonial expansion encouraged worldwide emigration to South Asia, the Americas, Macau, East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar{{cite web |title=The Bayingyi People of Burma |url=https://www.joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com/nonfiction-1/2018/2/6/the-baying-people-of-burma |website=Joaoroqueliteraryjournal.com|date=6 February 2018 }} and Africa, particularly to former colonies (see Luso-Africans). Portuguese emigration contributed to the settlement of the Atlantic islands, Brazil (where the majority of the population is of Portuguese descent), Goa Catholic Goans, Portuguese Burghers in Sri Lanka, in Malacca the Kristang and in Macau the Macaense. The Portuguese Empire, which lasted nearly 600 years, ended when Macau returned to China in 1999. During the period, millions left Portugal. Inter-ethnic marriage and cultural influences, produced dialects based on Portuguese in the former colonies (e.g. Forro) and in other countries (e.g. Papiamentu).

In addition, a considerable segment of the diaspora is due to recent mass emigration, mainly for economic reasons. Between 1886 and 1966 Portugal had more emigrants than any Western European country save Ireland.{{cite web |title=Portugal – Emigration |url=http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}} Nearly two million left to live mainly in Brazil, but also significant numbers settled in the US, Canada, and the Caribbean.{{cite news|first=Jorge |last=Malheiros |url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=77 |title=Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration |newspaper=Migrationpolicy.org|publisher=Migrationinformation.org |date=1 December 2002|access-date=24 August 2014}} About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.{{cite web| url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm|title=Estatísticas gerais: imigrantes e descendentes|trans-title=General statistics: immigrants and descendants| language=es| publisher=State Government of São Paulo|access-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425123106/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm| archive-date=25 April 2006}}Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP – DGACCP/DAX/DID – Maio 1999.

By 1989 some 4,000,000 Portuguese citizens were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the US.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Portugal-MIGRATION.html|title=Migration – Portugal – average, annual|website=Nationsencyclopedia.com|access-date=2 August 2017}} Estimates from 2021 are that as much as 5 million Portuguese citizens (not descendants or citizens registered within the Portuguese consular authorities) may be living abroad.{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}

Within Europe, many Portuguese live in Francophone countries like France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, spurred in part by the linguistic proximity of Portuguese and French. In fact, according to data from the General Directorate of Consular Affairs and Portuguese Communities of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the countries with the largest Portuguese communities are, in ascending order, France, the UK and Switzerland.{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/home |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt}}

{{see also|Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Sephardic Bnei Anusim}}

File:A Expulsão dos Judeus (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png, in Quadros da História de Portugal ("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917)]]

Descendants of Portuguese Sephardi Jews established many communities around the world, including in significant numbers in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil and Turkey.

The Portuguese Jewish diaspora was mainly a result of the expulsion decree{{Cite web |title=How Spain and Portugal Expelled Their Jews |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-expulsion-from-portugal/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}} issued in 1496 by the Portuguese monarchy, which targeted Portuguese-Jews. This decree forced many Jews to either convert to Christianity (leading to the emergence of Cristão-novos and of Crypto-Judaism practices) or to leave, leading Portuguese Jews to settle throughout Europe and Brazil. In Brazil{{cite web |title=Cristãos-Novos no Brasil Colônia |trans-title=New-Christians in colonial Brazil |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/judeus/cristaos_novos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306082855/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/judeus/cristaos_novos.html |archive-date=6 March 2001 |access-date=7 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}} many of the early colonists were originally Sephardi Jews who, following their conversion, were known as New Christians (see Anusim).{{Cite web |title=Cristãos-novos |url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/historiageral/cristaos-novos.htm |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Mundo Educação |language=pt-br}}{{Cite web |title=Crypto Jews: What is the history of secret Jews? – explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-715350 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 August 2022 |language=en-US}}

File:Expulsao judeus Olival (Porto).JPG.]]Up to 10,000 Portuguese-Jews might have migrated to France from 1497; this phenomenon remained noticeable until the 1600s, when the Netherlands became a favorite choice.{{Cite journal |last=Ayoun |first=Richard |date=2002 |title=L'établissement des crypto-juifs portugais à Nantes au XVIe siècle |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/acths_0000-0001_2002_act_124_11_5987 |journal=Actes des congrès nationaux des sociétés historiques et scientifiques |volume=124 |issue=11 |pages=303–320}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cepese.pt/portal/pt/investigacao/livro-historia-da-populacao-portuguesa|title=HISTÓRIA DA POPULAÇÃO PORTUGUESA : Das longas permanências à conquista da modernidade}}

The Netherlands and England became top destinations for these emigrants because those places had no Inquisition. Adding to the economical and cultural aspects of their host countries,{{Cite journal |last=Stolk |first=Marijn |date=2018-12-31 |title=Exploring Immigrant Identities: The Link between Portuguese Ceramics and Sephardic Immigrants in 17th Century Amsterdam: Marijn Stolk |url=https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/EXNOVO/article/view/383 |journal=Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=3 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.32028/exnovo.v3i0.383 |s2cid=166900120 |issn=2531-8810|doi-access=free }} Portuguese-Jews established institutions that continue, such as the Esnoga, in Amsterdam, Congregation Shearith Israel (America's oldest Jewish congregation), Bevis Marks Synagogue (the UK's oldest synagogue) – the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal – (Canada's oldest synagogue) – , Mount Sinai Hospital, City Lights Booksellers, and David Cardozo Academy in Jerusalem.

Smaller communities thrived in the Balkans,{{Cite journal |last=Tomashevich |first=George Vid |date=1982 |title=BALKAN JEWS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS BEFORE, DURING AND SINCE THE HOLOCAUST: A Study in Ethno-Religious (and Ideological) Relations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23261871 |journal=Humboldt Journal of Social Relations |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=339–363 |jstor=23261871 |issn=0160-4341}} Italy,{{Cite web |title=Italy |url=https://sephardicgenealogy.com/regions/europe/sephardic-jews-in-italy/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sephardic Genealogy |language=en-US}} the Ottoman Empire{{Cite web |title=Sephardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire – Portuguese Citizenship – |url=https://lawoffice.org.il/en/sephardi-jews-in-the-ottoman-empire/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=The Sephardic Exodus to the Ottoman Empire |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-ottoman-empire/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}} and Germany, especially in Hamburg (see Elijah Aboab Cardoso Joan d'Acosta and Samuel ben Abraham Aboab).{{Cite web |title=O português dos judeus na Europa no começo do séc. XX – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/o-portugues-dos-judeus-na-europa-no-comeco-do-seculo-xx/37332 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}

Portuguese-Jews were responsible for the appearance of Papiamentu{{Cite web |title=Papiamentu {{!}} language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Papiamentu |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} (a 300,000 strong{{Cite web |title=the world |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}} Portuguese-based creole now the official language in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire) and of Sranan Tongo, a Portuguese-influenced, English-based creole by spoken by more than 500,000 in Suriname.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/regaining-jerusalem|title=Natalie Zemon Davis on Jewish Slaveowners Celebrating Passover in 17th-Century Suriname - Tablet Magazine|date=21 April 2016 }}{{Cite web |title=The History of Sranan, A Language of Suriname |url=https://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/Sranan1.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=linguistics.byu.edu}}

During the Shoah, nearly 4,000 Jews of Portuguese descent residing in the Netherlands lost their lives, making up the largest group of casualties with a Portuguese background.{{Cite web |last=Abrunhosa |first=Maria Eugénia |date=2020-12-01 |title="Portugueses no Holocausto": o "descarinho" que acabou em Auschwitz |url=https://setemargens.com/portugueses-no-holocausto-o-descarinho-que-acabou-em-auschwitz/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Sete Margens |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no holocausto – A Esfera dos Livros |url=https://esferadoslivros.pt/livros/sem-categoria/portugueses-no-holocausto/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=pt-PT}} Among famous Portuguese-Jewish victims of the Shoah is painter Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna. Although officially neutral, the Portuguese regime at that time, Estado Novo, aligned with Germany's ideology and failed to protect its citizens and other Jewish people living overseas.{{Cite web |title=Salazar negou auxílio a judeus na Grécia e na Holanda |url=https://www.dn.pt/cartaz/salazar-negou-auxilio-a-judeus-na-grecia-e-na-holanda-2854275.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.dn.pt |date=29 October 2012 |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Salazar foi cúmplice "involuntário" do Holocausto |url=https://www.dn.pt/cartaz/salazar-foi-cumplice-involuntario-do-holocausto-2854139.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.dn.pt |date=29 October 2012 |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Salazar evitou o auxílio a judeus portugueses na Grécia e na Holanda |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/sociedade/iol-push/salazar-evitou-o-auxilio-a-judeus-portugueses-na-grecia-e-na-holanda |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=TVI Notícias |language=pt}} Despite the lack of support by the Portuguese authorities, Jews of both Portuguese{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Artes – Prémio distingue pesquisa sobre judeus de origem portuguesa em França salvos do Holocausto |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/programas/em-directo-da-redac%C3%A7%C3%A3o/20230207-pr%C3%A9mio-distingue-pesquisa-sobre-judeus-de-origem-portuguesa-em-fran%C3%A7a-salvos-do-holocausto |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=RFI |language=pt}} and other descent were saved thanks to individuals such as Carlos Sampaio Garrido, Joaquim Carreira, José Brito Mendes and Aristides de Sousa Mendes,{{Cite web |title=Yad Vashem : Aristides De Sousa Mendes |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/mendes.html}} who alone helped 34,000 Jews

Over 500 years after the expulsion decree, in 2015 the Portuguese parliament officially acknowledged that the expulsion of its citizens of Jewish descent was wrong. The government then passed a Law of Return{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Law of Return |url=https://lawoffice.org.il/en/portuguese-law-of-return/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |language=en-US}} that aimed to address the wrongs of the Portuguese Inquisition. The law grants citizenship to any descendants of those persecuted Jews able to confirm their Sephardic Jewish ancestry and a "connection" to Portugal.{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Law: Sephardic descendants eligible to obtain Portuguese Citizenship – Sponsored Content {{!}} The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/spotlight/portuguese-law-sephardic-descendants-eligible-to-obtain-portuguese-citizenship/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Getting The Portuguese Citizenship For The Sephardic Jews |url=https://www.abitbol-associes.com/en/getting-the-portuguese-citizenship-for-the-sephardic-jews/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Abitbol Associes |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Renascença |title=Renascença – A par com o mundo. |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=1&did=104840 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}}

Thereafter, more than 140,000 people of Sephardic descent, from 60 countries (mostly Israel and Turkey) applied for Portuguese citizenship.{{Cite web |last=Machado |first=Alexandra |title=Mais de 30 mil descendentes de sefarditas receberam cidadania portuguesa desde 2015 |url=https://observador.pt/2022/01/02/mais-de-30-mil-descendentes-de-sefarditas-receberam-cidadania-portuguesa-desde-2015/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Descendentes sefarditas a viver no estrangeiro foram quem mais obteve a cidadania portuguesa |url=https://observador.pt/2022/12/18/descendentes-sefarditas-a-viver-no-estrangeiro-foram-quem-mais-obteve-a-cidadania-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Sefarditas de mais de 60 países pediram nacionalidade portuguesa |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/sefarditas-de-mais-de-60-paises-pediram-nacionalidade-portuguesa-14593300.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |last=Pomerantz |first=Leandro Da Mota Damasceno, Ian |title=O que aconteceu à "reparação histórica mais progressista" da Europa? |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/03/14/opiniao/opiniao/aconteceu-reparacao-historica-progressista-europa-2042401 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=PÚBLICO |date=14 March 2023 |language=pt}} Thereafter, foreigners with no legitimate links were granted Portuguese and thus EU citizenship, including Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich. Such abuse prompted the judiciary to review the law.{{Cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Silva |first2=Beatriz Ramalho da |date=2022-03-16 |title=Portugal to change law under which Roman Abramovich gained citizenship |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/16/portugal-nationality-by-descent-law-roman-abramovich-citizenship |access-date=2023-04-12 |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |date=2023-02-27 |title=Les secrets de la ruée sur les passeports portugais |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/02/27/les-secrets-de-la-ruee-sur-les-passeports-portugais_6163428_3210.html |access-date=2023-04-12}}{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Descendentes de judeus sefarditas correm por nacionalidade em Portugal antes de nova regra |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/05/descendentes-de-judeus-sefarditas-correm-por-nacionalidade-em-portugal-antes-de-nova-regra.shtml |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Eurico |title=Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros de 6 de abril de 2023 |url=https://www.homepagejuridica.pt/noticias/11948-comunicado-do-conselho-de-ministros-de-6-de-abril-de-2023 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.homepagejuridica.pt |date=6 April 2023 |language=pt-pt}}

Notable people of Portuguese-Jewish descent include:

• Amatus Lusitanus (1511–1568): Jewish physician said to have discovered the valves in the azygos vein.
• Gracia Mendes Nasi (1510–1569): Philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe
• Leonora Duarte (1610–1678): a Flemish composer and musician
• Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677): Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin
• Catherine da Costa (1679–1756): English miniaturist
• David Ricardo (1772–1823): a British political economist
• Rehuel Lobatto (1797–1866): Dutch mathematician whose notable contributions include Gauss-Lobatto quadrature method and the Lobatto polynomials
• Isaäc da Costa (1798–1860): a Jewish poet.
• Pereire brothers (19th century): major figures in the development of France's finance and infrastructure
• Samuel Sarphati (1813–1866): Dutch physician and Amsterdam city planner
• Solomon Nunes Carvalho (1815–1897): American painter, photographer, author and inventor
• Grace Aguilar (1816–1847): English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion
• Camille Pissarro (1830–1903): a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter considered the "dean of the Impressionist painters"{{Cite web |title=Camille Pissarro |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/camille-pissarro/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US}}
• Francis Lewis Cardozo (1836–1903): American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first African American to hold a statewide office in the United States
• Maud Nathan (1862–1946): American social worker, labor activist and women's suffragist
• Federigo Enriques (1871–1946): Italian mathematician, now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry, and other contributions in algebraic geometry
• Frieda Belinfante (1904–1995): Dutch cellist, philharmonic conductor, a prominent lesbian, and a member of the Dutch resistance during World War II
• William Leonard Pereira (1909–1985): American architect
• Abraham Pais (1918–2000): Dutch-American physicist and science historian
• Louisa Benson Craig (1941–2010): Burmese-born two-time beauty pageant winner and Karen rebel leader of Portuguese-Jewish descent{{Cite web |title=Louisa Benson Craig Dies Aged 69 |url=https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=17739#:~:text=She%20was%2069.,%E2%80%93%E2%80%93in%201956%20and%201958. |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www2.irrawaddy.com}}{{Cite web |last=Arom |first=Eitan |date=2018-01-03 |title=Charmaine Craig Ponders Her Mixed Jewish and Karen Heritage in 'Miss Burma' |url=https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/229285/charmaine-craig-ponders-mixed-jewish-karen-heritage-miss-burma/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Jewish Journal |language=en-US}}
• Alberto Portugheis (1941): Argentine pianist
• Henrique Cymerman (1959): Israeli journalist
• Shon Weissman (1996): Israeli footballer

{{see also|Portuguese Americans|Portuguese-American neighborhoods}}

File:Bodo de Leite Parade in East Providence, Rhode Island.jpg]]

The US established bilateral relations with Portugal when Portugal became the first neutral country to acknowledge the United States.U.S. Department of State, "A GUIDE TO THE UNITED STATES' HISTORY OF RECOGNITION, DIPLOMATIC, AND CONSULAR RELATIONS, BY COUNTRY, SINCE 1776: PORTUGAL", [https://history.state.gov/countries/portugal]

Despite Portugal never attempting to colonize any territory that became part of the US, navigators such as João Fernandes Lavrador, Miguel Corte-Real and João Rodrigues Cabrilho are among its earliest documented European explorers. Dighton Rock, in Southeastern Massachusetts, is a marker of early Portuguese presence.{{Cite web |last=Couto |first=António |date=2023-04-02 |title=História e Memória: A Pedra de Dighton (1511) |url=https://philangra.blogspot.com/2018/12/a-pedra-de-dighton-1511.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=História e Memória}}{{Cite web |title=Monumentos |url=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=31651 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.monumentos.gov.pt}}

Mathias de Sousa, who was potentially a Sephardic Jew of mixed African background, is believed to be the first documented Portuguese resident of colonial United States.{{cite web |first=Robert L. |last=Santos |year=1995 |title=Azorean Immigration Into the United States |url=http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/immigr.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206025424/http://www.library.csustan.edu/bsantos/immigr.html |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=4 May 2015}} Another Portuguese Jew, Isaac Touro, is commemorated in the name of the US' oldest synagogue, the Touro Synagogue.

Portuguese started to settle in significant numbers only in the 19th century, with major migration waves occurring in the first half of the 20th century, especially from the Azores.{{Cite web |date=2011-04-13 |title={{!}} Portuguese Americans are organized and well connectedPortuguese American Journal |url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/portuguese-americans-are-organized-and-well-connected/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Portuguese American Journal |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The Portuguese in the United States |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.loc.gov}} Of the 1,4 million Portuguese Americans found in the US (0.4% of its population) the majority are originally from the Azores. The arrival of Azorean emigrants was easier because of geographic proximity and was encouraged by the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958, sponsored by then-Senator John F. Kennedy and John Pastore to help the population affected by the 1957–58, the Capelinhos volcano eruption.{{cite web |title=Chronology, 1958–Present |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/chron6.html |access-date=22 June 2020 |website=Portuguese Immigrants in the United States |publisher=Library of Congress Hispanic Division}}{{Cite web |title=Text of H.Res. 1438 (110th): Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Azorean Refugee Act of 1958 and celebrating ... (Passed the House version) – GovTrack.us |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hres1438/text |access-date=2018-02-14 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Azorean-Americans: The Azorean Refugee Act |url=https://www.portugal.com/history-and-culture/azorean-americans-the-azorean-refugee-act/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Portugal.com |language=en-US}} Moreover, the 1965 Immigration Act stated that if someone had legal or American relatives in the US who would serve as a sponsor, they could obtain the status of legal aliens. This act dramatically increased Portuguese immigration in the 1970s and 1980s.Ponta-Garça, Nelson, director. Portuguese in New England. 2016.

Major Portuguese communities arose in New Jersey (particularly in Newark), the New England states, California and along the Gulf Coast (Louisiana). Springfield, Illinois once hosted the largest Portuguese community in the Midwest.{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Andrea|title=Carpenter Street Underpass|url=http://springfieldrailroad.com/newsite/pdfs/SRIP_CarpenterStreet_FAQ_FINAL8-25-15.pdf|website=Springfield Railroads Improvement Project|publisher=US Department of Transportation Federal Railroad Administration and the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency|access-date=23 May 2018}} In the Pacific, Hawaii (see Portuguese immigration to Hawaii) sports a sizable Portuguese population, encouraged by the availability of labor contracts 150 years ago.{{Cite journal |last=Baganha |first=Maria Ioannis Benis |year=1991 |title=The Social Mobility of Portuguese Immigrants in the United States at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2546289 |journal=The International Migration Review |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=277–302 |doi=10.1177/019791839102500202 |jstor=2546289 |s2cid=147321899 }} Elements of Hawaiian cuisine, such as malasadas, originate from Portuguese immigrants to Hawaii.{{Cite web |last=Recipes |first=Ono Hawaiian |date=2023-05-06 |title=The Best Malasadas Recipe in Hawaii |url=https://onohawaiianrecipes.com/recipes/malasadas/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Ono Hawaiian Recipes |language=en-US}}

{{see also|Portuguese Canadians}}{{multiple image

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Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, developed a significant Portuguese community since the 1940s. The availability of more job opportunities in Canada attracted Portuguese migrants, leading to Portuguese culture to flourish. Many Portuguese residents took the initiative to purchase homes and establish businesses.

According to the 2016 Census, 482,610, or 1.4% of Canadians claimed Portuguese ancestry.{{cite web |title=Ethnic Origin, Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses and Sex for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=2&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=59&GK=1&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=14493&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2010-11-10}}

Two major neighbourhoods where Portuguese are notable include the Little Portugals in Toronto and Montréal. Montréal's Little Portugal, known as "Petit Portugal" in French, hosts Portuguese shops, restaurants, and cafes, and is also home to "Parc du Portugal" (Portugal's park), featuring vibrant murals and elements inspired by Portuguese design.{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Principal rua do 'Little Portugal' em Toronto muda de nome e reescreve a história |url=https://observador.pt/2021/11/28/principal-rua-do-little-portugal-em-toronto-muda-de-nome-e-reescreve-a-historia/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |last=Resident |first=Portugal |date=2022-10-18 |title=A little piece of Portugal in Canada |url=https://www.portugalresident.com/a-little-piece-of-portugal-in-canada/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Portugal Resident |language=en-GB}}

The Portuguese language is spoken by over 330,000 Canadians, making up around 1% of the population.{{Cite web |last=Janarra |first=Rui |date=2022-08-18 |title=Línguas no Canadá: 118.730 cidadãos falam português em casa, segundo Statcan |url=https://www.correiodamanhacanada.com/linguas-no-canada-118-730-cidadaos-falam-portugues-em-casa-segundo-statcan/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Correio da Manhã Canadá |language=pt-PT}}

Significant testimonies of the Portuguese presence in Canada include the name of one of the 10 provinces of Canada: Newfoundland and Labrador. King Henry VII coined the name "New found land" for the territory explored by Sebastian and John Cabot. In Portuguese, the land is known as Terra Nova, which translates to "new land," and is also referred to as Terre-Neuve in French, the name for the province's island region. The name Terra Nova is commonly used on the island, including in the name of Terra Nova National Park. The influence of early Portuguese exploration is also evident in the name of Labrador, which is derived from the surname of Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador.{{Cite report |title=Canada and its provinces - the origins of their names - as noted in The Macmillan Book of Canadian Place Names |last=Hamilton |first=W B |date=1981 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management|page=105|doi=10.4095/298053 |doi-access=free }} Other remnants of early Portuguese exploration include toponyms such as Baccalieu (from bacalhau, Portuguese for codfish) and Portugal Cove. Portuguese cartographer Diogo Ribeiro is responsible for one of the earliest maps depicting the territory of modern-day Canada.{{Cite web |title=Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North America |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.loc.gov}}

The first Portuguese who settled in the Caribbean were merchants or Portuguese-Jews fleeing the Portuguese Inquisition.{{Cite web |title=Jamaica National Heritage Trust – The People Who Came |url=http://www.jnht.com/disndat_people.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.jnht.com}} Migrants from the 1830s came as indentured labourers, especially from Madeira. The 19th century migration coincided with the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. As a result, the Portuguese, along with Indians and Chinese, arrived to replace the slave labor. The Portuguese took a prominent part in shaping the population of the West Indies. Their descendants form an active minority in many countries.

As part of a larger system of low-wage labour, about 2,500 Portuguese left for Antigua and Barbuda{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281277075|title=Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St. Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: A Comparative Overview}} (where, more than 1,000 people still speak the language),{{Cite web |date=2019-09-16 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Antigua and Barbuda? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-antigua-and-barbuda.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}} 30,000 to Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891){{cite web |date=7 May 2000 |title=Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana |url=http://www.guyana.org/special/portuguese.html |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Guyana.org}} and another 2,000 settled in Trinidad and Tobago{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305557491|title=2. Português Língua de Herança: Um estudo da tentativa da manutenção de uma língua praticamente extinta, em Trinidad e Tobago}}{{cite web |last=Pidduck |first=Angela |date=14 June 1999 |title=Small TT / Portuguese Community Continues to Celebrate Heritage |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Communities/communities_Portuguese.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020225025938/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Communities/communities_Portuguese.html |archive-date=25 February 2002 |access-date=7 September 2008 |publisher=nalis.gov.tt}}{{Cite web |last=Rampersad |first=Joan |date=2019-12-07 |title=Portuguese celebrate 185 years in TT – Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2019/12/07/portuguese-celebrate-185-years-in-tt/,%20https://newsday.co.tt/2019/12/07/portuguese-celebrate-185-years-in-tt/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=newsday.co.tt |language=en-US}} between the mid-1800s and the mid-1900s.{{Cite web |title=The Portuguese presence |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2019/05/05/the-portuguese-presence/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Guyana Chronicle |date=5 May 2019 |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last=Kempadoo |first=Kamala |date=2017-09-21 |title='Bound Coolies' and Other Indentured Workers in the Caribbean: Implications for debates about human trafficking and modern slavery |url=https://antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/263 |journal=Anti-Trafficking Review |language=en |issue=9 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.14197/atr.20121794 |issn=2287-0113|doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |title=The Arrival of the Portuguese in British Guiana |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2012/05/05/the-arrival-of-the-portuguese-in-british-guiana/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Guyana Chronicle |date=2 January 2018 |language=en-US}} Portuguese culture survives in the enterprises established by community members. In 2016 the second international airport of the country was renamed after a Portuguese Guyanese individual.{{Cite web |title=Ogle Airport Renamed Eugene F. Correia International |url=https://www.nevispages.com/ogle-airport-renamed-eugene-f-correia-international/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=NevisPages.com |date=11 May 2016 |language=en-CA}}

Portuguese fishermen, farmers and indentured labourers inhabited other Caribbean countries, especially Jamaica (about 5,700 people, primarily of Portuguese-Jewish descent),{{Cite book |last=Mirvis |first=Stanley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv10sm932 |title=The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition |date=2020 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv10sm932 |jstor=j.ctv10sm932 |isbn=978-0-300-23881-5|s2cid=219044870 }}{{Cite web |last=Community |date=2020-10-13 |title=Jews in Jamaica |url=https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/2020/10/13/jews-in-jamaica/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Jewish Museum London |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=PORTUGALITY in Jamaica |url=https://portugality.yolasite.com/jamaica-en.php |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=portugality.yolasite.com}} St. Vincent and the Grenadines (0.7% of the population),{{Cite web|url=http://finance.gov.vc/finance/images/PDF/censusreport2012.pdf|title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2012 Census}}{{cite web |date=31 July 2001 |title=The Portuguese of the West Indies |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~portwestind/diaspora/waves_of_migration.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com}} and Suriname, whose first capital, Torarica (literally "rich Torah" in Portuguese), was established by Portuguese-Jewish settlers. Minor communities exist in Grenada,{{Cite web |title=Grenada – Population and Housing Census 2001 |url=https://catalog.ihsn.org/catalog/4322/related-materials |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=catalog.ihsn.org}} Saint Lucia,{{Cite web |title=UNECLAC-CELADE::Redatam Webserver {{!}} Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool |url=https://redatam.org/binlca/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=PHC2010C&lang=ENG |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=redatam.org}} Saint Kitts and Nevis{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Saint Kitts and Nevis |url=http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |access-date=2023-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005511/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/Kitts.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2018 }} and the Cayman Islands{{Cite web|url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/page_docums/files/uploads/docum436.pdf|title=Cayman Islands 2010 census}}

About 4,000 Portuguese people live in the Caribbean territories of Overseas France, especially in Saint Barthélemy (where they constitute about a third of the population), Guadeloupe and Martinique.{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=86 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}{{Cite web |title=Quatro portugueses retirados de ilha em Cuba devido ao furacão |url=https://www.jn.pt/mundo/quatro-portugueses-retirados-de-ilha-em-cubadevido-ao-furacao-8753686.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.jn.pt |language=pt-PT}}

Portuguese heritage lives on in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. In the three territories, the official language, Papiamentu, includes numerous Portuguese elements.

