Rio de Janeiro#Centro

{{Main|History of Rio de Janeiro|Timeline of Rio de Janeiro}}

{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE |title=Historical affiliations|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|POR|1640}} Portuguese Empire 1565–1815
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves (1815-1825).svg|border}} United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1822
{{flag|Empire of Brazil}} 1822–1889
{{flagicon|BRA}} Republic of Brazil 1889–present

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{{main|Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil}}

The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo and Maxakalí peoples.{{Cite book |last=Zimring |first=Carl A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750 |title=Encyclopedia of Consumption and Waste: The Social Science of Garbage |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781506338279 |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=VifrCgAAQBAJ&q=Tupi%2C+Puri%2C+Botocudo+and+Maxakal%C3%AD&pg=PT750#v=snippet&q=Tupi%2C%20Puri%2C%20Botocudo%20and%20Maxakal%C3%AD&f=false |url-status=live }}

File:Palácio Pedro Ernesto - Fundação da Cidade.jpg

Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), during a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos, captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet, or under Gonçalo Coelho.Jorge Couto, 1995, A Construção do Brasil, Lisbon: Cosmos. Allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as an observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition.

In 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony. Eventually this French settlement became too much of a threat to the established Portuguese colony and in 1560 the order was made to get rid of them. A years-long military aggression was then initiated by the new Governor General of Brazil Mem De Sa, and later continued by his nephew Estacio De Sa. On 20 January 1567, a final defeat was imposed on the French forces and they were decisively expelled from Brazil for good.

File:Cais_do_Valongo_e_da_Imperatriz.jpg through the Atlantic slave trade{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|title=Rio's Race to Future Intersects Slave Past|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=2014-03-08|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-04-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717100027/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/world/americas/rios-race-to-future-intersects-slave-past.html|url-status=live}}

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The city of Rio de Janeiro proper was founded on 1 March 1565 by the Portuguese, led by Estácio de Sá, including {{ill|Antônio de Mariz|pt}}. It was named São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, in honour of St. Sebastian, the saint who was the namesake and patron of the Portuguese then-monarch Sebastião. Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several mostly French pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc and René Duguay-Trouin.{{Cite web |title=History of Rio |url=http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227075155/http://www.paralumun.com/citrio.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Paralumun.com}}

In the late 17th century, still during the Sugar Era, the Bandeirantes discovered gold and diamonds in the neighboring captaincy of Minas Gerais, thus Rio de Janeiro became a much more practical port for exporting wealth (gold, precious stones, besides the sugar) than Salvador, Bahia, much farther northeast. On 27 January 1763,{{Cite book |last1=Alex Robinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Rio de Janeiro Footprint Focus Guide: Includes Maracana Stadium, Copacabana, Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ipanema |last2=Gardenia Robinson |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-909268-88-3 |page=28 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002064218/https://books.google.com/books?id=joc_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }} the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained primarily a colonial capital until 1808, when the Portuguese royal family and most of the associated Lisbon nobles, fleeing from Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, moved to Rio de Janeiro.

{{main|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}

The kingdom's capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, became the only European capital outside of Europe. As there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes.{{Cite web |last=Sobrinho |first=Wanderley Preite |date=3 March 2008 |title=Chegada da família real portuguesa muda a arquitetura do Rio |trans-title=Arrival of the Portuguese royal family changes Rio's architecture |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |access-date=17 April 2010 |website=Folha de S. Paulo |language=pt |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515024757/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u372084.shtml |url-status=live }} In the first decade, several educational establishments were created, such as the Military Academy, the Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts and the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, as well as the National Library of Brazil – with the largest collection in Latin America{{Cite web |title=Apresentação da Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil |trans-title=Presenting Brazil's National Library |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/fbn/presentacion.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119091854/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portal/FBN/presentacion.shtml |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional |language=pt}} – and The Botanical Garden. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the {{Lang|pt|Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro}}, came into circulation during this period.{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=199 anos do primeiro jornal impresso no Brasil |trans-title=199 years of Brazil's first printed newspaper |url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526073527/https://www.webcitation.org/6BJycK9Vh?url=http://www.jornalorebate.com.br/site/index2.php%3Foption=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1083 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=10 October 2012 |website=O Rebate |language=pt}} When Brazil was elevated to Kingdom in 1815, it became the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves until the return of the Portuguese Royal Family to Lisbon in 1821, but remained as capital of the Kingdom of Brazil.{{Cite book |last=Coaracy |first=Vivaldo |title=Memória da cidade do Rio de Janeiro |year=1955 |editor-last=Livraria José Olympio Editora |location=Rio de Janeiro |page=584}}

From the colonial period until the first independent era, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was a large influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro: in 1819, there were 145,000 slaves in the captaincy. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people.{{Cite web |title=A África civiliza |url=http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Secretaria Municipal de Educação da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=7 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107001757/http://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/historia/modulo02/africa_civiliza.html |url-status=live }} Between 1811 and 1831, 500,000 to a million slaves arrived in Rio de Janeiro through Valongo Wharf, which is now a World Heritage Site.{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548 |title=Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site |website=UNESCO World Heritage List |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708160538/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1548/ |url-status=live }} The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America.{{Cite news |title=Tour Rio De Janeiro's Oldest Slave Port With This New App |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=NPR.org |language=en |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914094811/https://www.npr.org/2017/07/18/537948535/tour-rio-de-janeiros-oldest-slave-port-with-this-new-app |url-status=live }}

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When Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil in 1822, he decided to keep Rio de Janeiro as the capital of his new empire while the place was enriched with sugar cane agriculture in the Campos region and, especially, with the new coffee cultivation in the Paraíba Valley. In order to separate the province from the capital of the Empire, the city was converted in Neutral Municipality in 1834, passing the province of Rio de Janeiro to have Niterói as capital.

As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire. It was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. At that time the number of slaves was drastically reduced and the city was developed, with modern drains, animal trams, train stations crossing the city, gas and electric lighting, telephone and telegraph wiring, water and river plumbing. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic.

On 6 February 1889 the Bangu Textile Factory was founded, with the name of Industrial Progress Company of Brazil (Companhia Progresso Industrial do Brasil). The factory was officially opened on 8 March 1893, in a complex with varying architectural styles like Italianate, Neo-Gothic and a tower in Mansard Roof style. After the opening in 1893, workers from Great Britain arrived in Bangu to work in the textile factory. The old farms became worker villages with red-bricks houses, and a neo-gothic church was created, which still exists as the Saint Sebastian and Saint Cecilia Parish Church. Street cinemas and cultural buildings also appeared. In May 1894, Thomas Donohoe, a British worker from Busby, Scotland, arrived in Bangu.{{Cite news |title=Who is the true father of football in Brazil? |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115817/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24537173 |url-status=live }}

Donohoe was amazed to discover that there was absolutely no knowledge of football among Brazilians. So he wrote to his wife, Elizabeth, asking her to bring a football when she joined him. And shortly after her arrival, in September 1894, the first football match in Brazil took place in the field beside the textile factory. It was a five-a-side match between British workers, and took place six months before the first game organized by Charles Miller in São Paulo. However, the Bangu Football Club was not formally created until 1904.{{Cite web |title=Bangu Athletic Club History [Portuguese] |url=http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101115818/http://www.bangu-ac.com.br/historia.htm |archive-date=1 January 2016}}

File:Rio de Janeiro ca1910s photo from USA Library of Congress 19301u.jpg

At the time Brazil's Old Republic was established, the city lacked urban planning and sanitation, which helped spread several diseases, such as yellow fever, dysentery, variola, tuberculosis and even black death. Pereira Passos, who was named mayor in 1902, imposed reforms to modernize the city, demolishing the cortiços where most of the poor population lived. These people then moved to live in the city's hills, creating the first favelas.{{Cite web |last1=Suppia |first1=Alfredo |last2=Scarabello |first2=Marília |date=7 May 2014 |title=As reformas do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX |publisher=Universidade Virtual do Estado de São Paulo |language=pt |url=http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523110959/http://pre.univesp.br/as-reformas-do-rio-de-janeiro-no-inicio-do-seculo-xx#.WP3sUfnysdU |archive-date=23 May 2014}} Inspired by the city of Paris, Passos built the Municipal Theatre, the National Museum of Fine Arts and the National Library in the city's center; brought electric power to Rio and created larger avenues to adapt the city to automobiles.{{Cite web |title=Reforma Urbanística de Pereira Passos, o Rio com cara de Paris |url=http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |publisher=Grupo Globo |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231052142/http://educacao.globo.com/artigo/reforma-urbanistica-de-pereira-passos-o-rio-com-cara-de-paris.html |url-status=live }} Passos also named Oswaldo Cruz as Director General of Public Health. Cruz's plans to clean the city of diseases included compulsory vaccination of the entire population and forced entry into houses to kill mosquitoes and rats. The people of the city rebelled against Cruz's policy, in what would be known as the Vaccine Revolt.{{Cite web |last=Cabral dos Santos |first=Marco |date=31 July 2005 |title=Revolta da Vacina: Oswaldo Cruz e Pereira Passos tentam sanear Rio |url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |website=UOL Educação |language=pt |access-date=24 April 2017 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425032844/https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/historia-brasil/revolta-da-vacina-oswaldo-cruz-e-pereira-passos-tentam-sanear-rio.htm |url-status=live }}

File:Aqueduto da Carioca, Santa Teresa e Glória (007A5P3F13-029).jpg in the 1920s]]

In 1910, Rio saw the Revolt of the Lash, where Afro-Brazilian crew members in the Brazilian Navy mutinied against the heavy use of corporal punishment, which was similar to the punishment slaves received. The mutineers took control of the battleship Minas Geraes and threatened to fire on the city. Another military revolt occurred in 1922, the Copacabana Fort revolt, a march against the Old Republic's coronelism and café com leite politics. This revolt marked the beginning of Tenentism, a movement that resulted in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that started the Vargas Era.

Until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighborhood now known as the historic city center (see below), on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. The city's center of gravity began to shift south and west to the so-called Zona Sul (South Zone) in the early part of the 20th century, when the first tunnel was built under the mountains between Botafogo and the neighborhood that is now known as Copacabana. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rio's streetcar transit system after 1905.{{Cite journal |last=Boone |first=Christopher G |year=1995 |title=Streetcars and Politics in Rio de Janeiro: Private Enterprise versus Municipal Government in Mass Transit Delivery, 1903–1920 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=343–365 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00010786 |s2cid=145351010 |issn=0022-216X}} Botafogos natural environment, combined with the fame of the Copacabana Palace Hotel, the luxury hotel of the Americas in the 1930s, helped Rio to gain the reputation it still holds today as a beach party town. This reputation has been somewhat tarnished in recent years by favela violence resulting from the narcotics trade and militias.{{Cite news |date=22 October 2009 |title=Drugs and violence in Rio: The bottom line |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114042850/http://www.economist.com/world/americas/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14700720 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required}}

File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg tanks along the streets of the city in 1968 during the military rule. At the time, Rio de Janeiro was a city-state, capital of Guanabara]]

Plans for moving the nation's capital city from Rio de Janeiro to the center of Brazil had been occasionally discussed, and when Juscelino Kubitschek was elected president in 1955, it was partially on the strength of promises to build a new capital.[http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp Juscelino Kubitschek and the city of Rio de Janeiro] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315094527/http://www.cpdoc.fgv.br/nav_jk/htm/biografias/juscelino_kubitschek.asp |date=15 March 2015 }} Though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília and a new Federal District built, at great cost, by 1960. On 21 April of that year, the capital of Brazil was officially moved to Brasília. The territory of the former Federal District became its own state, Guanabara, after the bay that borders it to the east, encompassing just the city of Rio de Janeiro. After the 1964 coup d'état that installed a military dictatorship, the city-state was the only state left in Brazil to oppose the military. Then, in 1975, a presidential decree known as "The Fusion" removed the city's federative status and merged it with the State of Rio de Janeiro, with the city of Rio de Janeiro replacing Niterói as the state's capital, and establishing the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region.{{Cite web |date=24 September 2013 |title=Em 15 de março de 1975, Guanabara e Rio se transformaram num único estado |url=http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=Acervo O Globo |publisher=O Globo |language=pt |archive-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121223526/http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/fatos-historicos/em-15-de-marco-de-1975-guanabara-rio-se-transformaram-num-unico-estado-10121382 |url-status=live }}

In 1992, Rio hosted the Earth Summit, a United Nations conference to fight environmental degradation. Twenty years later, in 2012, the city hosted another conference on sustainable development, named United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The city hosted the World Youth Day in 2013, the second World Youth Day in South America and first in Brazil. In the sports field, Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final. On 2 October 2009, the International Olympic Committee announced that Rio de Janeiro would host the 2016 Olympic Games and the 2016 Paralympic Games, beating competitors Chicago, Tokyo, and Madrid. The city became the first South American city to host the event and the second Latin American city (after Mexico City in 1968) to host the Games. Since the early 2010s, Rio de Janeiro has been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its arts, urban culture and designed landscapes set around a natural environment.

{{main|Geography of Rio de Janeiro}}

File:ISS-67_City_lights_of_Rio_De_Janeiro,_Brazil.jpg view of Greater Rio de Janeiro at night seen from ISS]]

Rio de Janeiro is near the west end of a strip (from Cabo Frio to just east of Ilha Grande) of Brazil's Atlantic coast close to the Tropic of Capricorn where the shoreline is oriented east and west; the city thus faces largely south. It was founded at the entrance to an inlet, Guanabara Bay (Baía de Guanabara), which is marked by a point of land called Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açúcar) – a "calling card" of the city.{{Cite web |date=8 March 2011 |title=Where is Rio de Janeiro? |url=http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105085554/http://riobrazilblog.com/where-is-rio-de-janeiro |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Riobrazilblog.com}}

The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro, occupying an area of {{cvt|1182.3|km2|sqmi|1|sp=us}},{{Cite web |title=Area Territorial Official |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210035204/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm?c=5 |url-status=live }} is about 6,000,000.{{Cite web |title=Estimativas para 1° de Julho de 2006 |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |access-date=18 July 2007 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104300/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2005/estimativa.shtm?c=1 |url-status=live }} The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11–13.5 million. Residents of the city are known as cariocas. The official song of Rio is "Cidade Maravilhosa", by composer André Filho.

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The city has parks and ecological reserves such as the Tijuca National Park, the world's first urban forest and UNESCO Environmental Heritage and Biosphere Reserve; Pedra Branca State Park, which houses the highest point of Rio de Janeiro, the peak of Pedra Branca; the Quinta da Boa Vista complex; the Botanical Garden;{{Cite web |date=7 October 2005 |title="Cochicho da Mata" recria floresta dentro da floresta |url=http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155016/http://www.jbrj.gov.br/materias/07_10_2005.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=15 May 2017 |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}} Rio's Zoo; Parque Lage; and the Passeio Público, the first public park in the Americas.{{Cite web |title=Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (PEPB) |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012125009/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/unidades/pqpedra_branca.asp |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Governo do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Instituto Nacional do Ambiente |language=pt}} In addition the Flamengo Park is the largest landfill in the city, extending from the center to the south zone, and containing museums and monuments, in addition to much vegetation.

Since 1961, the Tijuca National Park (Parque Nacional da Tijuca), the largest city-surrounded urban forest and the second largest urban forest in the world, has been a National Park. The largest urban forest in the world is the Floresta da Pedra Branca (White Rock Forest), which is located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro.{{Cite news |last=Engelbrecht Ferreira |first=Daniel Ernesto |date=April 2005 |title=Poluição afeta Pedra Branca |language=pt |work=O Globo |url=http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR¤tItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007173549/http://www.biodiversityreporting.org/index.php?pageId=sub&lang=pt_BR¤tItem=article&docId=18381&c=Brasil&cRef=Brazil&year=2006&date=abril%202005 |archive-date=7 October 2007}}

Due to the high concentration of industries in the metropolitan region, the city has faced serious problems of environmental pollution. The Guanabara Bay has lost mangrove areas and suffers from residues from domestic and industrial sewage, oils and heavy metals. Although its waters renew when they reach the sea, the bay is the final receiver of all the tributaries generated along its banks and in the basins of the many rivers and streams that flow into it. The levels of particulate matter in the air are twice as high as that recommended by the World Health Organization, in part because of the large numbers of vehicles in circulation.{{Cite web |last=Afra Balazina |date=21 September 2007 |title=Estudo revela poluição elevada em seis capitais |trans-title=Study reveals high pollution levels in six capitals |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221042944/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u330220.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=26 October 2008 |website=Folha Online |language=pt}}

The waters of Sepetiba Bay are slowly following the path traced by Guanabara Bay, with sewage generated by a population of the order of 1.29 million inhabitants being released without treatment in streams or rivers. With regard to industrial pollution, highly toxic wastes, with high concentrations of heavy metals – mainly zinc and cadmium – have been dumped over the years by factories in the industrial districts of Santa Cruz, Itaguaí and Nova Iguaçu, constructed under the supervision of State policies.{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Contexto ambiental da Baía de Sepetiba |url=http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501032842/http://www.koinonia.org.br/oq/dossies/marambaia/not_contexto1.htm |archive-date=1 May 2013 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=Observatório Quilombola (OQ) |language=pt}}

The Marapendi lagoon and the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon have suffered with the leniency of the authorities and the growth in the number of apartment buildings close by. The illegal discharge of sewage and the consequent deaths of algae diminished the oxygenation of the waters, causing fish mortality.{{Cite web |last=Hélio Almeida |date=11 January 2011 |title=Lagoa de Marapendi sofre com poluição da água |trans-title=Marapendi Lagoon suffers with water pollution |url=http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119050726/http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/116507+lagoa+de+marapendi+sofre+com+poluicao+da+agua |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=18 November 2012 |language=pt}}{{Cite web |last=Agência Brasil |date=18 May 2010 |title=Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas estará despoluída até 2014, diz secretário |trans-title=Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be unpolluted until 2014, says secretary |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003936/http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/vidae,lagoa-rodrigo-de-freitas-estara-despoluida-ate-2014-diz-secretario,553395,0.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt}}

There are, on the other hand, signs of decontamination in the lagoon made through a public-private partnership established in 2008 to ensure that the lagoon waters will eventually be suitable for bathing. The decontamination actions involve the transfer of sludge to large craters present in the lagoon itself, and the creation of a new direct and underground connection with the sea, which will contribute to increase the daily water exchange between the two environments. However, during the Olympics the lagoon hosted the rowing competitions and there were numerous concerns about potential infection resulting from human sewage.{{Cite news |title=For rowers in Rio's Olympic water, it's all about avoiding the splash |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320070402/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-olympic-rowing-dirty-water-20160806-story.html |url-status=live }}

{{clear}}

{{wide image|PanoramaRio.jpg|1600px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the city of Rio de Janeiro highlighting the mountains of Corcovado (left), Sugarloaf (center, background) and Two Brothers (right), from the Chinese Belvedere}}

File:Tempestade_no_Rio_de_Janeiro_visto_do_Pão_de_Açúcar.jpg with lightning in Rio de Janeiro, view from Sugarloaf Mountain]]

File:Praia_de_Copacabana_-_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brasil.jpg on a sunny day]]

Rio has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) that closely borders a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification, and is often characterized by long periods of heavy rain between December and March.{{Cite journal |last1=Alvares |first1=Clayton Alcarde |last2=Stape |first2=José Luiz |last3=Sentelhas |first3=Paulo Cesar |last4=de Moraes Gonçalves |first4=José Leonardo |last5=Sparovek |first5=Gerd |year=2013 |title=Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil |journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift |publisher=E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung |volume=22 |pages=711–728 |bibcode=2013MetZe..22..711A |doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507 |number=6|s2cid=55147576 }} The city experiences hot, humid summers, and warm, sunny winters. In inland areas of the city, temperatures above {{cvt|40|°C|0}} are common during the summer, though rarely for long periods, while maximum temperatures above {{cvt|27|°C|0}} can occur on a monthly basis.

