Trinidad and Tobago#Biodiversity

Historian E. L. Joseph claimed that Trinidad's Indigenous name was Cairi or "Land of the Humming Bird", derived from the Arawak name for hummingbird, ierèttê or yerettê. However, other authors dispute this etymology with some claiming that cairi does not mean hummingbird (tukusi or tucuchi being suggested as the correct word) and some claiming that kairi, or iere, simply means island. Christopher Columbus renamed it "La Isla de la Trinidad" ("The Island of the Trinity"), fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration.Hart, Marie. (1965). The New Trinidad and Tobago, p. 13. London and Glasgow: Collins. Reprint 1972. Tobago's cigar-like shape, or the use of tobacco by the native people, may have given it its Spanish name (cabaco, tavaco, tobacco) and possibly some of its other Indigenous names, such as Aloubaéra (black conch) and Urupaina (big snail),Boomert, Arie. Trinidad, Tobago and the Lower Orinoco Interaction Sphere: An archaeological/ethnohistorical study. Universiteit Leiden, 2000, {{ISBN|90-90-13632-0}} although the English pronunciation is {{IPA|/təˈbeɪɡoʊ/}}. Indo-Trinidadians called the island Chinidat or Chinidad which translated to the "land of sugar". The usage of the term goes back to the 19th century when recruiters in India would call the island Chinidat as a way of luring workers into indentureship on the sugar plantations.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&dq=chinidat&pg=PA204 |title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles - Lise Winer - Google Books |date=16 January 2009 |isbn=9780773576070 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |last1=Winer |first1=Lise |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&dq=chinidat&pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|History of Trinidad and Tobago}}

The islands that make up modern-day Trinidad and Tobago lie at the southern end of the Lesser Antilles group. The islands lie close to the continent of South America, separated by the Gulf of Paria.

Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by Indigenous people who came through South America. Trinidad was first settled by pre-agricultural Archaic people at least 7,002 years ago, making it the earliest settled part of the Caribbean.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} Banwari Trace in south-west Trinidad is the oldest attested archaeological site in the Caribbean, dating to about 5000 BC. Several waves of migration occurred over the following centuries, which can be identified by differences in their archaeological remains.{{Cite book|title=Archaeology and geoinformatics : case studies from the Caribbean|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533|url-access=limited|last=Reid|first=Basil A.|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2008|isbn=9780817380533|location=Tuscaloosa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533/page/n49 33]–73|chapter=Developing Weights-of-Evidence Predictive Models for the Cultural Resource Management of Pre-Columbian Sites in Trinidad|oclc=567999135}} At the time of European contact, Trinidad was occupied by various Arawakan-speaking groups including the Nepoya and Suppoya, and Cariban-speaking groups such as the Yao, while Tobago was occupied by the Island Caribs and Galibi.

{{Main|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Cuba}}

Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=7–8}} He also reported seeing Tobago on the distant horizon, naming it Bellaforma, but did not land on the island.{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|p=14}}

File:Raleigh at Trinidad.jpg raiding Spanish settlement in Trinidad in 1595]]

In the 1530s Antonio de Sedeño, a Spanish soldier intent on conquering the island of Trinidad, landed on its southwest coast with a small army of men, intending to subdue the Indigenous population of the island. Sedeño and his men fought the native peoples on many occasions, and subsequently built a fort. The next few decades were generally spent in warfare with the native peoples, until in 1592, the "Cacique" (native chief) Wannawanare (also known as Guanaguanare) granted the area around modern Saint Joseph to Domingo de Vera e Ibargüen, and withdrew to another part of the island. The settlement of San José de Oruña was later established by Antonio de Berrío on this land in 1592.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} Shortly thereafter the English pirate Walter Raleigh arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 in search of the long-rumoured "El Dorado" ("City of Gold") supposedly located in South America.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} He attacked San José, captured and interrogated Antonio de Berrío, and obtained much information from him and from the Cacique Topiawari; Raleigh then went on his way, and Spanish authority was restored.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=11, 18}}

Meanwhile, there were numerous attempts by European powers to settle Tobago during the 1620–40s, with the Dutch, English and Couronians (people from the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, now part of Latvia) all attempting to colonise the island with little success.{{cite web|work=Colonial Voyage|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|last=Ramerini|first=Marco|title=Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago: A History of the First Settlements, 1628{{ndash}}1677|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110022814/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} From 1654 the Dutch and Courlanders managed to gain a more secure foothold, later joined by several hundred French settlers. A plantation economy developed based on the production of sugar, indigo and rum, worked by large numbers of African slaves who soon came to vastly outnumber the European colonists.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} Large numbers of forts were constructed as Tobago became a source of contention between France, Netherlands and Britain, with the island changing hands some 31 times prior to 1814, a situation exacerbated by widespread piracy.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} The British managed to hold Tobago from 1762 to 1781, whereupon it was captured by the French, who ruled until 1793 when Britain re-captured the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}}

The 17th century on Trinidad passed largely without major incident, but sustained attempts by the Spaniards to control and rule over the Indigenous population was often fiercely resisted.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} In 1687 the Catholic Catalan Capuchin friars were given responsibility for the conversions of the indigenous people of Trinidad and the Guianas.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} They founded several missions in Trinidad, supported and richly funded by the state, which also granted encomienda right to them over the native peoples, in which the native peoples were forced to provide labour for the Spanish.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} One such mission was Santa Rosa de Arima, established in 1689, when Indigenous people from the former encomiendas of Tacarigua and Arauca (Arouca) were relocated further west.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Escalating tensions between the Spaniards and Indigenous people culminated in violence in 1689, when Indigenous people in the San Rafael encomienda rebelled and killed several priests, attacked a church, and killed the Spanish governor José de León y Echales. Among those killed in the governor's party was Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Caura, Tacarigua and Arauca.{{cite web |url=http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |author= |date= |website=osargenews.com |publisher= |access-date=11 March 2021 |quote="Among those killed in the governor's party was Fr.Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, O.P., missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Cuara, Tacarigua and Arauca." |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024736/http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }} The Spanish retaliated severely, slaughtering hundreds of native peoples in an event that became known as the Arena massacre.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} As a result, continuing Spanish slave-raiding, and the devastating impact of introduced disease to which they had no immunity, the native population was virtually wiped out by the end of the following century.{{cite journal|last1=Romero|first1=Aldemaro|title=Death and Taxes: the Case of the Depletion of Pearl Oyster Beds in Sixteenth-Century Venezuela|journal=Conservation Biology|date=2003|volume=17|issue=4|page=1016|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01406.x|bibcode=2003ConBi..17.1013R |s2cid=86335309|url=https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312011430/https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408/|url-status=live | issn = 0888-8892 }}{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}

During this period Trinidad was an island province belonging to the Viceroyalty of New Spain, together with Central America, present-day Mexico and what would later become the southwestern United States.Besson, Gerard (27 August 2000). "Land of Beginnings – A historical digest", Newsday Newspaper. In 1757 the capital was moved from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España (modern Port of Spain) following several pirate attacks.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=55}} However the Spanish never made any concerted effort to colonise the islands; Trinidad in this period was still mostly forest, populated by a few Spaniards with a handful of slaves and a few thousand Indigenous people. Indeed, the population in 1777 was only 1,400, and Spanish colonisation in Trinidad remained tenuous.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

{{Main|French West Indies}}

In 1777, the captain general Luis de Unzaga 'le Conciliateur', married to a French Creole, allowed free trade in Trinidad, attracting French settlers and its economy improved notably.Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019). The Governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States and liberalism, Foundation, Malaga, pages: 21, 154–155, 163–165, 172, 188–191, 199.

Since Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in Grenada, was able to obtain a Cédula de Población from the Spanish king Charles III on 4 November 1783.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}} A Cédula de Población had previously been granted in 1776 by the king, but had not shown results, and therefore the new Cédula was more generous. It granted free land and tax exemption for 10 years to Roman Catholic foreign settlers who were willing to swear allegiance to the King of Spain. The land grant was 30 fanegas (13 hectares/32 acres) for each free man, woman and child and half of that for each slave that they brought with them. The Spanish sent a new governor, José María Chacón, to implement the terms of the new cédula.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}}

The Cédula was issued only a few years before the French Revolution. During that period of upheaval, French planters with their slaves, free coloureds and mulattos from the neighbouring islands of Martinique, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Guadeloupe and Dominica migrated to Trinidad, where they established an agriculture-based economy (sugar and cocoa). These new immigrants established local communities in Blanchisseuse, Champs Fleurs, Paramin,{{cite web|title=Paramin: a Forgotten World|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|date=22 October 2013|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205010830/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|url-status=live}} Cascade, Carenage and Laventille.

As a result, Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, and by 1797 the population of Port of Spain had increased from under 3,000 to 10,422 in just five years, with a varied population of mixed race individuals, Spaniards, Africans, French republican soldiers, retired pirates and French nobility. The total population of Trinidad was 17,718, of which 2,151 were of European ancestry, 4,476 were "free blacks and people of colour", 10,009 were enslaved people and 1,082 Indigenous people.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The sparse settlement and slow rate of population-increase during Spanish rule (and even later during British rule) made Trinidad one of the less populated colonies of the West Indies, with the least developed plantation infrastructure.

{{Main|British West Indies|British Windward Islands}}

File:Trinidad Ralph Abercromby (cropped).JPG in 1797.]]

The British had begun to take a keen interest in Trinidad, and in 1797 a British force led by General Sir Ralph Abercromby launched an invasion of Trinidad.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of Chaguaramas. Seriously outnumbered, Chacón decided to capitulate to the British without fighting.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} Trinidad thus became a British crown colony, with a largely French-speaking population and Spanish laws. British rule was later formalised under the Treaty of Amiens (1802).{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} The colony's first British governor was Thomas Picton, however his heavy-handed approach to enforcing British authority, including the use of torture and arbitrary arrest, led to his being recalled.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}}{{Better source needed|date=March 2025}}

File:Plan of the Isle of Trinidad from actual surveys made in the year 1797. RMG K1077.jpg

British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived, as well as some free blacks known as "Merikins" who had fought for Britain in the War of 1812 and were granted land in southern Trinidad.{{cite news|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|title=The Merikens again|first=Bridget|last=Brereton|author-link=Bridget Brereton|date=5 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220044722/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|last1=McNish Weiss|first1=John|title=The Merikens: Free Black American settlers in Trinidad 1815-16|date=2002|publisher=McNish & Weiss|location=London|isbn=0-9526460-5-6|edition=2nd}}{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} Under British rule, new states were created and the importation of slaves increased, however by this time support for abolitionism had vastly increased and in England the slave trade was under attack.Brereton, Bridget (1981). A History of Modern Trinidad 1783–1962. London: Heinemann Educational Books, {{ISBN|0-435-98116-1}}.{{sfnp|Williams|1964}} Slavery was abolished in 1833, after which former slaves served an "apprenticeship" period. In 1837 Daaga, a West African slave trader who had been captured by Portuguese slavers and later rescued by the British navy, was conscripted into the local regiment. Daaga and a group of his compatriots mutinied at the barracks in St Joseph and set out eastward in an attempt to return to their homeland. The mutineers were ambushed by a militia unit just outside the town of Arima. The revolt was crushed at the cost of some 40 dead, and Daaga and his party were later executed at St Joseph.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=126}} The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} An overview of the population statistics in 1838, however, clearly reveals the contrast between Trinidad and its neighbouring islands: upon emancipation of the slaves in 1838, Trinidad had only 17,439 slaves, with 80% of slave owners having enslaved fewer than 10 people each.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=84–85}} In contrast, at twice the size of Trinidad, Jamaica had roughly 360,000 slaves.{{cite journal|author=Meighoo, Kirk |year=2008|title=Ethnic Mobilisation vs. Ethnic Politics: Understanding Ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago Politics|journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|volume=46|issue=1|pages= 101–127|doi=10.1080/14662040701838068|s2cid=153587532}}

File:Newly arrived coolies in Trinidad.jpg in Trinidad and Tobago.]]

After the African slaves were emancipated many refused to continue working on the plantations, often moving out to urban areas such as Laventille and Belmont to the east of Port of Spain.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} As a result, a severe agricultural labour shortage emerged. The British filled this gap by instituting a system of indentureship. Various nationalities were contracted under this system, including Indians, Chinese, and Portuguese.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}} Of these, the East Indians were imported in the largest numbers, starting from 1 May 1845, when 225 Indians were brought in the first ship to Trinidad on the Fatel Razack, a Muslim-owned vessel.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}}{{cite web |url=http://www.trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |title=1845: The East Indians and indentureship |publisher=Trinicenter.com |date=8 August 1999 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117011017/http://trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |url-status=live }} Indentureship of the Indians lasted from 1845 to 1917, during which time more than 147,000 Indians came to Trinidad to work on sugarcane plantations.Deen, Shamshu (1994). Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad. Freeport Junction. H.E.M. Enterprise, {{ISBN|976-8136-25-1}}.