The North Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda (10%{{cite web |title=Bermuda |url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/bermuda.htm |access-date=24 August 2014 |publisher=Solarnavigator.net}} to 25% of the population) experienced sustained immigration especially from the Azores, as well as from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands since the 1840s.{{Cite news |last=Zacharias |first=Adam |date=2015-11-27 |title=Portuguese community 'still not accepted' |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20151127/portuguese-community-still-not-accepted/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.royalgazette.com |language=en-US|publisher=The Royal Gazette}}

Portuguese communities are also present in countries such as Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://porturicans.weebly.com/history.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Portu Ricans – Portuguese Puerto Ricans |language=en}} Notable members of the community include activist Ada Bello, businesswoman Alexis Victoria Yeb, former Nicaraguan First Lady Lila Teresita Abaunza and Felipa Colón de Toledo.

File:Charrería en Tequixquiac (18).JPG, Mexico]]

Mexico had flows of Portuguese immigration from the colonial period through the early 20th century, most importantly in northeastern cities{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehn/ehn32/EHNO3201.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204000759/http://www.ejournal.unam.mx/ehn/ehn32/EHNO3201.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=3 December 2021}} such as Saltillo, Monterrey, Durango and Torreon. Santiago Tequixquiac, due to its lime and stone mining deposits, was a place of settlement for Portuguese Crypto-Jews during the colonial period. They were brought there together with the Tlaxcalans and peninsular Spaniards to appease the Otomi indigenous people in that town. Many Lusitanian cultural traits were preserved through the 19th century, such as forcados, gastronomy, some Sephardic customs and its inhabitants' surnames. Bullfighting is a Portuguese tradition that continues in Mexico.{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Andreia |date=2021-06-09 |title=Os portugueses no México, destinos traçados com armas e com gosto de tequila |url=https://eltrapezio.eu/es/portugues/os-portugueses-no-mexico-destinos-tracados-com-armas-e-com-gosto-de-tequila_21610.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=El Trapezio |language=es-ES}} A notable Portuguese-Mexican Jew was Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal, executed by burning at the stake by the Inquisition for judaizing in 1596.

Venezuela has the most Portuguese people in Latin America after Brazil. Portuguese started arriving to Venezuela in the early and middle 20th century as economic immigrants, particularly from Madeira.{{cite web |title=Maior comunidade portuguesa da América Latina esperançada numa nova Venezuela |url=https://www.jn.pt/mundo/maior-comunidade-portuguesa-da-america-latina-esperancada-numa-nova-venezuela-3163750.html |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=Jn.pt |language=pt-PT}} Some 1.3 million people (4.61%) are of Portuguese descent. Migration occurred mainly in the 1940s and 1950s. The extensive Luso-Venezuelan community includes personalities such as María Gabriela de Faría, Marjorie de Sousa, Vanessa Gonçalves, Kimberly Dos Ramos and Laura Gonçalves.

Colombia did not welcome mass Portuguese immigration. Although Portuguese may have explored the area, they did not establish communities there. Colombia became a Spanish colony, as defined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The Portuguese embassy in Bogota estimated that around 800 Portuguese nationals live there. The number with Portuguese ancestry is not known, but they left little mark on the culture, except for some surnames.{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-03|language=es|title=Colombia – Inmigración 2020 {{!}} Datosmacro.com|url=https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia|website=datosmacro.expansion.com}}{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-03|language=pt|last=SAPO|title=Colômbia atrai portugueses interessados em negócios e é uma opção à Venezuela|url=https://24.sapo.pt/noticias/internacional/artigo/colombia-atrai-portugueses-interessados-em-negocios-e-e-uma-opcao-a-venezuela_21033581.html|website=SAPO 24}}

In Peru, a modest migration began at the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Sailors who traveled along the Peruvian coast, and later entered the country from the Atlantic via the Amazon River settled there. Records of Luso-Brazilians survive in the cities surrounding the Brazil-Peru border. Portuguese citizens in Peru number about 2,000,{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=173 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} Peruvians with Portuguese ancestry could approach 1 million, including direct and indirect descendants, or about 3% of the total.{{Cite web|url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Inmigracion-Portuguesa-al-Peru.htm|title=Inmigración portuguesa al Perú|website=www.espejodelperu.com.pe}} A famous Peruvian of Portuguese descent is popular TV presenter {{ill|Janet Barboza|es|Janet Barboza}}.

File:PortugueseMuseum-Colonia4.jpg depicting the foundation of Colonia del Sacramento, now a Unesco World Heritage Site, Portuguese Museum]]

The Cono Sur region had Portuguese immigration beginning in the early 20th century. The Portuguese and Cape Verdean community in Argentina, Uruguay and Chile numbers around 255,000 people combined (0.37% of the region's population).

Portuguese Uruguayans are mainly of Azorean descent.{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Uruguai. São Carlos de Maldonado. 1764 |url=https://www.esteditora.com.br/PortuguesesnoUruguaiSaoCarlosdeMaldonado1764 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.esteditora.com.br}} Portuguese presence in the country dates to colonial times, in particular to the establishment of Colonia del Sacramento by the Portuguese in 1680,{{Cite web|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo01/fund_sacramento.html|title=A Fundação da Colônia do Sacramento|website=www.multirio.rj.gov.br}} which eventually turned into a regional smuggling center. Other Portuguese entered Uruguay from Brazil. During the second half of the 19th century and part of the 20th, several additional Portuguese immigrants arrived; the last wave came during 1930–1965.{{Cite web|url=http://www.fhuce.edu.uy/jornadas/IIJornadasInvestigacion/PONENCIAS/BLANCO.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221147/http://www.fhuce.edu.uy/jornadas/IIJornadasInvestigacion/PONENCIAS/BLANCO.PDF|url-status=dead|title=Our last Lusitanians|archivedate=29 October 2013}}{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Uruguai |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://ciencia.iscte-iul.pt/publications/portugueses-no-uruguai-redes-retratos-e-relatos/18250 |last1=Carreiras |first1=Helena }} As of 2021, 3,069{{Cite web|url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=231|title=Observatório da Emigração|website=observatorioemigracao.pt}} Portuguese citizens had registered as residing in Uruguay. Many luso-descendants also reside there, but numbers are lacking.{{Cite web |title=Perguntas frequentes |url=https://montreal.consuladoportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/assuntos-consulares/perguntas-frequentes |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Consulado Geral de Portugal em Montreal |language=pt-pt}}

File:Portugueseobera.JPG, Misiones, Argentina]]

Argentina-Portugal relations date back to the early explorers, as the Río de la Plata (literally, silver river) was first explored by the Portuguese in the 1510s. In Argentina, Portuguese immigration remained limited due to a preference for Brazil. However, the Portuguese constituted the second-largest immigrant group after the Spanish before 1816 and continued to arrive throughout the 19th century. While a significant number settled in the interior, the primary destination was Buenos Aires. Many men from Lisbon, Porto, and coastal regions of Portugal, predominantly in maritime professions, were already present. During the 1970s, they began to organize ethnically, and community life developed.{{Cite web |last=Rouco |first=Maria Gonzalez |date=2004-11-16 |title=Inmigración a la Argentina. Portugueses |url=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/portugueses-en-argentina/portugueses-en-argentina |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Monografias.com |language=es-ES}}Olavarria Portuguese society participated in "Buenos Aires celebrates Portugal" {{cite web |title=Infoeme.com – Diario on line de Olavarria |url=http://www.infoeme.com/noticia.asp?id=41701 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903173358/http://www.infoeme.com/noticia.asp?id=41701 |archive-date=2012-09-03 |access-date=2012-06-02}} A popular member of the Portuguese community in Argentina was best-selling author Silvina Bullrich.

{{see also|Portuguese Africans}}File:2019-05-06 Empfang Jorge Carlos Fonseca-1190.jpg President Jorge Carlos Fonseca]]In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged migration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, up to 1 million Portuguese settlers were living in Portugal's overseas African provinces.{{Cite web |title=Portugal - Emigration |url=https://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=countrystudies.us|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|year=1993}} Minor communities settled in Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese influences continue there: Portuguese enjoys the status of official language.

Following the Carnation Revolution, as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, an estimated 800,000 Portuguese emigrated from the former colonies.{{Cite web |title=O Retorno |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/o-retorno/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |language=pt-PT}} Returnees to Portugal are often referred as Retornados (literally, those who came back).

Some Portuguese moved to South Africa, Botswana, and Algeria.{{cite web |url=https://www.portaldascomunidades.mne.pt/pt/conselhos-aos-viajantes/a/122-dz |title=Argélia|website=Portaldascomunidades.mne.pt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.internations.org/botswana-expats/portuguese/pt |title=Portugueses em Botsuana – Expats portugueses em Botsuana|website=Internations.org}}{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html |title=Dismantling the Portuguese Empire |publisher=Time |archive-date=13 January 2009}}{{cite web|url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/africa/portugueses-sao-mais-parecidos-com-os-argelinos-do-que-costumamos-pensar--4444227.html|title=Portugueses são mais parecidos com os argelinos do que costumamos pensar|date=10 March 2015|website=TSF Rádio Notícias}}{{cite web|url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/empresas/argelia-quer-formacao-profissional-portuguesa/|title=Argélia quer formação profissional portuguesa|date=29 November 2018|website=Dinheirovivo.pt|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406010851/https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/empresas/argelia-quer-formacao-profissional-portuguesa/|url-status=dead}} In particular, South Africa hosts the largest Portuguese community in the continent, numbering about 700,000 (more than Lisbon).

Portuguese descendants make up a significant minority in the former colonies where, they make up the bulk of Mestiços (Mixed African-European people).{{Cite web |title=Mia Couto ao Expresso: "Somos todos biologicamente mestiços. Os vírus moram dentro de nós" |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/coronavirus/2020-05-31-Mia-Couto-ao-Expresso-Somos-todos-biologicamente-mesticos.-Os-virus-moram-dentro-de-nos |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Angola: "Houve independência mas não descolonização das mentes" |url=https://acervo.publico.pt/mundo/noticia/houve-independencia-mas-nao-descolonizacao-das-mentes-1712736 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=PÚBLICO |date=11 January 2015 |language=pt}}{{Cite journal |last=Filho |first=João Lopes |date=2011-12-09 |title=Mestiçagem, emigração e mudança em Cabo Verde |url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/africa/article/view/96111 |journal=Revista África |language=pt |issue=29–30 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.11606/issn.2526-303X.v0i29-30p129-140 |s2cid=249832231 |issn=2526-303X|doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |title=Quando todo mundo virou mestiço |url=https://ilhas.li/aIFt |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Expresso das Ilhas |language=pt}}

{{see also|Portuguese in Belgium|Portuguese in France|Portuguese in Luxembourg}}

File:Portuguese Fook Dancing in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg.jpg.|200x200px]]

File:Plaque Avenue des Portugais, Paris 16.jpg on the Portuguese.avenue (Avenue des Portugais) in Paris|200x200px]]

File:Monument des Portugais de Champigny-sur-Marne 2.jpg Portuguese monument (Monument des Portugais)|200x200px]]

File:Geração à rasca - Portuguese in Belgium.jpg, Belgium|300x300px]]

File:Eglise du Sacré Coeur de Gentilly (92) vue de la cité universitaire.jpg, seen from the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris|200x200px]]

File:Portuguese WWI Memorial (1324658430).jpg in Richebourg, France|267x267px]]

File:Portuguese Consulate in Geneva.JPG consulate in Geneva|200x200px]]

