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Clear Script

{{Short description|Writing system for the Oirat language}}

{{Infobox Writing system

|name=Clear Script

|altname=Oirat alphabet

|languages=Oirat
Sanskrit
Tibetic

|type=Alphabet

|fam1=Proto-Sinaitic script

|fam2=Phoenician alphabet

|fam3=Aramaic alphabet

|fam4=Syriac alphabet

|fam5=Sogdian alphabet

|fam6=Old Uyghur alphabet

|fam7=Mongolian script

|creator=Zaya Pandita

|sisters=Manchu alphabet
Vagindra script

|children=

|time=ca. 1648 – today

|unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1800.pdf U+1800 – U+18AF]

|iso15924=Mong

|sample=Smp kalmyk.gif

|imagesize=250px

}}

The Clear Script{{notetag|{{bulleted list |{{langx|xal|{{MongolUnicode|ᡐᡆᡑᡆ
ᡋᡅᡒᡅᡎ|valign=middle}} / Тодо бичиг|translit=todo bičiq / todo bičig}}, {{IPA|xal|todo bit͡ʃ(ə)k|}} |{{langx|mn|Тод бичиг / {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠣᠳᠣ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ|valign=middle}}|translit=tod bichig / todo bičig}}, {{IPA|mn|tɔd bit͡ʃək|}} |{{langx|bxr|Тодо бэшэг|translit=Todo besheg}}, {{IPA|bxr|tɔdɔ bɛʃək|}}}}}} is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Lamaist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.{{cite web |first1=N. |last1=Yakhantova |url=http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newhxjy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700814793877.pdf |title=The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407212301/http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newhxjy/wjls/wjqcsy/wjd17q/201011/P020101123700814793877.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-07 |date=2006 |url-status=dead |lang=zh,en}}{{Cite book |last=Kara |first=György |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ |title=Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies |isbn=978-0-933070-52-3 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA548 |title=The World's Writing Systems |last2=Bright |first2=William |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |language=en}} It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.

File:Prijutnoe1.jpg

History

The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.{{Rp|page=548}} It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.{{Rp|page=548}}{{Rp|page=145}} Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.{{Rp|page=145}}

There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between {{Transliteration|Mong|ši}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|si}}.

Usage

The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.

Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some Altaians in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.{{Cite journal|last=Kos'min|first=V. K.|date=2007|title=Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450303|journal=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|volume=45|issue=3|pages=43–72|doi=10.2753/aae1061-1959450303|s2cid=145805201 |issn=1061-1959|url-access=subscription}}

The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.

Writing in the Clear Script

This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for {{Transliteration|Mong|S}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|Š}}, and part of {{Transliteration|Mong|Ö}}. Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.

Tables

There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script. The Clear Script order is: {{Transliteration|Mong|a}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|e}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|i}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|o}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|u}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}; {{Transliteration|Mong|n}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|b}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|x}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ɣ}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|g}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|k}} & {{Transliteration|Mong|k’}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|q}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|m}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|l}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|r}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|d}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|t}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|y}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|z/ǰ}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|c/č}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|s}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|š}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ng}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|v/w}}.{{Rp|pages=150–151}}

= Vowels =

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"

! colspan="7" |Single vowels{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}{{Rp|page=548}}{{Cite book |last=n/a |first=Čoyiǰungǰab |url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/oirat%20dictionary%20020.pdf |title=Oyirad ayalɣun-u üges |last2=Na. |first2=Gereltü |date=1998-05-10 |publisher=Inner Mongolia University |isbn=7-81015-892-9 |location=Hohhot |language=mn |script-title=mn:ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤᠨ{{nnbsp}}ᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ |access-date=2023-02-06}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kalmyk.pdf |title=Tod-Oirat-Old Kalmyk romanization table |year=2012 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=2023-02-06}}{{Rp|page=151}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch13.pdf |title=The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts |date=2022-09-13 |website=Unicode Standard 15.0.0 |access-date=2023-02-06}}{{Rp|page=555}}

rowspan="2" |Initial

! rowspan="2" |Medial

! rowspan="2" |Final

! rowspan="2" |IPA

! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|Transliteration}}

! rowspan="2" |Notes{{NoteTag|Modern Kalmyk Oirat (Cyrillic) equivalent (?)}}{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9:1995){{Cite book |url=http://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf |title=GOST 7.79-2000 (ISO 9-95; Sistema standartov po informatsii, bibliotechnomu i izdatelskomu delu. Pravila transliteratsii kirillovskogo pisma latinskim alfavitom) |language=ru |script-title=ru:ГОСТ 7.79-2000 (ИСО 9-95; Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом)}}{{Rp|pages= 9, 16}}}}

