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Mammal classification#Subclass Theriiformes

{{Short description|Taxonomy of mammals}}

{{Pie chart

|caption=Over 70% of mammal species are in the orders Rodentia, Chiroptera, and Eulipotyphla.

|label1=Rodentia |value1=40.5 |color1=#63aafe

|label2=Chiroptera |value2=22.2 |color2=#dd2d32

|label3=Eulipotyphla |value3=8.8 |color3=#fff58c

|label4=Primates |value4=7.8 |color4=#4ee257

|label5=Artiodactyla |value5=5.4 |color5=#fea746

|label6=Carnivora |value6=4.7 |color6=#6711ff

|label7=Diprotodontia |value7=2.3 |color7=#865357

|label8=Didelphimorphia |value8=1.9 |color8=#00ccff

|label9=Lagomorpha |value9=1.7 |color9=#a2bd90

|label10=Dasyuromorphia |value10=1.3 |color10=#ccffcc

|label11=Afrosoricida |value11=0.8 |color11=#ffff99

|label12=Cingulata |value12=0.3 |color12=#ff99cc

|label13=Macroscelidea |value13=0.3 |color13=#33cccc

|label14=Peramelemorphia |value14=0.3 |color14=#cc99ff

|label15=Perissodactyla |value15=0.3 |color15=#3366ff

|label16=Pilosa |value16=0.3 |color16=#99cc00

|label17=Scandentia |value17=0.3 |color17=#ffcc99

|label18=Paucituberculata |value18=0.1

|label19=Pholidota |value19=0.1

|label20=Hyracoidea |value20=0.09 |color20=#99ccff

|label21=Monotremata |value21=0.08 |color21=#ff6600

|label22=Sirenia |value22=0.06

|label23=Proboscidea |value23=0.05 |color23=#003366

|label24=Dermoptera |value24=0.03 |color24=#ccffff

|label25=Notoryctemorphia |value26=0.03

|label26=Microbiotheria |value25=0.03

|label27=Tubulidentata |value27=0.02

}}

{{Mammals by population sidebar}}

Mammalia is a class of animal within the phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is universally accepted; McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) provide useful recent compendiums.{{cite book |title=Mammalogy|edition=Sixth|date=2015|last1=Vaughan|first1=Terry A.|last2=Ryan|first2=James M.|last3=Czaplewski|first3=Nicholas J.|isbn=9781284032093|chapter=Chapter 4: Classification of Mammals |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |chapter-url=http://samples.jbpub.com/9781284032093/9781284032093_CH04_Secure.pdf}} Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus et al. have been completely abandoned by modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a group outside of other living things.{{cite book|last1=Marks|first1=Jonathan M.|title=Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History|date=1995|publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9780202366562}} Competing ideas about the relationships of mammal orders do persist and are currently in development. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.

George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (Simpson, 1945) taxonomy text laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.

Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. See List of placental mammals and List of monotremes and marsupials for more detailed information on mammal genera and species.

Molecular classification of placentals

Molecular studies by molecular systematists, based on DNA analysis, in the early 21st century have revealed new relationships among mammal families. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals, Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria. which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous.{{cite journal|last=Kriegs|first=Jan Ole|author2=Churakov, Gennady |author3=Kiefmann, Martin |author4=Jordan, Ursula |author5=Brosius, Jürgen |author6= Schmitz, Jürgen |title=Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals|journal=PLOS Biology|year=2006|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e91|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091|pmid=16515367|pmc=1395351 |doi-access=free }}

The relationships between these three lineages are contentious, and all three have been proposed as basal in different hypotheses.{{cite journal |last1=Hallström |first1=B. M. |last2=Kullberg |first2=M. |last3=Nilsson |first3=M. A. |last4=Janke |first4=A. |date=2007 |title=Phylogenomic Data Analyses Provide Evidence that Xenarthra and Afrotheria Are Sister Groups |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=2059–2068 | pmid=17630282 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msm136| doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Nishihara|first=H.|author2=Maruyama, S. |author3=Okada, N. |title=Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2009|volume=106|issue=13|pages=5235–5240|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809297106|pmid=19286970|pmc=2655268|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5235N|doi-access=free}}