Indentureship contracts were sometimes exploitative, to such an extent that historians such as Hugh Tinker were to call it "a new system of slavery". Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another's property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished.{{Cite book|title=Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, 1834-1922|last=Northrup, David|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521480477|location=Cambridge|oclc=31290367}} In addition, employers of indentured labour had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences.{{Cite journal|last=Brereton|first=Bridget|date=2010|title=The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago|url=http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|journal=Caribbean Review of Gender Studies|issue=4|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109163824/http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|url-status=live}} People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, coercive means were often used to retain labourers, and the indentureship contracts were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians.{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|title=THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIAN INDENTURE IN TRINIDAD: ARRIVAL AND SETTLEMENT|website=www.caribbean-atlas.com|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417023530/http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|url-status=live}} Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home. Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which segregated them from the rest of Trinidad and Tobago's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.Mohammed, Patricia (2002). Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad 1917–1947. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-96278-8}}.

File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889–1958).svg

{{Infobox UK legislation

| short_title = {{visible anchor|Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887}}

| type = Act

| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom

| long_title = An Act to enable Her Majesty by Order in Council to unite the Colonies of Trinidad and Tobago into one Colony.

| year = 1887

| citation = 50 & 51 Vict. c. 44

| introduced_commons =

| introduced_lords =

| territorial_extent =

| royal_assent = 16 September 1887

| commencement = 16 September 1887

| expiry_date =

| repeal_date =

| amends =

| replaces =

| amendments =

| repealing_legislation = West Indies Act 1962

| related_legislation =

| status = repealed

| legislation_history =

| theyworkforyou =

| millbankhansard =

| original_text = https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv241887/page/n199/

| revised_text =

| use_new_UK-LEG =

| UK-LEG_title =

| collapsed = yes

}}

Few Indians settled on Tobago however, and the descendants of African slaves continued to form the majority of the island's population. An ongoing economic slump in the middle-to-late 19th century caused widespread poverty.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} Discontent erupted into rioting on the Roxborough plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} The British eventually managed to restore control; however, as a result of the disturbances Tobago's Legislative Assembly voted to dissolve itself and the island became a Crown colony in 1877.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} With the sugar industry in a state of near-collapse and the island no longer profitable, the British attached Tobago to their Trinidad colony in 1889.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|p=149}}

File:Stamps of Trinidad and Tobago.jpg

In 1903, a protest against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the Red House (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Economically Trinidad and Tobago remained a predominantly agricultural colony; alongside sugarcane, the cacao (cocoa) crop also contributed greatly to economic earnings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In November 1919, the dockworkers went on strike over bad management practices, low wages compared to a higher cost of living.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Strikebreakers were brought in to keep a minimum of goods moving through the ports. On 1 December 1919, the striking dockworkers rushed the harbour and chased off the strikebreakers.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} They then proceeded to march on the government buildings in Port of Spain. Other unions and workers, many with the same grievances, joined the dock worker's strike making it a General Strike.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Violence broke out and was only put down with help from the sailors of British Naval ship {{ship|HMS|Calcutta|D82|6}}. The unity brought upon by the strike was the first time of cooperation between the various ethnic groups of the time.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}} Historian Brinsley Samaroo says that the 1919 strikes "seem to indicate that there was a growing class consciousness after the war and this transcended racial feelings at times."{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}}

However, in the 1920s, the collapse of the sugarcane industry, concomitant with the failure of the cocoa industry, resulted in widespread depression among the rural and agricultural workers in Trinidad, and encouraged the rise of a labour movement. Conditions on the islands worsened in the 1930s with the onset of the Great Depression, with an outbreak of labour riots occurring in 1937 which resulted in several deaths.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} The labour movement aimed to unite the urban working class and agricultural labour class; the key figures being Arthur Cipriani, who led the Trinidad Labour Party (TLP), Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler of the British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party, and Adrian Cola Rienzi, who led the Trinidad Citizens League (TCL), Oilfields Workers' Trade Union, and All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} As the movement developed calls for greater autonomy from British colonial rule became widespread; this effort was severely undermined by the British Home Office and by the British-educated Trinidadian elite, many of whom were descended from the plantocracy class.

File:Waller AFB mess hall sign.jpg, leased by Britain to America in the 1940s]]

Petroleum had been discovered in 1857, but became economically significant only in the 1930s and afterwards as a result of the collapse of sugarcane and cocoa, and increasing industrialization.The New Trinidad & Tobago – from the original by Jos. A. De Suze (1846–1941), Collins, 1965. Reprint 1972.Trinidad and Tobago's Oil: An Illustrated Survey of the Oil Industry in Trinidad and Tobago. The Petroleum Association of Trinidad and Tobago, 1952.{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |title = Railroad Map of Trinidad |website = World Digital Library |year = 1925 |access-date = 25 October 2013 |archive-date = 11 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090845/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |url-status = live }} By the 1950s petroleum had become a staple in Trinidad's export market, and was responsible for a growing middle class among all sections of the Trinidad population. The collapse of Trinidad's major agricultural commodities, followed by the Depression, and the rise of the oil economy, led to major changes in the country's social structure.

The presence of American military bases in Chaguaramas and Cumuto in Trinidad during World War II had a profound effect on society. The Americans vastly improved the infrastructure on Trinidad and provided many locals with well-paying jobs; however, the social effects of having so many young soldiers stationed on the island, as well as their often unconcealed racial prejudice, caused resentment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} The Americans left in 1961.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=96}}

In the post-war period the British began a process of decolonisation across the British Empire. In 1945 universal suffrage was introduced to Trinidad and Tobago.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Political parties emerged on the island, however these were largely divided along racial lines: Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians primarily supported the People's National Movement (PNM), formed in 1956 by Eric Williams, with Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians mostly supporting the People's Democratic Party (PDP), formed in 1953 by Bhadase Sagan Maraj,{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|title = Callaloo or Tossed Salad?: East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad|isbn = 9781501729041|last1 = Munasinghe|first1 = Viranjini P.|date = 5 September 2018| publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date = 12 October 2020|archive-date = 15 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415043232/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|url-status = live}} which later merged into the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) in 1957.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Britain's Caribbean colonies formed the West Indies Federation in 1958 as a vehicle for independence, however the Federation dissolved after Jamaica withdrew following a membership referendum in 1961. The government of Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose to seek independence from the United Kingdom on its own.{{cite book|last1=Brereton|first1=Bridget|title=An introduction to the history of Trinidad and Tobago|date=1996|publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-435-98474-8|pages=103–105}}

{{further|West Indies Federation|Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt|Black Power Revolution|National Union of Freedom Fighters}}

{{multiple image

| total_width = 300

| title = Leaders at Independence

| align = right

| caption_align = center

| image1 = Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg

| caption1 = Elizabeth II
Monarch

| image2 = Eric Williams (cropped).jpg

| caption2 = Eric Williams
Prime Minister

| image3 =

| caption3 = Solomon Hochoy
Governor-General

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Trinidad and Tobago gained its independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. However, Elizabeth II remained head of state, represented locally by Governor-General Solomon Hochoy, until the passage of the 1976 Republican Constitution.[https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf 1976 Republican Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221142521/https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf |date=21 December 2023 }}. (Official Copy). Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

Eric Williams of the People's National Movement became the first Prime Minister, serving in that capacity uninterrupted until 1981. The dominant figure in the opposition in the early independence years was Opposition Leader Rudranath Capildeo of the Democratic Labour Party. The first Speaker of the House of Representatives was Clytus Arnold Thomasos and the first President of the Senate was J. Hamilton Maurice. The 1960s saw the rise of a Black Power movement, inspired in part by the civil rights movement in the United States. Protests and strikes became common, with events coming to head in April 1970 when police shot dead a protester named Basil Davis.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Fearing a breakdown of law and order, Prime Minister Williams declared a state of emergency and ordered that many of the Black Power leaders be arrested. Some army leaders who were sympathetic to the Black Power movement, notably Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle, attempted to mutiny; however, this was quashed by the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Williams and the PNM retained power, largely due to divisions in the opposition.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}}

Amidst the backdrop of the rising Black Power movement in 1960s Trinidad and Tobago, and following protests, strikes, and a mutiny attempt in April 1970, a more radical opposition emerged in the form of the National Union of Freedom Fighters (NUFF). Dissatisfied with the perceived slow progress of change, and inspired by guerrilla warfare tactics, NUFF members launched attacks on banks, police stations, and other infrastructure, aiming to ignite a full-scale revolution against Prime Minister Eric Williams' government. However, the group faced increasing pressure from police and security forces, leading to the deaths of many members and the eventual suppression of the insurgency by 1974.{{Cite web |title=Remembering Trinidad and Tobago’s Black Power Revolution |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2023/02/trinidad-and-tobago-black-power-revolution-1970 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=tribunemag.co.uk |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=23. Trinidad & Tobago (1962-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/trinidad-tobago-1962-present/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}

In 1963 Tobago was struck by Hurricane Flora, which killed 30 people and resulted in enormous destruction across the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} Partly as a result of this, tourism came to replace agriculture as the island's primary source of income in the subsequent decades.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} On 1 May 1968, Trinidad and Tobago joined the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), which provided a continued economic, rather than political, linkage between the former British West Indies English-speaking countries after the West Indies Federation failed. On 1 August 1973, the country became a founding member state of CARIFTA's successor, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which is a political and economic union between several Caribbean countries and territories.

Between the years 1972 and 1983, the country profited greatly from the rising price of oil and the discovery of vast new oil deposits in its territorial waters, resulting in an economic boom that substantially increased living standards.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} In 1976 the country became a republic within the Commonwealth, though it retained the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as its final appellate court. The position of governor-general was replaced with that of President; Ellis Clarke was the first to hold this largely ceremonial role.[http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 Paul Donovan, "Obituary: Sir Ellis Clarke"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112226/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 |date=5 October 2018 }}, Independent Catholic News, 1 February 2011. Tobago was granted limited self-rule with the creation of the Tobago House of Assembly in 1980.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}}

File:Port of Spain Trinidad.jpg

Williams died in 1981, being replaced by George Chambers who led the country until 1986. By this time a fall in the price of oil had resulted in a recession, causing rising inflation and unemployment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}} The main opposition parties united under the banner of National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) and won the 1986 Trinidad and Tobago general election, with NAR leader A. N. R. Robinson becoming the new Prime Minister.Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 630, {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}}.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Robinson was unable to hold together the fragile NAR coalition, and his economic reforms, such as the implementation of an International Monetary Fund Structural Adjustment Program and devaluation of currency led to social unrest. In 1990, 114 members of the Jamaat al Muslimeen, led by Yasin Abu Bakr (formerly known as Lennox Phillip) stormed the Red House (the seat of Parliament), and Trinidad and Tobago Television, the only television station in the country at the time, holding Robinson and country's government hostage for six days before surrendering.{{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Selwyn|title=The Muslimeen grab for power : race, religion, and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago|date=1991|publisher=Inprint Caribbean|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies|isbn=9789766080310|page=82}} The coup leaders were promised amnesty, but upon their surrender they were arrested, ultimately being released after protracted legal wrangling.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}}

File:Steelpan Instruments at Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.jpg

The PNM under Patrick Manning returned to power following the 1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election. Hoping to capitalise on an improvement in the economy, Manning called an early election in 1995, however, this resulted in a hung parliament. Two NAR representatives backed the opposition United National Congress (UNC), which had split off from the NAR in 1989, and they thus took power under Basdeo Panday, who became the country's first Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}}{{Cite news|url=http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|title=UNC Founder|date=26 February 2013|work=United National Congress|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231111/http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|url-status=live}} After a period of political confusion caused by a series of inconclusive election results, Patrick Manning returned to power in 2001, retaining that position until 2010.