Dan.{{Wbr}}{{NoteTag|Daniels}} & Kara

!ALA-{{Wbr}}LC

colspan="7" |All these form ligatures with a preceding bow-shaped consonant.
{{MongolUnicode|ᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ɑ, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|a}}

| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ba}}. This ligated form of final {{Transliteration|Mong|a}} extends its tail to the left.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|а}} {{Transliteration|xal|a}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script {{Transliteration|Mong|a}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|e, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|e}}

| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|be}}.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|э}} {{Transliteration|xal|è}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|i, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|i}}

| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|bi}}. This ligated form of final {{Transliteration|Mong|i}} differs from the one used elsewhere.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|и}} {{Transliteration|xal|i}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ɔ

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|o}}

| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}. This ligated form of {{Transliteration|Mong|o}} is fully round. The ligature {{Transliteration|Mong|bo}} is also identical in form to {{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|о}} {{Transliteration|xal|o}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ʊ, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|u}}

| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|bu}}.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|у}} {{Transliteration|xal|u}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ø, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ö}}

| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|bö}}. This ligated form of {{Transliteration|Mong|ö}} is fully round.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ô}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|y, ∅

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}

| style="text-align: left" |Initial/medial/final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}. The ligatures {{Transliteration|Mong|bü}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|bo}} are identical in form.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ù}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|∅}}.}}

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"

! colspan="7" |Long vowels{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}{{Rp|page=548}}{{Rp|page=555}}

rowspan="2" |Initial

! rowspan="2" |Medial

! rowspan="2" |Final

! rowspan="2" |IPA

! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}

! rowspan="2" |Notes

Dan.

!ALA-LC

{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠠᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|ɑː

|{{Transliteration|Mong|â}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ā}}

| style="text-align: left" |Final example ligature: {{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|kâ}}.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|аа}} {{Transliteration|xal|aa}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|а}} {{Transliteration|xal|a}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡄᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡄᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}

|eː, æː

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ê}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ē}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ээ}} {{Transliteration|xal|èè}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|э}} {{Transliteration|xal|è}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡅᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear with an intervocalic tooth.}}

|—

| rowspan="2" |iː

| rowspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ii}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|iyi}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |Diphthongs ending in {{Transliteration|Mong|i}} are shaped and transliterated in the same manner.

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ии}} {{Transliteration|xal|ii}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|и}} {{Transliteration|xal|i}}.}}

—

|—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡅᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ii}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡆᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡆᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}

|ɔː

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ô}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ō}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|оо}} {{Transliteration|xal|oo}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|о}} {{Transliteration|xal|o}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡇᡇ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇᡇ{{fvs|2}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡇᡇ{{fvs|1}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ʊː

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|uu}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|уу}} {{Transliteration|xal|uu}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|у}} {{Transliteration|xal|u}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡈᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈᡃ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡈᡃ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}{{NoteTag|Should appear without a final left-pointing tail.}}

|øː, æː

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ö̂}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ȫ}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|өө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ôô}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ө}} {{Transliteration|xal|ô}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡉᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡉᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|yː

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|üü}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|үү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ùù}} and {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ү}} {{Transliteration|xal|ù}}.}}

= Consonants =

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"

! colspan="7" |Native consonants{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}{{Cite book |last=Smirnov |first=Parmen |url=https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Смирнов_Краткий%20Русско-%20Калмыцкий%20словарь%201857.pdf |title=Kratkiy russko-kalmytskiy slovar |year=1857 |location=Kazan |language=ru |script-title=ru:Краткій русско-калмыцкій словарь |access-date=2023-02-06}}{{Rp|page=548}}{{Rp|page=151}}{{Rp|page=555}}

rowspan="2" |Initial

! rowspan="2" |Medial

! rowspan="2" |Final

! rowspan="2" |IPA

! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}

! rowspan="2" |Notes{{Cite web |url=http://www.bolor-toli.com/ |title=Bolor Dictionary |access-date=2023-02-06}}

Dan. & Kara

!ALA-LC

rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|ᠨ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| rowspan="2" |{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| rowspan="2" |n

| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|n}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|н}} {{Transliteration|xal|n}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|n}}.

