List of foreign politicians of Chinese descent

|+ Monarchs of partial or full Chinese ancestry

|Vietnam

|2879 BC–?

|The founder of the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty, Lộc Tục, was recorded as a descendant of the mythological Chinese ruler Shennong{{cite book|last1=Vu|first1=Hong Lien|title=Rice and Baguette: A History of Food in Vietnam|year=2016|publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=9781780237046|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJGEDQAAQBAJ&q=Hồng+Bàng+dynasty+shennong&pg=PT49}}

|Korea

|1120 BC–?

|The founder of the legendary Gija Joseon, Jizi was a mythological Chinese sage from the Shang dynasty who became the ruler of the semi-legendary state of Gojoseon.Ilyon, Samguk Yusa, translated by T. Ha & G. Mintz (1997), Yonsei University Press, p. 33

|Vietnam

|257–179 BC

|According to two historical Vietnamese texts, {{lang|vi|Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư}} and {{lang|vi|Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục}}, Thục Phán of the Thục dynasty was from modern-day Sichuan, China, where it was previously ruled by the ancient Chinese State of Shu.From Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư:
{{Blockquote|姓蜀，諱泮。巴蜀人也。}}
{{Wikisourcelang-inline|zh|钦定越史通鉴纲目/前编/卷之一}}From Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục:
{{Blockquote|舊史：王姓蜀諱泮，巴蜀人也。}}
{{Wikisourcelang-inline|zh|夢溪筆談/卷25}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&dq=an+duong+vuong+shu&pg=PA19 Taylor (1983), p. 19][https://books.google.com/books?id=qB21AAAAIAAJ&q=In+257+B.C.+An+Duong+Vuong+dethroned+the+last+Hung+king,+and+the+kingdom+of+Van+Lang+ceased+to+exist.+Traditional+Vietnamese+historiography+relates+that+An+Duong+Vuong+came+from+Pa+Shu+(usually+thought+to+be+in+modern+Sichuan). Asian Perspectives, Volume 28, Issue 1 (1990), p. 36]

|Korea

|194 BC–?

|The founder of Wiman Joseon, was a Chinese born General from Yan who fled to Gojoseon and later usurped the native ruler of Gojoseon, Jun of Gojoseon.Lee, Ki-baik: Walled-Town States and Confederated Kingdoms. The New History of Korea, page 16-17. Harvard University Press, 1984

|Korea

|57 BC–4 AD

|The founder of Silla, Hyeokgeose, was allegedly of partial Chinese descent. His mother, Lady Saso, was supposedly from China and later settled in the Jinhan confederacy. However, Goryeo historian and compiler of the Samguk Sagi, Kim Bu-sik questioned this tale.{{Cite book|title=사소 (娑蘇)|publisher=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=578641&cid=46620&categoryId=46620&mobile}}{{Wikisourcelang-inline|zh|三國遺事/卷第五#仙桃聖母隨喜佛事}}Samguk Yusa (Memorabilia of the three Kingdoms), volume 5, clause 7.

{{blockquote|{{lang|zh-Hant|神母本中國帝室之女。名娑蘇。早得神仙之術。歸止海東。久而不還。父皇寄書繫足云。隨鳶所止為家。蘇得書放鳶。飛到此山而止。遂來宅為地仙。故名西鳶山。神母久據茲山。鎮祐邦國。靈異甚多。}}

〈Sacred mother was called SaSo and she was born in Chinese royal family. She got sacred power and came to Hae Dong (해동), lived there and stayed there for long time. Her tied a letter to the feet of kite and told her "Let's make a house where the kite stops". Once she read letter and release a kite, a kite flew to Mt. Seondo (West mountain of Gyeongju/慶州) and stopped there. She decided to live there and became Xian (仙) of the land. That mountain was named as West Kite mountain and Sacred mother of SaSo stayed there as her base for quite long time and rule the country. There are a lot of miracles around that mountain as well.〉}}

{{blockquote|{{lang|zh-Hant|其始到辰韓也。生聖子為東國始君。蓋赫居閼英二聖之所自也。故稱雞龍雞林白馬等。雞屬西故也。嘗使諸天仙織羅。緋染作朝衣。贈其夫。國人因此始知神驗。}}