Along the coast, the breeze, blowing onshore and offshore, moderates the temperature. Because of its geographic situation, the city is often reached by cold fronts advancing from Antarctica, especially during autumn and winter, causing frequent weather changes. In summer there can be strong rains, which have, on some occasions, provoked catastrophic floods and landslides. The mountainous areas register greater rainfall since they constitute a barrier to the humid wind that comes from the Atlantic.{{Cite web |title=BBC Weather – Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3451190 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=BBC Weather |archive-date=1 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501091522/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3451190 |url-status=live }} The city has had rare frosts in the past. Some areas within Rio de Janeiro state occasionally have falls of snow grains and ice pellets (popularly called {{lang|pt|granizo}}) and hail.{{Cite news |date=12 March 2012 |title=Hail falls in Rio de Janeiro's West Zone and Baixada Fluminense |language=pt |publisher=Globo News |url=http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202140159/http://globotv.globo.com/globo-news/jornal-globo-news/v/chuva-de-granizo-atinge-zona-oeste-e-baixada-fluminense-do-rio/1853797/ |archive-date=2 February 2015}}{{Cite web |date=18 February 2013 |title=Chuvinha de granizo – Nova Iguaçu 18-2-2013 |trans-title=Little hail shower – Nova Iguaçu, 18 February 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/r2c-u7vOEdk |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live |access-date=26 August 2018 |publisher=YouTube |language=pt}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite news |date=28 January 2015 |title=As hail falls, Rio enters a warning interval |language=pt |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123610/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/com-chuva-de-granizo-rio-entra-em-estagio-de-atencao.html |url-status=live }}

Drought is very rare, albeit bound to happen occasionally given the city's strongly seasonal tropical climate. The Brazilian drought of 2014–2015, most severe in the Southeast Region and the worst in decades, affected the entire metropolitan region's water supply (a diversion from the Paraíba do Sul River to the Guandu River is a major source for the state's most populous mesoregion). There were plans to divert the Paraíba do Sul to the Sistema Cantareira (Cantareira system) during the water crisis of 2014 in order to help the critically drought-stricken Greater São Paulo area. However, availability of sufficient rainfall to supply tap water to both metropolitan areas in the future is merely speculative.{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=Brazil drought crisis leads to rationing and tensions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125416/https://www.theguardian.com/weather/2014/sep/05/brazil-drought-crisis-rationing |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=23 January 2015 |title=Brazil's worst drought in history prompts protests and blackouts |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=1 February 2015 |title=Paraíba do Sul River might not have enough water to rescue São Paulo's Sistema Cantareira |url=http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=G1 |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123613/https://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2015/02/rio-paraiba-do-sul-pode-nao-ter-agua-para-socorrer-sistema-cantareira.html |url-status=live }}

Roughly in the same suburbs (Nova Iguaçu and surrounding areas, including parts of Campo Grande and Bangu) that correspond to the location of the March 2012, February–March 2013 and January 2015 pseudo-hail (granizo) falls, there was a tornado-like phenomenon in January 2011, for the first time in the region's recorded history, causing structural damage and long-lasting blackouts, but no fatalities.{{Cite news |date=20 January 2011 |title=Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |publisher=Globo |url=http://g1.globo.com/bom-dia-brasil/noticia/2011/01/tornado-causa-destruicao-em-nova-iguacu-no-rio-de-janeiro.html |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214165546/http://g1.globo.com/bom-dia-brasil/noticia/2011/01/tornado-causa-destruicao-em-nova-iguacu-no-rio-de-janeiro.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=21 January 2011 |title=Tornado is responsible for havoc in Nova Iguaçu |language=pt |publisher=Gazeta do Povo |url=http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/chuvadevastadora/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1088896&tit=Tornado-causa-estragos-em-Nova-Iguacu |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105182932/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/chuvadevastadora/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1088896&tit=Tornado-causa-estragos-em-Nova-Iguacu |url-status=live }} The World Meteorological Organization has advised that Brazil, especially its southeastern region, must be prepared for increasingly severe weather occurrences in the near future, since events such as the catastrophic January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides are not an isolated phenomenon. In early May 2013, winds registering above {{cvt|90|km/h|0}} caused blackouts in 15 neighborhoods of the city and three surrounding municipalities, and killed one person.[http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/temporal-com-ventos-acima-de-90-kmh-mata-um-no-rio,5edebb5eb697e310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html Storm with winds above {{cvt|90|km/h|0}} kill one in Rio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131453/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/temporal-com-ventos-acima-de-90-kmh-mata-um-no-rio,5edebb5eb697e310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html |date=8 May 2013 }} {{in lang|pt}} Rio saw similarly high winds (about {{cvt|100|km/h|0}}) in January 2015.{{Cite news |date=3 January 2015 |title=Bangu windstorm, inside the city of Rio, achieved near-cyclone speed |language=pt |publisher=G1 |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/ventos-em-bangu-no-rio-atingiram-velocidade-proxima-de-furacao.html |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134452/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/01/ventos-em-bangu-no-rio-atingiram-velocidade-proxima-de-furacao.html |url-status=live }}

File:Bondinho do Pão de Açúcar by Diego Baravelli.jpg approaching the summit]]

Temperature also varies according to elevation, distance from the coast, and type of vegetation or land use. During the winter, cold fronts and dawn/morning sea breezes bring mild temperatures; cold fronts, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (in the form of winds from the Amazon Forest), the strongest sea-borne winds (often from an extratropical cyclone) and summer evapotranspiration bring showers or storms. Thus the monsoon-like climate has dry and mild winters and springs, and very wet and warm summers and autumns. As a result, temperatures over {{cvt|40|°C|0}}, that may happen about year-round but are much more common during the summer, often mean the actual "feels-like" temperature is over {{cvt|50|°C|0}}, when there is little wind and the relative humidity percentage is high.{{Cite web |date=23 February 2010 |title=Com sensação térmica de 48 °C, cariocas se refugiram do calor nas praias |trans-title=Feeling like 48 °C, cariocas bathe in beaches trying to escape from the heat |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0,,MUL1502179-5606,00-COM+SENSACAO+TERMICA+DE+C+CARIOCAS+SE+REFUGIAM+DO+CALOR+NAS+PRAIAS.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226030724/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Rio/0%2C%2CMUL1502179-5606%2C00-COM%2BSENSACAO%2BTERMICA%2BDE%2BC%2BCARIOCAS%2BSE%2BREFUGIAM%2BDO%2BCALOR%2BNAS%2BPRAIAS.html |archive-date=26 February 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=25 December 2012 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio de Janeiro chega a 50 °C nesta terça-feira |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro will be feeling like 50 °C this Tuesday |url=http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! Notícias |language=pt |archive-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216124021/http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/sensa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-t%C3%A9rmica-rio-de-janeiro-chega-a-50-233457951.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio ultrapassa os 50 graus |trans-title=Rio de Janeiro's feels like is now greater than 50 celsius |url=http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52,15,320681,jornalismo,redetv-news,sensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213130508/http://www.redetv.com.br/Video.aspx?52%2C15%2C320681%2Cjornalismo%2Credetv-news%2Csensacao-termica-no-rio-ultrapassa-os-50-graus |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Rede TV! |language=pt}}{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Sensação térmica no Rio chega aos 51 graus, diz pesquisa do Inpe |language=pt |trans-title=Feels like in Rio gets in 51 celsius mark, according to research |work=O Globo |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121620/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/sensacao-termica-no-rio-chegou-aos-51-graus-diz-pesquisa-do-inpe-11202125 |url-status=live }}

According to data from the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), since 1931, the absolute minimum temperature recorded in Rio de Janeiro was 6.4 °C on August 18, 1933, at the meteorological station in the Bangu neighborhood (deactivated in March 2004). This same station, located in the city's hottest neighborhood,Andrade, Hanrrikson de. [https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2017/01/08/conhecido-como-bairro-mais-quente-do-rio-bangu-tem-no-calor-uma-tradicao.htm Conhecido como bairro mais quente do Rio, Bangu tem no calor uma tradição] (in Brazilian Portuguese) recorded a maximum temperature of 43.1 °C on January 14, 1984, which held the record for the highest temperature in the city until December 26, 2012, when 43.2 °C was recorded at the Santa Cruz station.[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017191220/http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/rio-de-janeiro,rio-tem-terceira-maior-temperatura-da-historia-42-8oc,1781099 |título=Rio tem terceira maior temperatura da história: 42,8 °C] (in Brazilian Portuguese) The record for rainfall within 24 hours is 349.4 mm, recorded on February 26, 1971, at the former station in the Engenho de Dentro neighborhood.

{{Weather box

|location=Rio de Janeiro (Saúde), elevation {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1961–1990)

|width = auto

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C= 40.9

|Feb record high C= 41.8

|Mar record high C= 41.0

|Apr record high C= 39.3

|May record high C= 36.3

|Jun record high C= 35.9

|Jul record high C= 34.9

|Aug record high C= 38.9

|Sep record high C= 40.6

|Oct record high C= 42.8

|Nov record high C= 40.5

|Dec record high C= 43.2

|year record high C=

|Jan record low C = 17.7

|Feb record low C = 18.9

|Mar record low C = 18.6

|Apr record low C = 16.2

|May record low C = 11.1

|Jun record low C = 11.6

|Jul record low C = 12.2

|Aug record low C = 10.6

|Sep record low C = 10.2

|Oct record low C = 10.1

|Nov record low C = 15.1

|Dec record low C = 17.1

|year record low C= 10.1

|Jan high C = 31.5

|Feb high C = 32.2

|Mar high C = 31.2

|Apr high C = 30.0

|May high C = 27.8

|Jun high C = 26.7

|Jul high C = 26.4

|Aug high C = 27.0

|Sep high C = 26.7

|Oct high C = 28.2

|Nov high C = 29.4

|Dec high C = 30.3

| year high C = 29.0

|Jan mean C = 27.8

|Feb mean C = 28.3

|Mar mean C = 27.6

|Apr mean C = 26.5

|May mean C = 24.3

|Jun mean C = 23.0

|Jul mean C = 22.6

|Aug mean C = 23.1

|Sep mean C = 23.2

|Oct mean C = 24.7

|Nov mean C = 25.9

|Dec mean C = 26.8

| year mean C = 25.3

|Jan low C = 24.1

|Feb low C = 24.4

|Mar low C = 24.0

|Apr low C = 23.0

|May low C = 20.7

|Jun low C = 19.3

|Jul low C = 18.7

|Aug low C = 19.1

|Sep low C = 19.6

|Oct low C = 21.1

|Nov low C = 22.3

|Dec low C = 23.2

| year low C = 21.6

|Jan precipitation mm = 137.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 130.4

|Mar precipitation mm = 135.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 94.9

|May precipitation mm = 69.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 42.7

|Jul precipitation mm = 41.9

|Aug precipitation mm = 44.5

|Sep precipitation mm = 53.6

|Oct precipitation mm = 86.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 97.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 134.2

|year precipitation mm= 1069.4

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan sun = 211.9

|Feb sun = 201.3

|Mar sun = 206.4

|Apr sun = 181.0

|May sun = 186.3

|Jun sun = 175.1

|Jul sun = 188.6

|Aug sun = 184.8

|Sep sun = 146.2

|Oct sun = 152.1

|Nov sun = 168.5

|Dec sun = 179.6

|year sun= 2181.8

|unit precipitation days= 1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 11

|Feb precipitation days = 7

|Mar precipitation days = 8

|Apr precipitation days = 9

|May precipitation days = 6

|Jun precipitation days = 6

|Jul precipitation days = 4

|Aug precipitation days = 5

|Sep precipitation days = 7

|Oct precipitation days = 9

|Nov precipitation days = 10

|Dec precipitation days = 11

|year precipitation days= 93

|Jan humidity = 79

|Feb humidity = 79

|Mar humidity = 80

|Apr humidity = 80

|May humidity = 80

|Jun humidity = 79

|Jul humidity = 77

|Aug humidity = 77

|Sep humidity = 79

|Oct humidity = 80

|Nov humidity = 79

|Dec humidity = 80

|year humidity= 79.1

|source 1 = Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) (precipitation, humidity and sun 1961–1990){{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Mínima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060545/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Máxima (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060537/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Temperatura Média Compensada (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060540/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=1961–1990 |title=Precipitação Acumulada Mensal e Anual (mm) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060527/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology |language=pt}}{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Mínima Absoluta (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Cite web |title=Temperatura Máxima Absoluta (°C) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet)}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}{{Cite web |title=Número de Dias com Precipitação Maior ou Igual a 1 mm (dias) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827173708/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Maior-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}{{Cite web |title=Insolação Total (horas) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060530/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}{{Cite web |title=Umidade Relativa do Ar Média Compensada (%) |url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060524/http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia//normais//imagens//normais//planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology}}{{cite web

| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisclimatologicas

| title = Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010

| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

| language = Portuguese

| accessdate = 21 May 2024}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Rio de Janeiro (Alto da Boa Vista), elevation {{convert|347|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010 normals)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 37.5

|Feb record high C = 36.5

|Mar record high C = 36.8

|Apr record high C = 34.8

|May record high C = 33.0

|Jun record high C = 32.9

|Jul record high C = 32.7

|Aug record high C = 38.5

|Sep record high C = 37.5

|Oct record high C = 38.5

|Nov record high C = 37.1

|Dec record high C = 38.5

|year record high C = 38.5

|Jan high C = 30.1

|Feb high C = 30.6

|Mar high C = 29.1

|Apr high C = 27.7

|May high C = 25.2

|Jun high C = 24.3

|Jul high C = 24.1

|Aug high C = 24.7

|Sep high C = 24.7

|Oct high C = 25.9

|Nov high C = 27.3

|Dec high C = 28.7

|year high C = 26.9

|Jan low C = 20.7

|Feb low C = 20.9

|Mar low C = 20.2

|Apr low C = 18.8

|May low C = 16.8

|Jun low C = 15.3

|Jul low C = 14.8

|Aug low C = 15.3

|Sep low C = 16.1

|Oct low C = 17.3

|Nov low C = 18.6

|Dec low C = 19.8

|year low C = 17.9

|Jan record low C = 12.0

|Feb record low C = 15.2

|Mar record low C = 14.5

|Apr record low C = 11.5

|May record low C = 10.2

|Jun record low C = 6.7

|Jul record low C = 7.3

|Aug record low C = 8.7

|Sep record low C = 8.1

|Oct record low C = 10.5

|Nov record low C = 11.4

|Dec record low C = 10.2

|year record low C = 6.7

|Jan precipitation mm = 209.1

|Feb precipitation mm = 174.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 215.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 203.3

|May precipitation mm = 188.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 132.7

|Jul precipitation mm = 182.3

|Aug precipitation mm = 141.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 223.0

|Oct precipitation mm = 203.7

|Nov precipitation mm = 217.0

|Dec precipitation mm = 273.8

|year precipitation mm =2365.8

|precipitation colour = green

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 11

| Feb precipitation days = 8

| Mar precipitation days = 11

| Apr precipitation days = 9

| May precipitation days = 10

| Jun precipitation days = 7

| Jul precipitation days = 8

| Aug precipitation days = 9

| Sep precipitation days = 12

| Oct precipitation days = 12

| Nov precipitation days = 12

| Dec precipitation days = 13

| year precipitation days = 122

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia — INMET(temperature records: 06/01/1966-present){{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais2/index.php|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-03-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83007&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/06/1966&mRelDtFim=31/12/2018&mAtributos=,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Alto da Boa Vista|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83007&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/06/1966&mRelDtFim=31/12/2018&mAtributos=,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Alto da Boa Vista|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/|title=Banco de dados meteorológicos|author=INMET|access-date=2020-11-03}}{{cite web|url=https://portal.inmet.gov.br/normais|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|author=INMET|access-date=2022-03-23}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Rio de Janeiro (Bangu), elevation {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010 normals)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 43.1

|Feb record high C = 40.8

|Mar record high C = 41.2

|Apr record high C = 38.9

|May record high C = 36.8

|Jun record high C = 35.7

|Jul record high C = 36.1

|Aug record high C = 40.2

|Sep record high C = 42.0

|Oct record high C = 41.6

|Nov record high C = 41.6

|Dec record high C = 41.1

|year record high C = 43.1

|Jan high C = 33.9

|Feb high C = 34.8

|Mar high C = 33.0

|Apr high C = 31.5

|May high C = 29.0

|Jun high C = 28.2

|Jul high C = 27.5

|Aug high C = 28.4

|Sep high C = 28.3

|Oct high C = 29.9

|Nov high C = 31.5

|Dec high C = 32.8

|year high C = 30.7

|Jan low C = 23.8

|Feb low C = 24.0

|Mar low C = 23.2

|Apr low C = 21.7

|May low C = 19.3

|Jun low C = 17.8

|Jul low C = 17.1

|Aug low C = 17.7

|Sep low C = 18.6

|Oct low C = 20.3

|Nov low C = 21.7

|Dec low C = 22.9

|year low C = 20.7

|Jan record low C = 16.9

|Feb record low C = 17.2

|Mar record low C = 17.2

|Apr record low C = 12.5

|May record low C = 11.3

|Jun record low C = 8.7

|Jul record low C = 9.0

|Aug record low C = 10.4

|Sep record low C = 11.0

|Oct record low C = 12.4

|Nov record low C = 11.4

|Dec record low C = 14.0

|year record low C = 8.7

|Jan precipitation mm = 204.9

|Feb precipitation mm = 148.7

|Mar precipitation mm = 155.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 108.7

|May precipitation mm = 74.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 56.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 43.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 38.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 81.2

|Oct precipitation mm = 80.9

|Nov precipitation mm = 105.0

|Dec precipitation mm = 152.4

|year precipitation mm = 1251

|precipitation colour = green

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 12

|Feb precipitation days = 9

|Mar precipitation days = 10

|Apr precipitation days = 7

|May precipitation days = 7

|Jun precipitation days = 5

|Jul precipitation days = 5

|Aug precipitation days = 5

|Sep precipitation days = 9

|Oct precipitation days = 9

|Nov precipitation days = 9

|Dec precipitation days = 11

|year precipitation days = 98

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia — INMET (temperature records of 1961-01-01 to 2004-03-27){{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais2/index.php|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-03-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83790&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/01/1961&mRelDtFim=27/03/2004&mAtributos=,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Bangu|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83790&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/01/1961&mRelDtFim=27/03/2004&mAtributos=,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Bangu|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web | url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwM-LY650N0NRjNkR2V6YXF5bU0/view | title=Normais Climatológicas do Brasil (1931-1960) |author=INMET |location=Rio de Janeiro |date=1979 |access-date=2020-11-03}}