The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass Eutheria):{{citation needed|reason=There is no reference for the up to date molecular taxonomy. A suitable reference is Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology by George A. Feldhamer, Lee C. Drickamer, Stephen H. Vessey, Joseph F. Merritt, Carey Krajewski, JHU Press, 19 Feb 2015, which claims to be using a preliminary taxonomy for the 4th edition of Mammal Species of the World. The google books link is https://books.google.com/books?id=CAq5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238. The reference will be added when the taxonomy has been changed |date=February 2020}}

=[[Atlantogenata]]=

==[[Afrotheria]]==

  • Clade Afroinsectiphilia
  • Order Macroscelidea
  • Family Macroscelididae: (20 species), sengis or elephant shrews (Africa){{cite web|title=Afrotherian Systematics|website=IUCN Afrotheria Specialist Group|url=http://www.afrotheria.net/systematics.php|access-date=9 September 2020}}
  • Order Afrosoricida
  • Family Tenrecidae: (31 species{{BioRef|asm|family=Tenrecidae|access-date=7 December 2019}}), tenrecs (Madagascar)
  • Family Potamogalidae: (3 species{{BioRef|asm|family=Potamogalidae|access-date=7 December 2019}}), otter-shrews (West and Central Africa)
  • Family Chrysochloridae: (21 species), golden moles (Africa south of the Sahara)
  • Order Tubulidentata
  • Family Orycteropodidae: (1 species), aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
  • Clade Paenungulata
  • Order Proboscidea
  • Family Elephantidae: (3 species), elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
  • Order Hyracoidea
  • Family Procaviidae: (4 species), hyraxes, dassies (Africa, Arabia)
  • Order Sirenia
  • Family Dugongidae: (1 species), dugong (East Africa, Red Sea, North Australia)
  • Family Trichechidae: (3 species), manatees (tropical Atlantic coasts and adjacent rivers)

==[[Xenarthra]]==

  • Order Cingulata{{cite journal|last1=Gibb|first1=Gillian C.|last2=Condamine|first2=Fabien L.|last3=Kuch|first3=Melanie|last4=Enk|first4=Jacob|last5=Moraes-Barros|first5=Nadia|last6=Superina|first6=Mariella|last7=Poinar|first7=Hendrik N.|last8=Delsuc|first8=Frédéric|title=Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=33|issue=3|year=2016|pages=621–642|issn=0737-4038|doi=10.1093/molbev/msv250|doi-access=free|pmid=26556496|pmc=4760074}}
  • Family Chlamyphoridae: (14 species), armadillos (Neotropical)
  • Family Dasypodidae: (7 species), long-nosed armadillos (Neotropical and Nearctic)
  • Order Pilosa (=Dasypoda)
  • Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters)
  • Family Cyclopedidae: (1 species), silky anteater (Neotropical)
  • Family Myrmecophagidae: (3 species), anteaters (Neotropical)
  • Suborder Folivora (sloths)
  • Family Choloepodidae: (2 species), two-toed sloths (Neotropical)
  • Family Bradypodidae: (4 species), three-toed sloths (Neotropical)

=[[Boreoeutheria]]=

==[[Euarchontoglires]] ==

File:Katzenmaki (Chirogaleus furcifer).png (Cheirogaleus) Phaner furcifer]]