Due to the linguistic similarity between Portuguese and French and the many schools in Portugal that promote French as foreign language, many Portuguese nationals started migrating to France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Monaco and the French-speaking part of Switzerland in the 1960s, for economic reasons, and to avoid conscription to fight in Portuguese colonies. Interestingly, migration to Andorra - where, although Catalan is the official language, French is widely spoken - made the Portuguese the third largest ethnic group in the state, after Andorrans and Spaniards.{{Cite web|url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-ca/pages/estadistiques-i-dades-detall?Idioma=ca&N2=605&N3=630&DV=1251|title=Andorra statistics}}{{Cite web |title=en AndorraInfo.com |url=https://www.andorrainfo.com/andorra/idioma.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=AndorraInfo |language=es-es}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cultura.ad/la-llengua-a-andorra|title=La llengua a Andorra}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cultura.ad/images/stories/Llengua/Documents/CU_22_web-Indicador_dusos_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstics_compressed.pdf|title=Andorra languages - 2}}

Around 15% of Portuguese people are fluent in French.{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/1049 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=europa.eu}}{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Portugueses falam cada vez mais (e melhor) línguas estrangeiras |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/portugal-e-pais-da-ue-com-maior-aumento-de-adultos-a-falar-linguas-estrangeiras-8987820.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}} French has been dwindling, often replaced by English. In 2005 French fluency stood at 24%.{{Cite web |last= |date= |title="Tive colegas de escola cujos pais eram portugueses. Mas nunca os vi como uma comunidade. Eram amigos" |url=https://www.dn.pt/internacional/tive-colegas-de-escola-cujos-pais-eram-portugueses-mas-nunca-os-vi-como-uma-comunidade-eram-amigos--15273308.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}} Nevertheless, 70% of middle school students study French.{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=PÚBLICO |date=2019-09-25 |title=Português é uma das línguas estrangeiras ensinadas em França, Espanha e Roménia |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/25/sociedade/noticia/linguas-uniao-europeia-1887866 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}} French media are widely available in Portugal (newspapers, magazines, radio stations and TV channels) and many libraries offer a French-language section.

Portuguese migration to the more affluent French speaking countries in Europe continues, although at a lower rate.

More than 2,260,000 Portuguese citizens live in these countries. In addition, France alone hosts 450,000 Luso-descendants.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Records of Portuguese living in France date to the early centuries of the Portuguese kingdom, notably merchants, Portuguese-Jews and Portuguese nobles: Louis XIV was of Portuguese descent through his grandfather Philip II. Despite a centuries-long presence, Portuguese nationals only started to move to France in large numbers following World War 2.{{Cite web |title=L'immigration portugaise en France au 20ème siècle {{!}} Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration |url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/caracteristiques-migratoires-selon-les-pays-d-origine/l-immigration-portugaise-en-france-au-20eme-siecle |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.histoire-immigration.fr |language=fr}}{{Cite web |title=História da Emigração em França destaca envio de trabalhadores e xenofobia |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/historia-da-emigracao-em-franca-destaca-envio-de-trabalhadores-e-xenofobia-9294878.html |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}

From the 1960s, Brazil's economic stagnation, French efforts to attract Portuguese workers, and António de Oliveira Salazar's dictatorship and the colonial wars were factors that contributed to 1,000,000 people migrating to France from 1960 to 1974.{{cite web |title=france 2 actualités & société |url=http://info.france2.fr/dossiers/europe/25778206-fr.php?page=1 |access-date=28 August 2017 |website=info.france2.fr }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/portugal/presentation-du-portugal/|title=Présentation du Portugal|first=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires|last=étrangères|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères}}{{cite web |url=http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/2454.html |title=Observatório da Emigração |access-date=2014-08-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190314/http://www.observatorioemigracao.secomunidades.pt/np4/2454.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}{{Cite web |last=Infopédia |title=Emigração massiva dos anos 60 – Infopédia |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$emigracao-massiva-dos-anos-60 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=infopedia.pt – Porto Editora |language=pt}}{{Cite web|url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/images/GADG/Destaques/DLFE-264.pdf|title=RELATÓRIO DA EMIGRAÇÃO}} After 1974, Portuguese nationals started moving to Luxembourg and Monaco (1980s), Switzerland (1990s) and – Belgium and Andorra (2000s). This is also due to France's tightened immigration control.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=VING_084_0107&download=1|title=Francais et immigres a l'epreuve de la crise (1973-1995)}}{{Cite journal |last=Zancarini-Fournel |first=Michelle |date=2000 |title=La construction d'un "problème national" : l'immigration. 1973, un tournant ? |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/camed_0395-9317_2000_num_61_1_1297 |journal=Cahiers de la Méditerranée |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=147–157 |doi=10.3406/camed.2000.1297}}{{Cite web |title=1973-1974, du pétrole et des idées : épisode • 3/4 du podcast Après la crise, demain est-il un autre jour ? |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/lsd-la-serie-documentaire/1973-1974-du-petrole-et-des-idees-1084221 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=France Culture |language=fr}}

Portuguese constitute 23.4% of Luxembourg's population, second to native Luxembourgers. Andorra is inhabited by 16,300 Portuguese nationals (19.4% of the population){{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=1 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}, Monaco hosts around 1,000 (3.3% of the Population), while Belgium is home to around 80,000 (0.7% of the population).

In Switzerland, Portuguese settled mainly in Romandy. Official figures suggest that Portuguese is spoken by 5% of the population at home and 10.1% in French speaking Switzerland, thus making Portuguese second only to French.{{Cite web |last=statistique |first=Office fédéral de la |date=2021-01-25 |title=Pratiques linguistiques en Suisse – Premiers résultats de l'Enquête sur la langue, la religion et la culture 2019 {{!}} Publication |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/asset/fr/15324910 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Office fédéral de la statistique |language=fr}}

Notable Portuguese Swiss include snooker player Alexander Ursenbacher, models Pedro Mendes and Nomi Fernandes, actress Yaël Boon and Olympic medalist Stéphane Lambiel.

Notable Portuguese Belgians include – nobles such as Queen Elizabeth or King Leopold III, fashion designer Veronique Branquinho, footballer Yannick Carrasco, actress Rose Bertram, sprinter Jonathan Sacoor, and actress Helena Noguerra.

Portuguese migration towards these countries has steadily declined over the years, although from 2003 to 2022 around 615,000 Portuguese nationals migrated there, especially following the 2008 financial crisis. As of 2021 around 40% had returned to Portugal, as the economic outlook improved.{{Cite web |last=INE |title=Indicador |url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011689 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=tabulador.ine.pt}}

{{see also|Portuguese in Germany}}

After WWII hundreds of thousands of Portuguese settled as guest workers in Western European countries. On 17 March 1964, the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Portugal was signed under the Erhard I cabinet. Armando Rodrigues de Sá was officially welcomed in 1964 as the millionth "guest worker" in Germany and was given a certificate and a two-seater Zündapp Sport Combinette – Mokick.{{Cite web |title=Angekommen – Armando Rodrigues de Sa |url=https://iberer.angekommen.com/05/05rodri.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=iberer.angekommen.com}} The number of Portuguese citizens living in Germany was estimated at 245,000 as of 2021.{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=56 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} The largest Portuguese community is located in Hamburg numbering about 25,000. A Portugiesenviertel (Portuguese quarter) in Hamburg sits near the Port of Hamburg and between the subway stations of Landungsbrücken and Baumwall.

In the United Kingdom, people of Portuguese origin were estimated at 400,000 in 2021.{{Cite journal |last1=Almeida |first1=José Carlos Pina |last2=Corkill |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Portuguese Migrant Workers in the UK: A Case Study of Thetford, Norfolk |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105329 |journal=Portuguese Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=27–40 |doi=10.1353/port.2010.0019 |issn=0267-5315 |jstor=41105329|s2cid=245842608 }}{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=76 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} Other sources claim as many as 500,000 Portuguese there,{{Cite web |title=UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk |url=https://www.newswiretoday.com/news/10592/}} considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality|title=Population by country of birth and nationality (Discontinued after June 2021) - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}} (excluding British-born people of Portuguese descent).

In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30%.

London is home to the largest group of Portuguese in the UK, with the majority settling in the Western boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.{{cite web|title=Observatório da Emigração|url=http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=76|access-date=17 January 2009|publisher=NewswireToday}}

{{see also|Portuguese Brazilians}}

File:Passaporte português de 1927.jpg to Brazil]]

Portuguese are the largest European immigrant group in Brazil. In colonial times, over 700,000 Portuguese settled there, mostly during the 18th century gold rush.{{cite web |title=Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento |trans-title=Brazil: 500 years of settlement |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923103736/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/ |archive-date=23 September 2009 |access-date=29 December 2011 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}} Brazil received more European settlers during its colonial era than any other country in the Americas. Between 1500 and 1760, about 700,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil, compared to 530,000 to the US.{{cite web |last=Pinto Venâncio |first=Renato |date=2000 |title=Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes |trans-title=Portuguese presence: from settlers to immigrants |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021124205218/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |archive-date=24 November 2002 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}History of Immigration to the United States#Population in 1790 They were the only significant migrants to the country during the colonial era, despite French and Dutch invasions. The Portuguese migration was predominantly men. The Jesuits asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. prostitutes or women with mental maladies), if necessary.{{cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=Desmundo de Alain Fresnot, o Brasil no século XVI |url=http://www.ensinarhistoriajoelza.com.br/desmundo-o-brasil-do-sec-xvi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008132701/http://www.ensinarhistoriajoelza.com.br/desmundo-o-brasil-do-sec-xvi/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=ensinarhistoria}}{{cite web |title=Desmundo by Ana Miranda (1996) |url=http://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/detalhe.php?codigo=10637 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=companhiadasletras.com.br}} The Crown responded by sending groups of orphans to marry nobles and peasants alike.{{cite web |title=Desmundo by Ana Miranda |url=http://www.companhiadasletras.com.br/detalhe.php?codigo=10637 |access-date=22 April 2016 |publisher=companhiadasletras.com.br}}

They included many Órfãs do Rei (orphans of the king) of what was considered "good birth". They were noble and non-noble maidens, often daughters of soldiers killed in battle or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. Bahia's port in the East received one of the first groups of orphans in 1551.{{sfnp|Sarkissian|2000|p=22}} Portuguese men also competed successfully for local women with slaves and indigenous peoples.Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008) Their better quality of life and lower mortality rate were important advantages. Then, even though the 700,000 Portuguese colonial migration was smaller than 3.2 million indigenous inhabitants and the 4.8million Africans, their descendants numbered as many as the "non-white" population in the early 19th century.{{Cite web|url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/geografia/a-populacao-indigena-no-brasil.htm|title=Povos indígenas no Brasil: características|website=Mundo Educação}}{{Cite news |title=Navios portugueses e brasileiros fizeram mais de 9 mil viagens com africanos escravizados |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45092235 |access-date=2023-05-14}} After independence from Portugal in 1822, around 1.7 million additional Portuguese immigrants settled there.

Portuguese immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The immigrants opted mostly for urban centers. Portuguese women began to migrate independently, although even at the turn of the 20th century, 319 men came each 100 women.{{cite web |title=A Integração social e económica dos emigrantes portugueses no Brasil |url=http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol6_n2_1989/vol6_n2_1989_2artigo_17_37.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230163157/http://www.abep.nepo.unicamp.br/docs/rev_inf/vol6_n2_1989/vol6_n2_1989_2artigo_17_37.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=25 August 2014}} The Portuguese were different from Germans{{cite web|url=http://ich.unito.com.br/materia/resource/download/41917 |title=None|date=December 2017 }}{{dead link|date=May 2024}} or Italians{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=ncc7WLAXlmQC |page=99}} |title=Do outro lado do Atlântico: um século de imigração italiana no Brasil |access-date=25 August 2014}} who brought many more women with them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men typically chose Portuguese women, while female immigrants rarely married indigenous men. Portuguese endogamy was higher than any other European immigrant community, behind only the Japanese.{{cite web |title=A integração social e económica dos imigrantes portugueses no Brasil nos finais do século xix e no século xx |url=http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223290545Z8cUY2rh7Lu99TE5.pdf |access-date=25 August 2014 |website=Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt}}

Many Portuguese-Brazilians identified as Brazilian, perhaps encouraged by the dominance of Portuguese culture there.