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Rio de Janeiro (Realengo), elevation {{convert|42|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010 normals)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 40.5

|Feb record high C = 40.3

|Mar record high C = 39.5

|Apr record high C = 38.0

|May record high C = 35.6

|Jun record high C = 35.4

|Jul record high C = 35.5

|Aug record high C = 38.5

|Sep record high C = 40.6

|Oct record high C = 42.0

|Nov record high C = 40.3

|Dec record high C = 41.5

|year record high C = 42.0

|Jan high C = 32.6

|Feb high C = 33.3

|Mar high C = 32.5

|Apr high C = 30.8

|May high C = 28.1

|Jun high C = 27.7

|Jul high C = 26.9

|Aug high C = 28.0

|Sep high C = 28.0

|Oct high C = 29.2

|Nov high C = 30.4

|Dec high C = 31.3

|year high C = 29.9

|Jan low C = 23.5

|Feb low C = 23.5

|Mar low C = 23.1

|Apr low C = 21.3

|May low C = 18.4

|Jun low C = 16.8

|Jul low C = 16.4

|Aug low C = 17.4

|Sep low C = 18.2

|Oct low C = 20.0

|Nov low C = 21.3

|Dec low C = 22.6

|year low C = 20.2

|Jan record low C = 17.8

|Feb record low C = 16.9

|Mar record low C = 17.3

|Apr record low C = 13.7

|May record low C = 12.2

|Jun record low C = 9.0

|Jul record low C = 8.5

|Aug record low C = 9.8

|Sep record low C = 10.0

|Oct record low C = 11.6

|Nov record low C = 13.2

|Dec record low C = 16.5

|year record low C = 8.5

|Jan precipitation mm = 169.4

|Feb precipitation mm = 113.4

|Mar precipitation mm = 137.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 92.4

|May precipitation mm = 52.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 32.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 43.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 26.6

|Sep precipitation mm = 48.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 82.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 111.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 163.9

|year precipitation mm = 1074.8

|precipitation colour = green

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 12

| Feb precipitation days = 9

| Mar precipitation days = 10

| Apr precipitation days = 7

| May precipitation days = 7

| Jun precipitation days = 5

| Jul precipitation days = 5

| Aug precipitation days = 5

| Sep precipitation days = 9

| Oct precipitation days = 9

| Nov precipitation days = 9

| Dec precipitation days = 11

| year precipitation days = 98

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia — INMET (temperature records of 1971-04-01 to 1976-10-31, 1986-06-01 to 1986-11-30 and 1999-01-01 to present){{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais2/index.php|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-03-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83801&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/04/1971&mRelDtFim=31/12/2018&mAtributos=,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Realengo|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-05-30}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83801&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/04/1971&mRelDtFim=31/12/2018&mAtributos=,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Realengo|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}

|date=February 2020

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Rio de Janeiro (Santa Cruz), elevation {{convert|63|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1981–2010 normals)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 42.5

|Feb record high C = 41.5

|Mar record high C = 40.1

|Apr record high C = 38.5

|May record high C = 36.0

|Jun record high C = 35.2

|Jul record high C = 36.0

|Aug record high C = 39.1

|Sep record high C = 41.2

|Oct record high C = 41.2

|Nov record high C = 40.5

|Dec record high C = 43.2

|year record high C = 43.2

|Jan high C = 32.7

|Feb high C = 33.6

|Mar high C = 32.3

|Apr high C = 30.8

|May high C = 28.2

|Jun high C = 27.6

|Jul high C = 26.7

|Aug high C = 27.7

|Sep high C = 27.4

|Oct high C = 28.7

|Nov high C = 30.0

|Dec high C = 31.2

|year high C = 29.7

|Jan low C = 22.9

|Feb low C = 23.1

|Mar low C = 22.6

|Apr low C = 21.4

|May low C = 19.1

|Jun low C = 18.0

|Jul low C = 17.3

|Aug low C = 17.8

|Sep low C = 18.5

|Oct low C = 19.7

|Nov low C = 20.9

|Dec low C = 22.0

|year low C = 20.3

|Jan record low C = 16.9

|Feb record low C = 17.8

|Mar record low C = 16.4

|Apr record low C = 13.2

|May record low C = 12.0

|Jun record low C = 9.0

|Jul record low C = 9.7

|Aug record low C = 11.6

|Sep record low C = 11.3

|Oct record low C = 13.3

|Nov record low C = 14.6

|Dec record low C = 16.1

|year record low C = 9.0

|Jan precipitation mm = 143.8

|Feb precipitation mm = 100.1

|Mar precipitation mm = 110.6

|Apr precipitation mm = 101.3

|May precipitation mm = 67.7

|Jun precipitation mm = 48.0

|Jul precipitation mm = 52.2

|Aug precipitation mm = 36.7

|Sep precipitation mm = 71.4

|Oct precipitation mm = 76.7

|Nov precipitation mm = 92.8

|Dec precipitation mm = 138.9

|year precipitation mm = 1040.2

|precipitation colour = green

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 11

| Feb precipitation days = 8

| Mar precipitation days = 9

| Apr precipitation days = 7

| May precipitation days = 7

| Jun precipitation days = 5

| Jul precipitation days = 6

| Aug precipitation days = 6

| Sep precipitation days = 8

| Oct precipitation days = 8

| Nov precipitation days = 9

| Dec precipitation days = 11

| year precipitation days = 95

|source 1 = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia — INMET (temperature records of 1963-01-01 to 1994-10-16 and 1998-05-04 to present){{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais2/index.php|title=Normais climatológicas do Brasil|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-03-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83789&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/01/1961&mRelDtFim=31/12/2017&mAtributos=,,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Santa Cruz|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=http://www.inmet.gov.br/projetos/rede/pesquisa/gera_serie_txt.php?&mRelEstacao=83789&btnProcesso=serie&mRelDtInicio=01/01/1961&mRelDtFim=31/12/2017&mAtributos=,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,|title=BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Santa Cruz|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia|access-date=2018-04-01}}

|date=February 2020

}}

{{Main|Brazilians|Cariocas|Demographics of Rio de Janeiro|Demographics of Brazil|Immigration to Brazil}}

{{Historical populations|1872|274972|1890|522651|1900|811443|1920|1157873|1940|1764141|1950|2377451|1960|3281908|1970|4251918|1980|5090700|1991|5336179|2000|5851914|2010|6320446|2022|6211223|align=right|footnote={{Cite web |title=População nos Censos Demográficos, segundo os municípios das capitais - 1872/2010 |url=https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=IBGE |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026110118/https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/sinopse/index.php?dados=6&uf=00 |url-status=dead }}}}

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, there were 5,940,224 people residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro.[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 2010 IGBE Census] {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145821/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/dados_divulgados/index.php?uf=33 |date=14 May 2012 }} Since 1960, when it was surpassed by São Paulo, the city of Rio de Janeiro has been the second-most populous city in Brazil.{{Cite web |title=A metrópole improvável: por que São Paulo virou a maior cidade do Brasil |url=https://exame.com/economia/a-metropole-improvavel-por-que-sao-paulo-virou-a-maior-cidade-do-brasil/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Exame |language=pt-br}}

The 2022 census revealed the following numbers: White Brazilian (45.4% or 2,821,619); Mixed (38.7% or 2,403,895); Black (15.6% or 968,428); Asian (10,514 or 0.2%); Indigenous (6,531 or 0.1%).{{cite web |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628195406/https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/ |url-status=live }} The population of Rio de Janeiro was 53.2% female and 46.8% male.[http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn 2010 IGBE Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145708/http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/painel/?nivel=mn|date=14 May 2012}} {{in lang|pt}}

The black community was formed by residents whose ancestors had been brought as slaves, mostly from Angola and Mozambique, as well by people of Angolan, Mozambican and West African descent who moved to Rio from other parts of Brazil. Nearly half of the city's population is by phenotype mixed or black.{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518220742/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/negros/origem.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}} White in Brazil is defined more by having a European-looking phenotype rather than ancestry, and two full siblings can be of different "racial" categories{{Cite journal |last1=Parra |first1=FC |last2=Amado |first2=RC |last3=Lambertucci |first3=JR |last4=Rocha |first4=J |last5=Antunes |first5=CM |last6=Pena |first6=SD |date=January 2003 |title=Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=177–82 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100..177P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0126614100 |pmc=140919 |pmid=12509516|doi-access=free}} in a skin color and phenotype continuum from pálido (branco) or fair-skinned, through branco moreno or swarthy Caucasian, mestiço claro or lighter skinned multiracial, pardo (mixed race) to negro or black. Pardo, for example, in popular usage includes those who are caboclos (mestizos), mulatos (mulattoes), cafuzos (zambos), juçaras (archaic term for tri-racials) and westernized Amerindians (which are called caboclos as well), being more of a skin color rather than a racial group in particular.

{{Main|Immigration to Brazil}}

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|title = Race and ethnicity in Rio de Janeiro

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{{bar percent|White|blue|45.4}}

{{bar percent|Pardo (Multiracial)|#009000|38.7}}

{{bar percent|Black|#9955BB|15.6}}

{{bar percent|Asian|black|0.2}}

{{bar percent|Amerindian|yellow|0.1}}

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Different ethnic groups contributed to the formation of the population of Rio de Janeiro. Before European colonization, there were at least seven different indigenous peoples speaking 20 languages in the region. A part of them joined the Portuguese and the other the French. Those who joined the French were then exterminated by the Portuguese, while the other part was assimilated.{{Cite web |title=Tem índio no Rio |url=http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813071626/http://paginas.terra.com.br/educacao/Ludimila/indiosrj.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Paginas.terra.com.br}}

Rio de Janeiro is home to the largest Portuguese population outside of Lisbon in Portugal.{{Cite web |title=Portuguese descent in the city of Rio de janeiro and Brazil |url=http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143624/http://www.presidencia.pt/brasil2008/?idc=166&idi=13879 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Presidencia.pt}} After independence from Portugal, Rio de Janeiro became a destination for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Portugal, mainly in the early 20th century. The immigrants were mostly poor peasants who subsequently found prosperity in Rio as city workers and small traders.{{Cite web |title=Brasil 500 anos |url=http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=.ibge.gov.br}}

File:Afot3602.jpg city" outside Portugal[http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Venâncio, R.P., "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", in Brasil 500 anos, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523211354/http://www1.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html |date=23 May 2008 }}, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.]]

The Portuguese cultural influence is still seen in many parts of the city (and many other parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro), including architecture and language. Most Brazilians with some cultural contact with Rio know how to easily differentiate between the local dialect, Carioca , and other Brazilian dialects. People of Portuguese ancestry predominate in most of the state. The Brazilian census of 1920 showed that 39.7% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil lived in Rio de Janeiro. Including all of the Rio de Janeiro, the proportion raised to 46.3% of the Portuguese who lived in Brazil. The numerical presence of the Portuguese was extremely high, accounting for 72% of the foreigners who lived in the capital. Portuguese born people accounted for 20.4% of the population of Rio, and those with a Portuguese father or a Portuguese mother accounted for 30.8%. In other words, native born Portuguese and their children accounted for 51.2% of the inhabitants of Rio, or a total of 267,664 people in 1890.{{Google books |id=QPDe42CBSeMC |page=107 |title=Os lusíadas na aventura do Rio moderno }}

As a result of the influx of immigrants to Brazil from the late 19th to the early 20th century, also found in Rio de Janeiro and its metropolitan area are communities of Levantine Arabs who are mostly Christian or Irreligious, Spaniards, Italians, Germans, Japanese,{{Cite web |last=Agencia Brasil |date=11 March 2011 |title=Consulado do Japão no Rio disponibiliza telefone para prestar informações sobre o país {{pipe}} Agencia Brasil |url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509220521/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2011-03-11/consulado-do-japao-no-rio-disponibiliza-telefone-para-prestar-informacoes-sobre-pais |archive-date=9 May 2012 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br}}

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2009, conducted on a school in the poor suburb of Rio de Janeiro, the "pardos" there were found to be on average about 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as {{frac|1|3}} European, {{frac|1|3}} African and {{frac|1|3}} Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry on average reached 80% European.{{Cite web |title=Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo |url=http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153557/http://www.meionews.com.br/index.php/noticias/21-estado-do-rio/4607-negros-e-pardos-do-rio-tem-mais-genes-europeus-do-que-imaginam-segundo-estudo.html |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |publisher=Meionews.com.br}}{{Cite web |title=Ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |url=http://www4.ensp.fiocruz.br/informe/anexos/ric.pdf |access-date=23 August 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Other studies showed similar results{{Cite journal |last1=Durso |first1=DF |last2=Bydlowski |first2=SP |last3=Hutz |first3=MH |last4=Suarez-Kurtz |first4=G |last5=Magalhães |first5=TR |last6=Pena |first6=SD |year=2014 |title=Association of genetic variants with self-assessed color categories in Brazilians |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e83926 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...983926D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0083926 |pmc=3885524 |pmid=24416183|doi-access=free}}

{{see also|Religion in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil|Roman Catholic Church in Brazil}}

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|title=Religion in Rio de Janeiro (2010 Census){{cite web |title=2010 Population Census – Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |year=2010 |language=pt |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083410/https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/rio-de-janeiro/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true |url-status=live }}

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{{bar percent|Roman Catholicism|blue|51.1}}

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{{bar percent|No religion|gray|13.6}}

{{bar percent|Spiritism|yellow|5.9}}

{{bar percent|Others|black|3.6}}

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Religion in Rio de Janeiro is diverse, with Catholic Christianity being the majority religion. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2010 the population of Rio de Janeiro had 3,229,192 Roman Catholics (51.1%), 1,477,021 Protestants (23.4%), 372.851 Spiritists (5.9%), 37,974 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.6%), 75,075 Buddhists (0.2%), 52,213 Umbanda (0.8%), 21,800 Jews (0.3%), 25,743 Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church (0.4%), 16,776 new eastern religious (0.2%), 28,843 Candomblé (0.4%), 3,853 Mormons (<0.1%), 5,751 Eastern Orthodox Christians (<0.1%), 7,394 spiritualists (0.1%), 964 Muslims (<0.1%), 5,662 esoteric (<0.1%) and 802 Hindus (<0.1%). 858,704 had no religion (13.5%), and 113,530 followed other forms of Christianity (1.8%).

File:Aerial_view_of_the_Statue_of_Christ_the_Redeemer.jpg]]

Rio de Janeiro has had a rich and influential Catholic tradition. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro is the second largest archdiocese in Brazil after São Paulo.{{cite web |publisher=Catholic-Hierarchy.org |title=Brazil – Statistics by Diocese by Catholic Population |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044718/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/scbr1.html |url-status=live }} The Rio de Janeiro Cathedral was inaugurated in 1979, in the central region of the city. Its installations have a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive.{{Cite web |language=Portuguese |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |quote=A história da Catedral, desde a pedra fundamental, até os dias de hoje |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619001533/https://catedral.com.br/historia/ |url-status=live }} In a Contemporary architecture, it has a conical shape, with 96 meters of internal diameter and capacity to receive up to 20 thousand faithful. The splendor of the building, with straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved on the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution was coordinated by Monsignor Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005). Saint Sebastian is recognized as the city's patron saint, which is why it received the canonical name of "Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro."{{cite web |publisher=G1 |year=2012 |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203734/https://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |url-status=live }}

Many Protestant creeds coexist in the city, Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran and Anglican Churches. In addition to evangelical churches such as the Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist and Pentecostal churches, such as the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assembly of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil and The Foursquare Church.

Afro-Brazilian religions such as Umbanda and Candomblé find support in various social segments, although professed by less than 2% of the population, many Cariocas simultaneously observe those practices with Roman Catholicism.{{cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro – People |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192305/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil/People |url-status=live }}

File:Catedral Presbiteriana, Rio de Janeiro.jpg]]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, the Metropolitan See of its respective Ecclesiastical Province, belongs to the Regional Episcopal Council Leste I of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) (headquartered in Rio until 1977). Founded in 1676, it covers a territory of 1,721 km².{{cite web |url=http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |title=Paróquias do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Arquidiocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009071305/http://www.arquidiocese.org.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=8 |archive-date=2010-10-09}}

The Cathedral of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, or Metropolitan Cathedral, was inaugurated in 1979 in the central region of the city. Its facilities house a collection of great historical and religious value: the Archdiocesan Museum of Sacred Art and the Archdiocesan Archive. The Banco da Providência and the Archdiocesan Caritas are also based there. In a contemporary architectural style, it has a conical shape, with an internal diameter of 96 meters and a capacity to hold up to 20,000 worshippers. The splendor of the building, with its straight and sober lines, is due to the changing stained glass windows carved into the walls up to the dome. Its design and execution were coordinated by Monsignor Ivo Antônio Calliari (1918–2005).{{cite web |url=http://www.catedral.com.br/ |title=Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Catedral de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro}} Saint Sebastian is recognized as the patron saint of the city, which is why it received the canonical name "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro".{{cite web |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2012/01/fieis-participam-de-procissao-em-homenagem-ao-padroeiro-do-rio.html |title=Fiéis participam de procissão em homenagem ao padroeiro do Rio |editor=G1 |date=January 20, 2012 }}

The city is home to various Protestant or reformed denominations, exemplified by the Presbyterian, Congregational, Lutheran and Anglican churches. There are also evangelical churches such as the Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist churches, and those of Pentecostal origin: Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, Assembly of God, Christian Congregation in Brazil, Foursquare Gospel, House of Blessing, God is Love Pentecostal Church, Christian Maranatha, and New Life.{{cite web |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |title=Tabela 2094 - População residente por cor ou raça e religião |publisher=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática (SIDRA) |year=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232328/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=7&i=P&c=2094 |archive-date=2011-06-14}}

{{Main|List of Rio de Janeiro schools, colleges, universities and research centers}}

File:Centro_ciências_humanas.JPG of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro]]

The Portuguese language is the official and national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the American School of Rio de Janeiro, Our Lady of Mercy School, SIS Swiss International School, the Corcovado German School, the Lycée Français and the British School of Rio de Janeiro.{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |access-date=22 September 2020 |website=International Schools Database |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621123822/https://www.international-schools-database.com/in/rio-de-janeiro |url-status=live }}

The city has several universities and research institutes. The Ministry of Education has certified approximately 99 upper-learning institutions in Rio.{{Cite web |publisher=MEC – Ministério da Educação |title=e-MEC |url=http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511050432/http://emec.mec.gov.br/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}} The most prestigious university is the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It is the fifth-best in Latin America; the second-best in Brazil, second only to the University of São Paulo; and the best in Latin America, according to the QS World University Rankings.{{Cite web |last=Pati |first=Camila |date=2015-07-17 |title=As 18 melhores universidades do Brasil em 2015 |website=EXAME.com |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015#3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031424/http://exame.abril.com.br/carreira/noticias/as-18-melhores-universidades-do-brasil-em-2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=QS University Rankings: Latin America 2015 |website=topuniversities.com |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122204927/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latam-university-rankings/2015#sorting=rank%20region=%20country=%20faculty=%20stars=false%20search= |url-status=live }}

Some notable higher education institutions are Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO); Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ); Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ, often nicknamed Rural); Fluminense Federal University (UFF); Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio); Getúlio Vargas Foundation (FGV); Military Institute of Engineering (IME); Superior Institute of Technology in Computer Science of Rio de Janeiro (IST-Rio); College of Publicity and Marketing (ESPM); The Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF); National Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IMPA); Superior institute of Education of Rio de Janeiro (ISERJ) and Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ). There are more than 137 upper-learning institutions in whole Rio de Janeiro state.{{Cite web |trans-title=Colleges recognized by MEC, Vestibular, Handouts, University, Profession, Professor |title=Faculdades reconhecidas pelo MEC, Vestibular, Apostilas, Universitário, Profissão, Professor |language=pt |url=http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=Ser Universitário |archive-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055510/http://www.seruniversitario.com.br/ |url-status=dead }}

File:Patioiserj.jpg

The Rio de Janeiro State University (public), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (public), Brazilian Institute of Capital Markets (private) and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (private) are among the country's top institutions of higher education. Other institutes of higher learning include the Colégio Regina Coeli in Usina, notable for having its own {{RailGauge|3ft|lk=on}} narrow-gauge{{Cite web |date=24 January 2017 |title=Trams of the World 2017 |url=http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216202427/http://blickpunktstrab.net/wordpress2/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/tramsderwelt2017.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2017 |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Blickpunkt Straßenbahn}} funicular railway on its grounds.{{Cite web |title=Brasilien |url=http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025053548/http://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |url-status=live }}

Primary schools are largely under municipal administration, while the state plays a more significant role in the extensive network of secondary schools. There are also a small number of schools under federal administration, as is the case of Pedro II School, Colégio de Aplicação da UFRJ and the Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET-RJ). In addition, Rio has an ample offering of private schools that provide education at all levels. Rio is home to many colleges and universities. The literacy rate for cariocas aged 10 and older is nearly 95 percent, well above the national average.{{Cite web |title=Education in Rio |url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717214855/http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-229648/Rio-de-Janeiro |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Student.britannica.com}} In Rio, there were 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students in 1995. There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students. There are 53 University-preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students. The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning.{{Cite web |url=https://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |title=Education institutions in Rio de Janeiro |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122004358/http://www.altillo.com/pt/universidades/brasil/estado/riodejaneiro.asp |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Social issues in Brazil|Social apartheid in Brazil|Favela}}

File:1_rocinha_aerial_pano_2014.jpg, the largest slum (favela) in Brazil]]

There are significant disparities between the rich and the poor in Rio de Janeiro, and different socioeconomic groups are largely segregated into different neighborhoods.{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Iko Poran |url=http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105122004/http://www.ikoporan.org/1_1_contexto_rio_eng.asp |archive-date=5 January 2004 |access-date=11 October 2017}} Although the city clearly ranks among the world's major metropolises, large numbers live in slums known as favelas, where 95% of the population are poor, compared to 40% in the general population.{{Cite web |date=31 August 2010 |title=FGV: desigualdade entre favela e asfalto cai no Rio |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI167577-15223,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009065937/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI167577-15223%2C00.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010 |publisher=Revistaepoca.globo.com}}

There have been a number of government initiatives to counter this problem, from the removal of the population from favelas to housing projects such as Cidade de Deus to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas and bringing them up to par with the rest of the city, as was the focus of the "Favela Bairro" program and deployment of Pacifying Police Units.

Rio has more people living in slums than any other city in Brazil, according to the 2010 Census.{{Cite news |date=21 December 2011 |title=Rio é a cidade com maior população em favelas do Brasil |language=pt-BR |work=O Globo |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174103/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/rio-a-cidade-com-maior-populacao-em-favelas-do-brasil-3489272 |url-status=dead }} More than 1,500,000 people live in its 763 favelas, 22% of Rio's total population. São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil, has more favelas (1,020), but proportionally has fewer people living in favelas than Rio.