〈She came to Jinhan confederacy at beginning, gave birth for sacred children and became first king of East country. Probably those children were Aryeong and Hyeokgeose of Silla. That's why they are called as Gye-Nong (계농), Gye-Rim (계림), Baek-Ma (백마) and so on. This is because Gye (계) belongs to west side. One day, SaSo make fairy of heavens to weave silk cloth, dyed in scarlet and made Korean garment. She sent this garment to her husband. This was the first time for people in the country to know her miracle.〉}} All Silla monarchs from the Bak clan were paternal descendants of Hyeokgeose, while those from the Seok clan (with the exception of Talhae) traced their lineage to Hyeokgeose via his granddaughter, Lady Ahyo ({{lang|zh-Hant|阿孝夫人}}; {{lang|ko|아효부인}}).

|Korea

|37–19 BC

|The founder of Goguryeo, who according to Samguk sagi, claimed descent from the mythological Chinese ruler Zhuanxu.{{Cite book|author=National Institute of Korean History|author-link=National Institute of Korean History|title=三國史記 卷第二十八 百濟本紀 第六|publisher=National Institute of Korean HistoryDatabase|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?setId=1&itemId=sg&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&position=0&levelId=sg_028_0020_0430}}{{Cite book|author=National Institute of Korean History|author-link=National Institute of Korean History|title=三國史記 卷第十八 髙句麗本紀 第六|publisher=National Institute of Korean HistoryDatabase|url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?sort=levelId&dir=ASC&start=1&limit=20&page=1&setId=2&prevPage=0&prevLimit=&itemId=sg&types=&synonym=off&chinessChar=on&levelId=sg_018_0050_0170&position=1}}{{Cite book|title=한국인문고전연구소 원문과 함께 읽는 삼국사기 의자왕 義慈王|publisher=한국인문고전연구소|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1642804&cid=49625&categoryId=49800&mobile#TABLE_OF_CONTENT18}}{{Cite book|title=한국인문고전연구소 원문과 함께 읽는 삼국사기 광개토왕 廣開土王|publisher=한국인문고전연구소|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1642754&cid=49625&categoryId=49799&mobile}}{{Cite journal |author=Jin Guanglin |author-link=:ja:金光林 (歴史学者) |date=2014 |title=A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names |journal=Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia |volume=5 |via=Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia |url=http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf |page=30}} However, this myth was dismissed in the Samguk Sagi itself.p. 94. Remco Breuker. Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170.

|Korea

|18 BC–28 AD

|Bactria

|30–80 AD

|The founder of the Kushan dynasty, Kujula Kadphises, was descended from a lineage of Yuezhi tribe hailing from modern-day Gansu, China.{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Jonathan|title=The Silk Road - China and the Karakorum Highway: A Travel Companion|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaWmDwAAQBAJ&dq=kujula+kadphises+yuezhi+gansu&pg=PT161|page=|publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9780857739339}}{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}{{dubious|reason=Kujula's page references his origins as uncertain, saying he either could have been of Yuezhi origin or Indo-Scythian|date=May 2023}}

|Lâm Ấp

|336–349 AD

|Vietnam

|544–548 AD

|The founder of the Early Lý dynasty, Lý Bôn, was descended from Chinese refugees who fled Wang Mang's seizure of power in the final years of the Western Han.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA135 Taylor (1983), p. 135]Walker (2012), p. 134 {{Google books|GBvRs-za0CIC|East Asia: A New History|page=134}}Catino (2010), p. 142 {{Google books|EL4wX0AFVJEC|The Aggressors: Ho Chi Minh, North Vietnam, and the Communist Bloc|page=142}}Kohn (2006), p. 308 {{Google books|OIzreCGlHxIC|Dictionary of Wars|page=320}}Coedès (1966), pp. 45–46 {{Google books|qgrAFlAC4-QC|The Making of South East Asia|pages=45–46}}Lockhart (2010), p. 221 {{Google books|NYu4JuWyhNcC|The A to Z of Vietnam|page=221}}West (2009), p. 870 {{Google books|pCiNqFj3MQsC|Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|page=870}}