In 1872, 3.7 million Whites lived in Brazil (the vast majority of Portuguese ancestry), along with 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Amerindian ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. Thus 80% of Brazilians had at least partial Portuguese ancestry in the 1870s.{{cite web |last=Reis |first=João José |date=2000 |title=Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor |trans-title=Evolution of the Brazilian population according to colour |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305200619/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/tabelas/populacao_cor.htm |archive-date=5 March 2001 |access-date=21 November 2006 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt |location=Rio de Janeiro}}

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of Portuguese immigrants arrived, including over 1.5 million Portuguese from 1881 to 1991. In 1906, for example, 133,393 Portuguese-born people lived in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio remains the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal, with 1% Portuguese natives.{{cite web|url=http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/da020420033.htm |last=Carvalho |first=R. |title=Pelos mesmos direitos do imigrante|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312112155/http://observatorio.ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/artigos/da020420033.htm |archive-date=12 March 2008}}{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Imprensa |url=https://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Observatório da Imprensa |language=pt-br}}

Genetic studies confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence. At least half of the Brazilian population's male inheritance (based on Y chromosomes) comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, mostly with Portuguese ancestors. By contrast, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total female inheritance (mtDNA) of white Brazilians was found.{{cite journal |vauthors=Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD |date=January 2003 |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmc=140919 |pmid=12509516 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pena SD, Di Pietro G, Fuchshuber-Moraes M, Genro JP, Hutz MH, Gomes Kehdy F, Kohlrausch F, Magno LA, Montenegro RC, Moraes MO, de Moraes ME, de Moraes MR, Ojopi EB, Perini JA, Racciopi C, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AK, Rios-Santos F, Romano-Silva MA, Sortica VA, Suarez-Kurtz G |date=February 2011 |title=The genomic ancestry of individuals from different geographical regions of Brazil is more uniform than expected |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e17063 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmc=3040205 |pmid=21359226 |doi-access=free}}

An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from across Brazil, found a predominant degree of Portuguese ancestry. European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values from 51% to 74%, increasing northern to southern Brazil). Northern populations included a significant proportion of indigenous ancestry, twice the African contribution. In the northeast, centerwest and southeast, African ancestry exceeded them. All urban populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation was observed between individuals within each population.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Saloum de Neves Manta F, Pereira R, Vianna R, Rodolfo Beuttenmüller de Araújo A, Leite Góes Gitaí D, Aparecida da Silva D, de Vargas Wolfgramm E, da Mota Pontes I, Ivan Aguiar J, Ozório Moraes M, Fagundes de Carvalho E, Gusmão L |year=2013 |title=Revisiting the genetic ancestry of Brazilians using autosomal AIM-Indels |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e75145 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145 |pmc=3779230 |pmid=24073242 |doi-access=free}}

A large, community-based multicenter autosomal study considered representative samples from three urban communities Salvador, Bambuí, and Pelotas, estimated European, mostly Iberian, ancestry to be 42.4%, 83.8% and 85.3%, respectively.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lima-Costa MF, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Gouveia M, Horta BL, Mambrini J, Kehdy FS, Pereira A, Rodrigues-Soares F, Victora CG, Tarazona-Santos E |date=April 2015 |title=Genomic ancestry and ethnoracial self-classification based on 5,871 community-dwelling Brazilians (The Epigen Initiative) |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=9812 |bibcode=2015NatSR...5.9812. |doi=10.1038/srep09812 |pmc=5386196 |pmid=25913126}}

An estimated 5 million Brazilians (2.3% of the total) were eligible for Portuguese citizenship.{{cite web |author=NOVAimagem.co.pt / Portugal em LInha |date=17 February 2006 |title=Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses |url=http://www.noticiaslusofonas.com/view.php?load=arcview&article=13313&catogory=Brasil |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Noticiaslusofonas.com}}

{{see also|Portuguese Australians|Portuguese New Zealanders}}

File:PetershamTH.JPG (Sydney) is a neighbourhood known for its extensive Portuguese commercial offerings]]

In Australia, although their numbers are smaller than the Greek and Italian communities, Portuguese are an active community. They were among the early European settlers, and might have discovered Australia. Portuguese immigration to Australia experienced a boom after the Carnation Revolution and the Indonesian Invasion of Timor-Leste. Portuguese spread across the country and even have a designated Portuguese neighborhood. The 74,000 people of Portuguese descent constitute about 0.28% of the population. Portuguese cuisine is popular, exemplified by restaurants such as Nando's, Oporto, and Ogalo. Pastel de nata is widely consumed. Many Portuguese are from Madeira.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.abs.gov.au |language=en}}{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyTNnJakzTA |title=Portuguese Festival at Petersham |date=2009-03-16 |last= |publisher=Cumberland Courier |access-date=2024-11-11 |via=YouTube}}"[http://www.secomunidades.pt/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PUB.1.493 List of numerous Portuguese Social Clubs and institutions based in Australia (Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624195624/http://www.secomunidades.pt/c/portal/layout?p_l_id=PUB.1.493 |date=24 June 2009 }}"{{Cite web |date=2010-10-14 |title=Portugal country brief - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/portugal/portugal_brief.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014163142/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/portugal/portugal_brief.html |archive-date=14 October 2010 }} Notable Portuguese Australians include Naomi Sequeira, Kate DeAraugo, Junie Morosi, Lyndsey Rodrigues, Sophie Masson and Irina Dunn.

The community in New Zealand is much smaller and the 1,500 Portuguese people living there (although the numbers could be significantly higher) constitute about 0.03% of the population. On 22 April 2010, the Office of Ethnic Affairs officially recognized Portuguese New Zealanders as a distinct community, marked by tying the 70th ribbon to Parliament's mooring stone in the Parliament House Galleria. The Portuguese community organizes annual gatherings and celebrations, such as Portugal Day, and maintains a friendship association. Portuguese individuals were among the early settlers in New Zealand, although immigration declined gradually until the 1960s. After the Carnation Revolution, the community started to increase again.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1004/S00257/nz-portuguese-add-cultural-strand-to-parliament.htm|title=NZ-Portuguese add cultural strand to Parliament | Scoop News|website=www.scoop.co.nz}}

About 900 Portuguese live in the French collectivity of New Caledonia (0.38% of the population).{{cn|date=November 2024}}

{{see also|Luso-Asians}}

Portuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in Macau, Timor-Leste and India, all territories where the Portuguese maintained colonies.{{cite web |date=10 April 2014 |title=Nova Deli por quem lá vive: Jorge Roza de Oliveira |url=https://www.almadeviajante.com/viver-em-nova-deli-jorge-roza-de-oliveira/ |website=Almadeviajante.com}}{{cite web |last=Reis |first=Bárbara |title=Portugal quer redescobrir a Índia. Outra vez |url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/01/07/politica/noticia/portugal-quer-redescobrir-a-india-outra-vez-1757392 |website=Publico.pt|date=7 January 2017 }}

File:Khanom Farang Kudi Chin, 2020-10-10 (1).jpg, Thai-style cake influenced by Portuguese desserts]]

File:A Famosa Malacca 16th Century Portugese fortress with cannon view.jpg, as well as the Historical centre of Malacca, is a remnant of the Portuguese presence now part of the Unesco World Heritage Sites.]]Luso-Asian communities have had a presence in Southeast Asia since the 15th century. As a result of inter-ethnic marriage, Portuguese-based dialects have emerged in Malaysia and Singapore. Notable Kristangs include Kimberley Leggett, {{ill|Jojo Sturys|ms|Jojo Sturys}}, Joan Margaret Marbeck, {{ill|Elaine Daly|ms|Elaine Daly}}, {{ill|Nor Aliah Lee|ms|Nor Aliah Lee}}, Melissa Tan, Andrea Fonseka, {{ill|Anna Jobling|ms|Anna Jobling}} and {{ill|Cheryl Samad|ms|Cheryl Samad}}. People of Portuguese descent from Singapore include Pilar Arlando, Mary Klass and Vernetta Lopez.

Other communities are found in Indonesia, with significant populations living in Lamno (the so-called "mata biru" or blue-eyed people), Aceh, Maluku Islands and Kampung Tugu.{{Cite web |title=Keturunan Portugis Bermata Biru dan Rambut Pirang Masih Ditemukan di Lamno Raya |url=https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2023/04/21/keturunan-portugis-bermata-biru-dan-rambut-pirang-masih-ditemukan-di-lamno-raya |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Serambinews.com |language=id-ID}}{{Cite web |title=Mengagumi Kecantikan Muslim Mata Biru Keturunan Portugis yang Hidup di Lamno |url=http://www.statusaceh.net/2016/09/mengagumi-kecantikan-muslim-mata-biru.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=StatusAceh}}{{Cite web |last=Anjani |first=Anatasia |title=Seperti Orang Eropa, Ini 3 Suku di Indonesia yang Bermata Biru |url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5876564/seperti-orang-eropa-ini-3-suku-di-indonesia-yang-bermata-biru |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=detikedu |publisher=detikcom |language=id-ID |location=Jakarta}}{{Citation |title=Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta | date=6 March 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk7Xx91-ymA |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=id}}{{Cite web |last=Aditya |first=Nicholas Ryan |date=2019-11-03 |editor-last=Agmasari |editor-first=Silvita |title=Menelusuri Kampung Tugu, Jejak Portugis di Utara Jakarta Halaman all |url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/11/03/210000827/menelusuri-kampung-tugu-jejak-portugis-di-utara-jakarta |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=KOMPAS.com |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |language=id |location=Jakarta}}{{Cite web |title=Lusodescendentes em Java |date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/descendentes-de-portugueses-na-indonesia-animam-malaca-ao-som-do-malhao-malhao-11060158.html}} Portuguese vestiges include dozens of loanwords as well as the introduction of Roman Catholicism (3.12% of the population, but still the major religion in NTT) and Keroncong, similar to Portuguese cavaquinho.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=PUSAT DATA KEMENTERIAN AGAMA RI |url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat |access-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat |archive-date=3 September 2020 }}{{Citation |title=Similarities Between Indonesian and Portuguese | date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7a0HMpSP3M |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2020-06-23 |title=INDONESIAN LOANWORDS FROM PORTUGUESE |url=https://www.learnindonesian.education/single-post/indonesian-loanwords-from-portuguese |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Learn Indonesian |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The borrowed words of Bahasa Indonesia: Exploring the roots of a deeply dynamic language |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/indonesian/en/article/the-borrowed-words-of-bahasa-indonesia-exploring-the-roots-of-a-deeply-dynamic-language/ebr3w6kds |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=SBS Language |language=en}} In recent years many Indonesians of Portuguese descent have been active in the entertainment industry such as Puteri Indonesia Elfin Pertiwi Rappa or actress {{ill|Millane Fernandez|id|Millane Fernandez}}. In the Philippines, actress Sophie Albert is another Portuguese-South Asian.

Communities of Portuguese descent are found in Myanmar{{cite web |last=Thu |first=Mratt Kyaw |date=6 December 2017 |title=The 400-year history of Portuguese Catholics in Sagaing |url=https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-400-year-history-of-portuguese-catholics-in-sagaing |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Frontier Myanmar |language=en}} and Thailand.{{cite web |last=Combustões |date=19 July 2009 |title=Portuguese descendants in Thailand |url=http://500anosportugaltailandia.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=500anosportugaltailansda.blogspot.com}}{{cite web |title=Bangkok enclave celebrates its Portuguese past |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Bangkok-enclave-celebrates-its-Portuguese-past |website=Asia.nikkei.com}} In Thailand, during the reign of King Narai the Great the Portuguese community in Ayutthaya is thought to have peaked at 6,000 people. Notable Thai of Portuguese descent include Francis Chit, Maria Guyomar de Pinha, {{ill|Kung Nang Pattamasuta|th|กุ้งนาง ปัทมสูต}}, Krystal Vee, and {{ill|Neon Issara|th|นิออน อิสรา}}.

File:Galle Fort.jpg, built by the Portuguese in 1588 and now a Unesco World Heritage Site]]

File:SL Negombo asv2020-01 img06 Dutch Fort.jpg, that was built by the Portuguese to defend Colombo as a part of a defensive system all over the island.]]