Rio also has a large proportion of state-sanctioned violence, with about 20% of all killings committed by state security.{{Cite journal |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |last2=Barham |first2=Elena |year=2018 |title=Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness is Not the Problem |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=21 |pages=215–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-015628 |doi-access=free}} In 2019, police killed an average of five people each day in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with a total of 1,810 killed in the year. This was more police killings than any year since official records started in 1998.{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Rio violence: Police killings reach record high in 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=BBC |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723094751/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51220364 |url-status=live }}

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In Rio de Janeiro, the executive power is represented by the mayor and the cabinet of secretaries, in accordance with the model proposed by the Federal Constitution. The Organic Law of the Municipality and the current Master Plan, however, stipulate that the public administration must provide the population with effective tools for the exercise of participatory democracy. In this way, the city is divided into subprefectures, each of which is headed by a sub-mandatory appointed directly by the mayor.{{cite web |url=http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao_intelectual/arq/1232.pdf |title=O lugar da cidade do Rio de Janeiro na Federação brasileira:uma questão em três momentos |author=Marly Silva da Motta |date=2001 |publisher=CPDOC-FGV |accessdate=22 September 2012 |language=PT-br |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305031856/http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao_intelectual/arq/1232.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012}}

Legislative power is constituted by the municipal council, composed of 51 councilors{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/vereadores_atuais.php?m1=vereadores&m2=ver_atuais&m3=por_nome |title=Current Councilors - 8th Legislature |publisher=Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022144545/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/vereadores_atuais.php?m1=vereadores&m2=ver_atuais&m3=por_nome |url-status=live }} elected for four-year terms (in compliance with the provisions of article 29 of the Constitution, which disciplines a minimum number of 42 and a maximum of 55 for municipalities with more than five million inhabitants).{{cite web |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/const/con1988/con1988_15.09.2015/art_29_.asp |title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil: Artigo 29 |publisher=Senado Federal |access-date=24 October 2008 |language=PT-br |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828231749/http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/const/con1988/con1988_15.09.2015/art_29_.asp |url-status=live }} It is up to the House to prepare and vote on fundamental laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the participatory budget (Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias). Although the veto power is granted to the mayor, the process of voting on the laws that oppose him usually generates conflicts between the Executive and the Legislative.{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/funclegisla_opoderes.php?m1=acamrio&m2=func_legislativo&m3=opoderes |title=O Legislativo e os outros Poderes |accessdate=22 September 2012 |publisher=Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro |language=PT-br |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103450/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/funclegisla_opoderes.php?m1=acamrio&m2=func_legislativo&m3=opoderes |url-status=live }}

There are also municipal councils, which complement the legislative process and the work engendered in the secretariats. Compulsorily formed by representatives of various sectors of organized civil society, they are on different fronts — although their effective representation is sometimes questioned. The following are currently in operation: Municipal Council for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (CMPC), Defense of the Environment (CONDEMAM), Health (CMS), the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CMDCA), Education (CME), Social Assistance (CMAS) and Anti-Drugs.{{cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/spldocs/pl/2001/pl0004_2001_000549.pdf |title=Projeto de lei nº 4-A/2001 |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |date=2001 |access-date=22 September 2012 |language=PT-br |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202128/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/spldocs/pl/2001/pl0004_2001_000549.pdf |url-status=live }}

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As the capital of the homonymous state, the city is the seat of the state government. The Guanabara Palace (formerly known as Paço Isabel) is located in the Laranjeiras neighborhood, in the south zone, and is the official seat of the Rio de Janeiro executive power. Not to be confused with Palácio Laranjeiras, situated in the same neighborhood, which is the official residence of the governor of Rio de Janeiro.[http://diariodorio.com/historia-do-palacio-guanabara/ História do Palácio Guanabara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114144547/https://diariodorio.com/historia-do-palacio-guanabara/ |date=14 January 2021 }}, by Felipe Lucena. Diário do Rio, 4 October 2015.

The Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro (ALERJ) is the state legislative body{{Cite web |url=http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/Alerj/Historia |title=História da Alerj (Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) e da inauguração do Palácio Tiradentes |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222605/https://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/Alerj/Historia |url-status=live }} and is headquartered at Tiradentes Palace,{{Cite web |url=http://www.palaciotiradentes.rj.gov.br/linhadotempo/ |title=História do Palácio Tiradentes (Linha do Tempo) - Fonte: site do Palácio Tiradentes |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222603/http://www.palaciotiradentes.rj.gov.br/linhadotempo/ |url-status=live }} where the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil previously functioned.{{cite web |url=http://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/palacio-tiradentes-palco-da-posse-de-presidentes-de-washington-luis-jk-20472974 |title=Palácio Tiradentes é palco da posse de presidentes, de Washington Luís a JK |date=17 November 2017 |publisher=O Globo |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804222609/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/palacio-tiradentes-palco-da-posse-de-presidentes-de-washington-luis-jk-20472974 |url-status=live }}

The Court of Justice of the State of Rio de Janeiro (TJRJ) is the highest body of the judiciary in the state. Its central court is located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, but, from 2013 to July 2018, some of the courts of this court were moved to Cidade Nova.{{cite web |url=http://www.destakjornal.com.br/cidades/detalhe/tjrj-conclui-segunda-etapa-de-reforma-do-forum-central |title=TJRJ conclui segunda etapa de reforma do Fórum Central |date=20 July 2018 |accessdate=29 July 2018 |publisher=destakjornal |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230652/http://www.destakjornal.com.br/cidades/detalhe/tjrj-conclui-segunda-etapa-de-reforma-do-forum-central |url-status=dead}}

The city of Rio de Janeiro was successively the capital of the Portuguese colony of the State of Brazil (1621–1815), after the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822), the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889) and from the Republic of the United States of Brazil (1889–1968) until 1960, when the seat of government was definitively transferred to the then newly built Brasília.{{Cite journal |title=Por que o Rio deveria virar um segundo Distrito Federal, segundo este pesquisador |journal=Nexo Jornal |url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/entrevista/2017/05/04/Por-que-o-Rio-deveria-virar-um-segundo-Distrito-Federal-segundo-este-pesquisador |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211145152/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/entrevista/2017/05/04/Por-que-o-Rio-deveria-virar-um-segundo-Distrito-Federal-segundo-este-pesquisador |url-status=live }}

Despite the change in the federal capital, 59% of civil servants in the Executive Branch of federal agencies and public companies remained in the city. Rio de Janeiro is also the only Brazilian state where the number of federal employees exceeds the number of state employees. About a third of all federal public bodies and companies remain in the former capital, with 50 public offices, including agencies, autarchies, foundations and public companies, such as the National Library, the National Nuclear Energy Commission, Fiocruz, BNDES, Petrobras, Eletrobras, IBGE, Casa da Moeda, the National Archives, among others.

[[File:Zoneamento da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and its division into zones and neighborhoods

The city is commonly divided into the historic center (Centro); the tourist-friendly wealthier South Zone (Zona Sul); the residential less wealthy North Zone (Zona Norte); peripheries in the West Zone (Zona Oeste), among them Santa Cruz, Campo Grande and the wealthy newer Barra da Tijuca district. Rio de Janeiro is administratively divided into 33 distritos (districts) named Regiões Administrativas ("Administrative Regions") and 165 bairros (neighborhoods).{{cite web |title=Regiões de Planejamento (RP), Regiões Administrativas (RA) e Bairros do Município do Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/regi%C3%B5es-de-planejamento-rp-regi%C3%B5es-administrativas-ra-e-bairros-do-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro/explore |website=Data.Rio |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927233855/https://www.data.rio/documents/regi%C3%B5es-de-planejamento-rp-regi%C3%B5es-administrativas-ra-e-bairros-do-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro/explore |url-status=live }}

Subprefectures are officially grouped into four regions (or "zones"), taking into account geographic position and occupation history; however these do not have any administrative or political power over the municipality. The official political division of the municipality takes into account historical-cultural characteristics to divide the neighborhoods.[http://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/visualizar_pdf.php?reload=ok&edi_id=00001724&page=3&search=lapa Lei n.º 5.407 de 17 de maio de 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731083142/http://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/visualizar_pdf.php?reload=ok&edi_id=00001724&page=3&search=lapa|date=31 July 2013}} Most of its population is concentrated in the neighborhoods of Campo Grande, Santa Cruz, Bangu, Tijuca, Realengo, Jacarepaguá, Copacabana, Barra da Tijuca, Maré, Guaratiba and Taquara together, these eleven neighborhoods concentrate a population of 1.5 million inhabitants, according to the 2010 census.{{Cite web |url=http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/boasvindas/rjbv2/rio.htm |title=Dados sobre o Rio de Janeiro |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813044048/http://www.camara.rj.gov.br/boasvindas/rjbv2/rio.htm |url-status=live }}

Centro or Downtown is the historic core of the city, as well as its financial center. Sites of interest include the Paço Imperial, built during colonial times to serve as a residence for the Portuguese governors of Brazil; many historic churches, such as the Candelária Church (the former cathedral), São Jose, Santa Lucia, Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Santa Rita, São Francisco de Paula, and the monasteries of Santo Antônio and São Bento. The Centro also houses the modern concrete Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. Around the Cinelândia square, there are several landmarks of the Belle Époque of Rio, such as the Municipal Theatre and the National Library building. Among its several museums, the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) and the Museu Histórico Nacional (National Historical Museum) are the most important.

Within the Cultural Corridor, one of the districts with the highest level of architectural and historical preservation in Rio's City Center is the Sociedade de Amigos das Adjacências da Rua da Alfândega (In English: Society of Friends of the Adjacencies of Alfândega Street.), the famous "SAARA". It is an association formed by merchants who operate near Rua da Alfândega, in Historic Center of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The area is famous for housing stores specializing in popular home goods and fabrics, with several historic buildings.

The name comes from the occupation of the region by Muslim, Jewish and Maronite Christian immigrants from the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, for commercial purposes. The region preserves examples of various architectural styles, from Portuguese colonial, through Neoclassical, Eclectic, Art Deco and Modernism, making the region a rich tapestry of historical architecture that refers to the city's colonial and imperial past.

File:Forte_de_Copacabana_panorama.jpg, with Copacabana (right) and Ipanema (left, background)]]

File:Praia da Barra e Montanhas do Parque Nacional da Tijuca.jpg with Pedra da Gávea in background]]

The South Zone ({{lang|pt|Zona Sul}}) is composed of several districts, among which are São Conrado, Leblon, Ipanema, Arpoador, Copacabana, and Leme, which compose Rio's Atlantic beach coastline.[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022024238/http://rio2014.info/praias-melhores-de-rio-de-janeiro-best-beaches-rio-de-janeiro/ Atlantic beach coastline of Rio de Janeiro]. Rio 2014. The neighborhood of Copacabana beach hosts one of the world's most spectacular New Year's Eve parties ("Reveillon"), as more than two million revelers crowd onto the sands to watch the fireworks display. From 2001, the fireworks have been launched from boats, to improve the safety of the event.[http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 Rio Reveillon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013145446/http://www.vermelho.org.br/diario/2006/0104/zillah_0104.asp?nome=Zillah%20Branco&cod=5264 |date=13 October 2007 }}

{{anchor|North Zone}}The North Zone ({{lang|pt|Zona Norte}}) begins at Grande Tijuca (the middle class residential and commercial bairro of Tijuca), just west of the city center, and sprawls for miles inland until Baixada Fluminense and the city's Northwest.{{Cite web |url=https://rioandlearn.com/north-zone-rio-de-janeiro/ |title=Facts about North Zone - Rio |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428174753/https://rioandlearn.com/north-zone-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=live }} This region is home to the Maracanã (located in Grande Tijuca), once the world's highest capacity football venue, able to hold nearly 199,854 people,{{Cite web |url=https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/final-da-copa-de-1950-registrou-maior-publico-no-maracana-199854-pessoas-10488080 |title=1950 World Cup Final registered the largest audience at Maracanã: 199,854 people |access-date=24 March 2022 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428174753/https://acervo.oglobo.globo.com/em-destaque/final-da-copa-de-1950-registrou-maior-publico-no-maracana-199854-pessoas-10488080 |url-status=live }} as it did for the World Cup final of 1950. This region is also home to most of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro such as Mangueira, Salgueiro, Império Serrano, Unidos da Tijuca, Imperatriz Leopoldinense, among others. Some of the main neighborhoods of Rio's North Zone are Alto da Boa Vista which shares the Tijuca Rainforest with the South and Southwest Zones; Tijuca, Vila Isabel, Méier, São Cristovão, Madureira, Penha, Manguinhos, Fundão, Olaria among others. Many of Rio de Janeiro's slums (favelas), are located in the North Zone."Reinventing Rio"[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617113704/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Reinventing-Rio.html|date=17 June 2011}}, Alan Riding, September 2010, Smithsonian

{{anchor|West Zone}}West Zone (Zona Oeste) of Rio de Janeiro is a vaguely defined area that covers some 50% of the city's entire area, including Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhoods. The West Side of Rio has many historic sites because of the old "Royal Road of Santa Cruz" that crossed the territory in the regions of Realengo, Bangu, and Campo Grande, finishing at the Royal Palace of Santa Cruz in the Santa Cruz region. The highest peak of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the Pedra Branca Peak (Pico da Pedra Branca) inside the Pedra Branca State Park. It has an altitude of 1024m. The Pedra Branca State Park (Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca){{Cite web |title=Inea – Portal |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=www.inea.rj.gov.br |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083416/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/Portal/Agendas/BIODIVERSIDADEEAREASPROTEGIDAS/UnidadesdeConservacao/INEA_008594 |url-status=live }} is the biggest urban state park in the world comprising 17 neighborhoods in the west side, being a "giant lung" in the city with trails,{{Cite web |title=[PDF] Trail Guide of Pedra Branca State |url=http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121836/http://www.inea.rj.gov.br/cs/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dID=13669&dDocName=PRODUCAO_PORTAL011861 |url-status=live }} waterfalls and historic constructions like an old aqueduct in the Colônia Juliano Moreira{{Cite web |title=Bispo do Rosário Museum, the contemporary museum of Colônia |url=http://museubispodorosario.com/ |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201145118/http://museubispodorosario.com/ |url-status=live }} in the neighborhood of Taquara and a dam in Camorim. Santa Cruz and Campo Grande Region have exhibited economic growth, mainly in the Campo Grande neighborhood. Industrial enterprises are being built in lower and lower middle class residential Santa Cruz, one of the largest and most populous of Rio de Janeiro's neighborhoods, most notably Ternium Brasil, a new steel mill with its own private docks on Sepetiba Bay, which is planned to be South America's largest steel works.{{Cite web |title=SIDERÚRGICA DO ATLÂNTICO VAI GERAR 18 MIL EMPREGOS NA ZONA OESTE |url=http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112104626/http://www.alerj.rj.gov.br/common/noticia_corpo.asp?num=11187 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |access-date=14 May 2015}} A tunnel called Túnel da Grota Funda, opened in 2012, creating a public transit facility between Barra da Tijuca and Santa Cruz, lessening travel time to the region from other areas of Rio de Janeiro.{{Cite web |date=19 November 2011 |title=Topo do blog Quais serão os novos ares cariocas? |url=http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709100044/http://vejario.abril.com.br/blog/as-ruas-do-rio/tags/tunel-da-grota-funda |archive-date=9 July 2014 |website=Veja Rio |language=pt}}

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil}}

Rio de Janeiro is twinned with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagdeco|POR}} Arganil, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Acordos de Geminação |url=https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-arganil.pt |date=23 October 2015 |publisher=Arganil |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122214/https://www.cm-arganil.pt/municipio/acordos-de-geminacao/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|USA}} Atlanta, United States{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=atlantariofoundation.org |publisher=Atlanta Rio de Janeiro Sister Cities Foundation |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122304/https://www.atlantariofoundation.org/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|AZE}} Baku, Azerbaijan{{Cite web |title=Rio + Internacional 2009–2012 / 2013–2016 |url=http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=rio.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |page=14 |language=pt |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504081708/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/documents/4804537/8c7ff4cf-d6ab-4507-9767-29739e31494c |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|ESP}} Barcelona, Spain
• {{flagdeco|CHN}} Beijing, China{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=ebeijing.gov.cn |publisher=Beijing |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202081742/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities_2017/ |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagdeco|LBN}} Beirut, Lebanon{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=Rio-Beirut project to link up sister cities' initiatives |url=https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/https://anba.com.br/en/rio-beirut-project-to-link-up-sister-cities-initiatives/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|POR}} Braga, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Geminações |url=https://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055911/http://www.cm-braga.pt/pt/0104/municipio/cooperacao-institucional/geminacoes |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-braga.pt |publisher=Braga |language=pt}}
• {{flagdeco|AUS}} Brisbane, Australia
• {{flagdeco|ARG}} Buenos Aires, Argentina{{Cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|KOR}} Busan, South Korea{{Cite web |title=List of Sister Cities |url=https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=english.busan.go.kr |publisher=Busan Metropolitan City |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226042626/http://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|RSA}} Cape Town, South Africa
• {{flagdeco|MAR}} Tangier, Morocco{{Cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=Rio e Tangier are sister cities |url=https://anba.com.br/rio-e-tangier-sao-cidades-irmas/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=anba.com.br |publisher=Brazil-Arab News Agency (ANBA) }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{flagdeco|GER}} Cologne, Germany
• {{flagicon|POR}} Guimarães, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Cidades |url=https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-guimaraes.pt |publisher=Guimarães |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125519/https://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/pages/455?folders_list_17_folder_id=29 |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|CHN}} Guiyang, China{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=chinadaily.com.cn |publisher=Guiyang |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124727/http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/sistercities.html |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|TUR}} Istanbul, Turkey
• {{flagdeco|UKR}} Kyiv, Ukraine{{Cite web |date=15 February 2018 |title=Перелік міст, з якими Києвом підписані документи про поріднення, дружбу, співробітництво, партнерство |url=https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=kyivcity.gov.ua |publisher=Kyiv |language=uk |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128062444/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|JPN}} Kobe, Japan{{Cite web |title=About Kobe |url=https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=global.kobe-investment.jp |publisher=Global Kobe Investment |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://global.kobe-investment.jp/english/info-kobe.php |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|PAK}} Lahore, Pakistan{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Lei nº 6.105/2016 |url=https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=camara.rj.gov.br |publisher=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215908/https://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/66ff1c35b8d68ddd032578690069dda8/22079af2dbb477688325807600636fa4?OpenDocument |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagdeco|POR}} Lisbon, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Acordos de geminação |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=Lisboa |language=pt |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203073427/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais/acordos-de-geminacao |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagdeco|UK}} Liverpool, United Kingdom{{Cite web |title=Liverpool China Sister City Partnerships |url=https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=trueeducationpartnerships.com |publisher=True Education Partnerships |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122437/https://www.trueeducationpartnerships.com/council-partnerships/liverpool-china-sister-city-partnerships/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|AGO}} Luanda, Angola{{cite web |access-date=21 September 2012 |date=15 September 1987 |publisher=Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 1057/1987 |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/bff0b82192929c2303256bc30052cb1c/21a381d53572f58a032576ac0073886a?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616011103/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/bff0b82192929c2303256bc30052cb1c/21a381d53572f58a032576ac0073886a?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|AGO}} M'banza Congo, Angola{{cite web |access-date=16 December 2022 |date=15 December 2022 |publisher=Diário Oficial do Rio de Janeiro |title=Lei nº 7707/2022 |url=https://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/portal/visualizacoes/html/5566/#e:5566 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216104405/https://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/portal/visualizacoes/html/5566/#e:5566 |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|ESP}} Madrid, Spain{{Cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|FRA}} Montpellier, France{{Cite web |title=Jumelages |url=http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=montpellier.fr |publisher=Montpellier |language=fr |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826015921/http://www.montpellier.fr/30-six-villes-jumelees-a-montpellier-un-jumelage-sur-4-continents.htm |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|FRA}} Nice, France{{Cite web |title=La Déclaration de Nice signée par la Ville de Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=nice.fr |publisher=Nice |language=fr |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124730/https://www.nice.fr/fr/actualites/la-declaration-de-nice-signee-par-la-ville-de-rio-de-janeiro?type=articles&parent=actualites |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|KEN}} Nairobi, Kenya
• {{flagdeco|USA}} Oklahoma City, United States{{Cite web |title=Our Cities |url=http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=sistercitiesokc.org |publisher=Sister Cities OKC |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125603/http://sistercitiesokc.org/about-us/our-cities |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|POR}} Olhão, Portugal{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Geminação entre cidades de Olhão e Rio de Janeiro vai avançar |url=https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=regiao-sul.pt |publisher=DiariOnline Região Sul |language=pt |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://regiao-sul.pt/2018/01/09/sociedade/geminacao-entre-cidades-de-olhao-e-rio-de-janeiro-vai-avancar/407095 |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|ISR}} Ramat Gan, Israel{{Cite web |title=ערים תאומות |url=https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ramat-hasharon.muni.il |publisher=Ramat HaSharon |language=he |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122523/https://ramat-hasharon.muni.il/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|ISR}} Ra'anana, Israel{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/rio-de-janeiro-designated-as-sister-city-of-israels-brazilian-capital/|title=Rio designated as sister city of Israel's Brazilian immigrant capital|author=Gilban, Marcus M.|work=The Times of Israel|date=February 24, 2021|access-date=February 26, 2021}}
• {{flagdeco|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, Russia{{Cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи |url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=gov.spb.ru |publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg |language=ru |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105013852/http://gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/ |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|UZB}} Samarkand, Uzbekistan{{Cite web |date=3 August 2013 |title=Samarkand and Gyeongju become sister cities |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=uzdaily.uz |publisher=UZ Daily |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728124732/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/24158 |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|ESP}} Santa Comba, Spain{{cite web|title=Santa Comba y Río de Janeiro refrendan su relación de amistad|date=22 September 2013 |url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/santiago/2013/09/22/santa-comba-rio-janeiro-refrendan-relacion-amistad/0003_201309S22C12998.htm|publisher=La Voz de Galicia|language=es|access-date=2023-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115095316/https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/santiago/2013/09/22/santa-comba-rio-janeiro-refrendan-relacion-amistad/0003_201309S22C12998.htm|url-status=live}}
• {{flagdeco|ESP}} Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain{{Cite web |title=Santa Cruz de Tenerife |url=https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=arandadeduero.es |publisher=Aranda de Duero |language=es |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621122525/https://www.arandadeduero.es/hermanamientos.php?hermanamiento=2 |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|POR}} Viana do Castelo, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Relações internacionais / cooperação |url=http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viana-castelo.pt |publisher=Viana do Castelo |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124620/http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/pt/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|POR}} Viseu, Portugal{{Cite web |title=Cidades Geminadas com Viseu |url=https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=cm-viseu.pt |publisher=Viseu |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124624/https://www.cm-viseu.pt/index.php/diretorio/cidades-geminadas |url-status=live }}
• {{flagdeco|POL}} Warsaw, Poland{{Cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Warsaw |language=pl |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507200516/https://www.um.warszawa.pl/aktualnosci/miasta-partnerskie-warszawy |url-status=dead}}