{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠨ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}
{{MongolUnicode|ᡋ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|b

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|b}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|б}} {{Transliteration|xal|b}}.}}

This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|b}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|x

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|x}}

| style="text-align: left" |Used before back vowels.{{Rp|page=149}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᠠᠷᠠ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|xara}} 'black'.{{Rp|page=121}}{{Rp|page=95}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|хар}} {{Transliteration|xal|har}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠠᠷ{{mvs}}ᠠ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|qar{{nbh}}a}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хар}} {{Transliteration|khk|khar}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|х}} {{Transliteration|xal|h}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡎ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|ɢ

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ɣ}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ġ}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Used before vowels.}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡎᠠᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ɣal}} 'fire'.{{Rp|page=63}}{{Rp|page=127}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|һал}} {{Transliteration|xal|ḥal}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠠᠯ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ɣal}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|гал}} {{Transliteration|khk|gal}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|һ}} {{Transliteration|xal|ḥ}}.}}

File:Mongolian letter todo Ga (isolated form).svg

|File:Mongolian letter todo Ga (isolated form).svg

|—

|ɡ

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|g}}

| style="text-align: left" |As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡄᠷ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ger}} 'ger'.{{Rp|page=28}}{{Rp|page=136}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|гер}} {{Transliteration|xal|ger}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠡᠷ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ger}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|гэр}} {{Transliteration|khk|ger}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|k

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}

| style="text-align: left" |Used before front vowels.{{Rp|page=149}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡈᡍᡈ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|kökö}} 'blue'.{{Rp|page=95}}{{Rp|page=119}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|көк}} {{Transliteration|xal|kök}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠥᠬᠡ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|köke}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|хөх}} {{Transliteration|khk|khökh}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|к}} {{Transliteration|xal|k}}.}}

—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ{{fvs|1}}{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ɡ

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|q}}

| style="text-align: left" |Used syllable-finally,{{Rp|page=151}} and irrespective of vowel harmony.{{Rp|page=145}}

As in {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᠠᡎ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|caq}} 'time'.{{Rp|page=21}}{{Rp|page=244}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|цаг}} {{Transliteration|xal|cag}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠭ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|čaɣ}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|цаг}} {{Transliteration|khk|tsag}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡏ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡏ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡏ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|m

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|m}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|м}} {{Transliteration|xal|m}}.}}

This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|m}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᠯ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠯ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠯ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|l

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|l}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|л}} {{Transliteration|xal|l}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|l}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᠷ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠷ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠷ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|r

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|r}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|р}} {{Transliteration|xal|r}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|r}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡑ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡑ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡑ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|d

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|d}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|д}} {{Transliteration|xal|d}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡐ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡐ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|t

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|t}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|т}} {{Transliteration|xal|t}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡕ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡕ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|j

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|y}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|й}} {{Transliteration|xal|j}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᠴ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠴ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|z

|{{Transliteration|Mong|z}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}{{Sup|†}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|z}}

| style="text-align: left" |†. Ambiguous value ({{Transliteration|Mong|z}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}) from the 18th century until post-war reform.{{Rp|pages=149–150}}

As in modern/older {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᡇᠨ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|zun}} 'summer'.{{Rp|page=50}}{{Rp|page=274}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|зун}} {{Transliteration|xal|zun}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠤᠨ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰun}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|зун}} {{Transliteration|khk|zun}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|з}} {{Transliteration|xal|z}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡓ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡓ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{Gray|—}}

|d͡ʒ

|{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|ǰ}}}}

|—

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Introduced in the 1950s.{{Rp|pages=149–150, 187}}}}

As in modern {{MongolUnicode|ᡓᡅᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰil}}{{Sup|?}} (older {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᡅᠯ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|zil}}) 'year'.{{Rp|page=24}}{{Rp|page=257}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|җил}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̦̆il}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠢᠯ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ǰil}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|жил}} {{Transliteration|khk|jil}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ж}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̆}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡔ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡔ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|t͡s

|{{Transliteration|Mong|c}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|č}}{{Sup|†}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|c}}

| style="text-align: left" |†. Ambiguous value ({{Transliteration|Mong|c}}, {{Transliteration|Mong|č}}) from the 18th century until post-war reform.{{Rp|pages=149–150}}

As in modern/older {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᠠᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|cai}} 'tea'.{{Rp|page=120}}{{Rp|page=246}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|цә}} {{Transliteration|xal|ca̋}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠠᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|čai}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|цай}} {{Transliteration|khk|tsai}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ц}} {{Transliteration|xal|c}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡒ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡒ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{Gray|—}}

|t͡ʃ

|{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|č}}}}

|—

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Introduced in the 1950s.{{Rp|pages=149–150, 187}}}}

As in modern {{MongolUnicode|ᡒᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|či}}{{Sup|?}} (older {{MongolUnicode|ᡔᡅ|lang=xwo|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|ci}}) 'you'.{{Rp|page=111}}{{Rp|page=235}}{{NoteTag|Confer {{Gray|Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|чи}} {{Transliteration|xal|či}}}}; Hudum {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠢ|lang=mn|valign=middle}} {{Transliteration|Mong|či}}; Khalkha {{Lang|khk-Cyrl|чи}} {{Transliteration|khk|chi}}.}}

{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ч}} {{Transliteration|xal|č}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᠰ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠰ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠰ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|s

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|s}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|с}} {{Transliteration|xal|s}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|s}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᠱ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠱ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠱ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ʃ

|{{Transliteration|Mong|š}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ś}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ш}} {{Transliteration|xal|s̆}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|š}}.