Sri Lanka is home to around 40,000 Portuguese Burghers. A notable example is Rosemary Rogers. In addition, as a consequence of the Portuguese invasion of Sri Lanka, during the 16th and 17th centuries, many Portuguese language surnames were adopted among the Sinhalese. As a result, Perera and Fernando eventually became the most common surnames.{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Spencer |date=2023-03-26 |title=How Portuguese influence in Sri Lanka outlasted that of the Dutch |url=https://www.portuguese.asia/post/how-portuguese-influence-in-sri-lanka-outlasted-that-of-the-dutch |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Portuguese in Asia |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE IN SRI LANKA |url=http://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/20015/967 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.icm.gov.mo}}{{Cite journal |last=Jayasuriya |first=Shihan de Silva |date=2000 |title=The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2000_num_7_1_1374 |journal=Lusotopie |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=253–259}} Afro Sri-Lankans also retain a Portuguese identity.{{Cite journal |last=Jayasuriya |first=Shihan de Silva |date=2005-11-30 |title=The Portuguese Identity of the Afro-Sri Lankans |journal=Lusotopie. Recherches politiques internationales sur les espaces issus de l'histoire et de la colonisation portugaises |volume=12 |language=en |issue=XII(1–2) |pages=21–32 |doi=10.1163/176830805774719755 |issn=1257-0273|doi-access=free }} Major Portuguese contributions to Sri Lanka include 1,000 loanwords in Sinhala,{{Cite journal |last=HETTIARATCHI |first=D. E. |date=1965 |title=Influence of Portuguese on the Sinhalese Language |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45377565 |journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=229–238 |jstor=45377565 |issn=0304-2235}} Baila music (from the Portuguese bailar, meaning to dance), culinary innovations such as "Bolo di amor" (literally Love cake) or "Bolo Folhado" (literally Puff Pastry){{Cite web |last=Digest |first=Ceylon |date=2020-02-22 |title=The Portuguese Burghers of Sri Lanka |url=https://www.ceylondigest.com/the-portuguese-burghers-of-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Ceylon Digest |language=en-US}} as well as Roman Catholicism (approximately 6.1% of the population identifies as Catholic) and the endangered Sri Lankan Portuguese creole.{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=Diamond Tours and |title=5 Marcos da Herança Portuguesa no Sri Lanka que permanecem até hoje |url=http://www.diamondtoursandtravel.com/blog/?5-marcos-da-heranca-portuguesa-no-sri-lanka-que-permanecem-ate-hoje |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.diamondtoursandtravel.com |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=DIA |first=BOM |date=2023-05-08 |title=Salvar o crioulo português do Sri Lanka é urgente |url=https://bomdia.eu/salvar-o-crioulo-portugues-do-sri-lanka-e-urgente/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}

In Pakistan a small Portuguese community numbers about 64 people,{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=177 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} even though other estimates point to 400 in Karachi.{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=tribune.com.pk |language=en}} Notable Portuguese Pakistani include Dilshad Vadsaria and Bernadette Louise Dean. Before partition, it is estimated that the Goan community in Karachi numbered up to 15,000. The majority returned to Goa, to other Portuguese territories, or to the UK.{{cite news |date=16 September 2012 |title=Flashback: From Goa with love |work=Dawn |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/749685/flashback-from-goa-with-love |accessdate=10 August 2015}} The Portuguese community contributed to the musical scene of pre-partition Karachi.{{cite news |last=Correa |first=Noel |date=12 June 2011 |title=Pakistan's Portuguese wonder: Magic fingers |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/185598/pakistans-portuguese-wonder-magic-fingers/ |accessdate=10 August 2015 |work=The Express Tribune}} As of today, about 6,000 Goans remain in Pakistan, mainly in that city.

Portuguese heritage continues in Bangladesh: they were the first Europeans.{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Dhrubo |date=2018-01-22 |title=The Portuguese in Dhaka |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/the-portuguese-dhaka-1523059 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}} The Portuguese introduced Catholicism, now professed by about 375,000 Bangladeshis.{{Cite web |title=Viaggio Apostolico di Sua Santità Francesco in Myanmar e Bangladesh (26 novembre-2 dicembre 2017) – Statistiche |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2017/11/17/0798/01726.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=press.vatican.va}} This heritage added more than 1,500 words to Bengali.{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2017-11-30 |title=Rozario, Costa e Gomes esperam Papa no Bangladesh – Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2017/11/30/rozario-costa-e-gomes-esperam-papa-no-bangladesh/99657/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}} In colonial times, the population may have reached 40,000 people{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh. O que é "Joy Bangla"? |url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/24-ago-2022/bangladesh-o-que-e-joy-bangla-15110958.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.dn.pt |date=24 August 2022 |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=Bangladesh |url=https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/activity/o-que-fazemos/cultura-portuguesa/cultura-e-desenvolvimento/autores-estrangeiros/bangladesh |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Camões, I.P. |language=pt-pt}} before most resettled elsewhere. Those who remained integrated in Bangladeshi society. Notable examples of Portuguese influence in Bangladesh are their surnames, as well as Bangladesh's oldest church, the Holy Rosary Church in Dhaka.{{Cite web |last=Renascença |date=2018-01-31 |title=Bangladesh. A história de fé de um povo que usa com orgulho o apelido português – Renascença |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/religiao/2018/01/31/bangladesh-a-historia-de-fe-de-um-povo-que-usa-com-orgulho-o-apelido-portugues/104438/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt}} As of now, the Portuguese community in Bangladesh consists of a few expatriates{{Cite web |title=Um treinador português no Bangladesh: "Ganhe ou não, preciso de um desafio novo" |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/portugueses/noticias/um-treinador-portugues-no-bangladesh-ganhe-ou-nao-preciso-de-um-desafio-novo-14272748.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.ojogo.pt |date=30 October 2021 |language=pt-PT}} and some descendants of the early settlers.

File:Ruinas de Sao Paulo.jpg, epitome of the Sino-Portuguese culture, is a Unesco World Heritage Site]]

A small but growing Portuguese community – consisting mainly of recent expats and numbering about 3,500 people – is found in Japan,{{cite web |title=Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio | Portal dedicado à divulgação das atividades da Embaixada de Portugal em Tóquio. Disponível informação relativa a relações bilaterais entre Portugal e Japão, Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal, Secção Consular e Secção Cultural, bem como todos os contactos úteis, localização e horários de funcionamento |url=http://embaixadadeportugal.jp/pt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529224234/http://embaixadadeportugal.jp/pt/ |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=Embaixadadeportugal.jp}}{{Cite web |title=在留外国人統計(旧登録外国人統計) 在留外国人統計 月次 2020年12月 {{!}} ファイル {{!}} 統計データを探す |url=https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year=20200&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399&tclass2val=0 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=政府統計の総合窓口 |language=ja}} South Korea,{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=121 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} China{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=48 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}{{Cite thesis |title=Portugueses na China: um exame da situação atual |url=http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/ |date=2017 |degree=masterThesis |first=Cui |last=Yuanyuan}} and Taiwan, whose name in European texts until the 20th century – Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)" – is Portuguese.{{Cite web|url=https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/340268/cp_news|title=2023.2Foreign Residents by Nationality|first=內政部移民署|last=A01050000A|website=內政部移民署 A01050000A}}

A 20,700 people-strong community continues in Hong Kong, mainly of Macanese descent.{{Cite web |title=Comunidades Portuguesas no Mundo |url=http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007000254/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6Cont.html |url-status=bot: unknown }} Notable people include Joe Junior, Michelle Reis, Rowan Varty, Rita Carpio and Ray Cordeiro.

The most important Portuguese community in Eastern Asia is in Macau, which was a Portuguese colony until 1999. It harbors more than 150,000 Portuguese citizens, accounting for 22.34% of the total, the largest concentration of Portuguese nationals in Asia as well as one of the most important in the world.{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=147 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}} Notables include {{ill|Germano Guilherme|zh|古卓文}}.

{{see also|Portuguese literature}}

File:Luís de Camões por François Gérard.png, one of the greatest poets of the European literary tradition. His epic poem Os Lusíadas ranks among the finest works of world literature]]

Portuguese literature has a long and varied history, with roots in the Middle Ages. In the 16th century, Portugal's literature entered its "Golden Age", during which time poets such as Luís de Camões and Francisco de Sá de Miranda were renowned.{{Cite web |title=Literatura portuguesa: origem, divisão, autores |url=https://www.portugues.com.br/literatura/literatura-portuguesa.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Português |language=pt-br}} Portuguese is often referred as to the "língua de Camões" (Camões's language), highlighting this author's importance in forging the national identity.{{Cite web |title=A língua de Camões – Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/aberturas/a-lingua-de-camoes/1459 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt}}

Portuguese authors from the Age of Discovery include Públia Hortênsia de Castro, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Joana Vaz, Fernão Mendes Pinto (author of Peregrinação), Joana da Gama, Fernão Lopes and Violante do Céu.{{Cite web |title=Escritores e Literatura Portuguesa |url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/escritores-e-literatura-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |language=pt-PT}}

19th authors included Almeida Garrett, who is credited with founding modern Portuguese literature. His writings reflect the political and social revolutions then taking place in Portugal, and his writing style is recognized as original.{{Cite web |title=Almeida Garrett: biografia, obras e estilo literários – Sua Pesquisa |url=https://www.suapesquisa.com/biografias/almeida_garrett.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.suapesquisa.com}}

Authors such as Fernando Pessoa and Guerra Junqueiro gained international acclaim for their writings in the 20th century. Literary production mushroomed.{{Cite web |title=Literatura Portuguesa. Origens da Literatura Portuguesa |url=https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/literatura/literatura-portuguesa.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Mundo Educação |language=pt-br}}{{Cite web |title=As 20 obras mais importantes da literatura portuguesa |url=https://www.mundodek.com/2016/10/as-20-obras-mais-importantes-da.html |access-date=2023-05-23}}

Modern authors such as Nobel Laureate José Saramago and António Lobo Antunes. These authors write about identity, culture, and society.

Other notable Portuguese authors include Ana Vicente, Richard Zimler, Ana Plácido, Mário Cesariny, Ana Hatherly, Cesário Verde, Isabel Stilwell, Miguel Torga, Ana de Castro Osório, Alves Redol, Maria Archer, Antero de Quental, Isabel Alçada, Wenceslau de Moraes, Vimala Devi, Alexandre Herculano, Dulce Maria Cardoso, Maria Gabriela Llansol, Abel Botelho, Fernanda Botelho, Isabel da Nóbrega, {{ill|Rita Vilela|pt|Rita Vilela}}, Maria Gabriela Llansol and Natália Correia, {{ill|Matilde Campilho|pt|Matilde Campilho}}, and Ana Daniel.

Susan Lowndes Marques, writer and journalist, was a leading figure in the Portuguese-British community in Lisbon, and promoted Portugal in the UK.

{{see also|Ministry of Justice (Portugal)|Judiciary of Portugal|Portuguese Inquisition}}

Portugal created a legal system for its colonies, with traces visible in international law.

Portugal has contributed to human rights law. The European Convention on Human Rights, which was established in 1950 with the purpose of defending human rights and basic freedoms, was championed by Portugal.

Portuguese active in the field of Law and Justice include Paula Teixeira da Cruz (previous Minister of Justice), Boaventura de Sousa Santos GOSE (one of the most prominent Portuguese living left-wing intellectuals. ), Susana Amador, Henrique O'Neill, Maria Santos Pais (served as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General on Violence against Children), Januário Lourenço (invented the Electronic Power of Attorney and the Electronic Divorce.), Isabel Oneto, Guilherme d'Oliveira Martins, Heloísa Apolónia and António Vitorino (former European Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs).

{{see also|Science and technology in Portugal|List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries|Category:Portuguese scientists}}

Research and development (R&D) is conducted mainly by state universities and autonomous state research institutes. However, non-state research institutes and some private projects also operate.{{Cite web |title=Expenditure in research and development activities (R&D) as a % of GDP: by sector of performance |url=https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Expenditure+in+research+and+development+activities+(R+D)+as+a+percentage+of+GDP+by+sector+of+performance-1133 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}}{{Cite web |title=Portugal registers 7th largest increase in R&D investment since 2015 |url=https://www.ani.pt/en/news/ani-news/portugal-registers-7th-largest-increase-in-rd-investment-since-2015/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ANI |language=en-GB}}

During the Age of Discovery technical requirements for navigation were a topic of great importance. Portuguese contributions to the scientific world included the Caravel – a light and fast ship designed for coastal navigation and the Portolan – a maritime map used from the early Middle Ages. The Portuguese also introduced the Compass rose on maps{{Cite web |title=The Sixth International Geographical Congress, London, 1895. An uncommon original article from The British Association for The Advancement of Science report, 1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA693 | last1=Mill | first1=Hugh Robert | year=1896 }} and for guidance and navigation devices such as the cross-staff, nonius, the nautical astrolabe, and the Black Maple Sword.{{Clarify|reason=Black Maple Sword?|date=November 2024}}{{Cite web |title=introduçao |url=https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~ee97242/Web%20msin/subequipamentos/balestilha.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=paginas.fe.up.pt}}

João Faras named the Southern Cross while Francisco de Pina, in Asia invented the modern Vietnamese alphabet (Quốc ngữ).{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=2019-12-27 |title=Chữ quốc ngữ những người đầu tiên khai sáng |url=https://tuoitre.vn/news-20191206213804476.htm |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}} Botanist João de Loureiro also worked in Vietnam.

One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal, the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, was founded in 1779. During this time the Passarola was conceived. Natural philosopher Jean Hyacinthe de Magellan was active. Bento de Moura Portugal improved Thomas Savery's steam engine.

In 1792 Portugues founded the oldest engineering school of Latin America (Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho), as well as the oldest medical college of Asia (Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Goa) in 1842.

During the late 19th century Bartolomeu de Gusmão introduced the Pyreliophore and Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann developed the Herrmann wall telephone. Spectrography pioneer Francisco Miranda da Costa Lobo and telectroscope pioneer Adriano de Paiva were active.

In 1949, neurologist António Egas Moniz, an early developer of cerebral angiography, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Other contributions include the drug Zebinix, the All-on-4 method (dentistry), the Multibanco, the Coloradd and the prepaid mobile phone.

Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), an international centre for biomedical research, was founded in 1961 and ranked as one of the Top Ten places for post-docs, by The Scientist. Champalimaud Foundation focuses on neuroscience and oncology. International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory operates in Braga.