{{div col end}}

Rio de Janeiro has the following partner/friendship cities:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagdeco|GER}} Berlin, Germany{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031426/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/e9589b9aabd9cac8032564fe0065abb4/4946a0f046208234032576ac00738861?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|USA}} Kansas City, United States{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016031425/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/c5e78996b82f9e0303257960005fdc93/9614c9f0b840ed9c032576ac007388f6?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|RUS}} Moscow, Russia{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204010558/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1e88325e3066b43d032576ac00738899?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|USA}} New York, United States{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204013641/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/421e67a6ef874a2b032576ac00738a0d?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|FRA}} Paris, France{{Cite web |last=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |url=http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011700/http://www.paris.fr/politiques/paris-a-l-international/paris-ville-monde/les-pactes-d-amitie-et-de-cooperation/rub_6587_stand_16468_port_14974 |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagdeco|USA}} Philadelphia, United States{{Cite web |title=Lei 1383/89 – Lei nº 1383 de 10 de maio de 1989 |url=http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429053452/http://cm-rio-de-janeiro.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/279288/lei-1383-89?ref=home |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=JusBrasil}}
• {{flagdeco|JPN}} Tokyo, Japan{{Cite web |title=Lei Ordinária |url=http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185402/http://mail.camara.rj.gov.br/APL/Legislativos/contlei.nsf/2ed241833abd7a5b8325787100687ecc/1c2bd7addb3abc13032576ac00738895?OpenDocument |url-status=dead }}
• {{flagdeco|CAN}} Toronto, Canada{{Cite web |title=Anabailao |url=http://www.anabailao.com/toronto_and_rio_de_janeiro_friendship_city_agreementOpenDocument |access-date=10 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{flagdeco|ARM}} Yerevan, Armenia{{Cite web |title=Partner cities |url=https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/partner-cities/ |access-date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Yerevan Municipal Government |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220142/http://www.yerevan.am/3-233-233.html |url-status=live }}

{{div col end}}

Rio de Janeiro is a part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.{{Cite web |title=Ciudades miembro |url=https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=ciudadesiberoamericanas.org |publisher=Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas |language=es |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611033704/https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Economy of Rio de Janeiro|Economy of Brazil}}

File:Urca,_Rio_de_Janeiro_-_State_of_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil_-_panoramio_(14).jpg, in the financial district of the city]]

File:Pão de Açucar - Sugarloaf Mountain - Zuckerhut - Botafago.jpg with the Sugarloaf Mountain]]

File:Convento de Santo Antônio do Largo da Carioca 19.jpg

File:Barra_da_Tijuca_-_panoramio.jpg]]

Rio de Janeiro has the second-largest GDP of any city in Brazil, surpassed only by São Paulo. According to the IBGE, it was approximately US$201 billion in 2008, equivalent to 5.1% of the national total. Taking into consideration the network of influence exerted by the urban metropolis (which covers 11.3% of the population), this share in GDP rises to 14.4%, according to a study released in October 2008 by the IBGE.{{Cite web |title=History of economy |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103124742/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/29092003estatisticasecxxhtml.shtm |archive-date=3 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Ibge.gov.br}}

Greater Rio de Janeiro, as perceived by the IBGE, has a GDP of US$187 billion, constituting the second largest hub of national wealth. Per capita GDP is US$11,786.{{Cite news |last=Economist |date=30 August 2011 |title=Comparing Brazilian states with countries |work=Magazine |publisher=Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210115526/http://www.economist.com/content/compare-cabana |url-status=live }} It concentrates 68% of the state's economic strength and 7.9% of all goods and services produced in the country.{{Cite web |title=Cidade – Protected Planet |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205003206/http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/478446 |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}} The services sector comprises the largest portion of GDP (65.5%), followed by commerce (23.4%), industrial activities (11.1%) and agriculture (0.1%).{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro %28city%29 |url=http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001752/http://gold.dreab.com/p-Rio_de_Janeiro_%28city%29 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013 |publisher=Gold.dreab.com}}{{Cite web |title=About BCG – Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621121918/https://www.bcg.com/offices/rio-de-janeiro/default |url-status=live }}

Benefiting from the federal capital position it had for a long period (1763–1960), the city became a dynamic administrative, financial, commercial and cultural center. Rio de Janeiro became an attractive place for companies to locate when it was the capital of Brazil, as important sectors of society and of the government were present in the city. The city was chosen as headquarters for state-owned companies such as Petrobras, Eletrobras, Caixa Econômica Federal, National Economic and Social Development Bank and Vale (which was privatized in the 1990s). The Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange (BVRJ), which currently trades only government securities, was the first stock exchange founded in Brazil in 1845.

The off-shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968 and became the main site for oil production of Brazil. This caused many oil and gas companies to be based in Rio de Janeiro, such as the Brazilian branches of Shell, EBX and Esso. For many years Rio was the second largest industrial hub of Brazil,{{Cite web |title=IBGE – Economy of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br |archive-date=14 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614223617/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=cd&o=17&i=P&c=793 |url-status=live }} with oil refineries, shipbuilding industries, steel, metallurgy, petrochemicals, cement, pharmaceutical, textile, processed foods and furniture industries.

Major international pharmaceutical companies have their Brazilian headquarters in Rio such as: Merck, Roche, Arrow, Darrow, Baxter, Mayne, and Mappel.

Recent decades have seen a sharp transformation in its economic profile, which is becoming more and more one of a major national hub of services and businesses.{{Cite web |title=Economy Of Rio de Janeiro, need To Know Economy Of Rio de Janeiro, About Economy Of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.barra-brazilbeach.com/about_us/Economy_Of_Rio_de_Janeiro.html |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182352/http://www.barra-brazilbeach.com/about_us/Economy_Of_Rio_de_Janeiro.html |url-status=dead}} The city is the headquarters of large telecom companies, such as Intelig, Oi and Embratel. Major Brazilian entertainment and media organizations are based in Rio de Janeiro like Organizações Globo and also some of Brazil's major newspapers: Jornal do Brasil, O Dia, and Business Rio.

Tourism and entertainment are other key aspects of the city's economic life. The city is the nation's top tourist attraction for both Brazilians and foreigners.{{Cite web |title=Tourism in Rio |url=http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153936/http://www.portalemfoco.com.br/artigos.php?pag=artigo&artigoid=150 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Portalemfoco.com.br}}

In Greater Rio, which has one of the highest per capita incomes in Brazil, retail trade is substantial. Many of the most important retail stores are located in the center, but others are scattered throughout the commercial areas of the other districts, where shopping centers, supermarkets, and other retail businesses handle a large volume of consumer trade.{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Economy of Rio |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/504192/Rio-de-Janeiro/29045/Climate |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527130739/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/504192/Rio-de-Janeiro/29045/Climate |url-status=live }}

Rio de Janeiro is ({{As of|2014|lc=y}}) the second largest exporting municipality in Brazil. Annually, Rio exported a total of $7.49B (USD) worth of goods.DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc "2014 Brazilian Trade by Municipality"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102236/http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/show.9/all/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=6 April 2016 }}, DataViva, Retrieved on 17 June 2015. The top three goods exported by the municipality were crude petroleum (40%), semi finished iron product (16%), and semi finished steel products (11%).DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc "Exports by Product for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102649/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.6/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=18 June 2015 }}, DataViva, Retrieved 17 June 2015. Material categories of mineral products (42%) and metals (29%) make up 71% of all exports from Rio.DataViva. [http://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc "International Trade by Section for Rio de Janeiro (2014)"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618102028/https://en.dataviva.info/data/secex/2014-0/4rj020212/show.2/all/?order=export_val.desc |date=18 June 2015 }}, DataViva, Retrieved 17 June 2015.

Compared to other cities, Rio de Janeiro's economy is the second-largest in Brazil, behind São Paulo, and the 30th largest in the world with a GDP of R$ 201,9 billion in 2010. The per capita income for the city was R$22,903 in 2007 (around {{USD|14,630}}).{{Cite book |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 |title=per capita income |publisher=IBGE |year=2005 |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |location=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |language=pt |format=PDF |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=1 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701054146/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288 |url-status=live }} Largely because of the strength of Brazil's currency at the time, Mercer's city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, reported that Rio de Janeiro ranked 12th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2011, up from the 29th position in 2010, just behind São Paulo (ranked 10th), and ahead of London, Paris, Milan, and New York.{{Cite web |date=12 July 2011 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2011 – Top 50 cities: Cost of living ranking |url=http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#City_rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725215323/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=Mercer}}{{Cite news |date=12 July 2011 |title=SP é a 10ª cidade mais cara do mundo para estrangeiros; RJ é a 12ª |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220331/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2011/07/12/sp-e-a-10-cidade-mais-cara-do-mundo-para-estrangeiros-rj-e-a-12.jhtm |url-status=live }} Rio also had the most expensive hotel rates in Brazil, and the daily rate of its five star hotels were the second most expensive in the world after only New York.{{Cite news |date=23 March 2011 |title=Rio de Janeiro lidera lista de hotéis mais caros do País |language=pt |work=UOL Noticias |url=http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008004554/http://economia.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/infomoney/2011/03/23/rio-de-janeiro-lidera-lista-de-hoteis-mais-caros-do-pais.jhtm |url-status=live }}

Image:Edise.jpg]]

{{Update|section|date=August 2024}}

Rio de Janeiro is home to many of Brazil's largest business conglomerates. Among them are the three largest multinationals in the energy and mining sectors: Petrobras, Vale S.A., and the EBX Group; the largest media and communications group in Latin America, Grupo Globo; and major telecommunications companies like CorpCo (owner of Oi and Portugal Telecom), TIM, Embratel, Intelig, and Star One (the largest satellite management company in Latin America).{{cite web |url=http://sobre.uol.com.br/ultnot/novidade/noticias/ult299u137.jhtm |title=UOL, Star One e Gilat launch UOLSAT, a pioneering Internet service in Brazil |date=2001-09-14 |website=UOL |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119005413/http://sobre.uol.com.br/ultnot/novidade/noticias/ult299u137.jhtm |archive-date=2008-01-19}}

In the petrochemical sector, there are more than 700 companies, including Brazil's largest (Shell, Esso, Ipiranga, Chevron, PRIO, Repsol). Most maintain research centers throughout the state and together produce over four-fifths of the petroleum and fuels distributed at service stations nationwide.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN),{{cite web |url=http://www.fiduciario.com.br/uploads/docs/Relatorio_Anual_2009/Trustee/CSN_2009.pdf |title=Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional - CSN, Annual Report 2009 |website=fiduciario.com.br |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223619/http://www.fiduciario.com.br/uploads/docs/Relatorio_Anual_2009/Trustee/CSN_2009.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-03}} Ternium Brasil{{cite web |url=http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100523/not_imp555299,0.php |title=CSA finally takes off |last=Gonçalves |first=Glauber |date=2010-05-23 |website=O Estado de S. Paulo |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030419/http://www.estadao.com.br/estadaodehoje/20100523/not_imp555299,0.php |archive-date=2010-05-26}} (the largest steel mill in Latin America{{cite web |url=http://www.metalica.com.br/thyssenkrupp-constroi-no-brasil-o-maior-complexo-siderurgico-da-america-latina |title=ThyssenKrupp builds the largest steel complex in Latin America in Brazil |website=Portal Metálica |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504115818/http://www.metalica.com.br/thyssenkrupp-constroi-no-brasil-o-maior-complexo-siderurgico-da-america-latina |archive-date=2010-05-04}})) and the Brazilian branch of BHP Billiton{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/index.php?id=70&conteudoId=25461&edicaoId=209 |title=BHP Billiton may start direct action in the State |date=2008-04-25 |website=Diário do Comércio |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093844/http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/index.php?id=70&conteudoId=25461&edicaoId=209 |archive-date=2012-11-01}} play significant roles in the mining sector. The city also hosts the main national and international groups of the shipbuilding industry and the largest shipyards in the state and throughout Brazil, which produce about 90% of the ships and offshore equipment in Brazil.{{cite web |url=http://www.multinoticias.com.br/sinaval/notic_dia.php?cod=8223 |title=Secretary highlights the revival of the shipbuilding industry |date=2007-08-30 |website=Sindicato Nacional da Indústria da Construção e Reparação Naval e Offshore (Sinaval) |access-date=2008-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305063006/http://www.multinoticias.com.br/sinaval/notic_dia.php?cod=8223 |archive-date=2009-03-05}}

Americanas, Coca-Cola Brasil, Eletrobras, Michelin, Neoenergia, Xerox do Brasil, GE Oil & Gas, Light, Chemtech, Transpetro, BAT Brasil, Grupo SulAmérica and Vibra Energia are among the major companies headquartered in the city. The city has a significant number of pharmaceutical industries, including Schering-Plough,{{cite web |url=http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMM82-7091,00.html |title=The 100 best companies to work for |website=Revista Época, Editora Globo |access-date=2012-09-22 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205030328/https://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMM82-7091,00.html |url-status=dead }} GlaxoSmithKline,{{cite web |url=http://www.gsk.com.br/quemsomos-nobrasil.asp |title=GlaxoSmithKline, who we are in Brazil |website=GlaxoSmithKline Brasil |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105102207/http://www.gsk.com.br/quemsomos-nobrasil.asp |archive-date=2012-11-05}} Roche,{{cite web |url=http://www.istoe.com.br/colunas-e-blogs/coluna/91918_SOBRE+TRILHOS |title=Medication, Made in Brazil |last=Boechat |first=Ricardo |website=Isto É Independente |access-date=2012-09-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718090616/http://www.istoe.com.br/colunas-e-blogs/coluna/91918_SOBRE+TRILHOS |archive-date=2014-07-18}} and Merck.{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com.br/pt/company/merck_sa/merck_brasil_new.html |title=Merck Brasil |website=Merck KGaA |access-date=2012-09-22}}

Image:Projac, Globo.jpg at the scenic city of Projac, the second-largest television complex in Latin America{{cite web |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrada/50559-globo-e-tv-do-mexico-miram-coproducao.shtml |title=Globo and TV from Mexico aim for co-production |website=Folha de S. Paulo - Ilustrada |access-date=2012-06-30}}]]

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural vocation from its past. It currently hosts the main production centers of Brazilian television: the Estúdios Globo of TV Globo, the Casablanca Estúdios of Record, and the Polo de Cinema de Jacarepaguá — responsible for creating about 10,000 direct jobs and 30,000 indirect jobs. In 2006, 65% of Brazilian cinema production was done exclusively by studios in Rio, generating 91 million reais in federal funds through tax incentive laws.{{cn|date=August 2024}} A significant part of the Brazilian editorial graphic industry is also present. In the phonographic industry, companies such as EMI,{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=28 |title=EMI Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210070904/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=28 |archive-date=2005-12-10}} Universal Music,{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=17 |title=Universal Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823053138/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=17 |archive-date=2006-08-23}} Sony Music,{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=60 |title=Sony Music Entertainment |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720235655/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=60 |archive-date=2009-07-20}} Warner Music{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=12 |title=Warner Music |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116162032/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=12 |archive-date=2006-01-16}} and Som Livre are present.{{cite web |url=http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=20 |title=Som Livre |website=ABPD - Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos |access-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210074626/http://www.abpd.org.br/sobre_gravadora.asp?g=20 |archive-date=2005-12-10}}

Many state-owned companies, public foundations, and federal autarchies have their headquarters in the city, including the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES),{{cite web |url=http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Areas_de_Atuacao/Meio_Ambiente/edificio_verde.html |title=Ações ambientais desenvolvidas no edifício Sede |website=BNDES |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705053143/http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Areas_de_Atuacao/Meio_Ambiente/edificio_verde.html |archive-date=2009-07-05}} the Casa da Moeda do Brasil,{{cite web |url=http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Memoria/administracao/reparticoes/colonia/casadamoeda.asp |title=Casas da Moeda |website=Memória, Receita Federal |access-date=2012-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103224449/http://www.receita.fazenda.gov.br/Memoria/administracao/reparticoes/colonia/casadamoeda.asp |archive-date=2007-01-03}} the Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB),{{cite web |url=http://www.inb.gov.br/pt-br/A-INB/Quem-somos |title=INB Institucional |website=INB - Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil |access-date=2012-09-23}} the Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP),{{cite web |url=http://www.finep.gov.br/pagina.asp?pag=98 |title=FINEP-Rio |website=Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016124435/http://www.finep.gov.br/pagina.asp?pag=98 |archive-date=2012-10-16}} the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE),{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/disseminacao/eventos/missao/regimento.pdf |title=o Regimento Interno da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, Portaria nº 215 de 12 de agosto de 2004 |author=Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319105928/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/disseminacao/eventos/missao/regimento.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-19}} the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (Inmetro),{{cite web |url=http://www.inmetro.gov.br/inmetro/localizacao_riocomprido.asp |title=Edifício do Inmetro no Rio Comprido |website=Inmetro |access-date=2012-09-24}} the Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI),{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2012/05/10/inaugurada-nova-sede-do-instituto-nacional-de-propriedade-industrial-no-rio |title=Inaugurada a nova sede do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (Inpi) |author=Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior |date=2012-05-10 |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515083933/http://www.brasil.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2012/05/10/inaugurada-nova-sede-do-instituto-nacional-de-propriedade-industrial-no-rio |archive-date=2012-05-15}} the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM),{{cite web |url=http://www.cvm.gov.br/port/acvm/local.asp |title=CVM, sede Rio de Janeiro |website=Comissão de Valores Mobiliários |access-date=2012-09-24 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606120818/http://www.cvm.gov.br/port/acvm/local.asp |url-status=dead }} and the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN).{{cite web |url=http://www.cnen.gov.br/acnen/relatorios/portaria_305_2010.pdf |title=Regimento Interno da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) |author=Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia |date=2010-04-27 |website=D.O.U. Nº 78 |access-date=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702173300/http://www.cnen.gov.br/acnen/relatorios/portaria_305_2010.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-02}}

{{Main|Tourism in Brazil}}

File:Ipanema_Paradise.jpg]]

File:Museu do Amanhã - entrada (28044443423).jpg]]

Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's primary tourist attraction and resort. It receives the most visitors per year of any city in South America with 2.82 million international tourists a year.{{Cite web |date=29 January 2010 |title=Rio de Janeiro is the main tourist destination in the South Hemisphere |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118174506/http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-de-janeiro-is-the-main-tourist-destination-in-the-south-hemisphere |archive-date=18 November 2015 |access-date=11 February 2010}}

Attractions in the city include approximately 80 kilometers of beaches, Corcovado and Sugarloaf mountains, and the Maracanã Stadium. While the city had in past had a thriving tourism sector, the industry entered a decline in the last quarter of the 20th century. Annual international airport arrivals dropped from 621,000 to 378,000 and average hotel occupancy dropped to 50% between 1985 and 1993.{{Cite web |last=Flickr roger4336 |title=Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html |access-date=14 May 2015 |website=TouristLink |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003812/http://www.touristlink.com.br/Brasil/rio-de-janeiro/overview.html |url-status=live }} The fact that Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian capital in 1960 and that São Paulo replaced Rio as the country's commercial, financial and main cultural center during the mid-20th century, has also been cited as a leading cause of the decline.