|Korea

|918–943 AD

|According to the Pyeon Nyeon Tong Rok ({{lang|zh-Hant|編年通錄}}; {{lang|ko|편년통록}}), Wang Geon was the great-grandson of Emperor Suzong of Tang; according to the Byeon Nyeon Gang Mok ({{lang|zh-Hant|編年綱目}}; {{lang|ko|변년강목}}), he was the great-grandson of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang.{{cite web |last=장 |first=덕순 |script-title=ko:고려국조신화(高麗國祖神話) |url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0003437 |website=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |access-date=16 September 2022 |language=ko |date=1995}}{{Cite book|author=高雲基|title=韓国の中世における女性: 13世紀の文献資料を中心に|series=慶應義塾大学日吉紀要. 言語・文化・コミュニケーション No.27|publisher=慶應義塾大学日吉紀要刊行委員会|url=http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/AN10032394-20011207-0085.pdf?file_id=10717|page=86}} However, the story that Wang Geon was descended from either Suzong or Xuanzong was dismissed in the Goryeo Sa.Rogers, Michael C. "P'yŏnnyŏn T'ongnok: The Foundation Legend of the Koryŏ State." Journal of Korean Studies, vol. 4, 1982, p. 3-72. Project MUSE, https://doi.org/10.1353/jks.1982.0005. QUOTE: "Very different was the reaction of the scholars of the early Yi who compiled the Koryŏ-sa. They contemptuously dismiss the story, commenting that whether applied to Su-tsung or to Hsüan-tsung it was no more than a specious product of Sŏn records, hence unworthy of credence. (p. 43-44)

|Vietnam

|1009–1028 AD

|The first emperor of the Lý dynasty, Lý Công Uẩn, could have his paternal bloodline traced to modern-day Fujian, China.{{cite book|author=Le Minh Khai (Liam Kelley Professor of Vietnam History at University of Hawaii at Manoa)|title=The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties|date=7 September 2013 |url=https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/the-stranger-kings-of-the-ly-and-tran-dynasties/|access-date=2019-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311063214/https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/07/the-stranger-kings-of-the-ly-and-tran-dynasties/|archive-date=2016-03-11}}

{{Blockquote|Dream Pool Essays volume 25

Classical Chinese

{{lang|zh-Hant|:桓死、安南大亂、久無酋長。其後國人共立閩人李公蘊為主。}}

— 夢溪筆談 卷25{{Wikisourcelang-inline|zh|夢溪筆談/卷25}}}}{{in lang|zh-hans}} [http://www.fjsen.com/d/2010-10/12/content_3755527.htm 千年前泉州人李公蕴越南当皇帝 越南史上重要人物之一]{{in lang|zh-hans}} [http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2008-12/18/content_2975986.htm 两安海人曾是安南皇帝 有关专家考证李公蕴、陈日煚籍属晋江安海]{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|pages=228|author=Lynn Pan|year=1998|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674252101}} Lý Công Uẩn's father, Lý Thuần An, escaped to Quanzhou from Hebei after Lý Công Uẩn's grandfather, Li Song, was wrongly accused of treason and executed by the Emperor Yin of Later Han.{{in lang|vi}} [https://nghiencuulichsu.com/2017/01/22/ban-ve-than-the-cua-ly-cong-uan/ Origin of Lý Thái Tổ]{{cite web| url=http://eastasiaorigin.blogspot.com/2018/05/ethnic-origin-of-kinh-in-vietnam.html | title=Ethnic origin of Kinh in Vietnam }}

|Vietnam

|1226–1258 AD

|The origin of the Trần dynasty was traced to modern Fujian, where the ancestor of the Trần imperial clan, Trần Kính, migrated from in the 11th century.{{cite web| url=http://www.baomoi.com/ham-sac-to-trung-tu-tu-hai-minh/c/10426418.epi | title=Ham sắc, Tô Trung Từ tự hại mình | access-date=2017-09-03}}{{cite web| url=http://www.bienkhoi.com/so-26/nha-tran.htm | title=Nhà Trần khởi nghiệp | access-date=2017-09-03}}