—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡊ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡊ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|ŋ

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ng}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ң}} {{Transliteration|xal|n̦}}.}}

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"

! colspan="7" |Letters used in foreign words{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}{{Rp|page=548}}{{Rp|page=555}}

rowspan="2" |Initial

! rowspan="2" |Medial

! rowspan="2" |Final

! rowspan="2" |IPA

! colspan="2" |Translit.

! rowspan="2" |Notes

Dan. & Kara

!ALA-LC

{{MongolUnicode|ᡌ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡌ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|p

| rowspan="3" |—

|{{Transliteration|Mong|f}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|п}} {{Transliteration|xal|p}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|—

|

|{{Transliteration|Mong|h}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|

|—

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|г}} {{Transliteration|xal|g}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡗ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|k

|{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}, {{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|k’}}}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|k}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|к}} {{Transliteration|xal|k}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡚ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡚ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|

| rowspan="6" |—

|{{Transliteration|Mong|j}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|җ}} {{Transliteration|xal|z̦̆}}.}}

—

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡛ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|

|{{Transliteration|Mong|ñ}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡜ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡜ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|—

|

|{{Transliteration|Mong|j}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᢘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢘ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢘ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|

|—

| style="text-align: left" |

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᢙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᢙ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|—

|

|{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|ź}}}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᠸ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠸ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᠸ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|

|—

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|ф}} {{Transliteration|xal|f}}.}}

This letter is shared with Hudum {{Transliteration|Mong|w/v}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡖ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡖ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡖ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|w

|{{Transliteration|Mong|w/v}}

|{{Transliteration|Mong|v}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{Gray|Confer Kalmyk Oirat {{Lang|xal-Cyrl|в}} {{Transliteration|xal|v}}.}}

= Ligatures =

class="wikitable nounderlines" style="display: inline-table; text-align: center"

! colspan="6" |Ligatures

rowspan="2" |Initial

! rowspan="2" |Medial

! rowspan="2" |Final

! colspan="2" |{{Shy|Trans|lit.}}

! rowspan="2" |Notes

Dan.

!ALA-LC

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ba}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|be}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|bi}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|bo}}

| style="text-align: left" |Written the same as {{Transliteration|xal|bü}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|bu}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|bö}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡋᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡋᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|bü}}

| style="text-align: left" |Written the same as {{Transliteration|xal|bo}}.

{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ka}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ke}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ki}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ko}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡗᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡗᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ku}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|kö}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡍᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡍᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|kü}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear as a bow with a down-pointing tooth, followed by a round {{Transliteration|Mong|ü}}.}}

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᠠ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᠠ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|ga}}}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡄ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡄ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|ge}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear in line with {{Transliteration|Mong|be}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|ke}}.}}

{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡅ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡅ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}{{Break}}{{Sup|{{Angbr|?}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|gi}}

| style="text-align: left" |{{NoteTag|Should appear in line with {{Transliteration|Mong|bi}} and {{Transliteration|Mong|ki}}.}}

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡆ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡆ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|go}}}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|ᡘᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡇ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

|{{Gray|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡘᡇ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}}}

| colspan="2" |{{Gray|{{Transliteration|Mong|gu}}}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡈ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡈ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|gö}}

| style="text-align: left" |

{{MongolUnicode|ᡎᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡉ{{zwj}}|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

|{{MongolUnicode|{{zwj}}ᡎᡉ|lang=xwo|font-size=200%|valign=middle}}

| colspan="2" |{{Transliteration|Mong|gü}}

| style="text-align: left" |

colspan="6" |Other bow-shaped ligatures are formed in the same manner.

See also

{{Commons category|Todo bichig}}

Notes

{{NoteFoot}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kalmyk.htm Oirat Clear Script at Omniglot]
  • [http://www.dusal.net/downloads/vertNote.rar Traditional Mongolian Notepad (for Windows XP/Vista)]

{{list of writing systems}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Mongolian writing systems

Category:Alphabets

Category:Kalmyk language