Rio de Janeiro's government has since undertaken to modernize the city's economy, reduce its chronic social inequalities, and improve its commercial standing as part of an initiative for the regeneration of the tourism industry.{{Cite book |last1=Boniface |first1=Brian G. |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 |title=Worldwide destinations casebook: the geography of travel and tourism |last2=Cooper |first2=Christopher P. |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=2005 |isbn=0-7506-6440-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidedestina0000boni/page/233 233–35] |url-access=registration}}

Rio de Janeiro is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110630-a-perfect-day-in-rio-de-janeiro |title=Usually, tourists like to do as locals do – milk the city's sun-soaked atmosphere for all it is worth. |date=5 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084044/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110630-a-perfect-day-in-rio-de-janeiro |url-status=live }} The city is an important global LGBT destination, with 1 million LGBT tourists visiting each year.{{Cite web |last=Do G1 RJ |date=24 November 2011 |title=G1 – Rio recebe quase 1 milhão de turistas homossexuais por ano, diz pesquisa – notícias em Rio de Janeiro |url=http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702111745/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/11/rio-recebe-quase-1-milhao-de-turistas-homossexuais-por-ano-diz-pesquisa.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}

The Farme de Amoedo Street "Rua Farme de Amoedo" is located in Ipanema, a neighborhood in the South Zone of the city. The street and the nearby beach are popular in the LGBT community.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The city of Rio de Janeiro is served by the following airports:

File:Aeroporto_galeao_rj_ME.jpg]]

File:Aeroporto_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_RJ_Santos_Dumont_2.jpg]]

• Galeão–Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport: used for all international and most domestic flights. The airport is connected to local and intercity buses and BRT.{{Cite web |title=International Airport of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=213 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423091928/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=213 |archive-date=23 April 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}{{Cite web |title=Bus |url=https://www.riogaleao.com/passageiros/page/onibus |access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=RIOGaleão}}{{Cite web |title=BRT |url=https://www.riogaleao.com/passageiros/page/brt |access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=RIOGaleão}}{{Cite web |title=Galeão ganha ônibus expresso para o Terminal Gentileza |url=https://diariodoporto.com.br/galeao-ganha-onibus-expresso-para-terminal-gentileza/?PageSpeed=noscript |date=25 Feb 2024|access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=Diário do Porto|lang=pt}}
• Santos Dumont Airport: used mainly for services to São Paulo, some short and medium-haul domestic flights, and general aviation.{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521200151/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=212 |archive-date=21 May 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}} As of 2025, the airport's passenger capacity is capped by the federal government at 6.5 million per year.{{Cite web |title=Galeão tem aumento de 126% em número de passageiros enquanto Santos Dumont sofre queda de 46% |url=https://www.mercadoeeventos.com.br/noticias/aviacao/galeao-tem-aumento-de-126-em-numero-de-passageiros-enquanto-santos-dumont-sofre-queda-de-46/ |date=20 Jan 2025|access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=Mercado & Eventos|lang=pt}} The airport is connected to the city's light rail system, which connects it to several other transport modes in the city centre.{{Cite web |title=Rio Light Rail Transit System, Rio de Janeiro |url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/rio-light-rail-transit-system-rio-de-janeiro/ |date=1 Nov 2017|access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=Railway Technology|lang=en}}
• Jacarepaguá-Roberto Marinho Airport: used by general aviation and home to the Aeroclube do Brasil (Brasil Flying club).{{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=C. M. |last2=Fontes |first2=R. de S. |date=25 Jan 2017 |title=The Role of Aero Club of Brazil in the construction of a national brazilian aviation policy (1911-1972) |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/his/a/qk9RLTKq5Z6BWPv5rGVd8TJ/ |journal=História (São Paulo) |volume=36 |pages=e5 |doi=10.1590/1980-436920170000000005 |publication-place=Assis |access-date=28 Jan 2025 |lang=pt}} It also has some short-haul commercial flights.{{Cite web |title=Voos internacionais a partir do Aeroporto de Jacarepaguá: saiba como é o serviço e qual o destino mais procurado |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/bairros/barra/noticia/2024/05/27/voos-internacionais-a-partir-do-aeroporto-de-jacarepagua-saiba-como-e-o-servico-e-qual-o-destino-mais-procurado.ghtml |date=27 May 2024|access-date=28 Jan 2025 |publisher=O Globo|lang=pt}} The airport is located in the district of {{interlanguage link|Baixada de Jacarepaguá|pt}}.{{Cite web |title=Jacarepaguá Airport |url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706115512/http://www.infraero.gov.br/usa/aero_prev_home.php?ai=214 |archive-date=6 July 2009 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Infraero}}

Military airports include:

• Galeão Air Force Base: A Brazilian Air Force airbase, sharing some facilities with Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport;
• Santa Cruz Air Force Base: A Brazilian Air Force airbase. Formerly called Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, it was built by the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin. Today it is one of the most important Air Force Bases in Brazil;
• Afonsos Air Force Base: One of the historical Brazilian Air Force airbases. It is also the location of the University of the Air Force (Universidade da Força Aérea),{{Cite web |title=UNIFA – Página inicial |url=http://www.unifa.aer.mil.br/ |access-date=11 October 2017 |website=www.unifa.aer.mil.br |archive-date=22 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722103023/https://www.unifa.aer.mil.br/ |url-status=live }} the Museu Aeroespacial,{{Cite web |title=MUSEU AEROESPACIAL |url=http://www.musal.aer.mil.br/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090558/http://www.musal.aer.mil.br/ |url-status=live }} and where air shows take place.

File:Cruise_Ship_Costa_Serena_docked_in_Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)_-_Feb._2011.jpg]]

The Port of Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's third busiest port in terms of cargo volume, and it is the main port for cruise vessels. Located on the west coast of the Guanabara Bay, it serves the States of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Espírito Santo. The port is managed by Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro. The Port of Rio de Janeiro covers territory from Mauá Pier in the east to Caju Wharf in the north. The Port of Rio de Janeiro contains almost {{cvt|7|e3m|e3ft|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} of continuous wharf and an {{cvt|883|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|sp=us}} pier. The Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro directly administers the Gamboa Wharf general cargo terminal: the wheat terminal with two warehouses capable of moving 300 tons of grains; General Load Terminal 2 with warehouses covering over {{cvt|20|e3m2|e3ft2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and the São Cristóvão Wharves with terminals for wheat and liquid bulk.{{Cite web |title=WPS – Port of Rio de Janeiro contact information |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |access-date=31 October 2012 |publisher=Worldportsource.com |archive-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629040531/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |url-status=live }}

At Gamboa Wharf, leaseholders operate terminals for sugar, paper, and iron and steel products. Leaseholders at Caju Wharf operate terminals for roll-on/roll-off cargoes, containers, and liquid bulk. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over seven million tons of cargo on almost 1700 vessels. In 2004, the Port of Rio de Janeiro handled over two million tons of containerized cargo in almost 171 thousand TEUs. The port handled 852 thousand tons of wheat, more than 1.8 million tons of iron and steel, over a million tons of liquid bulk cargo, almost 830 thousand tons of dry bulk, over five thousand tons of paper goods, and over 78 thousand vehicles. In 2003, over 91 thousand passengers moved through the Port of Rio Janeiro on 83 cruise vessels.{{Cite web |title=Port of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Worldportsource.com |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117073953/http://worldportsource.com/ports/BRA_Port_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_1327.php |url-status=live }}

File:Public transport map of Rio de Janeiro.svg

Rio de Janeiro's public transportation modes include city buses, coach buses, BRT, metro, suburban rail, light rail, ferries, inclined elevators, vans and a cable car. Collectively, they carry over 2.6 million passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/5d5849bf28bf4f689214f890e3f4ac04/about |title=Movimento de passageiros segundo os transportes rodoviário, ferroviário, hidroviário e aeroviário no Município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1995 e 2023 |access-date=7 Mar 2025 |publisher=Data Rio |lang=pt}} The high fares on Rio's public transportation have significantly contributed to the high levels of social and economic inequality in the city{{cite journal |last1=Silver |first1=Kelli |last2=Queirós |first2=Margarida |date=22 Dec 2023 |title=THE BURDEN OF HIGH FARE PRICES ON URBAN INEQUALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT COSTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO |url=https://revistas.rcaap.pt/finisterra/article/view/33407 |journal=Finisterra |volume=58 |number=124, Número Especial: Inovação e Excelência na Geografia: jovens investigadores nas ciências geográficas e do território |pages=85–103 |doi=10.18055/Finis33407 |access-date=7 Mar 2025 |lang=en}} and were the main motive of the 2013 protest movement.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/21/brazil-police-crowds-rio-protest |title=Brazil erupts in protest: more than a million on the streets |date=21 Jun 2013 |access-date=7 Mar 2025 |work=The Guardian |lang=en}} Although there is limited fare integration through the RioCard, Rio de Janeiro's fare systems are still disjointed and not fully accessible.{{cite conference |last1=Gomes Rodrigues |last2=da Silva Barros |last3=Vaz |first1=Beatriz |first2=Lidyane Stephane |first3=Pryscilla |date=Jan 2019 |title=PUBLIC TRANSPORT INTEGRATION: A PROPOSAL FOR A SINGLE FARE IN RIO JANEIRO CITY |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343558405 |conference=27th International Colloquium of Gerpisa |location=Paris |access-date=10 Mar 2025}}

In 2022, the average amount of time people spent commuting with public transit in Rio de Janeiro on a weekday was 67 minutes. 12% of public transit riders had commutes that took more than two hours per day. The average amount of time people waited at a stop or station for public transit was 21 minutes, with 12% of riders waiting less than 5 minutes and 41% of riders waiting for over 20 minutes. The average distance people usually traveled in a single trip with public transit was {{cvt|11.4|km|mi|1|sp=us}}. The average distance people walked on their commute was {{cvt|634|meters|miles|2|sp=us}}. 11% of people made exactly two transfers during their commute, and 2% of commuters made 3 or more transfers.{{Cite web |title=Global Public Transport Report 2022|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index-countries |access-date=29 Jan 2025 |publisher=Moovit Insights}} 50x50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

{{main|Bus transport in Rio de Janeiro}}

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| image2 = Apache Vip 5 da Mobi-Rio parado no Terminal Aroldo Melodia em Cidade Universitária, bairro do Rio de Janeiro.jpg

| caption2 = Transcarioca Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

| image3 = Bairro de Anchieta.JPG

| caption3 = Van

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As of 2023, there are 354 municipal bus lines serving over 1.75 million passengers per day, as well as intercity lines.{{cite web |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/c09ef8f7d5de472c8624639070d97868/about |title=Total de linhas, frota operante, passsageiros transportados, viagens realizadas, quilometragem coberta, combustível utilizado e pessoal ocupado pelo sistema de ônibus no Município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1984-2023 |access-date=7 Mar 2025 |publisher=Data Rio |lang=pt}} The city has 20 bus lanes.{{cite web |url=https://www.data.rio/datasets/PCRJ::brs-servi%C3%A7o-r%C3%A1pido-de-%C3%B4nibus/about |title=BRS (Serviço Rápido de Ônibus) |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=Data Rio |lang=pt}} Most conventional bus routes are operated by 28 private companies divided into 4 consortiums, though 3 routes are run by the city government.{{cite web |url=https://rioonibus.com/sobre-o-rio-onibus/ |title=Sobre o Rio Ônibus |date=6 January 2023 |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=Rio Ônibus |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://mobi-rio.rio.br/ |title=MOBI-Rio |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=COMPANHIA MUNICIPAL DE TRANSPORTES COLETIVOS |lang=pt}} Although most buses are conventional city buses, there are also a handful of coach buses used for local intracity service with more expensive fares.{{cite web |url=https://freewalkertours.com/how-to-get-from-galeao-airport-to-copacabana-learn-more/ |title=How to get from Galeão Airport to Copacabana – Learn more |date=6 December 2019 |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Free Walker Tours}}{{cite web |url=https://rionoticias.com.br/glossario/frescao-rio-de-janeiro-informacoes/ |title=Frescão rio de janeiro |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Rio Notícias |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.wikirio.com.br/Fresc%C3%A3o |title=Frescão |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Wiki Rio |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.1746.rio/hc/pt-br/articles/10870203087515-Valores-das-tarifas-de-%C3%B4nibus-e-integra%C3%A7%C3%B5es |title=Valores das tarifas de ônibus e integrações |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Rio 1746 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |last=Costa |first=João Vitor |url=https://extra.globo.com/noticias/rio/sofrer-na-fila-ou-pegar-frescao-linha-de-onibus-no-rio-enfrenta-concorrencia-da-propria-empresa-25442062.html |date=22 Mar 2022 |title=Sofrer na fila ou pegar o frescão? Linha de ônibus no Rio enfrenta concorrência da própria empresa |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Extra |lang=pt}}

The Bus Rapid Transit system consists of 31 lines running along 4 corridors with a wide variety of service patterns: Transbrasil, Transcarioca, Transolímpica and Transoeste. The system is run by the municipal government through Mobi-Rio, which is a state-owned enterprise.{{cite web |url=https://mobi-rio.rio.br/ |title=MOBI-Rio |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=COMPANHIA MUNICIPAL DE TRANSPORTES COLETIVOS |lang=pt}} It is {{cvt|157|km|mi|0|sp=us}} long and has 153 stations as well as 731 buses that carry 535,000 passengers per day.{{cite web |last=Sena |first=Yuri |url=https://diariodotransporte.com.br/2025/03/21/prefeitura-do-rio-de-janeiro-completa-quatro-anos-na-gestao-do-sistema-brt-com-expansao-da-frota-e-aumento-de-passageiros/ |date=21 Mar 2025 |title=Prefeitura do Rio completa quatro anos na gestão do sistema BRT com expansão da frota e aumento de passageiros |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Diário do Transporte |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://cor.rio/prefeitura-do-rio-inicia-neste-sabado-30-03-a-nova-operacao-do-brt-transbrasil-e-da-avenida-brasil/ |date=28 Mar 2024 |title=Nova operação do BRT Transbrasil e da Avenida Brasil vai ocorrer diariamente das 10h às 15h |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Centro de Operações Rio |lang=pt}}

In addition to buses, Rio de Janeiro also has an extensive system of vans used for public transport. This mode can more effectively traverse the steep, narrow and winding roads common in many favelas than buses and is often a lifeline for them.{{cite web |url=https://prefeitura.rio/transportes/prefeitura-cria-novo-codigo-disciplinar-para-transporte-complementar-cabritinhos-de-56-comunidades-do-rio/ |date=3 Mar 2023 |title=Prefeitura cria novo código disciplinar para transporte complementar conhecido como "cabritinho" de 56 comunidades do Rio |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio |lang=pt}}{{cite act |url=https://doweb.rio.rj.gov.br/apifront/portal/edicoes/imprimir_materia/925660/5730?find=DECRETO%20RIO%20N%C2%BA%2052095%20DE%203%20DE%20MAR%C3%87O%20DE%202023 |date=3 Mar 2023 |title=Aprova o Regulamento e o Código Disciplinar do Serviço de Transporte de Passageiros Complementar Comunitário do Município do Rio de Janeiro, "Cabritinho" - STPC. |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |authority=Rio de Janeiro City Government |type=DECRETO RIO Nº 52095/2023 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |last=Euclides |editor-last=Carvalho |first=Hélio |editor-first=Edu |url=https://mareonline.com.br/vans-e-kombis-sao-solucao-diaria-para-passageiros-que-vivem-na-mare/ |date=26 Jan 2022 |title=Vans e kombis são solução diária para passageiros que vivem na Maré |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Maré Online |lang=pt}} However, most vans are run by criminal organizations, particularly police militias, which use their fares as a major source of revenue: Of the approximately 10,000 vans used for public transport in the city, only 2,000 are legal. The 2,000 legal vans carry approximately 310,000 passengers per day.{{cite report |last=Sampaio |first=Antônio |url=https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GIZ-PB-Rio-web.pdf |date=Oct 2021 |title=Criminal Governance in Rio de Janeiro |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime}}{{cite web |last=Regueira |first=Chico |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2021/08/26/vans-ilegais-sao-cerca-de-80percent-da-frota-no-rio-e-tem-ate-bancada-na-camara-de-vereadores.ghtml |date=26 Aug 2021 |title=Vans ilegais são cerca de 80% da frota no Rio e denúncias citam apoio político |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=G1 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |last=Regueira |first=Chico |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2021/08/24/raio-x-das-vans-no-rio-rj2.ghtml |date=24 Aug 2021 |title=Raio-x das vans no Rio: milicianos e traficantes lucram milhões à base de propinas a agentes públicos e violência |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=G1 |lang=pt}}

Rio de Janeiro also has intercity, interstate and international bus lines. Most long-distance bus lines run to Novo Rio Bus Terminal at the edge of the city centre.{{cite web |url=https://www.buscaonibus.com.br/en/bus-stations/rio-de-janeiro-novo-rio |title=Rio de Janeiro Bus Station - Novo Rio |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=BuscaOnibus}}{{cite web |url=https://www.busbrazil.com/rio-bus-terminal |title=Novo Rio Bus Terminal in Rio de Janeiro |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=Buses in Brazil}} Long-distance buses also run to bus stations in Campo Grande{{cite web |url=https://rodoviariaonline.com.br/rodoviaria/campo-grande-rj/ |title=Rodoviária de Campo Grande RJ |access-date=1 Apr 2025 |publisher=Rodoviariaonline |lang=pt}} and Barra da Tijuca.{{cite web |url=https://queropassagem.com.br/rodoviaria-de-alvorada |title=Top 10 destinos partindo de Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Barra da Tijuca (Terminal Alvorada) |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |publisher=Quero Passagem |lang=pt}}

{{Main|Rio de Janeiro Metro|SuperVia|Rio de Janeiro Light Rail|Santa Teresa Tram}}

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| caption2 = Train of Rio de Janeiro Metro

| image3 = VLT_na_Praça_Mauá_02.jpg

| caption3 = Rio de Janeiro Light Rail

| image4 = Rio_de_Janeiro_tram_06_at_Largo_do_Guimarães.jpg

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Rio de Janeiro nominally has three metro lines, though two of them (Lines 1 and 4) are operationally run as a single line.{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=User Guide |url=https://www.metrorio.com.br/GuiaDoCliente/SuaViagem |access-date=27 Jan 2025}} The system runs on {{cvt|58|km|mi|0|sp=us}} of track and has 41 stations.{{Cite web |date=21 February 2008 |title=O DIA Online – Linha 3 do metrô vai receber R$35 milhões da União |trans-title=O DIA Online – Line 3 of the metro will receive R$35 million from the Union |website=odia.terra.com.br |url=http://odia.terra.com.br/rio/htm/linha_3_do_metro_vai_receber_r_35_milhoes_da_uniao_152725.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226043911/http://odia.terra.com.br/rio/htm/linha_3_do_metro_vai_receber_r_35_milhoes_da_uniao_152725.asp |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=O Dia |lang=pt}} Line 1/4 runs from Uruguai/Tijuca station in Tijuca to Jardim Oceânico/Barra da Tijuca station in Barra da Tijuca; Line 2 runs from Pavuna station in Pavuna to Botafogo station in Botafogo. The system carries 651,000 passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/0e9542bca4e34b7cbdfc636691bfcfdc/about |title=Fluxo médio de passageiros por dia útil nas linhas da rede metroviária no Município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1995-2023 |trans-title=Average flow of passengers per weekday on the metro lines in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro between 1995-2023 |date=2023 |access-date=12 Apr 2025 |publisher=Data Rio |lang=pt}}