==[[Laurasiatheria]]==

  • Order Eulipotyphla
  • Family Solenodontidae: (2 species) solenodons (Cuba, Hispaniola)
  • Family Nesophontidae: nesophontes (West Indies shrews) (recently extinct)
  • Family Soricidae: (385 species) shrews (Eurasia, Africa, North America to northern South America)
  • Family Talpidae: (59 species) moles, shrew-moles, desmans (Eurasia, North America)
  • Family Erinaceidae: (26 species) hedgehogs, gymnures (Eurasia, Africa)
  • Family Galericidae: (8 species) moonrats (southeast Asia)
  • Grandorder Chiroptera
  • Order Chiroptera: bats
  • Suborder Yinpterochiroptera
  • Family Pteropodidae: (about 197 species) flying foxes (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
  • Family Hipposideridae: (84 species) trident bats, leaf-nosed bats
  • Family Rhinolophidae: (106 species) horseshoe bats (Old World)
  • Family Rhinopomatidae: (6 species) mouse-tailed bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
  • Family Craseonycteridae: (1 species) Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Thailand)
  • Family Megadermatidae: (6 species) false vampire bats (Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia)
  • Suborder Yangochiroptera
  • Family Emballonuridae: (54 species) sac-winged bats (southern continents)
  • Family Nycteridae: (about 15 species) slit-faced bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
  • Family Mystacinidae: (about 2 species) short-tailed bats (New Zealand)
  • Family Thyropteridae: (5 species) disk-winged bats (South America)
  • Family Furipteridae: (2 species) smoky bats (South America)
  • Family Noctilionidae: (2 species) fishing bats (South America)
  • Family Mormoopidae: (about 11 species) leaf-chinned bats (South America)
  • Family Phyllostomidae: (192 species) leaf-nosed bats (South America)
  • Family Myzopodidae: (2 species) sucker-footed bats (Madagascar)
  • Family Natalidae: (10 species) funnel-eared bats (South America)
  • Family Molossidae: (about 110 species) free-tailed bats (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Miniopteridae: (about 40 species) long-fingered bats (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
  • Family Cistugidae: (2 species) wing-gland bats (Southern Africa)
  • Family Vespertilionidae: (over 300 species) vesper bats (cosmopolitan)
  • Grandorder Ferae
  • Order Pholidota
  • Family Manidae: (about 8 species) pangolins, scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia)
  • Order Carnivora: carnivorans (cosmopolitan)
  • Suborder Feliformia
  • Family Nandiniidae: (4 species) African palm civet (Central Africa)
  • Family Prionodontidae: (2 species) Asiatic linsangs (Southeast Asia)
  • Family Felidae: (41 species) cats (cosmopolitan except Australia)
  • Family Viverridae: (33 species) civets, Asiatic palm civets (Africa, Southern Europe, Southeast Asia)
  • Family Herpestidae: (34 species) mongooses (Africa, Asia, Southern Europe)
  • Family Eupleridae: (10 species) Malagasy carnivorans (Madagascar)
  • Family Hyaenidae: (4 species) hyaenas, aardwolf (Africa)
  • Suborder Caniformia
  • Family Canidae: (38 species) dogs (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Ursidae: (8 species) bears (Europe, Asia, New World)
  • Family Otariidae: (15 species) eared seals (cosmopolitan except North Atlantic)
  • Family Odobenidae: (1 species) walrus (Northern North American, Northern Europe, Northern Asia)
  • Family Phocidae: (18 species) true seals (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Ailuridae: (1 species) red panda (South-Central Asia)
  • Family Mephitidae: (12 species) skunks (Southeast Asia, New World)
  • Family Mustelidae: (about 69 species) weasels and relatives (cosmopolitan except Australia)
  • Family Procyonidae: (14 species) ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis (New World)
  • Grandorder Euungulata
  • Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
  • Family Equidae: (13 species) horses, zebras, donkeys (Africa, West and Central Asia)
  • Family Tapiridae: (3 species) tapirs (Central and South America, Southeast Asia)
  • Family Rhinocerotidae: (5 species) rhinoceroses (Africa, Southeast Asia)
  • Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates (now includes cetaceans)
  • Suborder Suiformes
  • Family Suidae: (18 species) pigs (Africa, Eurasia) File:Sow with piglet.jpg
  • Family Tayassuidae: (about 3 species) peccaries (New World)
  • Suborder Tylopoda
  • Family Camelidae: (7 species) camels (South America, Asia)
  • Suborder Ruminantia
  • Family Tragulidae: (10 species) mouse-deer (Africa, Asia)
  • Family Antilocapridae: (1 species) pronghorn (North America)
  • Family Giraffidae: (2-9 species) giraffe and okapi (Africa) File:Giraffen.jpg
  • Family Cervidae: (26 species) deer (Holarctic, South America)
  • Family Moschidae: (7 species) musk deer (Asia) File:Muntjac deer.JPG
  • Family Bovidae: (143 species) cattle, antelope, sheep, etc. (Africa, Holarctic) File:Pair of Icelandic Sheep.jpg
  • Suborder Whippomorpha
  • Family Hippopotamidae: (2 species) hippos (Africa)
  • Infraorder Cetacea
  • Parvorder Mysticeti
  • Family Balaenopteridae: (10 species) rorquals and grey whales (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Balaenidae: (4 species) right and bowhead whales (polar and temperate waters)
  • Family Eschrichtiidae: (1 species) gray whale (North Pacific and North Atlantic)
  • Family Neobalaenidae: (1 species) pygmy right whales (southern hemisphere)
  • Parvorder Odontoceti
  • Family Delphinidae: (about 37 species) dolphins (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Monodontidae: (2 species) beluga and narwhal (Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific)
  • Family Phocoenidae: (8 species) porpoises (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Physeteridae: (3 species) sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Kogiidae: (2 species) dwarf sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
  • Family Platanistidae: (2 species) South Asian river dolphin (Southern Asia)
  • Family Iniidae: (1-4 species) Amazon River dolphin (South America)
  • Family Pontoporiidae: (1 species) La Plata River dolphin (South America)
  • Family Lipotidae: baiji
  • Family Ziphiidae: (24 species) beaked whales (cosmopolitan)