In 2003 the country entered a second oil boom, and petroleum, petrochemicals and natural gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism and the public service are the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, though authorities have attempted to diversify the island's economy.{{cite web|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710133052/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=Business Branches Out|access-date=13 September 2014|date=22 December 2009}} A partnership resulted in Manning's defeat by the newly formed People's Partnership (PP) coalition in 2010, with Kamla Persad-Bissessar becoming the country's first female prime minister.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=258}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927150806/http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }} PNM lose to Peoples Partnership in Trinidad elections 2010. Ttgapers.com 24 May 2010.Skard, Torild (2014) "Kamla Persad-Bissessar" in Women of power – half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 271–13. Under the PP, a State of Emergency (SOE) was declared because of a spike in killings, and curfews were declared in so called "hotspots" around the country. The SOE lasted from August 21, 2011, to December 5, 2011.{{Cite web |title=BREAKING NEWS: Limited State of Emergency declared |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.449018.19b5befbd1 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/usdos/2012/en/86417#:~:text=During%20the%20state%20of%20emergency,without%20a%20warrant,%20ban%20public |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Refworld |language=en}} However, the PP were defeated in 2015 by the PNM under Keith Rowley.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=259}}[http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ "Rowley sworn in as T&T PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150910083245/http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ |date=10 September 2015 }}, Stabroek News, 9 September 2015. In August 2020, the governing People's National Movement won general election, earning the incumbent Prime Minister Keith Rowley a second term in office.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|title=Trinidad and Tobago poll: Governing party claims victory|work=BBC News|date=11 August 2020|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042656/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|url-status=live}} During the second term of Dr. Keith Rowley there were two declarations of states of emergency (SOE). The first, which came into effect on May 15, 2021, was to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved curfews and restrictions on activities and public events.{{Cite web |date=2021-05-15 |title=PM: State of emergency necessary |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/pm-state-of-emergency-necessary/article_2ec41340-b5df-11eb-97f1-eb3d3f776bf8.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}} The second SOE came into effect on December 30,2024. The PM announced that it was to "address individuals who pose a threat to public safety, particularly those involved in criminal activities and the illegal use of firearms". No curfews or restrictions on public events was announced. The SOE is expected to end in mid April 2025.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Trinidad and Tobago declares state of emergency as murders soar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgnzg40p7eo |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Trinidad and Tobago: Authorities grapple with 'crime culture' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz9eg8w32yzo |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} Another major event that happened during this period in Trinidad and Tobago was the seventh Commonwealth Youth Games. It was originally scheduled to happen 2021 but was delayed due to the pandemic. The games were successfully held from August 4-11, 2023, in Trinidad and Tobago.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=Sport Programme confirmed for Trinbago 2023 |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/2914762/sport-programme-confirmed-for-trinbago-2023 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Narissa |date=2023-08-03 |title=[UPDATED] Commonwealth Games Federation praises organisers: Well done, Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2023/08/03/commonwealth-games-federation-praises-organisers-well-done-trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}} It is first time a Caribbean country and Trinidad and Tobago hosted the games. On January 3, 2024, Prime Minister Keith Rowley announced his intention to leave office as Prime Minister before the 2025 Trinidad and Tobago general election. On February 26, 2025 Prime Minister Keith Rowley announced he will officially resign from office on March 16. On January 6, 2025, Prime Minister Keith Rowley made the announcement that Minister Stuart Young was elected by the Parliamentary Caucus of the People's National Movement as Prime Minister, succeeding Rowley.{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Newsday |date=2025-01-06 |title=Stuart Young picked to be PM |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2025/01/06/stuart-young-picked-to-be-pm/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}

{{Main|Geography of Trinidad and Tobago}}

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Trinidad and Tobago is situated between 10° 2' and 11° 12' N latitude and 60° 30' and 61° 56' W longitude, with the Caribbean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, and the Gulf of Paria to the west. It is located in the far south-east of the Caribbean region, with the island of Trinidad being just {{convert|11|km|nmi|frac=2}} off the coast of Venezuela in mainland South America across the Columbus Channel. The islands are a physiographic extension of South America. Covering an area of {{convert|5128|km2|abbr=on}},{{cite web|date = 16 December 2011|title = Background note Trinidad and Tobago|publisher = US Department of State|url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|access-date = 21 May 2019|archive-date = 4 June 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|url-status = live}} the country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, separated by a {{convert|20|nmi|km|order=flip|abbr=off|adj=on}} strait, plus a number of much smaller islands, including Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande (or Gasparee), Little Tobago, and Saint Giles Island.

File:Trinidad Topography.png

File:Trinidad and Tobago OnEarth WMS.png

Trinidad is {{convert|4768|km2|abbr=on}} in area (comprising 93.0% of the country's total area) with an average length of {{convert|80|km}} and an average width of {{convert|59|km}}. Tobago has an area of about {{convert|300|km2|abbr=on}}, or 5.8% of the country's area, is {{convert|41|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|12|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and are thus geologically considered to lie entirely in South America.

The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains. On Trinidad the Northern Range runs parallel with the north coast, and contains the country's highest peak (El Cerro del Aripo), which is {{convert|940|m}} above sea level, and second highest (El Tucuche, {{convert|936|m}}). The rest of the island is generally flatter, excluding the Central Range and Montserrat Hills in the centre of the island and the Southern Range and Trinity Hills in the south. The three mountain ranges determine the drainage pattern of Trinidad.{{cite web|title=Trinidad and Tobago|author1=Bridget M. Brereton|author2=Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson|author3=David Watts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago/additional-info#contributors|publisher=Britannica|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210331193519/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago#contributors|archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}} The east coast is noted for its beaches, most notably Manzanilla Beach. The island contains several large swamp areas, such as the Caroni Swamp and the Nariva Swamp. Major bodies of water on Trinidad include the Hollis Reservoir, Navet Reservoir, Caroni Reservoir. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East–West Corridor are the most fertile.{{cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |title=Data |publisher=u.osu.edu |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100619/https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Citation needed|date = June 2015}} Trinidad is also notable for containing Pitch Lake, the largest natural reservoir of asphalt in the world. Tobago contains a flat plain in its south-west, with the eastern half of the island being more mountainous, culminating in Pigeon Peak, the island's highest point at {{convert|550|m}}.{{cite book|author=Anthony, Michael|title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and London, UK|year=2001|isbn=0-8108-3173-2|author-link=Michael Anthony (author)}} Tobago also contains several coral reefs off its coast.

The majority of the population reside on the island of Trinidad, and this is thus the location of largest towns and cities. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: the capital Port of Spain, San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. The main town on Tobago is Scarborough.

{{Main|Trinidad#Geology}}

File:STAPP 114 La Brea Pitch Lake.jpg

The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. The Northern Lowlands (the East–West Corridor and Caroni Plain) consist of younger shallow marine clastic sediments. South of this, the Central Range fold and thrust belt consists of Cretaceous and Eocene sedimentary rocks, with Miocene formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The Naparima Plain and the Nariva Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and Pliocene sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault. The Southern Range forms the third anticlinal uplift. The rocks consist of sandstones, shales, siltstones and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the Pleistocene. Oil sands and mud volcanoes are especially common in this area.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

One of the natural wonders of the island is the Pitch lake lake, a natural pitch lake on the island of Trinidad. Which is the largest naturally occurring deposit of asphalt on Earth.

File:Beryl 2024-07-01 1150Z.jpg passes over Trinidad and Tobago in July 2024]]

Trinidad and Tobago has a maritime tropical climate. There are two seasons annually: the dry season for the first five months of the year, and the rainy season in the remaining seven of the year. Winds are predominantly from the northeast and are dominated by the northeast trade winds. Unlike many Caribbean islands Trinidad and Tobago lies outside the main hurricane alleys; nevertheless, the island of Tobago was struck by Hurricane Flora on 30 September 1963. In the Northern Range of Trinidad, the climate is often cooler than that of the sweltering heat of the plains below, due to constant cloud and mist cover, and heavy rains in the mountains.

Record temperatures for Trinidad and Tobago are {{convert|39|°C}}{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |title=August Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235230/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |url-status=live }} for the high in Port of Spain, and a low of {{convert|12|°C}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |title=January Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234839/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |url-status=live }}

{{Further|Environment of Trinidad and Tobago|Biota of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Mayaro Beach; Trinidad & Tobago.jpg Beach, in the southeastern area of Trinidad]]

File:Trinidad motmots (Momotus bahamensis).jpgs]]

File:Channel-billed toucan t t.jpg

Because the islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and in ancient times were physically connected to the South American mainland, their biological diversity is unlike that of most other Caribbean islands, and has much more in common with that of Venezuela.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} The main ecosystems are: coastal and marine (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, open ocean and seagrass beds); forest; freshwater (rivers and streams); karst; man-made ecosystems (agricultural land, freshwater dams, secondary forest); and savanna. On 1 August 1996, Trinidad and Tobago ratified the 1992 Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, and it has produced a biodiversity action plan and four reports describing the country's contribution to biodiversity conservation. These reports formally acknowledged the importance of biodiversity to the well-being of the country's people through provision of ecosystem services.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |title=Country Profile – Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812084723/http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |url-status=live }}

File:Leatherback sea turtle Tinglar, USVI (5839996547).jpg]]

Information about vertebrates is rather comprehensive, with 472 bird species (2 endemics), about 100 mammals, about 90 reptiles (a few endemics), about 30 amphibians (including several endemics), 50 freshwater fish and at least 950 marine fish.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |title=Fourth National Report of Trinidad and Tobago to the Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124043355/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |url-status=live }} Notable mammal species include the ocelot, West Indian manatee, collared peccary (known as the quenk locally), red-rumped agouti, lappe, red brocket deer, Neotropical otter, weeper capuchin and red howler monkey; there are also some 70 species of bat, including the vampire bat and fringe-lipped bat.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=273}} The larger reptiles present include 5 species of marine turtles known to nest on the islands' beaches, the green anaconda, the Boa constrictor and the spectacled caiman. There are at least 47 species of snakes, including only four dangerous venomous species (only in Trinidad and not in Tobago), lizards such as the green iguana, the Tupinambis cryptus and a few species of fresh water turtles and land tortoises.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}} are present. Of the amphibians, the golden tree frog and Trinidad poison frog are found in the highest peaks of Trinidad's Northern Range and nearby on Venezuela's Paria Peninsula.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}}Jowers, M., & Downie, J. (2004). Distribution of the frog Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in Trinidad, West Indies. Living World, 2004. Marine life is abundant, with several species of sea urchin, coral, lobster, sea anemone, starfish, manta ray, dolphin, porpoise and whale shark present in the islands' waters.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The introduced Pterois is viewed as a pest, as it eats many native species of fish and has no natural predators; efforts are currently underway to cull the numbers of this species.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The country contains five terrestrial ecoregions: Trinidad and Tobago moist forests, Lesser Antillean dry forests, Trinidad and Tobago dry forests, Windward Islands xeric scrub, and Trinidad mangroves.{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne |first4=Carly|last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke |first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C.|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden |first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel|last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian |last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}

Trinidad and Tobago is noted particularly for its large number of bird species, and is a popular destination for bird watchers. Notable species include the scarlet ibis, cocrico, egret, shiny cowbird, bananaquit, oilbird and various species of honeycreeper, trogon, toucan, parrot, tanager, woodpecker, antbird, kites, hawks, boobies, pelicans and vultures; there are also 17 species of hummingbird, including the tufted coquette which is the world's third smallest.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|pp=274–275}}

Information about invertebrates is dispersed and very incomplete. About 650 butterflies, at least 672 beetles (from Tobago alone){{cite journal|author1=Peck, S.B.|author2=Cook, J.|author3=Hardy, J.D. Jr.|name-list-style=amp|title=Beetle fauna of the island of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies|journal=Insecta Mundi|year=2002|volume=16|pages=9–23|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234838/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|url-status=live}} and 40 corals have been recorded. Other notable invertebrates include the cockroach, leaf-cutter ant and numerous species of mosquitoes, termites, spiders and tarantulas.

Although the list is far from complete, 1,647 species of fungi, including lichens, have been recorded.{{cite journal|last=Baker|first=R.E.D.|author2=W.T. Dale |title=Fungi of Trinidad and Tobago|journal=Mycological Papers|year=1951|volume=33|pages=1–121}}Dennis, R.W.G. "Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries". Office of Public Sector Information, London, 1970.{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920032737/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |archive-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead }} The true total number of fungi is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. (2008), Dictionary of the Fungi. Edn 10. CABI. A first effort to estimate the number of endemic fungi tentatively listed 407 species.{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |url-status=live }}

Information about micro-organisms is dispersed and very incomplete. Nearly 200 species of marine algae have been recorded. The true total number of micro-organism species must be much higher.