|Assam

|1228–1268 AD

|The founder of the Ahom dynasty, Sukaphaa, was originally from modern-day Yunnan, China.{{cite book|last1=Minahan|first1=James|title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&q=Sukaphaa+yunnan&pg=PA406|page=406|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781610699549}}

|Siam

|1350–1370 AD

|Uthong, the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom, was an ethnic Chinese.{{cite book|last1=Tarling|first1=Nicholas|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&q=Ramathibodi+I+chinese&pg=PA170|page=170|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521663694}}{{dubious|reason=According to academics it is actually unclear what his ethnic origin was|date=May 2023}} This was also mentioned in a 17th-century account by Jeremias van Vliet.

|Vietnam

|1400–1407 AD

|The founders of the Hồ dynasty claimed descent from the Duke Hu of Chen, the founder of the ancient Chinese State of Chen.{{cite book|author=K. W. Taylor|title=A History of the Vietnamese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&pg=PA166|date=9 May 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87586-8|pages=166–}}{{cite book|author=Kenneth R. Hall|title=Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyPjBevBHxcC&pg=PA161|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2835-0|pages=161–}} The Duke Hu of Chen was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun, who was recognized by Hồ Quý Ly as the progenitor of the Hồ imperial family.{{cite book|last1 = Trần|first1 = Xuân Sinh|title = Thuyết Trần|year = 2003|page = 403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4JuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+ngu%22|quote=...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu...}}{{cite book|last1 = Trần|first1 = Trọng Kim|author-link1=Trần Trọng Kim|title = Việt Nam sử lược | year = 1919 | volume = I | chapter = I.III.XI. | url=http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Việt_Nam_sử_lược/Quyển_I/Phần_III/Chương_XI | quote=Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh {{lang|zh|保寧大王}}, and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ {{lang|zh|胡}}. Originally the surname Hồ [{{lang|zh|胡}} Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [{{lang|zh|虞}} Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu {{lang|zh|大虞}}.}} The Hồ family migrated from present-day Zhejiang, China to Vietnam under Hồ Hưng Dật during the 10th century.

|Vietnam

|1407–1413 AD

|Palembang

|14th century–15th century AD

|[http://www.fjql.org/qszl/xsyj65.htm 14th century Zheng He and the Huaqiao Policy 郑和的国家观与"华侨政策"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726055349/http://www.fjql.org/qszl/xsyj65.htm |date=2011-07-26 }} {{in lang|zh}}Leo Suryadinata, International Zheng He Society, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies - 2005 - History - 168 pages

|Principality of Hà Tiên

|1707–1736 AD

|The founder of the Principality of Hà Tiên, Mạc Cửu, was a Chinese from Leizhou, China.Bruce McFarland Lockhart, William J. Duiker Historical dictionary of Vietnam 2006 Page 228 "Mạc Cửu (1655–1736) A Chinese immigrant who established his family in the Hà Tiên area of the Mekong Delta. ... he threw in his lot with the Vietnamese"{{cite book|author1=Bruce M. Lockhart|author2=William J. Duiker|title=Historical Dictionary of Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQSyAAAAQBAJ&q=mac+dang+dung+guangdong&pg=PA228|date=27 February 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6505-1|pages=228–}}

|Siam

|1767–1782 AD

|The founder and only king of the Thonburi dynasty, Taksin, had Chinese, Thai, and Mon ancestry. His father, Zheng Yong, was a Teochew Chinese from Chenghai, China.[https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&dq=tran+fukien&pg=PA8 Woodside 1971], p. 8.