The city also has a suburban rail system operated by SuperVia that connects the city of Rio with other locations in Greater Rio de Janeiro. It has 8 lines on {{cvt|270|km|mi|0|sp=us}} of track with 103 stations in 12 municipalities (Rio de Janeiro, Belford Roxo, Duque de Caxias, Guapimirim, Japeri, Magé, Mesquita, Nilópolis, Nova Iguaçu, Paracambi, Queimados and São João de Meriti.).{{Cite web |title=SuperVia |url=https://www.supervia.com.br/en/stations/network-map/station-map |access-date=27 Jan 2025 |publisher=SuperVia}} It carries around 320,000 passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://cbn.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2024/10/02/supervia-pode-deixar-operacao-do-sistema-ferroviario-do-rio-em-2025.ghtml |title=Supervia pode deixar operação do sistema ferroviário do Rio em 2025| trans-title=Supervia could stop operating the railway system in Rio in 2025 |date=2 Oct 2024 |access-date=27 Jan 2025 |publisher=CBN |lang=pt}}

The Rio de Janeiro Light Rail is a modern light rail system that runs on {{cvt|28|km|mi|0|sp=us}} of track with 30 stations distributed along 4 lines.{{Cite web |date=3 Apr 2024 |title=Line 4 of the VLT brings integration between Gentileza Terminal and Praça XV |work=Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro - prefeitura.rio |url=https://en.prefeitura.rio/cidade/linha-4-do-vlt-traz-a-integracao-entre-o-terminal-gentileza-e-a-praca-xv/ |access-date=27 Jan 2025 |author1=Felipeptmendes }}{{Cite web |title=O VLT Carioca |trans-title=The Carioca LRT |url=https://mobilidade.grupoccr.com.br/vltrio/sobre/ |access-date=27 Jan 2025|lang=pt}} The trams are the first in the world to use a combination of ground-level power supply (APS) and on-board supercapacitor energy storage (SRS), in order to eliminate overhead lines along the entire route.{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Rio de Janeiro inaugurates new light rail section |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Urban Transport Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303040952/https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/rio-de-janeiro-inaugurates-new-light-rail-section/ |url-status=live }}"Rio's trams will run for the Olympics: Brazil's wire-free modern tramway opens, part of a major revitalisation project for Rio de Janeiro" (July 2016). Tramways & Urban Transit, p. 244. UK: LRTA Publishing. The network uses 32 Alstom Citadis 402 low-floor trams carrying 420 passengers each. They are bi-directional, air-conditioned, have seven sections, and eight doors per side.{{Cite news |url=https://railway-news.com/first-alstom-citadis-tram-delivered-to-rio-de-janeiro/ |title=First Alstom Citadis Tram Delivered to Rio de Janeiro |date=2015-07-10 |work=Railway News |access-date=2017-11-04 |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029063602/https://railway-news.com/first-alstom-citadis-tram-delivered-to-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Rio de Janeiro tramway inaugurated |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-de-janeiro-tramway-inaugurated.html |accessdate=15 October 2016 |magazine=Railway Gazette International |date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604095540/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-de-janeiro-tramway-inaugurated.html |url-status=dead}} The light rail system carries 101,000 passengers per day.{{cite web |last=Ribeiro |first=Geraldo |date=30 Mar 2025 |title=Após um ano da Transbrasil, passageiros do BRT elogiam rapidez na Avenida Brasil, mas motoristas enfrentam engarrafamentos nas outras pistas |trans-title=One year after Transbrasil opened, BRT passengers praise speed on Avenida Brasil, but drivers complain about traffic on other lanes |url=https://extra.globo.com/rio/noticia/2025/03/apos-um-ano-da-transbrasil-passageiros-do-brt-elogiam-rapidez-na-avenida-brasil-mas-motoristas-enfrentam-engarrafamentos-nas-outras-pistas.ghtml |access-date=24 Apr 2025 |publisher=Extra |lang=pt}}

The Santa Teresa Tram is the oldest operating electric tramway in Latin America,Morrison, Allen (November 2010; later updates). [http://www.tramz.com/tw/la.html "The Tramways of Latin America in 2017".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108133837/http://tramz.com/tw/la.html |date=8 November 2010 }} Retrieved 8 July 2020. commenced electric operation in 1896, replacing horse-drawn trams and extending the route. At this time the gauge was altered to {{Track gauge|1100mm|lk=off}}. It was designated a national historic monument in 1985.{{Cite book |last=Morrison |first=Allen |url=http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/01.html |title=The Tramways of Brazil: A 130-Year Survey |publisher=Bonde Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-9622348-1-8 |location=New York |pages=17, 90–113 |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303014148/http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/01.html |url-status=live }}{{rp|111}} After a derailment occurred on 27 August 2011,[http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/08/bombeiros-confirmam-cinco-mortos-em-acidente-com-bonde-no-rio.html G1: Bombeiros confirmam cinco mortos em acidente com bonde no Rio] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220190928/http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2011/08/bombeiros-confirmam-cinco-mortos-em-acidente-com-bonde-no-rio.html |date=20 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 9 May 2012. which left six dead, tram service was suspended to improve the system. The elderly tramcars, which dated from the 1950s,{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Allen |year=2014 |title=Santa Teresa Tramway: Vehicles, 1875–present |url=http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/cv/cv.html |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152656/http://www.tramz.com/br/rj/cv/cv.html |url-status=live }} were retired and replaced with newly built replicas that have the appearance of the old fleet but with new mechanical equipment and additional safety features;{{Cite news |last= |date=May 2013 |title=Worldwide Review [regular news section] |page=195 |work=Tramways & Urban Transit |publisher=LRTA Publishing |location=UK |issn=1460-8324}} delivery began in 2014.{{Cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Bondinho de Santa Teresa passa por testes |language=pt |trans-title=Testing of the Santa Teresa tramway is a saga without end |work=O Dia |location=Rio de Janeiro |url=http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2014-09-29/testes-do-bonde-de-santa-teresa-viram-novela-sem-final.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134815/http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2014-09-29/testes-do-bonde-de-santa-teresa-viram-novela-sem-final.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}} The line's track was also rebuilt, and after some delays, about one-third of the line reopened in July 2015. More sections reopened later in stages, following repair of additional sections of track. The line was restored to its full pre-2011 length of {{cvt|6|km|mi|sigfig=1}} in January 2019.{{Cite news |date=April 2020 |title=Santa Teresa Tramway developments |page=128 |work=Tramways & Urban Transit |publisher=Mainspring Enterprises Ltd. |issue=988 |location=UK |issn=1460-8324}}

File:Barca_Pão_de_Açúcar_(2).jpg

Rio de Janeiro has ferry routes running radially out from Praça XV in the city centre to {{interlanguage link|Praça Araribóia|pt}} (in Niterói's city centre), Charitas (in the South side of Niterói), Cocotá (on Governador Island) and Paquetá Island.{{Cite web |title=Linhas, horários e tarifas |url=https://barcasrio.com.br/linhas-horarios-e-tarifas/ |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher=Barcas Rio |lang=pt}} All four ferry routes run entirely through Guanabara Bay.{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro Ferry Map |url=https://riomap360.com/rio-de-janeiro-ferry-map |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher=Rio Map 360°}} The Praça XV-Praça Araribóia route is by far the busiest and carries commuters from Niterói, São Gonçalo, Itaboraí and Maricá.{{cite web |last=Graciano |first=Matheus |url=https://simsaogoncalo.com.br/barcas-duque-de-caxias-tem-mais-chances-que-sao-goncalo/ |date=15 May 2017 |title=Barcas em Duque de Caxias tem mais chances que em São Gonçalo |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher=Sim São Gonçalo |lang=pt}}{{cite speech |last=Serafini |first=Flávio |url=http://alerjln1.alerj.rj.gov.br/taqalerj.nsf/8b99ca38e07826db032565300046fdf1/c347f5434fd2505f83258052007033ca?OpenDocument |date=20 Oct 2016 |title=A barca poderia e deveria ser muito melhor. |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher=ALERJ |lang=pt}} Each ferry carries up to 2000 passengers,{{cite web |url=https://www.quintoandar.com.br/guias/cidades/barcas-rj/ |date=14 Sep 2023 |title=Saiba como funcionam as barcas no Rio de Janeiro, um meio de transporte confortável e econômico para o dia a dia |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher={{interlanguage link|QuintoAndar|pt}} |lang=pt}} with the ferry system as a whole carrying 35,000 passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://www.data.rio/documents/PCRJ::passageiros-transportados-por-trajeto-no-sistema-hidrovi%C3%A1rio-no-munic%C3%ADpio-do-rio-de-janeiro-entre-1994-2024/about |title=Passageiros transportados, por trajeto, no sistema hidroviário no Município do Rio de Janeiro entre 1994-2024 |access-date=14 Apr 2025 |publisher=Data Rio |lang=pt}}

File:Plano Inclinado do Pavão-Pavãozinho.jpg

Rio de Janeiro has 8 public inclined elevators climbing 5 hills, all of which are run by the municipal government through the Municipal Energy and Illumination Company (RioLuz).{{cite web |url=https://rioluz.prefeitura.rio/noticias/rioluz-realiza-reformas-no-plano-inclinado-da-igreja-nossa-senhora-da-penna/ |date=14 Sep 2023 |title=Rioluz realiza reformas no plano inclinado da Igreja Nossa Senhora da Penna |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/9387694/4250606/planilha_informacoes_institucionais.pdf.pdf |title=ESTRUTURA DAS UNIDADES ADMINISTRATIVAS RIOLUZ |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} The Santa Marta Inclined Elevator runs up Dona Marta Hill{{cite conference |last=Rego Fagerlande |first=Sergio Moraes |url=https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/2753 |date=29 Oct 2018 |title=Tourism in the slums of Rio de Janeiro: An analysis of the urban impacts in informal areas caused by recent public interventions for the big sports events hosted by the city|book-title=Looking at the World History of Planning |volume=18 |number=1 |doi=10.7480/iphs.2018.1.2753 |conference=The 18th International Planning History Society Conference |location=Yokohama |publisher=International Planning History Society Proceedings |access-date=16 Apr 2025}} in two sections with 5 total stations{{cite web |url=https://www.ferrolatino.ch/en/reports/brazil/ |title=Brasilien |publisher=Friends of Latin American Railways |access-date=16 Apr 2025}} and carries 5000 passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://en.prefeitura.rio/rioluz/prefeitura-do-rio-entrega-reforma-do-primeiro-trecho-do-plano-inclinado-santa-marta/ |date=25 Apr 2023 |title=Rio City Hall delivers renovation of the first section of the Santa Marta inclined plane |publisher=Rio de Janeiro City Government |access-date=16 Apr 2025}} The Pavão-Pavãozinho Inclined Elevator runs from General Osório/Ipanema station to Cantagalo-Pavão-Pavãozinho and consists of a single {{cvt|153|meter|ft|sigfig=3}} long line with 5 stations{{cite web |last=Vidon |first=Filipe |url=https://extra.globo.com/noticias/extra-extra/rioluz-finaliza-obras-de-reforma-do-plano-inclinado-do-pavao-pavaozinho-rv1-1-25495080.html |date=29 Apr 2022 |title=Rioluz finaliza obras de reforma do plano inclinado do Pavão Pavãozinho |publisher=Extra |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} that carries 4000 passengers per day.{{cite web |url=https://www.rio.rj.gov.br/web/guest/exibeconteudo?id=8263519 |date=14 Aug 2018 |title=Prefeito do Rio garante operação dos planos inclinados |publisher=Rio de Janeiro City Government |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} The Penna Church Inclined Elevator is {{cvt|70|meters|ft|sigfig=3}} long and runs from Jacarepaguá to Our Lady of Penna Church at the top of Penna Hill,{{cite web |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/bairros/barra/noticia/2023/09/08/plano-inclinado-da-igreja-nossa-senhora-da-penna-em-jacarepagua-passa-por-reforma.ghtml |date=8 Sep 2023 |title=Plano inclinado da Igreja Nossa Senhora da Penna, em Jacarepaguá, passa por reforma |publisher=O Globo |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.escaladas.com.br/local/id/766/Morro%20da%20Freguesia%20/%20Nossa%20Senhora%20da%20Penna |date=14 Dec 2019 |title=Morro da Freguesia / Nossa Senhora da Penna |publisher=Escaladas |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} carrying 180 passengers per day. The Father Laércio Dias de Moura Inclined Elevator is a group of three inclined elevators{{cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Dermot |url=https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-de-janeiro/rios-penha-church-is-a-neglected-jewel-worth-a-visit/ |date=26 Jul 2019 |title=Rio’s Penha Church is a Neglected Jewel Worth a Visit |publisher=Rio Times |access-date=16 Apr 2025}} that connect Penha station to Vila Cruzeiro and the Basilica of Our Lady of Penha;{{cite web |url=https://vozdascomunidades.com.br/geral/bondinhos-irao-ligar-largo-vila-cruzeiro-e-igreja-da-penha/ |date=9 Jun 2012 |title=Bondinhos irão ligar Largo, Vila Cruzeiro e Igreja da Penha |publisher=Voz das Comunidades |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} the inclined elevators have a total length of {{cvt|426|meters|ft|sigfig=4}}{{cite web |url=https://memoria.bn.gov.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_12&Pesq=%22Igreja%20da%20Penha%22&pagfis=120975 |date=2004 |edition=00339 |title=Nem de joelhos, nem a pé |publisher=Jornal do Brasil |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}}{{cite web |last=Merola |first=Ediane |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/conclusao-do-plano-inclinado-da-penha-esta-entre-as-acoes-emergenciais-serem-feitas-no-2918365 |date=30 Nov 2010 |title=Conclusão do Plano Inclinado da Penha está entre as ações emergenciais a serem feitas no ... |publisher=O Globo |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}} and carry 3000 passengers per day. The Outeiro da Glória Inclined Elevator is {{cvt|65|meters|ft|sigfig=3}} long and runs from Glória station to Our Lady of Glória do Outeiro Church, carrying 200 passengers per day.{{cite web |last=Jorge |first=Roberto |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rioshow/eugenia-responde/noticia/2023/09/19/o-funicular-do-outeiro-da-gloria-ainda-funciona-colunista-indica-os-planos-inclinados-do-rio.ghtml |date=19 Sep 2023 |title='O funicular do Outeiro da Glória ainda funciona?' |publisher=O Globo |access-date=16 Apr 2025 |lang=pt}}

File:Bridge_to_Niteroi.jpg]]

Driving in Rio de Janeiro, as in most large cities of Brazil, might not be the best choice because of the large car numbers. The city is served by a number of expressways, like Linha Vermelha, Linha Amarela, Avenida Brasil, Avenida das Américas and Avenida Infante Dom Henrique (Aterro do Flamengo); in spite of this, traffic jams are very common.{{Cite web |title=Driving in Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.rioholiday.com/Driving-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524065912/http://www.rioholiday.com/Driving-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.htm |archive-date=24 May 2009 |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Rioholiday.com}} Because of the organization of the 2016 Olympics the city is installing four BRT systems to link Barra da Tijuca with other major neighborhoods: TransOlimpica (between Barra and Deodoro); TransBrasil (over the Avenida Brasil expressway); TransCarioca (between Barra and the Galeão International Airport); and TransOeste (between Barra and Santa Cruz, over Avenida das Américas).

In Brazil, most interstate transportation is done by road. A large terminal for long-distance buses is in the Santo Cristo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. There are also two port facilities for cargo and passenger ships (Rio de Janeiro and Sepetiba port). Rio has roads to all neighbor States. Some roads (like Via Dutra, to São Paulo, and a stretch of the BR-101 which covers the Rio-Niterói bridge) were chartered to private enterprises. The quality of the highways improved much, but was accompanied by a significant increase of the toll fees. From São Paulo: take the BR-116 (Presidente Dutra Federal Highway) or the BR-101 (Rio-Santos Federal Highway). From Belo Horizonte: BR-040. From Salvador: BR-101 or BR-324/BR-116/BR-393/BR-040.

File:BikeRio 11 2015 Praça Mauá 706.JPG rental station in Mauá Square, Downtown Rio]]

The city has {{cvt|160|km|mi}} of cycle paths that, wherever they exist, are very much preferable to riding in the city's traffic. Most paths run alongside beaches and extend intermittently from the Marina da Glória, Centro, through Flamengo, Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca and Recreio dos Bandeirantes. {{cvt|6|km|mi|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} of cycle paths traverse the Tijuca National Park.{{Cite web |title=Getting around Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Worldtravelguide.net |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/104/getting_around/South-America/Rio-de-Janeiro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127043742/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/city/104/getting_around/South-America/Rio-de-Janeiro.html |archive-date=27 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010}}

The Bike Rio began operations in October 2011. This bicycle sharing system is sponsored by the municipal government of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with Banco Itaú. The bike sharing system has 600 bicycles available at 60 rental stations in 14 neighborhoods throughout the city.{{Cite news |last=Louise Peres |date=28 October 2011 |title=Prefeitura lança Bike Rio, novo sistema de aluguel de bicicletas da cidade |language=pt |trans-title=City Hall launches Bike Rio, the city's new bike sharing system |work=Veja Rio |url=http://vejario.abril.com.br/especial/aluguel-bicicleta-rio-645043.shtml |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402101912/http://vejario.abril.com.br/especial/aluguel-bicicleta-rio-645043.shtml |archive-date=2 April 2013}}{{Cite news |last=Louise Peres |date=28 October 2011 |title=Itaú patrocina programa de aluguel de bicicletas no Rio |language=pt |trans-title=Itau sponsors bike sharing program in Rio |work=Exame |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/noticias/itau-patrocina-programa-de-aluguel-de-bicicletas-no-rio |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402101927/http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/noticias/itau-patrocina-programa-de-aluguel-de-bicicletas-no-rio |archive-date=2 April 2013}}

{{further|Water supply and sanitation in Brazil}}

{{As of|2021}} only 65% of sewage was properly treated, leaving 35% to be improperly discharged. {{As of|2022}} there were at least 400 illicit sewage disposal points in the drainage network.{{cite news |first1=Felipe |last1=Migliani |first2=Fernanda |last2=Calé |date=20 November 2022 |title=The Degradation of Rio de Janeiro's Urban Wetlands, Part 2: Pollution Produced Through a Historical Absence of Sanitation Services |url=https://rioonwatch.org/?p=72359 |work=RioOnWatch |location= |access-date= |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102021452/https://rioonwatch.org/?p=72359 |url-status=live }}

National policy changes in 2020–2021 for the universalization of sanitation kept the 2007 policy defining the municipality as the provider of sanitation service, delegating the organization, supervision, and provision of services to third parties.[http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2014.026-2020?OpenDocument Law No. 14,026 of 15 July 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825070044/http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2014.026-2020?OpenDocument |date=25 August 2022 }}. [http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2011.445-2007?OpenDocument Law No. 11,445 of 5 January 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703055308/http://legislacao.planalto.gov.br/legisla/legislacao.nsf/Viw_Identificacao/lei%2011.445-2007?OpenDocument |date=3 July 2022 }}.{{cite journal |author1=Nilson do Rosário Costa |date=September 2023 |title=Basic Sanitation Policy in Brazil: ideas, institutions and challenges in the Twenty-first Century |url= |journal=Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=2595–2600 |doi=10.1590/1413-81232023289.20432022EN |pmid=37672449|doi-access=free }} The {{ill|National Water and Basic Sanitation Agency|pt|Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico}} (ANA) is responsible for the setting standards regulating basic public sanitation services. In 2021–2022, distribution and treatment of sewage of the Rio State {{ill|Water and Sewage Company|pt|Companhia Estadual de Águas e Esgotos do Rio de Janeiro}} (CEDAE) was divided into four blocks and auctioned to Aegea (Águas do Rio) and Iguá; CEDAE remained in control of water collection and treatment of drinking water.{{cite news |title=Brazil government sells Rio water treatment for $4 billion |date=1 May 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-government-privatizes-rios-water-treatment-for-4-billion/a-57395124 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002415/https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-government-privatizes-rios-water-treatment-for-4-billion/a-57395124 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Johnson |title=The endless struggle to clean up Rio de Janeiro's highly polluted Guanabara Bay |date=1 August 2023 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/the-endless-struggle-to-clean-up-rio-de-janeiros-highly-polluted-guanabara-bay/ |work=Mongabay |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002415/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/08/the-endless-struggle-to-clean-up-rio-de-janeiros-highly-polluted-guanabara-bay/ |url-status=live }} The Rio State {{ill|Environmental Institute|pt|Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (Rio de Janeiro)}} (INEA) has primary responsibility for water pollution monitoring and enforcement.