In 2001 Portugal ranked 28th among countries for contributions to the top 1% of the world's highly cited publications. Portugal ranked 32nd in the 2022 Global Innovation Index.{{Cite book |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=2022-11-16 |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}See the analysis of King, D.A., The scientific Impact of Nations – What difference countries for their research spending, Nature, vol. 430, 15 July 2004

Portugal has full membership and citizens working in pan-European scientific organizations such as European Space Agency (ESA), European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). From 2005–2007, Portugal was the EU member state with the highest growth rate in research and development (R&D) investment as a percentage of GDP at 46%, totaling 1.2% of GDP. This ranked 15th among the 27 EU member states in 2007.{{in lang|pt}} [http://ultimahora.publico.clix.pt/noticia.aspx?id=1352953&idCanal=13 Portugal é o país da UE onde despesa em investigação e desenvolvimento mais cresceu], Público (13 December 2008)

Notable Portuguese people who made important contributions to science and technology:

• Agronomy (Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira)
• Anthropology (Miguel Vale de Almeida, Jill Rosemary Dias, Leopoldina Ferreira Paulo, Teresa Joaquim)
• Astronomy (Paulo Freire)
• Astrophysics (David Sobral)
• Biochemistry (Sónia Rocha, Mónica Bettencourt-Dias, {{ill|Helena Santos|pt|Helena Santos}})
• Biology ({{ill|Rolanda Matos|pt|Rolanda Maria Albuquerque de Matos}})
• Botany (António Xavier Pereira Coutinho, Rosette Batarda Fernandes, Seomara da Costa Primo)
• Chemical engineering (Alírio Rodrigues, Isabel Gago, Armando J. L. Pombeiro)
• Chemistry (Roberto Duarte Silva, Branca Edmée Marques)
• Computer science (Diogo Vasconcelos, Fernando Boavida, Pedro Pedrosa Mendes, Isabel Cruz)
• Economics (Francisco Luís Gomes, Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, Rita Almeida, Lúcio Mauro Vinhas de Souza)
• Ethnology (António dos Santos Graça),
• Fluid dynamics (Silvana Cardoso)
• Geography (Orlando Ribeiro)
• Geology (Léon Paul Choffat, Venceslau de Lima, Carlos Ribeiro)
• Immunology (Benedita Barata da Rocha)
• Malariology (Maria Manuel Mota)
• Marine biology (Alexandra Cunha)
• Medical analysis (Mortó Sitarama Dessai)
• Metereology (Ilda Aurora Pinheiro de Moura Machado)
• Mycology (Mathilde Bensaude)
• Neuroscience (Megan Carey, Paula Isabel da Silva Moreira, Susana Lima, Ana Domingos, Hanna Damasio)
• Nuclear physics (Lidia Salgueiro)
• Paleontology (Miguel Telles Antunes)
• Pathology (Fátima Carneiro)
• Pharmaceutical Science (Luís Prista)
• Planning theory (Elisabete A. Silva)
• Primatology (Claudia Sousa)
• Protein Crystallography (Maria Arménia Carrondo)
• Psychology (Armindo Freitas-Magalhães, Ana Cristina Silva)
• Physics (José Mendes, Luís Amaral)
• Oncobiology (Raquel Seruca)
• Romance philology (Karoline Michaelis)
• Somnology (Teresa Paiva)
• Systems theory (Tessaleno Devezas)
• Theoretical physics (Pedro Vieira, João Penedones)

Other notable Portuguese scientists include:

• Corino Andrade – initially described familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
• Odette Ferreira – identified HIV-2
• Froilano de Mello – 20th century medical researcher and biologist
• Graça Freitas GCM – Director-General of Health during the Covid pandemic
• Diogo de Carvalho e Sampayo – amateur scientist who authored two important works on chromatics.{{Clarify|reason=Music? Color?|date=November 2024}}

Portuguese archaeology was inaugurated by André de Resende in the 16th century. Portuguese contributors include Estácio da Veiga, José Leite de Vasconcelos, Irisalva Moita, Luís Raposo, Samuel Schwarz, {{ill|Miriam Halpern Pereira|pt|Miriam Halpern Pereira}}, {{ill|Raquel Varela|pt|Raquel Varela}}and João de Barros.

Manuel Valadares pioneered the use of X-rays for art restoration. Paleoethnobotanist António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva contributed to the study of Portuguese history.

{{see also|Politics of Portugal}}

Portuguese politics is defined within the framework of a parliamentary, representative multy-party democratic republic, where the Prime Minister is the head of government.

The President is the head of the country and has significant political power. He is elected for a 5-year term by direct vote, and he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. His powers include the election of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in accordance with general elections results. The Council of State is a presidential oversight body, composed of six senior civilian officers, any former president elected since 1976, five members elected by the Assembly, and five directly appointed by the President.

Executive power is assigned to the Council of Ministers. Both the Government and the Portuguese Parliament (Assembleia da República) are equipped with legislative rights. The Assembly is elected by universal suffrage via proportional representation. Deputies serve a four-year term. Given extreme unrest or of inability to form a government, the President can dissolve the Assembly and call for new elections.

Since 1976, the Socialist Party (PS) and Social Democratic Party (PSD) have dominated the political landscape.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches and the national Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative and fiscal courts are independent systemsce. A nine-member Constitutional Court verifies the constitutionality of legislation.

{{See also|Education in Portugal}}

Education has been gradually modernized and expanded since the 1970s. According to the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2015, 15-year-old students were significantly above the OECD average for reading skills, mathematics and science.{{cite magazine |title=Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE |url=https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |magazine=Visão |language=pt}}{{cite web |title=E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |archive-date=13 December 2018 |access-date=23 May 2023 |work=Expresso |language=pt}} Portugal has recognized universities and business schools that have contributed international leaders{{cite web |title=Management: The Portuguese who sit at the top of the world |url=http://www.portugaldailyview.com/whats-new/management-the-portuguese-who-sit-at-the-top-of-the-world |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182642/http://www.portugaldailyview.com/whats-new/management-the-portuguese-who-sit-at-the-top-of-the-world |archive-date=14 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017 |website=Portugal Daily View}} and which attract an increasing number of foreign students. Portugal is among the top senders and receivers country within the Erasmus+ programme,{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Erasmus decoded: Where do Europe's students go when they study abroad? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/07/erasmus-decoded-where-do-europes-students-go-when-they-study-abroad |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=euronews |language=en}} with more student entering than leaving.{{Cite book |last=Directorate-General for Education |first=Youth |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/63555 |title=Erasmus+ annual report 2021: statistical annex |date=2022 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-58692-0 |location=LU |doi=10.2766/63555}}

{{see also|Economy of Portugal}}

Portugal's economy ranked 34th on the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.{{Cite web |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2020 |url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2020/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}

The majority of its trade is with the EU, the source and destination of more than 70% of the 2020 total.{{Cite web |last=ECO |date=2021-03-25 |title=Portugal é dos países mais dependentes das trocas comerciais intra-UE |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2021/03/25/portugal-e-dos-paises-mais-dependentes-das-trocas-comerciais-intra-ue/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=ECO |language=pt-PT}} International trade amounted to approximately 153.3 billion Euros in 2022. Spain is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for 11.61% of exports and 32.07% of imports.{{Cite web |title=Exportações de serviços: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/exportacoes+de+servicos+total+e+por+principais+paises+parceiros+comerciais-2349 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}}{{Cite web |title=Importações de bens: total e por principais países parceiros comerciais |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/importacoes+de+bens+total+e+por+principais+paises+parceiros+comerciais-2345 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.pordata.pt}} Other important trading partners include NAFTA (6.3% of exports and 2% of imports), PALOP (5.7% of exports and 2.5% of imports), Maghreb (3.7% of exports and 1.3% of import and Mercosul (1.4% of exports and 2.5% of imports).

The Portuguese currency is the euro (€). The country has been part of the Eurozone since its founding.

The country's national bank is Banco de Portugal, and it is part of the European System of Central Banks. Most stock trading takes place on Euronext Lisbon, owned by NYSE Euronext.{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=Chad |date=2014-05-27 |title=IntercontinentalExchange Set to Spin Off Euronext |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/intercontinentalexchange-announces-plans-to-float-euronext/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=DealBook |language=en}} Important Portuguese banks include BES (now Novo Banco), CGD and Millennium BCP.

Portugal's largest companies include The Navigator Company (paper); Sonae Indústria (world's largest producer of wood panels); Corticeira Amorim (world's largest cork producer); Conservas Ramirez (canned food); Cimpor (top 10 cement); EDP Renováveis (#3 producer of wind energy); Jerónimo Martins (supermarket chain); José de Mello Group (conglomerate), TAP Air Portugal; and Brisa - Autoestradas de Portugal.{{cite web |title=Conservas A Ramirez, Portugal's oldest brand, opens nutrition center, Inside Portugal Travel, 2009 |url=http://www.insideportugaltravel.com/news-a-ideas/6151-conservas-a-ramirez-portugal%E2%80%99s-oldest-brand-opens-nutrition-center.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063954/http://www.insideportugaltravel.com/news-a-ideas/6151-conservas-a-ramirez-portugal%E2%80%99s-oldest-brand-opens-nutrition-center.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2017 |website=insideportugaltravel.com}} Other companies include Sumol + Compal (drinks); Renova (tissue); Vista Alegre (ceramics); Nelo (MAR Kayaks Ltda) (boats); GestiFute (public relations); Pestana Group (tourism and leisure) and Salvador Caetano. Media companies include Impresa, Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC), the first Portuguese private television network, NOS and MEO.

Portuguese businesswomen include Catarina Fagundes, CEO of Wind Birds, Catarina Portas, owner of A Vida Portuguesa, Fernanda Pires da Silva, President of Grupo Grão-Pará, a conglomerate focusing on construction, real estate, tourism, hotel management, and marble, Julia Carvalho, Corporate Manager at IBM, Maria da Conceição Zagalo, awarded by Amnesty International, as one of 25 women worldwide, "for her special dedication to social causes", Carla Castro and Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes.

Portuguese businessmen include Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves, inventor of a precursor to modular construction systems; Paulo Maló, founder of Malo Clinic; Zeinal Abedin Mohamed Bava; António Miguel Ferreira; Paulo Morgado, Executive Vice-president of Capgemini Group; Henrique de Sommer; Fernando Van Zeller Guedes, co-founder of Sogrape and the inspiration behind Mateus; Narciso Ferreira; Henrique de Mendonça, helping the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe become a leading cocoa producers; Diogo Mónica, co-founder of Anchorage Digital. Expat Portuguese businessmen include Pedro José Lobo; Joe Berardo, entrepreneur; Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales; José Filipe Torres, branding expert; António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro, Quinta da Regaleira.

Fishing is a prominent occupation, notably for sardines. Both men and women work as fishermen.

{{see also|List of Portuguese dishes|List of Portuguese food and drink products with protected status|Portuguese cuisine}}{{More citations needed section|date=November 2024}}File:Bacalhau (Porto).jpg codfish is one of the epitomes of Portuguese cuisine]]

The oldest cookbook on Portuguese cooking is from the 16th century, Livro de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria de Portugal{{Cite book |last1=autores |first1=Vários |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jT-DwAAQBAJ |title=Manual de Cozinha da Infanta D. Maria |last2=Carvalho |first2=Bruno |publisher=Amass. Cook. |isbn=978-1-393-89909-9 |language=pt-PT}} (Crown-Princess Maria's cookbook). It describes recipes made of beef, fish, fowl, and other traditional ingredients. Even in the High Middle Ages, agriculture had already a regional character. Small peasant allotments and large latifundia were cultivated. The latter are particularly characteristic of southern regions, which were annexed as a result of the Reconquista and distributed among feudal lords, whereas further north, agricultural lots were typically smaller.

In modern times, fruit and grapes began to play an important role. Portugal is a world leader in fortified red and dry white wines. Port wine and Madeira wine come from there. Portuguese farmers grow pears, apples, plums, cherries, olives, citrus fruits and grain crops such as wheat, rye, corn, oats, and vegetables such as legumes.

File:Peixinhos da horta.jpg, a typical dish from Lisbon from which Japanese tempura derives]]

File:Buñuelos de bacalao.jpg, a typical petisco found everywhere in Portugal]]

File:Samosachutney.jpg (samosas) are an example of dish of foreign origin today widely popular in Portugal. They were first brought to the country during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century.]]

Portuguese cuisine relies on meats (pork, cattle, chicken and game among others).