Thanks to a recently published checklist, plant diversity in Trinidad and Tobago is well documented with about 3,300 species (59 endemic) recorded. Despite significant felling, forests still cover about 40% of the country, and there are about 350 different species of tree.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} A notable tree is the manchineel which is extremely poisonous to humans, and even just touching its sap can cause severe blistering of the skin; the tree is often covered with warning signs. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.62/10, ranking it 69th globally out of 172 countries.{{cite journal |last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P. |last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E. |last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi |first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray |first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S. |last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B. |last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor |first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T. |last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter |first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S. |last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications |volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}

Threats to the country's biodiversity include over-hunting and poaching (see Hunting#Trinidad and Tobago), habitat loss and fragmentation (particularly due to forest fires and land clearance for quarrying, agriculture, squatting, housing and industrial development and road construction), water pollution, and introduction of invasive species and pathogens.

{{Main|Politics of Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{multiple image

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| image1 = The Hon Christine Kangaloo.jpg

| caption1 = Christine Kangaloo
President
since 20 March 2023

| image2 = Kamla Persad-Bissesar 2013.jpg

| caption2 = Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Prime Minister
since 1st May 2025

}}

Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a two-party system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster System.

The head of state of Trinidad and Tobago is the president, currently Christine Kangaloo. This largely ceremonial role replaced that of the governor-general (representing the monarch of Trinidad and Tobago) upon Trinidad and Tobago's becoming a republic in 1976. The head of government is the prime minister, currently Stuart Young. On January 3, 2025, Prime Minister Keith Rowley announced his intention to demit office as Prime Minister before the 2025 Trinidad and Tobago general election. On February 26, 2025 Prime Minister Keith Rowley announced he will officially resign from office on March 16.{{Cite web |title=PM announces resignation date as March 16 |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/pm-announces-resignation-date-as-march-16-6.2.2242621.4d47dbb3b0 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}} On January 6, 2025, Stuart Young was elected by the Parliamentary Caucus of the People's National Movement as Prime Minister designate, succeed Rowley. On March 17 2025 Stuart Young became Prime Minister.{{Cite web |title=Stuart Young is the new Prime Minister, Camille Robinson-Regis is AG |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/stuart-young-is-the-new-prime-minister-camille-robinsonregis-is-ag-6.2.2258494.e75abfb3ba |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=production2.guardian.co.tt |language=en}} The president is elected by an Electoral college consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament.

Following a general election, which takes place every five years, the president appoints as prime minister the person who has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the election (except in the case of the 2001 General Elections).

Since 1980 Tobago has also had its own elections, separate from the general elections. In these elections, members are elected and serve in the unicameral Tobago House of Assembly.{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006|website=U.S. Department of State — Diplomacy in Action|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226082634/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|url-status=live}}

Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats) and the House of Representatives (41 seats, plus the Speaker).{{cite news|first=Juhel|last=Browne|date=20 September 2007|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|title=November 5 — PM reveals election date at last|newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032115/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|archive-date=12 December 2007}} The members of the Senate are appointed by the president; 16 government senators are appointed on the advice of the prime minister, six opposition senators are appointed on the advice of the leader of the opposition, currently Kamla Persad-Bissessar, and nine independent senators are appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society. The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years in a "first past the post" system.

{{main|Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago.svg

Trinidad is split into 14 regions and municipalities, consisting of nine regions and five municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy. The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are held every three years.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Tobago is administered by the Tobago House of Assembly. The country was formerly divided into counties.

The two main national parties are the People's National Movement (PNM) and the United National Congress (UNC). They both are left of centre parties and support for these parties appears to fall along ethnic lines rather than ideology, with the PNM consistently obtaining a majority of Afro-Trinidadian vote, and the UNC gaining a majority of Indo-Trinidadian support. Several smaller parties also exist. As of the August 2020 General Elections, there were 19 registered political parties. These include, the Progressive Empowerment Party, Trinidad Humanity Campaign, New National Vision, Movement for Social Justice, Congress of the People, Movement for National Development, Progressive Democratic Patriots, National Coalition for Transformation, Progressive Party, Independent Liberal Party, Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago, National Organisation of We the People, Unrepresented Peoples Party, Trinidad and Tobago Democratic Front, The National Party, One Tobago Voice, and Unity of the Peoples.{{Cite web|date=2020|title=LIST OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SYMBOLS ASSIGNED TO THEM|url=https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|website=Elections and Boundaries Commission of Trinidad and Tobago|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033737/https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force}}

File:T&T Port of Spain-1-tonal.jpg

The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the twin island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It consists of the Regiment, the Coast Guard, the Air Guard and the Defence Force Reserves. Established in 1962 after Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom, the TTDF is one of the largest military forces in the Anglophone Caribbean.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Its mission statement is to "defend the sovereign good of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, contribute to the development of the national community and support the State in the fulfilment of its national and international objectives". The Defence Force has been engaged in domestic incidents, such as the Black Power Movement of 1970 and Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt, and international missions, such as the United Nations Mission in Haiti between 1993 and 1996.

In 2019, Trinidad and Tobago signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}

Trinidad and Tobago is the 87th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 Global Peace Index.{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}

{{Further|Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago.svg

Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its Caribbean neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialised and second-largest country in the Anglophone Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the Summit of the Americas process and supports the establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to Haiti, contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence from the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago joined the United Nations and Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967 it became the first Commonwealth country to join the Organization of American States (OAS).{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=oas.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707211728/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|url-status=live}} In 1995 Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the Association of Caribbean States and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states. In international forums, Trinidad and Tobago has defined itself as having an independent voting record, but often supports US and EU positions.{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago (11/03) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/trinidadandtobago/1897.htm#:~:text=In%20international%20forums,%20Trinidad%20and,guarding%20an%20independent%20voting%20record. |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=U.S. Department of State}}{{Cite web |title=New Publication Celebrates EU - Trinidad and Tobago Partnership {{!}} Ministry of Planning and Development |url=https://www.planning.gov.tt/content/new-publication-celebrates-eu-trinidad-and-tobago-partnership |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412214558/http://www.planning.gov.tt/content/new-publication-celebrates-eu-trinidad-and-tobago-partnership |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.planning.gov.tt |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Crime in Trinidad and Tobago}}The primary law enforcement agency of Trinidad and Tobago is the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service under the Ministry of National Security. The current minister is Marvin Gonzales with minister in Ministry Keith Scotland, SC.{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Newsday |date=2024-07-25 |title=Keith Scotland now minister in the Ministry of National Security |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/07/25/keith-scotland-now-minister-in-the-ministry-of-national-security/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}} On February 5, 2025 the House of Representatives approved a government motion for Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Junior Benjamin to be acting Commissioner of Police (CoP). {{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Sean |date=2025-02-06 |title=Benjamin in charge – Parliament approves new acting CoP, DCP |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2025/02/06/benjamin-in-charge-parliament-approves-new-acting-cop-dcp/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}} Another law enforcement agency is the Trinidad and Tobago Municipal Police Service (TTMPS) under the Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government. They work within the various city, borough, and regional corporations.{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Municipal Police Service (TTMPS) |url=https://rdlg.gov.tt/trinidad-and-tobago-municipal-police-service-ttmps/#:~:text=Today,%20every%20Borough,%20City,,together%20seamlessly%20towards%20creating%20safer |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government |language=en-US}} The current minister is Faris Al-Rawi with the administrator of the TTMPS being Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) Surrendra Sagramsingh{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Rishard |date=2024-09-15 |title=Municipal police head wants autonomy to fill almost 500 vacancies |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/09/15/municipal-police-head-wants-autonomy-to-fill-almost-500-vacancies/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}} Some other law enforcement agencies include:{{Cite web |title=US DEA officers in T&T to train local agencies |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/us-dea-officers-in-tt-to-train-local-agencies-6.2.2047469.531bba5afa |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}

• Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard (TTCG): They are responsible for enforcing maritime law within the country's territorial waters.

• The Strategic Services Agency (SSA): Their primary purpose is to gather and analyze intelligence related to serious crime, including drug trafficking, organized crime, and threats to national security.{{Cite web |last=Newsday |date=2024-07-07 |title=Behind the shadows of the SSA |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2024/07/07/behind-the-shadows-of-the-ssa/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}}
• The Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre began operations on December 01, 1983. They use forensic pathology and forensic science to collect, analyze and interpret all aspects of physical evidence submitted by police officers and other clients.{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre (TTFSC) – Ministry of National Security |url=https://nationalsecurity.gov.tt/divisions/trinidad-and-tobago-forensic-science-centre/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}
• The Immigration Division of Trinidad and Tobago: they are the principal government agency responsible for the administration and enforcement of immigration, passport and citizenship laws.{{Cite web |title=Immigration Division – Ministry of National Security |url=https://nationalsecurity.gov.tt/divisions/immigrationdivision/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}

• Trinidad and Tobago Customs and Excise Division: They are responsible for enforcement of customs and excise laws.
• The Financial Intelligence Unit of Trinidad and Tobago (FIUTT) became operational in February 2010. Their responsibilities are to implement the anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism policies of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries{{Cite web |title=Praedial Larceny Squad |url=https://agriculture.gov.tt/divisions-units/units/praedial-larceny-squad/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries |language=en-GB}}

• The Praedial Larceny Squad (PLS) was established in November 2013 with the responsibility to reduce incidences of praedial larceny in the country.

Ministry of Works and Transport{{Cite web |title=MOWT - Who We Are |url=https://www.mowt.gov.tt/Divisions/Traffic-Warden-Division/Who-We-Are |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.mowt.gov.tt}}

• Traffic Warden Division was established in 2011. They assist the Police with the management, control and regulation of road traffic in Trinidad and Tobago.

File:Police car of Tobago 03.jpg

Trinidad and Tobago has in recent decades suffered from a relatively high crime rate;{{cite web |url=https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |title=Australian Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820120011/https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |title=UK Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820115158/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |url-status=live }} there are currently roughly 500 murders per year.{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131257/http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-date = 26 December 2017|title = Murder rate—40 killings a month | the Trinidad Guardian Newspaper}}{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} The country is a noted transshipment centre for the trafficking of illegal drugs from South America to the rest of the Caribbean and beyond to North America.{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|work=Saturday Express by Trinidad Express Newspapers|title=$600 million in cocaine from T&T seized at U.S port|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074431/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|date=17 January 2014|access-date=5 November 2015}} Some estimates put the size of the "hidden economy" as high as 20–30% of measured GDP.{{cite web|url=http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|title=Measuring the Size of the Hidden Economy in Trinidad & Tobago, 1973–1999|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084929/http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|url-status=live}} On July 18, 2022 Prime Minister Dr Keith Rowley announced his government will look at the issue of violence and crime from a public health perspective.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=Violent crime at 'crisis' level: To be declared a 'public health issue' |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/newsextra/violent-crime-at-crisis-level-to-be-declared-a-public-health-issue/article_a179a6cc-06a9-11ed-b383-eff62efae664.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}} Also that a committee was formed with the task with defining the issue and developing a plan of action.

Though there have been no terrorism-related incidents in the country since the Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt in 1990, Trinidad and Tobago remains a potential target and it is estimated that roughly 100 citizens of the country have traveled to the Middle East to fight for the Islamic State. In 2017, the government adopted a counter-terrorism and extremism strategy. In 2018, a terror threat at the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival was thwarted by law enforcement.{{Cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Ryan |last2=Starr |first2=Barbara |date=9 February 2018 |title=US military helps thwart Trinidad carnival terror attack {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616011925/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |url-status=live }}

File:Carrera Island, Trinidad and Tobago.JPG

The country's prison administration is the Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service (TTPrS), it is under the control of the Commissioner of Prisons (Ag.) Carlos Corraspe,{{Cite web |title=Corraspe confirmed as Acting Commissioner of Prisons |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/corraspe-confirmed-as-acting-commissioner-of-prisons-6.2.2073867.0102befa81 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}} located in Port-of-Spain.{{cite web|url=http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|title=Trinidad and Tobago {{!}} World Prison Brief|website=prisonstudies.org|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424154404/http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|url-status=live}} He was appointed by the Public Service Commission effective July 9, 2024. The prison population rate is 292 people per 100,000. The total prison population, including pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners, is 3,999 prisoners. The population rate of pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners is 174 per 100,000 of the national population (59.7% of the prison population). In 2018, the female prison population rate is 8.5 per 100,000 of the national population (2.9% of the prison population). Prisoners that are minors makes up 1.9% of the prison population and foreigners prisoners make 0.8% of the prison population.