File:MAM - Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro 02.jpg]]

File:Esculturas, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes 02.jpg]]

File:Rio de Janeiro - Cristo Redentor 01.jpg

Rio de Janeiro is a main cultural hub in Brazil. Its architecture embraces churches and buildings dating from the 16th to the 19th centuries, blending with the world-renowned designs of the 20th century. Rio was home to the Portuguese Imperial family and capital of the country for many years, and was influenced by Portuguese, English, and French architecture.{{Cite web |title=FBN Summit |url=http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=8 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308075623/http://www.fbnsummit.org/2013/brazil-and-the-city-of-rio/ |url-status=dead}}

Rio de Janeiro has inherited a strong cultural role from the past. In the late 19th century, there were sessions held of the first Brazilian film and since then, several production cycles have spread out, eventually placing Rio at the forefront of experimental and national cinema. The Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivalfestivaldorio.com.br has been held annually since 1999.{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival |website=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001488/overview |access-date=14 May 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711073711/http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001488/overview |url-status=live }}

Rio currently brings together the main production centers of Brazilian television.{{Cite web |title=Coming Soon page |url=http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403092715/http://www.theoilcommunity.com/?cp=locTopic&op=categoryData&ly=loc&li=92&ti=19 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015}} Major international films set in Rio de Janeiro include Blame it on Rio; the James Bond film Moonraker; the Oscar award-winning, critically acclaimed Central Station by Walter Salles, who is also one of Brazil's best-known directors; and the Oscar award-winning historical drama, Black Orpheus, which depicted the early days of Carnaval in Rio de Janeiro. Internationally distributed Brazilian-made movies illustrating a darker side of Rio de Janeiro include Elite Squad and City of God.

Rio has many important cultural landmarks, such as the Biblioteca Nacional (National Library), one of the largest libraries in the world with collections totalling more than 9 million items; the Theatro Municipal; the National Museum of Fine Arts; the Carmen Miranda Museum; the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden; the Parque Lage; the Quinta da Boa Vista; the Imperial Square; the Brazilian Academy of Letters; the Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro; and the Natural History Museum.

{{Main|Literature of Brazil}}

File:AcademiaBrasileira1.jpg]]

File:Biblioteca nacional rio janeiro.jpg]]

File:リオの幻想図書館_Real_Gabinete_Portugues_de_Leitura_(8735773218).jpg]]

After Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, Rio de Janeiro quickly developed a European-style bourgeois cultural life, including numerous newspapers, in which most 19th-century novels were initially published in serial. Joaquim Manuel de Macedo's A Moreninha (1844) was perhaps the first successful novel in Brazil and inaugurates a recurrent 19th-century theme: a romantic relationship between idealistic young people in spite of cruelties of social fortune.

The first notable work of realism focusing on the urban lower-middle class is Manuel Antônio de Almeida's Memórias de um sargento de milícias (1854), which presents a series of picaresque scenes, and evokes the transformation of a town into a city with suggestive nostalgia. Romantic and realist modes both flourished through the late 19th century and often overlapped within works.{{Cite web |last=Piers Armstrong |title=Rio's novel history |url=http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521825334_CCOL0521825334A008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Cco.cambridge.org |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511181501/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521825334_CCOL0521825334A008 |url-status=live }}

Machado de Assis is from Rio de Janeiro, and is widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literatureCandido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18. and considered the founder of Realism in Brazil, with the publication of The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas (1881).Faraco, Carlos Emílio e Moura, Francisco Mato. Português Projetos. São Paulo: Editora Ática, 2009, p.227. He commented on and criticized the political and social events of the city and country such as the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the transition from Empire to Republic with his numerous chronicles published in newspapers of the time.Gledson, John. J. Machado de Assis, ficção e história. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1986, p. 13. Many of his short stories and novels, like Quincas Borba (1891) and Dom Casmurro (1899), are placed in Rio. The headquarters of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is based in Rio de Janeiro. It was satirized by the novelist Jorge Amado in Pen, Sword, Camisole. Amado, himself, went on to be one of the 40 members of the academy.

The Biblioteca Nacional (National Library of Brazil) ranks as one of the largest libraries in the world. It is also the largest library in all of Latin America.{{Cite web |title=National Library of Rio de Janeiro |url=http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/national-library.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830173312/http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/national-library.htm |archive-date=30 August 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Rio-de-janeiro.info}} Located in Cinelândia, the National Library was originally created by the King of Portugal, in 1810. As with many of Rio de Janeiro's cultural monuments, the library was originally off-limits to the general public. The most valuable collections in the library include: 4,300 items donated by Barbosa Machado including a precious collection of rare brochures detailing the History of Portugal and Brazil; 2,365 items from the 17th and 18th centuries that were previously owned by Antônio de Araújo de Azevedo, the "Count of Barca", including the 125-volume set of prints "Le Grand Théâtre de l'Univers;" a collection of documents regarding the Jesuítica Province of Paraguay and the "Region of Prata;" and the Teresa Cristina Maria Collection, donated by Emperor Pedro II. The collection contains 48,236 items. Individual items of special interest include a rare first edition of Os Lusíadas by Luis de Camões, published in 1584; two copies of the Mogúncia Bible; and a first edition of Handel's Messiah.{{Cite web |date=25 August 2008 |title=Official website – National Library of Rio |url=http://www.bn.br/portal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328091608/http://www.bn.br/portal/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Bn.br}}

The Real Gabinete Português de Leitura (Portuguese Royal Reading Library) is located at Rua Luís de Camões, in the Centro (Downtown). The institution was founded in 1837 by a group of forty-three Portuguese immigrants, political refugees, to promote culture among the Portuguese community in the then capital of the Empire. The history of the Brazilian Academy of Letters is linked to the Real Gabinete, since some of the early meetings of the academy were held there.{{Cite web |date=28 May 2011 |title=Um pedaço de Portugal no Rio de Janeiro – Opinião e Notícia |url=http://opiniaoenoticia.com.br/cultura/um-pedaco-de-portugal-no-rio-de-janeiro/ |website=opiniaoenoticia.com.br |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424062952/http://opiniaoenoticia.com.br/cultura/um-pedaco-de-portugal-no-rio-de-janeiro/ |url-status=dead}}

File:Tom Jobim, 1972.tif in 1972. Considered one of the great exponents of Brazilian music, Jobim internationalized bossa nova and, with the help of important American artists.]]

Image:TIM_MAIA_SONIA_D'ALMEIDA_1987.jpg, the greatest representative of soul music in the country's history, from Rio de Janeiro]]

The official song of Rio de Janeiro is "Cidade Maravilhosa", which means "marvelous city". The song is considered the civic anthem of Rio, and is always the favorite song during Rio's Carnival in February. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, are considered the center of the urban music movement in Brazil.Behague, Gerard. "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–1995)." Latin American Music Review 27, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2006): 79–90

"Rio was popularized by the hit song "The Girl from Ipanema", composed by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes and recorded by Astrud Gilberto and João Gilberto, Frank Sinatra, and Ella Fitzgerald. It is also the main key song of the bossa nova, a music genre born in Rio. A genre unique to Rio and Brazil as a whole is Funk Carioca. While samba music continues to act as the national unifying agent in Rio, Funk Carioca found a strong community following in Brazil. With its genesis in the 1970s as the modern black pop music from the United States, it evolved in the 1990s to describe a variety of electronic music associated with the current US black music scene, including hip hop, modern soul, and house music."Sansone, Livio. "The Localization of Global Funk in Bahia and Rio." In Brazilian Popular Music & Globalization, 135–60. London: Routledge, 2002.

Brazil's return to democracy in 1985 allowed for a new music expression which promoted creativity and experimentation in expressive culture, in a wave of Rock'n'roll that swept the 80s. Lobão emerged as the most legendary rocker in Brazil.{{Cite web |date=24 February 2004 |title=Rio de Janeiro Carnival |url=https://www.carnivaland.net/rio-de-janeiro-carnival/ |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=carnivaland.net |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184445/https://www.carnivaland.net/rio-de-janeiro-carnival/ |url-status=live }} Commercial and cultural imports from Europe and North America have often influenced Brazil's own cultural output. For example, the hip hop that has stemmed from New York is localized into forms of musical production such as Funk Carioca and Brazilian hip hop. Bands from Rio de Janeiro also had influence in the mid-to-late development of the Punk in Brazil, and that of Brazilian thrash metal. Democratic renewal also allowed for the recognition and acceptance of this diversification of Brazilian culture.{{Cite journal |last=Behague |first=Gerard |year=2006 |title=Globalization/Modernization: Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–1995) |journal=Latin American Music Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.1353/lat.2006.0021 |s2cid=191430137}}

Some of the best artists in the history of Brazilian popular music hail from Rio de Janeiro, including aforementioned Lobão, Tim Maia, Agepê, Emílio Santiago, Carlos Lyra, Sandra de Sá, Erasmo Carlos, Wilson Simonal, Cazuza, Ivan Lins, Marcos Valle, Jorge Ben Jor and Anitta.

{{Further|topic=the pop band|R2D3}}

File:Teatro Municipal - panoramio (4).jpg]]

File:Cidade das Artes by Diego Baravelli-08188.jpg]]

Rio de Janeiro's Theatro Municipal is one of the most attractive buildings in the central area of the city. Home of one of the largest stages in Latin America and one of Brazil's best-known venues for opera, ballet, and classical music, the building was inspired by the Palais Garnier, home of the Paris Opera. Construction of the Theatro Municipal began in 1905 following designs of the architect Francisco Pereira Passos. The statues on the top, of two women representing Poetry and Music, are by Rodolfo Bernardelli, and the interior is rich with furnishings and fine paintings. Inaugurated in 1909, the Teatro Municipal has close to 1,700 seats. Its interior includes turn of the century stained glass from France, ceilings of rose-colored marble and a 1,000 pound crystal bead chandelier surrounded by a painting of the "Dance of the Hours". The exterior walls of the building are dotted with inscriptions bearing the names of famous Brazilians as well as many other international celebrities.{{Cite web |title=Teatro Municipal do Rio |url=http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/teatro-municipal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406222751/http://www.rio-de-janeiro.info/teatro-municipal.htm |archive-date=6 April 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Rio-de-janeiro.info}}

Cidade das Artes (City of Arts) is a cultural complex in Barra da Tijuca in the Southwest Zone of Rio de Janeiro, which was originally planned to open in 2004. Formally known as "Cidade da Música" (City of Music), it was finally inaugurated at the beginning of 2013.

The project will host the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra becoming a main center for music as will be the largest modern concert hall in South America, with 1,780 seats. The complex spans approximately {{cvt|90|e3m2|e6ft2|0|abbr=off|sp=us}} and also features a chamber music hall, three theaters, and 12 rehearsal rooms. From the terrace there is a panoramic view of the zone. The building was designed by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc and construction was funded by the city of Rio de Janeiro.

A series of covered theaters collectively known as Lona Cultural, administered by the city's Municipal Secretary of Culture, serve throughout the city as venues for cultural activities such as concerts, plays, workshops, art and craft fairs, and courses.

File:Rio_New_Year_Fireworks.jpg fireworks at Copacabana Beach]]

Every 31 December, 2.5 million people gather at Copacabana Beach to celebrate New Year's in Rio de Janeiro. The crowd, mostly dressed in white, celebrates all night at the hundreds of different shows and events along the beach. It is the second-largest celebration only next to the Carnival. People celebrate the New Year by sharing chilled champagne. It is considered good luck to shake the champagne bottle and spray around at midnight. Chilled champagne adds to the spirit of the festivities.{{Cite web |title=New Year – Rio |url=http://www.copacabana.info/new-years-eve.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014744/http://www.copacabana.info/new-years-eve.html |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Copacabana.info}}

Rio Carnival is an annual celebration in the Roman Catholic tradition that allows merry-making and red meat consumption before the more sober 40 days of Lent penance which culminates with Holy or Passion Week and Easter. The tradition of Carnaval parades was probably influenced by the French or German courts and the custom was brought by the Portuguese or Brazilian Imperial families who had French and Austrian German ancestors. Up until the time of the marchinhas, the revelry was more of a high class and Caucasian-led event. The influence of the African-Brazilian drums and music became more noticeable from the first half of the 20th century. Rio de Janeiro has many Carnaval choices, including the samba school (Escolas de Samba){{Cite book |last=Castro Brunetto |first=Carlos Javier |title=Between categories, beyond boundaries: Arte, ciudad e identidad |publisher=Libargo |year=2013 |isbn=978-84-938812-9-0 |location=Granada |pages=112–130 |chapter=Arte popular y estética contemporánea en las escuelas de samba de Río de Janeiro}} parades in the sambadrome exhibition center and the popular blocos de carnaval, street revelry, which parade in almost every corner of the city.{{Cite web |title=Cordão do Bola Preta in Rio |url=http://carnaval.uol.com.br/noticias/riodejaneiro/2008/02/02/ult5681u63.jhtm |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Carnaval.uol.com.br |archive-date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154915/http://carnaval.uol.com.br/noticias/riodejaneiro/2008/02/02/ult5681u63.jhtm |url-status=live }} In 1840, the first Carnival was celebrated with a masked ball. As years passed, adorned floats and costumed revelers became a tradition among the celebrants. Carnival is known as a historic root of Brazilian music.{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Music: Roots 3 |url=http://www.maria-brazil.org/mpb3.htm |access-date=6 May 2009 |publisher=Maria-brazil.org}}{{dead link|date=February 2016}}

Rock in Rio is a music festival conceived by entrepreneur Roberto Medina for the first time in 1985, and since its creation, recognized as the largest music festival in the Latin world and the largest in the world, with 1.5 million people attending the first event, 700,000 attending the second and fourth, about 1.2 million attending the third, and about 350,000 people attending each of the 3 Lisbon events. It was originally organized in Rio de Janeiro, from where the name comes from, has become a world level event and, in 2004, had its first edition abroad in Lisbon, Portugal, before Madrid, Spain and Las Vegas, United States. The festival is considered the eighth best in the world by the specialized site Fling Festival.{{Cite web |title=The Top 10 Music Festivals in the World |url=http://festivalfling.com/best-music-festivals-2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316135056/http://festivalfling.com/best-music-festivals-2012/ |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=Festival Fling}}

{{Wide image|Panorama_do_sambódromo_da_Marquês_de_Sapucaí.jpg|800px|align-cap=center|Samba Parade at the Sambódromo (Sambadrome) during the Rio Carnival}}

{{See also|Sport in Brazil}}

{{Further|Football in Rio de Janeiro}}

File:Maracana_2022.jpg]]

File:Rio2016_Gerais_030_8069_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction.jpg

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As in the rest of Brazil, association football is the most popular sport. The city's major teams are Flamengo, Vasco da Gama, Fluminense and Botafogo. Madureira, Bangu, Portuguesa, America and Bonsucesso are small clubs. Players born in the city include Zico, Romário and Ronaldo.{{Cite news |date=8 December 2002 |title=Ronaldo's return to glory |agency=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/special_events/sports_personality_2002/2556663.stm |access-date=4 October 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313233448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/special_events/sports_personality_2002/2556663.stm |url-status=live }} Rio de Janeiro was one of the host cities of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, for which on both occasions Brazil was the host nation. In 1950, the Maracanã Stadium hosted 8 matches, including all but one of the host team's matches. The Maracanã was also the location of the tournament-deciding match between Uruguay and Brazil, where Brazil only needed a draw to win the final group stage and the whole tournament. Brazil ended up losing 2–1 in front of a home crowd of more than 199,000. In 2014, the Maracanã hosted seven matches, including the final, where Germany beat Argentina 1–0.{{Cite web |date=13 July 2014 |title=Germany 1–0 Argentina |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28181689 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720142134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/28181689 |url-status=live }}

File:Parque_Olímpico_Rio_2016_(2).jpg, built for 2016 Summer Olympics]]

On 2 October 2009, the International Olympic Committee selected Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.{{Cite news |last=Michaelis |first=Vicki |date=2 October 2009 |title=Rio de Janeiro to host 2016 Olympic Games |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-02-rio-2016-olympics_N.htm |access-date=2 October 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003125408/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-02-rio-2016-olympics_N.htm |url-status=live }} Rio made their first bid for the 1936 Summer Olympics, but lost to Berlin. They later made bids for the 2004 and 2012 Games, but failed to become a candidate city both times. Those games were awarded to Athens and London respectively.{{Cite web |title=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/bids/rio2016.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074745/http://www.gamesbids.com/english/bids/rio2016.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=3 July 2008 |website=Bid city profile and Fact sheet |publisher=GamesBids.com}} Rio is the first Brazilian and South American city to host the Summer Olympics. Rio de Janeiro also became the first city in the southern hemisphere outside of Australia to host the games – Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000. In July 2007, Rio successfully organized and hosted the XV Pan American Games. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the 2011 Military World Games from 15 to 24 July 2011. The 2011 Military World Games were the largest military sports event ever held in Brazil, with approximately 4,900 athletes from 108 countries competing in 20 sports.[http://www.rio2011.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242&Itemid=100&lang=en Rio 2011 Military Games Presentation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825062432/https://www.rio2011.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=242&Itemid=100&lang=en |date=25 August 2011}} Rio 2011 Official Website. Retrieved 16 July 2011. Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and Paralympics. The Olympic Games were held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The Paralympics were held from 7 to 18 September 2016.

The city has a history as host of major international sports events. The Ginásio do Maracanãzinho was the host arena for the official FIBA Basketball World Championship for its 1954 and 1963 editions. Later, the Jacarepaguá circuit in Rio de Janeiro was the site for the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix from 1978 to 1989. Rio de Janeiro also hosted the MotoGP Brazilian Grand Prix from 1995 to 2004 and the Champ Car event from 1996 to 1999. WCT/WQS surfing championships were contested on the beaches from 1985 to 2001. The Rio Champions Cup Tennis tournament is held in the spring. As part of its preparations to host the 2007 Pan American Games, Rio built a new stadium, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, to hold 45,000 people. It was named after Brazilian ex-FIFA president João Havelange. The stadium is owned by the city of Rio de Janeiro, but it was rented to Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas for 20 years.{{Cite web |title=Botafogo vai administrar estádio olímpico do Engenhão |url=http://noticias.correioweb.com.br/materias.php?id=2715287&sub=Esporte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217095517/http://noticias.correioweb.com.br/materias.php?id=2715287&sub=Esporte |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=28 August 2007 |publisher=Correio Web}} Rio de Janeiro has also a multi-purpose arena, the HSBC Arena.

The Brazilian martial art capoeira is very popular. Other popular sports are basketball, beach football, beach volleyball, Beach American Football, footvolley, surfing, kite surfing, hang gliding, motor racing, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Luta Livre, sailing, and competitive rowing. Another sport that is highly popular in beaches of Rio is called {{lang|pt-BR|frescobol}} ({{IPA|pt|fɾeʃkoˈbɔw|pron}}), a type of beach tennis. Rio de Janeiro is also a popular location for Rock climbing, with hundreds of routes all over the city, ranging from easy boulders to technical climbs. Sugarloaf Mountain is an example, with routes from the easy third grade (American 5.4, French 3) to the extremely difficult ninth grade (5.13/8b), up to {{cvt|280|m|ft|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}.

{{Portal bar|Brazil|South America}}

• List of people from Rio de Janeiro
• Outline of Rio de Janeiro

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{commons and category|Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro (city)}}

{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ Rio de Janeiro City Hall website] {{in lang|pt}}
• [https://rgssa.blogspot.com/2014/07/back-to-rio.html back to Rio!]. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia historical piece containing images of Rio, 1914.
• [http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/rio/ Rio de Janeiro Photo Gallery – Year of Brazil]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428020058/http://brazil.qc.cuny.edu/gallery/rio/ |date=28 April 2014 }}, Queens College, CUNY.
• [https://clinicareabilitacaoresende.com.br/ Rio de Janeiro clínica medica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919070041/https://clinicareabilitacaoresende.com.br/ |date=19 September 2021 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051221051314/http://eayearbooks.com/rio_images.htm Images of Rio]. Hundreds of images from the 1920s to the present.
• [http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=10&art=94 Rio de Janeiro – The Marvellous City]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213143239/http://www.aboutbrasil.com/modules/brazil-brasil/rio-de-janeiro_sao-paulo_fortaleza.php?hoofd=3&sub=10&art=94 |date=13 February 2013 }}, AboutBrasil.
• {{OSM relation|57963|Rio de Janeiro}}
• [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/_gVRoC5gi9ZV8A Explore Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea] in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture

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| after = Brasília

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