|Vietnam

|1778–1788 AD

|Rulers of the Tây Sơn dynasty, initially surnamed {{lang|vi|Hồ}}, were descended from the same line as the Hồ dynasty.{{cite book|title=Social Issues in Area Studies Perspectives: Theory and Cases|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFTLOJxfh14C&q=Nguyễn+Nhạc+descendants+of+Hồ+Hưng+Dật|page=112|isbn=9789797995447}}

|Maguindanao people

|19th to 20th Century AD

|The founder of the House of Piang, Piang Tan, was of mixed Chinese and Maguindanaon heritage.{{cite book|author=O. W. Wolters|title=History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOJLSyEIO9MC&pg=PA134|date=January 1999|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-725-5|pages=134–}}{{cite book|author=Leo Suryadinata|title=Migration, Indigenization and Interaction: Chinese Overseas and Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uChDbHq_MxoC&pg=PA237|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4365-91-8|pages=237–}}{{cite book|author=Thomas M. McKenna|title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYvwWcL0_DIC&pg=PA91|date=10 August 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91964-8|pages=91–}}{{cite book|author=James R. Arnold|title=The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Q5OYAPccoC&pg=PA132|date=26 July 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-60819-024-9|pages=132–}}{{cite book|author=Michael Salman|title=The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq7_jDoi5PEC&pg=PA67|year=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22077-5|pages=67–}}{{cite book|author=Robert A. Fulton|title=Moroland, 1899-1906: America's First Attempt to Transform an Islamic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EMIwfP-5x8C&pg=PA61|year=2007|publisher=Robert Fulton|isbn=978-0-9795173-0-3|pages=61–}}{{cite book|author=Mark S. Williams|title=Business and Peace: The Case of La Frutera Plantation in Datu Paglas, Maguindanao, Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8n2ZmznFZwC&pg=PA42|date=20 June 2011|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=978-1-61233-758-6|pages=42–}} His father, Tuya Tan, was from Amoy, China.

|Cambodia

|1927–1941 AD

|+ Modern monarchs of partial or full Chinese ancestry

|{{flagdeco|Thailand}} Siam/Thailand

|AD 1782–present

|Thongduang
{{lang|zh-Hant|通鑾}}

|The founder of the Chakri dynasty, Thongduang, was of mixed Chinese and Mon descent.{{cite book|last1=Lim|first1=Hua Sing|title=Japan and China in East Asian Integration|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJv6eO2Izm8C&q=japanese+prime+minister+with+chinese+ancestry&pg=PA289|page=289|isbn=9789812307446}}{{cite book|last1=Reid|first1=Anthony|title=A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cETJBgAAQBAJ&q=chakri+dynasty+chinese+mon&pg=PA215|page=215|isbn=9780631179610}} His mother, Daoreung, was partially Chinese.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062561/Rama-I |title=Britannica encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2019-02-26}}[http://www.cpamedia.com/articles/20060622_04/ Down Sampeng Lane: The Story of Bangkok's China Town] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708211128/http://www.cpamedia.com/articles/20060622_04/ |date=2007-07-08 }}

|{{small|(list)}}

|{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} Cambodia

|AD 1860–1904,
AD 1941–1970,
AD 1993–present

|Ang Voddey
{{lang|zh-Hant|安瓦戴}}

|Cambodian monarchs of the House of Norodom acquired Chinese heritage from Varni Van ({{lang|zh-Hant|萬妃}}; {{lang|km|សម្តេចព្រះវររាជនីវ៉ាន់}}), a Chinese Cambodian consort of Sisowath. She was the maternal great-grandmother of Norodom Sihanouk (r. 1941–1955, 1993–2004) and the paternal great-great-grandmother of Norodom Sihamoni (r. 2004–present), the reigning Cambodian king.

|{{small|(list)}}

|{{flagdeco|Johor}} Johor

|AD 1886–present

|Abu Bakar
{{lang|zh-Hant|阿布·峇卡}}

|Johor monarchs of the House of Temenggong acquired Chinese heritage from Cecilia Catherina Lange,{{cite book|last1=Hanna|first1=Willard|author1-link=Willard A. Hanna|title=A Brief History Of Bali: Piracy, Slavery, Opium and Guns: The Story of a Pacific Paradise|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv9ODQAAQBAJ&q=Cecilia+Catherina+Lange+chinese&pg=PA123|page=123|isbn=9781462918751}} the second wife of Abu Bakar with Chinese and Danish ancestry. Ibrahim (r. 1895–1959) and all subsequent Johor sultans, including the reigning Ibrahim Ismail (r. 2010–present), are descended from Lange.

|{{small|(list)}}