The occupancy level of Trinidad and Tobago's prison system is at 81.8% capacity as of 2019. Trinidad and Tobago has nine prison establishments; Golden Grove Prison, Maximum Security Prison, Port of Spain Prison, Eastern Correctional Rehabilitation Centre, Remand Prison, Tobago Convict Prison, Carrera Convict Island Prison, Women's Prison and Youth Training and Rehabilitation Centre.{{cite web|url=https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|title=Programmes – Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152849/https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|url-status=live}} Trinidad and Tobago also use labour yards as prisons, or means of punishment.{{cite web|url=http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|title=Laws of Trinidad and Tobago Prisons Act|last=Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs|date=31 December 2015|website=www.legalaffairs.gov.tt|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152848/http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|url-status=live}}

Trinidad and Tobago, situated in a region susceptible to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, and flooding, as well as man-made disasters such as oil spills, has a multi-layered disaster management system.{{Cite web |title=ODPM chief to Tobago: Brace for hurricanes |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/odpm-chief-to-tobago-brace-for-hurricanes-6.2.2012000.24dd5b0efc |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}

The Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government, along with regional and municipal corporations, are the first responders to major disasters. Each corporation maintains a Disaster Management Unit (DMU) responsible for managing all phases of extreme weather events within their local area.{{Cite web |title=Disaster Management |url=https://rdlg.gov.tt/disaster-management/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Ministry of Rural Development and Local Government |language=en-US}} In Tobago, the Tobago Emergency Management Agency (TEMA), under the Tobago House of Assembly, handles disaster and emergency management.{{Cite web |last=George |first=Kinnesha |date=2025-03-12 |title=TEMA celebrates 27 years, needs equipment upgrades, more funding |url=https://newsday.co.tt/2025/03/11/tema-celebrates-27-years-needs-equipment-upgrades-more-funding/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday |language=en-US}} The Trinidad and Tobago Fire Service acts as the primary emergency response agency.

The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM), under the Ministry of National Security, serves as the strategic coordinating agency. It plans, prepares, coordinates, and manages disaster response for the entire nation, and also coordinates Trinidad and Tobago's response to regional disasters.{{Cite web |title=ODPM continues to coordinate relief efforts post-Beryl |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/odpm-continues-to-coordinate-relief-efforts-postberyl-6.2.2043899.4003b5239f |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=production2.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}

The Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries is responsible for the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan, coordinating all efforts related to oil spills on land and sea.{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries {{!}} National Oil Spill Contingency Plan |url=https://www.energy.gov.tt/our-business/environmental-management/national-oil-spill-contingency-plan/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.energy.gov.tt}}

{{Main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago}}

The population of the country estimated at between 1.4 to 1.5 million by the mid 2020s.{{Citation |title=Trinidad and Tobago |date=2024-08-07 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}

{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Ethnic groups}}

{{bar box

|title=Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago {{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|title= Central America and Caribbean :: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 17 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071723/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status= live}}

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{{bar percent|Indian |Blue|35.4}}

{{bar percent|African |Orange| 34.2}}

{{bar percent|Mixed |Yellow|30.1}}

{{bar percent|Unspecified |Red|6.2}}

{{bar percent|Other|Black| 1.3}}

}}

The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration."[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm Trouble in paradise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm |date=28 October 2020 }}". BBC News. (1 May 2002). While the earliest inhabitants were of indigenous heritage, the two dominant groups in the country are now those of Indian-South Asian heritage and those of sub-Saharan African heritage. Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.4%); they are primarily the descendants of indentured workers from India,{{Cite news|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|title=Twists and turns in search for ancestry|website=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925130403/https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|url-status=live}} brought to replace freed (formerly enslaved) Afro-Trinidadians who refused to continue working on the sugar plantations. Through cultural preservation many residents of Indian descent continue to maintain traditions from their ancestral homeland. Indo-Trinidadians reside primarily on Trinidad; as of the 2011 census only 2.5% of Tobago's population was of Indian descent.{{cite report|title=Non-Institutional Population by Sex, Age Group, Ethnic Group and Municipality|publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=20 August 2019|date=|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}

Afro-Trinidadians make up the country's second largest ethnic group, with approximately 34.2% of the population identifying as being of African descent. The majority of people of an African background are the descendants of enslaved West Africans forcibly transported to the islands from as early as the 16th century. This group constitute the majority on Tobago, at 85.2%.

The bulk of the rest of the population are those who identify as being of mixed heritage which equates to 30% of the population. There are also small but significant minorities of people of Indigenous, European, Portuguese, Latin American, Chinese, and Arab descent.

Arima in Trinidad is a noted centre of First Peoples' culture, including as the headquarters of the Carib Queen and the location of the Santa Rosa First Peoples Community.

There is a Cocoa Panyol community in Trinidad and Tobago whose ancestors were migrant labourers of mixed Spanish, indigenous, and African descent who came from Venezuela between the late 19th and early 20th century to work on the cocoa estates.{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|title=Trinidad and Tobago - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=2 November 2023|access-date=22 September 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210022332/https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status=live}}

{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Language}}

English is the official language. Additional languages on the islands are Trinidadian English Creole, Tobagonian English Creole, Trinidadian Hindustani, Antillean French Creole (Patois), Spanish, and Chinese.

{{further|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|Trinidadian Creole|Tobagonian Creole}}

File:Roti Shop, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg

English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is Trinidadian and Tobagonian English or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two English-based creole languages (Trinidadian Creole or Tobagonian Creole), which reflects the Indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and French Creole (Patois).Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162817/http://vsites.unb.br/il/liv/crioul/textos/ferreira.htm THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO]}}. University of the West Indies. unb.br

{{further|Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani}}

Trinidadian Hindustani, Trinidadian Bhojpuri, Trinidadian Hindi, Indian, Plantation Hindustani, or Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech) are names for the variety of Hindustani spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155 |title = The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration|isbn = 9780761932185|last1 = Jayaram|first1 = N.|last2 = Atal|first2 = Yogesh|date = 24 May 2004}} A majority of the early Indian indentured immigrants spoke the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard Hindi and Urdu phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNVnQAACAAJ |title = Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935)|isbn = 9789766483227|last1 = Gooptar|first1 = Primnath|year = 2014| publisher=Caribbean Educational Publishers }} The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a first language, but rather as a heritage language, as they favored English as a way out.{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | title=The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity | website=YouTube | date=4 May 2020 | access-date=1 October 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015171016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | url-status=live }} Around the mid to late 1960s the lingua franca of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of Hindinized version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms such as, Bhajan, Indian classical music, Indian folk music, Filmi, Pichakaree, Chutney, Chutney soca, and Chutney parang. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of Hinglish that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |title=Hindustani, Sarnami |website=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165023/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web | url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=20 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230931/https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | url-status=live }}{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | title=10,000 students graduate in Hindi | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=8 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108190248/https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar |date=December 1999 |title=The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English |journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=45 |issue=4|pages= 13–34|doi= 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}} World Hindi Day is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha.{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|title=TT celebrates World Hindi Day|date=19 January 2020|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009023312/https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|url-status=live}}

{{further|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian Spanish}}

File:STAPP 013 San Fernando Harris Promenade.jpg

{{Excerpt|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|paragraphs=1|references=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/|hat=no|only=paragraphs}}{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=Trinidad and Tobago registers Venezuelan asylum-seekers to legalise their status |url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}

{{further|Tamil language|Tamil diaspora#Trinidad and Tobago}}

The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older Tamil (Madrasi) Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian labourers from the present-day state of Tamil Nadu in India. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=PART ONE: Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad|website=YouTube|date=9 January 2017 }}{{cbignore}}

{{further|Chinese language}}

A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from southern China and spoke the Hakka and Yue dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as Mandarin and Min.{{cite web|url=http://www.studycountry.com/|title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago|website=Studycountry|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|title=Chinese Arrival|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208050743/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|url-status=live}} J. Dyer Ball, writing in 1906, says: "In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago, 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders,

etc."J. Dyer Ball, Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China. Fourth Edition Revised and enlarged. New York: Charles Scribner's sons, 1906, p. 144.

The indigenous languages were Yao on Trinidad and Karina on Tobago, both Cariban, and Shebaya on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.

{{main|Religion in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{further|Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha|Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago|Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad Orisha|Spiritual Baptist}}

File:Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Port of Spain).JPG in Port of Spain, a major landmark of Roman Catholicism in Trinidad and Tobago]]

File:TnT Hanuman Statue 1.jpg murti in Carapichaima, a noted centre of Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian culture; it is one of the largest statues of Hanuman outside of India]]

Trinidad and Tobago is religiously diverse, with the population practicing a wide range of faiths. As of 2020, Christianity remains the largest religion, followed by Hinduism and Islam.{{cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago 2020 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/60a6e8e54.html |website=Refworld |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=19 April 2025}}

{{bar box

|title = Religion in Trinidad and Tobago (2020)

|titlebar = #ddd

|left1 = Religion

|right1 = Percent

|float = right

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|bars =

{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|65.9}}

{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|22.7}}

{{bar percent|Islam|green|5.9}}

{{bar percent|Other religions|black|1.9}}

{{bar percent|None/Not stated|grey|3.6}}

}}

Christianity is followed by around 65.9% of the population. Major Christian denominations include Roman Catholics, Pentecostals, Anglicans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Moravians.

Hinduism, practiced by approximately 22.7%, is the second-largest religion. It is most visible in Indo-Trinidadian communities, especially in central Trinidad. Diwali is a national holiday, and numerous Hindu organizations are active, most prominently the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha and Arya Samaj.

Islam is practiced by 5.9% of the population, mainly among Indo-Trinidadians and Afro-Trinidadians. Eid al-Fitr is a national holiday, and other Muslim observances such as Eid al-Adha and Hosay are widely recognized.

Other religions include Rastafarianism,Spiritual Baptist,and Trinidad Orisha faiths, as well as Baháʼí, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Judaism. The Jewish population is small, with about 55 individuals as of 2007.

Around 3.6% of the population are either non-religious or did not state a religion.

{{Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{Main|Education in Trinidad and Tobago}}

Children generally start pre-school at two and a half years but this is not mandatory. They are, however, expected to have basic reading and writing skills when they commence primary school. Students begin primary school at age five and move on to secondary after seven years. The seven classes of primary school consists of First Year and Second Year, followed by Standard One through Standard Five. During the final year of primary school, students prepare for and sit the Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) which determines the secondary school the child will attend.Norrel A. London, "Ideology and politics in English-language education in Trinidad and Tobago: The colonial experience and a postcolonial critique." Comparative Education Review 47.3 (2003): 287–320.

File:TnT St. Augustine UWI Campus.jpg, St. Augustine]]

Students attend secondary school for a minimum of five years, leading to the CSEC (Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate) examinations, which is the equivalent of the British GCSE O levels. Children with satisfactory grades may opt to continue high school for a further two-year period, leading to the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE), the equivalent of GCE A levels. Both CSEC and CAPE examinations are held by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). Public Primary and Secondary education is free for all, although private and religious schooling is available for a fee.

Tertiary education for tuition costs are provided for via GATE (The Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses), up to the level of the bachelor's degree, at the University of the West Indies (UWI), the University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT), the University of the Southern Caribbean (USC), the College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago (COSTAATT) and certain other local accredited institutions. Government also currently subsidises some Masters programmes. Both the Government and the private sector also provide financial assistance in the form of academic scholarships to gifted or needy students for study at local, regional or international universities. Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 108th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, down from 91st in 2019.{{cite book |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2024 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2 |doi= 10.34667/tind.50062 |location=Geneva|page=18 |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |last2=Dutta |first2=Soumitra. |last3=Lanvin |first3=Bruno. |last4=Rivera León |first4=Lorena. |last5=Wunsch-Vincent |first5=Sacha. }}{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}{{cite book |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062 |location=Geneva|page=18 |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |last2=Dutta |first2=Soumitra. |last3=Lanvin |first3=Bruno. |last4=Rivera León |first4=Lorena. |last5=Wunsch-Vincent |first5=Sacha. }}

{{Main|Women in Trinidad and Tobago}}

While women account for only 49% of the population, they constitute nearly 55% of the workforce in the country."The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.

{{Main|Economy of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Piarco International Airport, 2010.jpg

Trinidad and Tobago is the most developed nation and one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean and is listed in the top 40 (2010 information) of the 70 high-income countries in the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Its gross national income per capita of US$20,070Planning, Family. (30 September 2015) [http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago Trinidad and Tobago {{!}} Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050254/http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago |date=17 May 2015 }}. World Bank. Retrieved 5 November 2015. (2014 gross national income at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP – per capita (PPP)|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|url-status=dead}} In November 2011, the OECD removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of developing countries.{{cite news|last=Gopie|first=Rajiv|date=3 November 2011|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|title=Are we developed?|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106133126/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|archive-date=6 January 2012|access-date=30 May 2012}} Trinidad's economy is strongly influenced by the petroleum industry. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. Tourism is a growing sector, particularly on Tobago, although proportionately it is much less important than in many other Caribbean islands. Agricultural products include citrus and cocoa. It also supplies manufactured goods, notably food, beverages, and cement, to the Caribbean region.