High seafood (fish, crustaceans including lobster, crab, shrimp, prawns, and octopus) consumption is supported by rich fisheries along Portugal's 1,800 km of coastline (1,115 miles). This is balanced by vegetables, legumes, and sweets (notably, cakes). The diet is rich in carbohydrates that often includes fresh breads like broa, rice, and potatoes.{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Priberam Informática |title=Dicionário Priberam Online de Português Contemporâneo |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Dicionário Priberam |language=pt-br}}{{Cite web |last=Ferrín |first=Xosé Luis Méndez |date=2014-04-21 |title=Broa |url=https://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2014/04/21/broa-17230314.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Faro de Vigo |language=es}}{{Cite web |title=Pão e Produtos de Panificação |url=https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/pt/cat/pao-e-produtos-de-panificacao?start=12 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses |language=pt}} The Portuguese lead the Europeans in rice consumption per capita, 16.1 kg per year.{{Cite web |last=Landgeist |date=2022-06-25 |title=Rice consumption in Europe |url=https://landgeist.com/2022/06/25/rice-consumption-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Landgeist |language=en-GB}} Rice specialities include, Arroz de Tamboril (Monkfish rice), Arroz de Pato (duck rice) and Arroz de Cabidela (rooster rice) enjoy high popularity.{{Cite web |last= |date= 9 September 2020|title=Portugal e o arroz. 14 pratos a não perder (e onde os comer) |url=https://www.dn.pt/dn-ocio/portugal-e-o-arroz-14-pratos-a-nao-perder-e-onde-os-comer-12707164.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}} Portuguese are among the largest European potato consumers, consuming 62 kg potatoes per capita per year,.{{Cite web |last=Landgeist |date=2021-12-21 |title=Potato Consumption in Europe |url=https://landgeist.com/2021/12/21/potato-consumption-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Landgeist |language=en-GB}} Portugal has one of the largest livestock EU populations.{{Cite web |title=Livestock population in numbers |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220517-2 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}

António-Maria De Oliveira Bello, also known as Olleboma, wrote "Culinária Portuguesa" (Portuguese Cuisine) in 1936.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wook.pt/autor/antonio-maria-de-oliveira-bello/21113|title=António Maria de Oliveira Bello - WOOK}} Portuguese cuisine also draws from Mediterranean sources – Portugal is among the countries recognised by UNESCO for its Mediterranean diet – and from all over the world, especially from the onetime Portuguese Empire.

Portugal's role in the spice trade influenced its cuisine, particularly in the broad variety of spices used. These spices include piri piri (tiny, spicy chili peppers), white and black pepper, saffron, paprika, clove, allspice, cumin, and nutmeg.{{Cite web |title=Nando's restaurant numbers 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/953079/nando-s-restaurant-numbers/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Statista |language=en}}

Many dishes contain cinnamon, vanilla, lemon, orange, anise, clove, and allspice. Portuguese merchants introduced oranges in Middle Eastern countries. Today the Turkish ("Portakal"), Farsi (نارنجی or "portaqal") and Arabic (البرتقالي or "lburtuqaliiu") words for orange all reflect a Portuguese origin. This term extended to the Ottoman Empire and beyond, today appearing in languages such as Romanian (portocale), Albanian (portokalli), Greek (πορτοκάλι-portokáli) and Georgian (ფორთოხალი-portokhali).

One popular dish is Feijoada. Feijão is Portuguese for bean. With feijoada salada de tomate and vinagrete or molho vinagrete are sometimes served. The Portuguese have 365 ways of cooking cod (bacalhau). Other emblematic Portuguese traditional dishes are Cozido à portuguesa (Portuguese stew) and Caldo verde (green soup). The most globally appreciated pastry is pastel de nata, sometimes known as Natas or Portuguese custard tarts.

Portugal has 19 named wine regions Denominação de Origem Controlada: Alenquer, Arruda, Bairrada, Beira Interior, Bucelas, Carcavelos, Colares, Dão, Douro, Encostas d'Aire, Lagoa, Lagos, Óbidos, Palmela, Portimão, Setúbal, Tavira, Távora-Varosa, and Torres Vedras. The most famous Portuguese wine isVinho do Porto (port), which is grown only in the região demarcada do Douro. Several unique types of Port wine are made, namely Porto Branco, Porto Ruby, and Porto Tawny. Also famous is the slightly sparkling Vinho Verde{{cite web|url=https://www.vinhoverde.pt |title=Vinho Verde |access-date=2024-02-10}} (green wine), from the Minho region.

Notable Portuguese chefs include {{ill|Filipa Vacondeus|pt|Filipa Vacondeus}}, Louise Bourrat{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Louise Bourrat, uma Top Chef |url=https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/restaurantes/louise-bourrat-uma-top-chef |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Time Out Lisboa |language=pt-PT}} and {{ill|Marlene Vieira|pt|Marlene Vieira}}.

{{see also|Portuguese architecture|Manueline|Pombaline style}}

File:Capela das Almas (Porto) 17.jpgs are a distinctive feature of Portuguese architecture as it is the case with {{ill|Capela das Almas|pt|Capela de Santa Catarina (Santo Ildefonso)}}, in Porto]]

Portuguese architecture encompasses work in Portugal and its former colonies, reflecting these diverse cultures. Romans and Moors each left marks. Epitomes of the Portuguese architectural style are Romanesque, Gothic and, above all, Manueline style. Baroque and Rococo were influential. After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake the Pombaline style (now candidate to become a listed UNESCO heritage site) took over and is still visible, especially in Estremadura (the region of the capital city, Lisbon). Other influences include Romanesque evolving into contemporary styles. The Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, built in the 1960s is one of defining examples of 20th-century Portuguese architecture.File:Treppenaufgang Bom Jesus do Monte.jpg, in Braga, with its famous Baroque stairway]]

File:Palacio da Queluz (21095271746).jpg in the Palácio Nacional de Queluz, Queluz]]

File:Almourol 034.jpg and Templar castles. A fine example is the Castle of Almourol, in Vila Nova da Barquinha.]]

19th century architects include Maria José Marques da Silva, Helena Roseta, Miguel Ventura Terra and José Marques da Silva. Modern architects include Pritzker Architecture Prize winners Eduardo Souto de Moura and Siza Vieira. Others include Raul Lino, Fernando Távora and Álvaro Siza Vieira. Tomás Taveira is noted particularly for stadium design. Other Portuguese architects include Diogo de Arruda (chapter house window at the Convent of Christ, in Tomar), Pedro Nunes Tinoco and Filippo Terzi (Monastery of São Vicente de Fora), André Soares (Falperra Church), José António Caldas (dark room pioneer in Brazil), Carlos Amarante (Bom Jesus do Monte), João Luís Carrilho da Graça, José da Costa e Silva (established Neoclassical architecture in Portugal and Brazil), José Luis Monteiro, João Abel Manta, Huguet and Mateus Fernandes (Monastery of Batalha)

Portuguese architects who made contributions abroad include Alfredo Azancot in Chile, Emanuele Rodriguez Dos Santos in Italy, and Jo Palma in Canada.

{{see also|Music of Portugal|Music history of Portugal|Fado}}

File:Fado1 - Fadistas a los Jeronimos.JPG performing in the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Lisbon]]

From folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Portuguese culture. From traditional songs from the north of the country to the rhythms of Portuguese-influenced samba, from fado to Portuguese pop-rock, Portuguese music has delighted listeners all over the world.

Portuguese music dates back to the Middle Ages, when troubadours, poets and musicians sang love songs throughout the country.

The 16th century brought musical influences such as the stringed instrument, the Krencong, which traveled from Portugal to Indonesia and made a lasting contribution to Indonesian culture. Another instrument of Portuguese origin that gained acclaim in Hawaiian music is the ukulele, which originated on Madeira Island.

Fado is the leading modern genre. Originating in Lisbon in the 19th century, it symbolizes Portuguese culture. Fado songs often express love, saudade (longing) and difficulties in life. The great ambassador of Portuguese fado, Amália Rodrigues, had carried the music across the world during the 1950s and 1960s. Musicians such as Mariza, Ana Moura and Cristina Branco, Katia Guerreiro modernized and invigorated this musical art alive. The genre is one of two Portuguese music traditions in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, along with Cante Alentejano.

Besides fado, the country produced other popular music, including Portuguese Pop Rock, developed in the 1980s and 1990s by artists such as Xutos & Pontapés, Rui Veloso, and the Madredeus. The latter are noted for their innovative use of the traditional Portuguese guitar.

File:Carmen Miranda 1941.JPG GCIH, OMC who reached stardom in Brazil as the foremost interpreter of samba]]

Other popular imported genres include dance, house, kizomba, pimba, pop, reggae, ska and zouk. World music stars include Waldemar Bastos. A notable Portuguese kizomba author is Soraia Ramos.

Ângelo César do Rosário Firmino and Diana De Brito are important rap artists. Hip hop arrived in the early 1990s. The first artist to sign a major record deal was General D. Other important artists from the Hip hop tuga genre include Sam the Kid and Regula.

In jazz, notable Portuguese performers include Carmen Souza, Marta Dias, Vânia Fernandes, Maria João and Luísa Sobral. while in the kuduro musical genre in Portugal Keidje Torres Lima is notable. Other authors are Lura, Georgina Ribas, Filipa Azevedo, Nenny, Ana Free, {{ill|Ana Bela Alves|pt|Ana Bela Alves}} and Bárbara Bandeira.

{{see also|Cinema of Portugal|List of Portuguese films}}

Portuguese cinema appeared at the end of the 19th century, via silent films. In the 1920s that cinema became an important cultural and artistic element. The first Portuguese film, shot in Porto, was directed by {{ill|Aurélio da Paz dos Reis|pt|Aurélio da Paz dos Reis}} in 1896. In homage to the Departure of the Workers from the Lumière Factory (La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon) by Auguste and Louis Lumière shot in 1895, he filmed the Departure of the Workers from the Confiança Factory (Saída do Pessoal Operário da Fábrica Confiança).{{Cite web |title=Um olhar sobre o cinema mudo em Portugal |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/um-olhar-sobre-o-cinema-mudo-em-portugal/XAVh29Yu-S6GIw |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=pt-PT}}

José Leitão de Barros pioneered the Portuguese film industry, producing and directing silent films starting in the 1910s. One of the first notable female actresses was Cremilda de Oliveira. Manoel de Oliveira extended de la Velle's legacy. His film "Aniki-Bóbó (1942), is notable for its innovation and vision of adolescence. Manoel de Oliveira made more than 30 films, including I'm Going home (2001), produced at age 93.

In the 1950s, attention pivoted to technically advanced Hollywood films. In the 1960s, attention returned home. In the 1960s innovative cinema flourished, notably with director Fernando Lopes. He made films that touched on themes of politics and religion, generating debate and controversy at the time. His film Belarmino (1964), won the Golden Lion at that year's Venice exhibition.

Fernando Lopes led a new generation of directors in the 70s and 80s. This period saw films like Mudar de Vida (1966) by Paulo Rocha. In the 70s the School of Reis – a concept related to the teachings of Portuguese director António Reis and Margarida Cordeiro – emerged. Notable proponents are João Pedro Rodrigues and Pedro Costa.{{Cite web |date=2012-06-20 |title={{!}} Cinema: Anthology of Film Archives featuring "The School of Reis" – NYCPortuguese American Journal |url=https://portuguese-american-journal.com/cinema-anthology-of-film-archives-featuring-the-school-of-reis-nyc/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Portuguese American Journal |language=en}}

Despite national success, Portuguese films were largely ignored by international festivals until the emergence of directors such as Marco Martins.

In 1989, the first of a new wave of filmmakers, Pedro Costa, presented O Sangue. This film, along with its follow-up efforts in the 90s, Ossos and Casa de Lava, shaped a distinctive style.

Portuguese directors have influenced the international film industry. Manoel de Oliveira was the first Portuguese director to compete for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1985. Since then, other Portuguese filmmakers have competed at major international festivals.

The telenovela is a popular genre, brought from Brazil, and the country is a major producer and consumer.{{Cite web |last=Factos |first=Espalha- |date=2020-11-21 |title=15 séries e novelas que marcaram a televisão portuguesa |url=https://espalhafactos.com/2020/11/21/15-series-e-novela-que-marcaram-a-televisao-portuguesa/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Espalha-Factos |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Os sinais do 'efeito- -telenovela' |date=26 April 2006 |url=https://www.dn.pt/arquivo/2006/os-sinais-do-efeito---telenovela-639561.html}} Many Portuguese telenovelas have reached international audiences, such as A Única Mulher, Floribella, Morangos com Açúcar, Laços de Sangue and Conta-me como foi. Telenovela stars include Liliana Santos, Lúcia Moniz, Diogo Morgado, Vera Kolodzig, Sílvia Alberto, Diogo Amaral, Rita Pereira, Joana Ribeiro, Ricardo Pereira, Mariana Monteiro, and Luciana Abreu.

Portuguese authors have participated in international productions; among them Daniela Melchior, Nuno Lopes, Cris Huerta, Helena D'Algy and Rafael Morais.

Nuno Sá Pessoa and Diana Andringa are known for documentaries, Nuno Markl, Rita Camarneiro, Ricardo Araújo Pereira, Filomena Cautela and Eduardo Serra are TV hosts (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2).

{{Portal|Portugal}}

• Ethnic groups in Europe
• Galicians
• Luso-Asians
• Luso-Africans
• Iberian Jews
• Portuguese American
• Portuguese Canadians
• List of Portuguese people
• Portuguese cuisine
• Portuguese culture
• Lusitanics
• Lusophone
• Portuguese language
• :Category:Portuguese people

{{reflist}}

{{Commons and category|Portugueses|People_of_Portugal}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 BC)]
• {{wikiatlas|Portugal}}
• [http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series]

{{Portuguese diaspora}}

{{European diasporas}}

{{Portugal topics}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Demographics of Portugal

Category:Romance peoples