File:refinerypointeapierre.JPG. A strong petrochemical and oil industry has boosted the economy and the country is less reliant on tourism or agriculture]]

Trinidad and Tobago is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is heavily dependent upon these resources. Oil and gas account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports, but only 5% of employment. Recent growth has been fuelled by investments in liquefied natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals, and steel. Additional petrochemical, aluminium, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning.

The country is also a regional financial centre, and the economy has a growing trade surplus. The expansion of Atlantic LNG over the past six years created the largest single-sustained phase of economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago. The nation is an exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m³ in 2017. The largest markets for Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports are Chile and the United States.{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Natural Gas|publisher=BP.com|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109100916/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|url-status=live}}

Trinidad and Tobago has transitioned from an oil-based economy to a natural gas based economy. In 2017, natural gas production totalled 18.5 billion m³, a decrease of 0.4% from 2016 with 18.6 billion m³ of production. Oil production has decreased over the past decade from 7.1 million metric tonnes per year in 2007 to 4.4 million metric tonnes per year in 2017.{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Oil|year=2018|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109062005/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|url-status=live}} In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG's fourth production module or "train" for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train four has increased Atlantic LNG's overall output capacity by almost 50% and is the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

File:Pigeon Point beach.jpg beach, Tobago]]

Trinidad and Tobago is far less dependent on tourism than many other Caribbean countries and territories, with the bulk of tourist activity occurring on Tobago. The government has made efforts to boost this sector in recent years.

Some of the attractions of the island are its street food culture and cultural events, and Aripita Avenue in Port of Spain is one noted place for this.{{Cite web |last=Tobago |first=Discover Trinidad & |date=2014-08-14 |title=Trinidad's Ariapita Avenue: liming & dining |url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Ariapita-Avenue |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago |language=en-GB}}

File:TnT Maracas Falls 3.jpg)]]

Historically agricultural production including sugar and coffee dominated the economy, with sugar cane earning the most money, and providing the most employment. Some of the sugar produced was eaten in Trinidad but most of it was sold to United Kingdom, Canada, and United States. Cocoa was the second most valuable crop, and covers more area than sugar cane. Sugar production ceased around 2010 or so due to deflated prices of the time and high production costs.

Most farmers grow cocoa to sell to other countries that cannot grow it themselves. Trinidad was once the second biggest producer of cocoa after Ecuador, but this would not last long. As countries in West Africa and South America began growing cocoa at a lower price, Trinidad lost many of its customers.{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=F.C. |title=A First Geography of Trinidad & Tobago |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1968 |isbn=9780521049511 |pages=6 |language=English}}

Agriculture has been in steep decline since the 20th century and now forms just 0.4% of the country's GDP and employs 3.1% of the workforce. Various fruits and vegetables are grown, such as cucumbers, eggplant, cassava, pumpkin, dasheen (taro) and coconut, and fishing is still also commonly practised.

Trinidad and Tobago, in an effort to undergo economic transformation through diversification, formed InvesTT in 2012 to serve as the country's sole investment promotion agency. This agency is aligned to the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is to be the key agent in growing the country's non-oil and gas sectors significantly and sustainably.{{cite journal|title=Agency Focus |date=January 2013 |journal=Tradelinks |page=10 |url=http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707033818/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}

File:Deen's Doubles Menu - Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Indies.jpg

Trinidad and Tobago is home to the largest brewery company in CARICOM, the Carib Brewery. It also has a number of food production facilities including a Nestle plant. Because the island has less land and a higher income than average there is a tendency to import food, nevertheless there is local production of many products including milk, chocolate, coconuts, and alcoholic beverages among others.{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago's food and beverage sector offers new potential - The Americas 2016 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/trinidad-tobago/2016-report/economy/bon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=oxfordbusinessgroup.com|date=12 July 2016 }} In 2022, the output of the Food, Beverage, and Tobacco industry was almost 8 billion Trinidian dollars.{{Cite web |title=Trade Minister assures: TT economy remains buoyant {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/trade-minister-assures-tt-economy-remains-buoyant |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Loop News |language=en}}

An example of a restaurant chain in Trinidad and Tobago is Royal Castle.{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/travel/24-fast-food-restaurants-we-wish-were-us-slideshow/slide-19 | title=24 Fast-Food Restaurants We Wish Were in the U.S. | date=19 June 2014 | publisher=TheDailyMeal.com | accessdate=2017-01-21}}

See also :Category:Food and drink companies of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago has a well developed communications sector. The telecommunications and broadcasting sectors generated an estimated TT$5.63 billion (US$0.88 billion) in 2014, which as a percentage of GDP equates to 3.1 percent. This represented a 1.9 percent increase in total revenues generated by this industry compared to last year. Of total telecommunications and broadcasting revenues, mobile voice services accounted for the majority of revenues with TT$2.20 billion (39.2 percent). This was followed by internet services which contributed TT$1.18 billion or 21.1 percent. The next highest revenue earners for the industry were fixed voice services and paid television services whose contributions totalled TT$0.76 billion and TT$0.70 billion respectively (13.4 percent and 12.4 percent). International voice services was next in line, generating TT$0.27 billion (4.7 percent) in revenues. Free-to Air radio and television services contributed TT$0.18 billion and TT$0.13 billion respectively (3.2 percent and 2.4 percent). Finally, other contributors included "other revenues" and "leased line services" with earnings of TT$0.16 billion and TT$0.05 billion respectively, with 2.8 percent and 0.9 percent.[http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 Annual Market Report 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123951/http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 |date=9 July 2015 }}. Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago

There are several providers for each segment of the telecommunications market. Fixed Lines Telephone service is provided by Digicel, TSTT (operating as bmobile) and Cable & Wireless Communications operating as FLOW; cellular service is provided by TSTT (operating as bmobile) and Digicel whilst internet service is provided by TSTT, FLOW, Digicel, Green Dot and Lisa Communications.

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the creative industries as a pathway to economic growth and development. It is one of the newest, most dynamic sectors where creativity, knowledge and intangibles serve as the basic productive resource. In 2015, the Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company Limited (CreativeTT) was established as a state agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a mandate to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activities of the Creative Industries in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth, and, as such, the company is responsible for the strategic and business development of the three niche areas and sub sectors currently under its purview – Music, Film and Fashion. MusicTT, FilmTT and FashionTT are the subsidiaries established to fulfil this mandate.

{{Main|Transport in Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:CRHUBH intersection.JPG and Uriah Butler Highway, 2009]]

File:TnT Tunapuna Eastern Main Road.jpg

The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and San Fernando, and international airports on both islands. The Uriah Butler Highway, Churchill Roosevelt Highway and the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway links the island of Trinidad together, whereas the Claude Noel Highway is the only major highway in Tobago. Public transportation options on land are public buses, private taxis and minibuses. By sea, the options are inter-island ferries and inter-city water taxis.{{cite web |url=http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |title=Government of Trinidad and Tobago Information Services press release on water taxis |publisher=News.gov.tt |date=30 December 2008 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093631/http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |url-status=live }}

The island of Trinidad is served by Piarco International Airport located in Piarco, which opened on 8 January 1931.{{Cite book |last=Kelshall |first=Gaylord |title=The History of Aviation in Trinidad & Tobago, 1913-1962 |publisher=Paria Pub. Co |year=1987 |isbn=9789768054043 |edition=1st}} Sitting at an elevation of {{convert|17.4|m|ft|0}} above sea level, it comprises an area of {{convert|680|ha|acre}} and has a runway of {{convert|3200|m}}. The airport consists of two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal. The older South Terminal underwent renovations in 2009 for use as a VIP entrance point during the fifth Summit of the Americas. The North Terminal was completed in 2001, and consists of{{cite web|url=http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210532/http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|title=Airport Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Welcome to Piarco Airport}} 14-second-level aircraft gates with jetways for international flights, two ground-level domestic gates and 82 ticket counter positions. Piarco International Airport was named the Best Airport in the Caribbean in 2023 by international air transport rating organisation Skytrax. According to the Trinidad Guardian "This is the third consecutive year that Piarco has copped this award."{{Cite web |title=Piarco International rated Best Airport in the Caribbean again |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/piarco-international-rated-best-airport-in-the-caribbean-again-6.2.1658841.7b2dd0f319#:~:text=Piarco%20International%20Airport%20has%20once,in%20Amsterdam%20on%20March%2015th. |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}

File:Caribbean Airlines Boeing 737-800 9Y-TAB (8504733249).jpg is the largest in the region.]]

In 2008, the passenger throughput at Piarco International Airport was approximately 2.6 million. It is the seventh busiest airport in the Caribbean and the third busiest in the English-speaking Caribbean, after Sangster International Airport and Lynden Pindling International Airport.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Caribbean Airlines, the national airline, operates its main hub at the Piarco International Airport and services the Caribbean, the United States, Canada and South America. The airline is wholly owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. After an additional cash injection of US$50 million, the Trinidad and Tobago government acquired the Jamaican airline Air Jamaica on 1 May 2010, with a 6–12-month transition period to follow.Daraine Luton, [http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html Caribbean Airlines to re-hire 1,000 workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033610/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html |date=26 January 2022 }}. The Jamaica Gleaner, (29 April 2010). Retrieved 30 May 2012.

The Island of Tobago is served by the A.N.R. Robinson International Airport in Crown Point. This airport has regular services to North America and Europe. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government.

Trinidad was formerly home to a railway network, however this was closed down in 1968.{{cite web |url=http://ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410075955/http://www.ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=History |publisher=Public Transport Service Corporation on |access-date=20 October 2013 }} There have been talks to build a new railway on the islands, though nothing yet has come of this.{{cite news | work=Railway Gazette International | date=11 April 2008 | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | title=Trinidad rapid rail consortium confirmed | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616081058/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | archive-date=16 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}

Trinidad and Tobago is the region's leading exporter of oil and gas but imports of fossil fuels provided over 90% of the energy consumed by its CARICOM neighbours in 2008. This vulnerability led CARICOM to develop an Energy Policy which was approved in 2013. This policy is accompanied by the CARICOM Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). Under the policy, renewable energy sources are to contribute 20% of the total electricity generation mix in member states by 2017, 28% by 2022 and 47% by 2027.{{harvp|Ramkissoon|Kahwa|2015}}

In 2014 Trinidad and Tobago was the third country in the world which emitted the most {{CO2}} per capita after Qatar and Curacao according to the World Bank.{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|title=CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)|publisher=World Bank Group|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|url-status=live}} On average, each inhabitant produced 34.2 metric tons of {{CO2}} in the atmosphere. In comparison, the world average was 5.0 tons per capita the same year. Over recent years {{CO2}} emissions have declined, so that in 2021 at 21.01 tonnes per capita, Trinidad and Tobago ranked fourth, after the tiny countries smaller than half a million, such as Curacao, are excluded, and is the only non-Middle East country in the remaining worst seven {{CO2}} emitters on a per capita basis.

File:Top 20 intensity of economy emitters.png. (Data available from )]]

In terms of emissions intensity of economy (defined as {{CO2}} emissions per unit of GDP), Trinidad and Tobago ranked third globally. Its emissions-source profile is unique amongst the worst {{CO2}} intensity emitters as the so-called "other sectors", which includes: industrial process emissions, agricultural soils and waste, accounts for more than fifty per cent of fossil {{CO2}} emissions, rather than the power industry, other industrial combustion, transport and buildings sectors.

The Caribbean Industrial Research Institute in Trinidad and Tobago facilitates climate change research and provides industrial support for R&D related to food security. It also carries out equipment testing and calibration for major industries.

{{Main|Culture of Trinidad and Tobago}}

Trinidad and Tobago has a diverse culture with African, Indian, Creole, European, Chinese, Indigenous, Latin American, and Arab influences, reflecting the various communities who have migrated to the islands over the centuries.

Steelpan music, the limbo dance competition, and carnival with its elaborate costumes, and Caribbean street foods are some of the famous cultures of the islands.

{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago artists}}

Trinidadian designer Peter Minshall is renowned not only for his Carnival costumes but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the Barcelona Olympics, the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 1996 Summer Olympics, and the 2002 Winter Olympics, for which he won an Emmy Award.[http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm "Peter Minshall – Mas Innovator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002000717/http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm |date=2 October 2017 }}, Caribbean Icons.

{{Main|Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:FOOD Doubles 2.jpg]]

File:Aloo Pie.jpg

Diversity is also reflected the culinary culture, which bears witness to a variety of influences, including African, Indian, Chinese, Creole, European, Amerindian, Latin American, and North American.{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=Eleonora |title=Food Across Cultures. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-11153-3 |editor-last=Balirano |editor-first=Giuseppe |location=Cham |pages=43–70 |chapter=Callaloo or Pelau? Food, identity and politics in Trinidad and Tobago}} Street food is popular, and some examples are doubles, aloo pie, saheena, phoulourie, kachorie, baiganee, pies, accra, bake and shark, barbecue, souse, chow, black pudding, arepas, gyros, and others.{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}} Some main and/or side dishes are curry crab and dumpling, pelau, oil down, pastelles, buljol, cou-cou, callaloo, ground provisions, fried plantain, red beans and rice, fried chicken, stewed chicken, barbecue chicken, fried fish, macaroni pie,{{Cite web |last=Victoria |date=2021-07-11 |title=Trinidad Macaroni Pie |url=https://mission-food.com/trinidad-macaroni-pie/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Mission Food Adventure |language=en-US}} fry bake, dhal bhat (dhal and rice), kurhee, dhalpuri, paratha, sada roti, dosti roti, curry chicken, curry goat, geera pork, curry fish, curry shrimp, curry channa and aloo, curry baigan, bhajee, mango tarkari, curry chataigne, bodi, seim, pumpkin (kohra), baigan chokha, damadol (tomatoes) chokha, aloo choka, kitchrie, tarkaris, pepper shrimp, fried rice, chow mein, and many others. Some noted soups are chicken, cow heel, fish broth, and corn soup. Some desserts and sweets include cassava pone, sweet bread, coconut drops, currants roll, sponge cake, black cake, kurma, gulab jamun, jalebi, laddoo, halwa, mohanbhog (parsad), pera, gujiya, maleeda, laapsi, sweet rice, barfi, rasgulla, sawine, sugar cake, toolum, and coconut, mango, or soursop ice cream.{{Cite web |title=Trinidadian Food: Top 35 Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-dishes-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}

Of these one of the most famous is doubles, which is two bara (fried flatbread) with channa (curried chickpeas) with various condiments like chutneys, kuchela, and pepper sauce. This is the most popular street food in the country.{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}} Doubles are popular late-night snack or breakfast, are thought to have been invented in 1936 on Trinidad.{{Cite web |title=7 Best Street Foods in Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-street-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}

Types of food that are popular are street food, celebration foods, deserts, and condiments like various chutneys.{{Cite web |title=What is Trinidadian Food? |url=https://trinciti.com/what-is-trinidadian-food/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Trinciti Roti Shop |language=en-US}} Fresh coconut water, rum, Mauby, are some examples.{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=Foodie |date=2023-02-13 |title=10 Must-Try Drinks In Trinidad & Tobago 🇹🇹 |url=https://www.foodienationtt.com/single-post/10-must-try-drinks-in-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=foodie-nation |language=en}} Having a fresh coconut water with "jelly", bitters, various mixed drinks, sorrel, are among noted beverages of the islands. Trinidadian gyros and shawarma are other noted food item, which was popularized by Lebanese and Syrian migrants to the islands.{{Cite web |last=Ramnarine |first=Davindra |date=2019-04-05 |title=15 Dishes For You To Discover The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.goatrotichronicles.ca/trini-food-cuisine-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Goat Roti Chronicles |language=en-US}}

The limbo dance originated in Trinidad as an event that took place at wakes in Trinidad. The limbo has African roots. It was popularized in the 1950s by dance pioneer Julia Edwards{{cite web|title = Julia Edwards|author = Emrit, Ronald C.|url = http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|website = www.bestoftrinidad.com|access-date = 29 April 2015|archive-date = 1 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191201043543/http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|url-status = live}} (known as the "First Lady of Limbo") and her company which appeared in several films.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|title=Limbo Dance|website=www.tntisland.com|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201204053/http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|url-status=live}} Bélé, Bongo, and wining are also dance forms with African roots.{{Cite web|url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|title=Trinidad's arts & culture: an overview|date=2 January 2010|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730113509/https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|url-status=live}}

Jazz, ballroom, ballet, modern, and salsa dancing are also popular.

Indian dance forms are also prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|title=Rhythms of our people|first=Lisa|last=Allen-Agostini|author-link=Lisa Allen-Agostini|journal=Caribbean Beat|issue=93|date=1 September 2008|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155237/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|url-status=live}} Kathak, Odissi, and Bharatanatyam are the most popular Indian classical dance forms in Trinidad and Tobago.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/20207141|title=THE FILMI INFLUENCE ON EAST INDIAN DRESS AND DANCE IN TRINIDAD|first=Primnath|last=Gooptar|website=www.academia.edu|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101717/https://www.academia.edu/20207141|url-status=live}} Indian folk dances, such as launda ke naach, as well as Bollywood dances and chutney dancing are also popular.

{{further|Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Orange Carnival Masqueraders in Trinidad.jpg]]

File:Divalinagar.jpg entrance in Chaguanas; Divali Nagar is one of the largest Diwali celebration outside India{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|title=Divali Nagar, City of Lights in Trinidad and Tobago By Raj Shah ||date=28 September 2018 |access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233126/https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Divali in Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=British Council |website=caribbean.britishcouncil.org |url=https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233135/https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |url-status=live }}]]

The island is particularly renowned for its annual Carnival celebrations. Festivals rooted in various religions and cultures practiced on the islands are also popular. Hindu festivals include Diwali, Phagwah (Holi), Nauratri, Vijayadashami, Maha Shivratri, Krishna Janmashtami, Ram Naumi, Hanuman Jayanti, Ganesh Utsav, Saraswati Jayanti, Kartik Nahan, Makar Sankranti, Pitru Paksha, Raksha Bandhan, Mesha Sankranti, Guru Purnima, Tulasi Vivaha, Vivaha Panchami, Kalbhairo Jayanti, Datta Jayanti, and Gita Jayanti.{{Cite web|title=Calendar 2023|date=2023|url=https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408161043/https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|url-status=live}} Christian holidays and observances include Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day, Lent, Palm Sunday, Easter, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter Monday, Octave of Easter, Pentecost, Whit Monday, Old Year's Day, New Year's Day, Christmas, Boxing Day, Epiphany, Assumption of Mary, Feast of Corpus Christi, All Souls' Day, All Saints' Day.{{Cite web|url = https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|title = All Souls' Day: Remembrance of friends past|date = November 2003|access-date = 28 November 2020|archive-date = 4 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204144451/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|url-status = live}} Muslim holidays include Hosay (Ashura), Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Day of Arafah, Mawlid, Ramadan, Chaand Raat, and Shab-e-barat. People of Indian descent celebrate Indian Arrival Day to commemorate the arrival of their indentured Indian ancestors beginning in 1845 and people of African descent celebrate Emancipation Day to commemorate the day their African ancestors were emancipated from slavery. Trinidad and Tobago was the first country in the world to recognize both of these holiday and make them public holidays. The Indigenous Amerindians have their Santa Rosa Indigenous Festival and the Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians have the Chinese New Year, although they are not public national holidays.{{cite web|title=Chinese New Year, Trinidad-Style|website=NPR|date=2 February 2011 |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527022953/https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|url-status=live |last1=Ganeshram |first1=Ramin }} National holidays such as Independence Day, Republic Day and Labour Day are celebrated as well.

{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago literature}}

File:VS Naipaul 2016 Dhaka.jpg in 2016]]

Trinidad and Tobago claims two Nobel Prize-winning authors, V. S. Naipaul and St Lucian-born Derek Walcott (who also founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop). Other notable writers include Michael Anthony, Neil Bissoondath, Vahni Capildeo, Merle Hodge, C. L. R. James, Earl Lovelace, Rabindranath Maharaj, Kenneth Ramchand and Samuel Selvon.

{{Main|Music of Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{further|Indo-Caribbean music|Afro-Caribbean music}}

File:Nicki Minaj interview 2016.jpg{{Cite web |date=21 June 2021 |title=Who Are the Top 5 Female Rappers of All-Time? |url=https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=iamCrü |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |url-status=live }}]]

File:Trinidad and Tobago Sweet Tassa.jpg is a percussion ensemble of Indian origin that is popular in Trinidad and Tobago.]]

Trinidad and Tobago is the birthplace of calypso music and the steelpan.{{cite web |url=http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |title=20th Century Percussion |publisher=h2g2.com |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234824/http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |url-status=live }}Hill, Donald R. (1993) Calypso Calaloo: Early Carnival Music in Trinidad. {{ISBN|0-8130-1221-X}}. University Press of Florida. 2nd Edition: Temple University Press (2006) {{ISBN|1-59213-463-7}}, pp. 8–10, 203–209. See also p. 284, n. 1.Quevedo, Raymond (Atilla the Hun), Atilla's Kaiso: a short history of Trinidad calypso (1983). University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. pp. 2–14. Trinidad is also the birthplace of soca music, chutney music, chutney-soca, parang, rapso, pichakaree and chutney parang.{{cite web |last=Ingram |first=Amy |title=What is Chutney Music? |url=http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163511/http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=Wesleyan University}}{{Cite web |title=Parang Music |url=https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205933/https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=Destination Trinidad and Tobago}}{{cite web |title=Soca Music History |url=http://www.artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919151706/http://artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=Artdrum}}

{{main|List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago|Radio in Trinidad and Tobago|Television in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago films}}

Geoffrey Holder (brother of Boscoe Holder) and Heather Headley are two Trinidad-born artists who have won Tony Awards for theatre. Holder also has a distinguished film career, and Headley has won a Grammy Award as well.

Indian theatre is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. Nautankis and dramas such as Raja Harishchandra, Raja Nal, Raja Rasalu, Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar), Indra Sabha, Bhakt Prahalad, Lorikayan, Gopichand, and Alha-Khand were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLu0dXWslcg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jLu0dXWslcg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=TASSA THUNDER : Folk Music from India to the Caribbean|date=25 March 2014 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}} Ramleela, the drama about the life of the Hindu deity Rama, is popular during the time between Sharad Navaratri and Vijaydashmi, and Ras leela (Krishna leela), the drama about the life of the Hindu deity Krishna, is popular around the time of Krishna Janmashtami.{{Cite web|url=https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|title=Ramleela | National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago|work=National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago |date=8 September 2017|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055324/https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|url-status=live |last1=Lovelace |first1=Tiy Cross }}{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|title=BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMLEELA IN T&T – NRCTT Inc.|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120170131/http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|url-status=usurped}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.453545.298d63012f|title=Ramleela on the rise|first=Trinidad|last=Guardian|website=www.guardian.co.tt}}

Trinidad and Tobago is also the smallest country to have two Miss Universe titleholders and had the first black woman ever to win: Janelle Commissiong in 1977, followed by Wendy Fitzwilliam in 1998; the country has also had one Miss World titleholder, Giselle LaRonde who won in 1986.

File:Trinidad national museum 2006-23-02.JPG

{{main|List of museums in Trinidad and Tobago}}

Trinidad and Tobago has a variety of museums, covering everything from classic cars, art, history, to zoology.{{Cite web |title=Intriguing Museums |url=https://www.insandoutstt.com/articles/intriguing-museums |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.insandoutstt.com |language=en}}

{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics|Trinidad and Tobago at the Pan American Games}}

File:TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG at the 2012 London Olympics]]

Hasely Crawford won the first Olympic gold medal for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's 100-metre dash in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Nine different athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won twelve medals at the Olympics, beginning with a silver medal in weightlifting, won by Rodney Wilkes in 1948.{{cite web |title=Rodney Adolphus Wilkes Biography |url=https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |publisher=Caribbean Memory Project |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |url-status=live }} Most recently, a gold medal was won by Keshorn Walcott in the men's javelin throw in 2012. Ato Boldon has won the most Olympic and World Championship medals for Trinidad and Tobago in athletics, with eight in total – four from the Olympics and four from the World Championships. Boldon won the 1997 200-metre dash World Championship in Athens, and was the sole world champion Trinidad and Tobago had produced until Jehue Gordon in Moscow 2013. Swimmer George Bovell III won a bronze medal in the men's 200 metres Individual Medley in 2004. At the 2017 World Championship in London, the Men's 4x400 relay team captured the title, thus the country now celebrates three world championships titles. The team consisted of Jarrin Solomon, Jareem Richards, Machel Cedenio and Lalonde Gordon with Renny Quow who ran in the heats.

In 2018, The Court of Arbitration for Sport made its final decision on the failed doping sample from the Jamaican team in the 4 x 100 relay in the 2008 Olympic Games. The team from Trinidad and Tobago will be awarded the gold medal, because of the second rank during the relay run.{{cite news|url=http://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|title=Bolt verliert Staffel-Gold endgültig|last=dpa|work=Westfälische Nachrichten|access-date=1 June 2018|language=de|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042314/https://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|url-status=live}}

In 2023, Trinidad and Tobago hosted the 2023 Commonwealth Youth Games.

In 2024, Trinidadian sprinter Leah Bertrand competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics for the first time.{{Cite web |title=Leah Bertrand {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/leah-bertrand-2114697 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Moe |first=Cherisse |date=2024-07-27 |title=First-Time Olympian Leah Bertrand: From Volleyball Court to Olympic Track |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/features/first-time-olympian-leah-bertrand-from-volleyball-court-to-olympic-track/article_c48883fc-4c3b-11ef-bd64-afe2fd6b0b1f.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}} Overall, TT sent about 17 athletes to the 2024 games, including noted athletes Michelle-Lee Ahye (springer), Jereem Richards (200m and 400m), Dylan Carter (swimming), Keshorn Walcott (javelin), Nicholas Paul (cyclist). Keshorn Walcott is previous Olympic medal winner, have won Gold and bronze.{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Leighton |title=Trinidad and Tobago's storied Olympic journey and prospects for Paris 2024 |url=https://sportsmax.tv/athletics/international/olympics/trinidad-and-tobago-s-storied-olympic-journey-and-prospects-for-paris-2024 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.sportsmax.tv |language=en-gb}}

(see also Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics)

{{See also|Cricket in the West Indies|Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team}}

Cricket is often deemed the national sport of Trinidad and Tobago, and there is intense inter-island rivalry with its Caribbean neighbours. Trinidad and Tobago is represented at Test cricket, One Day International as well as Twenty20 cricket level as a member of the West Indies team. The national team plays at the first-class level in regional competitions such as the Regional Four Day Competition and Regional Super50. Meanwhile, the Trinbago Knight Riders play in the Caribbean Premier League.{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |title=Caribbean Premier League Series Results |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014654/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |url-status=live }}

The Queen's Park Oval located in Port of Spain is the largest cricket ground in the West Indies, having hosted 60 Test matches as of January 2018. Trinidad and Tobago along with other islands from the Caribbean co-hosted the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

{{Main|Association football in Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:2015 Pan American Games, Argentina vs Trinidad and Tobago - Laslovarga (50).jpg

Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. The men's national football team qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup for the first time by beating Bahrain in Manama on 16 November 2005, making them the second least populated country ever to qualify, after Iceland.

The team, coached by Dutchman Leo Beenhakker, and led by Tobagonian-born captain Dwight Yorke, drew their first group game – against Sweden in Dortmund, 0–0, but lost the second game to England on late goals, 0–2. They were eliminated after losing 2–0 to Paraguay in the last game of the Group stage.

Prior to the 2006 World Cup qualification, Trinidad and Tobago came close in a controversial qualification campaign for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. Following the match, the referee of their critical game against Haiti was awarded a lifetime ban for his actions.{{cite web |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport%5CBOLDON_LaraAmes.html |title=Trinidad and Tobago Sport |work=National Library of Trinidad and Tobago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622115557/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport/BOLDON_LaraAmes.html |archive-date=22 June 2007 }} Trinidad and Tobago again fell just short of qualifying for the World Cup in 1990, needing only a draw at home against the United States but losing 1–0.{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421181109/http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-date=21 April 2008|title=The Trinidad Guardian -Online Edition Ver 2.0|access-date=30 November 2008}}

They play their home matches at the Hasely Crawford Stadium. Trinidad and Tobago hosted the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship, and hosted the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

The TT Pro League is the country's primary football competition and is the top level of the Trinidad and Tobago football league system. The Pro League serves as a league for professional football clubs in Trinidad and Tobago. The league began in 1999 as part of a need for a professional league to strengthen the country's national team and improve the development of domestic players. The first season took place in the same year beginning with eight teams.

{{See also|Trinidad and Tobago national basketball team}}

Basketball is commonly played in Trinidad and Tobago in colleges, universities and throughout various urban basketball courts. Its national team is one of the most successful teams in the Caribbean. At the Caribbean Basketball Championship it won four straight gold medals from 1986 to 1990.{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |title=National Basketball Federation of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=FIBA |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014329/https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}

File:Delon Armitage - US Oyonnax vs. Rugby Club Toulonnais, 3rd October 2014.jpg

Netball has long been a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago, although it has declined in popularity in recent years. At the Netball World Championships they co-won the event in 1979, were runners up in 1987, and second runners up in 1983.

Rugby is played in Trinidad and Tobago and continues to be a popular sport, and horse racing is regularly followed in the country.{{cite web |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |title=Let's Go Horse Racing |work=Caribbean Beat |last=Miller |first=Marlon |date=Autumn 1992 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014126/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |url-status=live }}

There is also the Trinidad and Tobago national baseball team which is controlled by the Baseball/Softball Association of Trinidad and Tobago, and represents the nation in international competitions. The team is a provisional member of the Pan American Baseball Confederation.

There are a number of 9 and 18-hole golf courses on Trinidad and Tobago. The most established is the St Andrews Golf Club, Maraval in Trinidad (commonly referred to as Moka), and there is a newer course at Trincity, near Piarco Airport called Millennium Lakes. There are 18-hole courses at Chaguramas and Point-a-Pierre and nine-hole courses at Couva and St Madeline. Tobago has two 18-hole courses. The older of the two is at Mount Irvine, with the Magdalena Hotel & Golf Club (formerly Tobago Plantations) being built more recently.{{cite web |url=https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Trinidad and Tobago Golf Guide |website=Golf Pass |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014127/https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }}

Although a minor sport, bodybuilding is of growing interest in Trinidad and Tobago. Darrem Charles, a former world class body builder, is from Trinidad and Tobago.

Dragonboat is also another water-sport that has been rapidly growing over the years. Introduced in 2006. the fraternity made consistent strides in having more members a part of the TTDBF (Trinidad and Tobago Dragonboat Federation) as well as performing on an international level such as the 10th IDBF World Nations Dragon Boat Championships in Tampa, Florida in the US in 2011.{{cite web |title=Chasing the dragon boat |date=October 2007 |last=Assing |first=Tracy |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |work=Caribbean Beat |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213034048/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |url-status=live }}

Claude Noel is a former world champion in professional boxing. He was born in Tobago.{{cite web |url=https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |title=Ringside Report Looks Back at Former Champion Claude Noel |last=Stewart |first=Donald |website=Ringsiderreport.com |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014117/https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |url-status=live }}

The Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship was started in 1937, and is an annual national chess championship.

{{Main|National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago}}

File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg

File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg

File:Chaconia UWI 2005b.jpg) is the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago]]

File:Oceanografic Scarlet Ibis 02.jpg

{{Main|Flag of Trinidad and Tobago}}

The flag was chosen by the Independence committee in 1962. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively.{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.tt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303151544/http://www.gov.tt/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2000 |title=Trinidad and Tobago government website |publisher=Gov.tt |access-date=2 May 2010 }}[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033611/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx |date=26 January 2022 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago

{{Main|Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago}}

The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the scarlet ibis (native to Trinidad), the cocrico (native to Tobago) and hummingbird. The shield bears the steelpan which is the National instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. {{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title='Proud moment' as new-look coat of arms unveiled |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/proud-moment-as-new-look-coat-of-arms-unveiled/article_cb95ade6-d6d3-11ef-a414-8b6d4118897d.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Senate unanimously approves change to Coat of Arms |url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/senate-unanimously-approves-change-to-coat-of-arms-6.2.2214204.27d984563b |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.guardian.co.tt |language=en}}

{{main|Forged from the Love of Liberty}}

The national anthem of the twin-island state is "Forged from the Love of Liberty".[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181953/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and TobagoNational anthem of Trinidad and Tobago

Other national songs include "God Bless Our Nation"{{cite web|url=http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|title=Embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago – National Songs|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928191138/http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|archive-date=28 September 2013}} and "Our Nation's Dawning".[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181942/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago

The national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is the chaconia flower. It was chosen as the national flower because it is an indigenous flower that has witnessed the history of Trinidad and Tobago. It was also chosen as the national flower because of its red colour that resembles the red of the national flag and coat of arms and because it blooms around the Independence Day of Trinidad and Tobago.{{cite web|url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|title=National Emblems – The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|website=otp.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183127/https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Scarlet ibis|Rufous-vented chachalaca}}

The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the scarlet ibis and the cocrico. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and is more likely to be seen in the forest.{{cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|title=Trinidad & Tobago National Birds|work=tntisland.com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092238/http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|url-status=live}} The hummingbird is considered another symbol of Trinidad and Tobago due to its significance to the Indigenous peoples, however, it is not a national bird.{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|title=National Symbols|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013325/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|url-status=live}}

The steelpan was approved by both Houses of Parliament to be the National instrument of Trinidad and Tobago on January 13 & 21, 2025. The steelpan is also featured in the Coat of Arms.

• List of Trinidad and Tobago–related topics
• Outline of Trinidad and Tobago
• List of Trinidadians and Tobagonians
• CARICOM

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930100054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}

{{cite report |vauthors= Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Banja M, Solazzo E, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Pagani F, Monforti-Ferrario F, Olivier JG, Quadrelli R, Risquez Martin A, Taghavi-Moharamli P, Grassi G, Rossi S, Oom D, Branco A, San-Miguel J, Vignati E |year=2022 |title= CO2 emissions of all world countries – JRC/IEA/PBL 2022 Report |doi= 10.2760/07904|publisher= Publications Office of the European Union|publication-place= Luxembourg |language=English}}

{{cite journal |vauthors = Lee Chan TG, Janes DA |title =Uncovering and Filtering Industrial Symbiosis Networks for Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Trinidad and Tobago |journal = Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume = 7 |year = 2023 |page =100109 |doi = 10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109 |doi-access = free |bibcode =2023CCST....700109L }}

}}

• {{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Gertrude |year=1961|title=The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900|publisher=Alvin Redman|place= London}}
• {{cite book|last=Kiely|first=Ray |title=The Politics of Labour and Development in Trinidad|year=1996| publisher=Press University of the West Indies| isbn=9789766400170}}
• {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric|year=1964|title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago |location=New York|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|lccn=64-13390 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthepeop006593mbp}}
• {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|chapter=Caricom |title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Ramkissoon|first1=Harold|last2=Kahwa|first2=Ishenkumba A. |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=156–173}}
• {{cite book|author=Rough Guides|year=2018|title=The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago}}
• {{Free-content attribution

| author = Harold Ramkissoon & Ishenkumba A. Kahwa

| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030

| publisher = UNESCO Publishing

| page numbers = 156–173

| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf

| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0

}}

• Besson, Gérard, & Brereton, Bridget. The Book of Trinidad (2nd edition), Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1992. {{ISBN|976-8054-36-0}}.
• Brereton, Bridget. An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago (Heinemann, 1996).
• Julian Kenny. [http://www.meppublishers.com/books/index.php?pid=1001&isbn=976-95057-0-6 Views from the Ridge], Port of Spain: Prospect Press, Media and Editorial Projects Limited, 2000/2007. {{ISBN|976-95057-0-6}}.
• Lans, Cheryl. Creole Remedies of Trinidad and Tobago. C. Lans, 2001.
• Mendes, John. Côté ci Côté là: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. Arima, Trinidad, 1986.
• Ryan, Selwyn D. Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago (University of Toronto Press, 2020).
• Saith, Radhica, and Lyndersay, Mark. Why Not a Woman? Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1993. {{ISBN|976-8054-42-5}}
• Stuempfle, Stephen. The Steelband Movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
• Taylor, Jeremy. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333419855 Visitor's Guide to Trinidad & Tobago], London: Macmillan, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-333-41985-4}}. 2nd edition as Trinidad and Tobago: An Introduction and Guide, London: Macmillan, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-333-55607-8}}.

{{Sister project links|voy=Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago}}

• [https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/ Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]
• [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ Trinidad and Tobago]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• {{wikiatlas|Trinidad and Tobago}}
• {{osmrelation-inline|}}

{{Trinidad and Tobago topics}}

{{Caribbean topic}}

{{Countries of North America}}

{{The Commonwealth}}

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{{Portal bar|Trinidad and Tobago|Caribbean|Islands}}

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Category:1960s establishments in the Caribbean

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Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language

Category:Countries in North America

Category:Countries in the Caribbean

Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas

Category:Former Spanish colonies

Category:Island countries

Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations

Category:Member states of the United Nations

Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations

Category:Small Island Developing States

Category:States and territories established in 1962

Category:Windward Islands