Standardized textbook classification

A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is taken from the 6th edition of Vaughan's Mammalogy. This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians. The therians are further divided into the marsupial Metatheria and the "placental" Eutheria. No attempt is made in this classification to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups.

In this and later taxonomies, families are merely listed under the order to which they belong. More detailed relationships among families is presented in the article of each order.

=Subclass [[Prototheria]]/[[Yinotheria]]=

=Subclass [[Theria]]=

McKenna/Bell classification

In 1997, the classification of mammals was revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell.{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Malcolm C.|last2=Bell|first2=Susan K.|last3=Simpson|first3=George Gaylord|title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11012-9

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS7FZkzIw-cC

}} The Classification of Mammals Above the species level, here referred to as the "McKenna/Bell classification", is a comprehensive work on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.

The McKenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions and ranks which fall between classes and orders that are likely to be glossed over by the layman.

Click on the highlighted link for a [http://www.utep.edu/leb/classification/table1a.htm table comparing the traditional and the new McKenna/Bell classifications of mammals].

Extinct groups are represented by †.

=Subclass [[Prototheria]]=

(monotremes)

=Subclass [[Theriiformes]]=

  • Family †Dryolestidae
  • Family †Paurodontidae
  • Family †Donodontidae
  • Family †Mesungulatidae
  • Family †Reigitheriidae
  • Family †Brandoniidae
  • Order †Amphitheriida
  • Family †Amphitheriidae
  • Sublegion Zatheria
  • Family †Arguitheriidae
  • Family †Arguimuridae
  • Family †Vincelestidae
  • Infralegion †Peramura
  • Family †Peramuridae
  • Infralegion Tribosphenida
  • Family †Necrolestidae
  • Supercohort †Aegialodontia
  • Family †Aegialodontidae
  • Supercohort Theria: therian mammals
  • Family †Pappotheriidae
  • Family †Holoclemensiidae
  • Family †Kermackiidae
  • Family †Endotheriidae
  • Family †Picopsidae
  • Family †Potamotelsidae
  • Family †Plicatodontidae
  • Order †Deltatheroida
  • Family †Deltatheridiidae
  • Family †Deltatheroididae
  • Order †Asiadelphia
  • Family †Asiatheriidae
  • Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials
  • Family †Yingabalanaridae
  • Suborder †Archimetatheria
  • Family †Stagodontidae
  • Family †Pediomyidae
  • Magnorder Australidelphia
  • Superorder Microbiotheria
  • Family Microbiotheriidae: monito del monte
  • Superorder Eometatheria
  • Order †Yalkaparidontia
  • Family †Yalkaparidontidae
  • Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles
  • Family Notoryctidae: marsupial moles
  • Grandorder Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores
  • Family †Thylacinidae: recently extinct Tasmanian tiger and relatives
  • Family Dasyuridae: Tasmanian devil, quolls, numbat, etc.

  • Grandorder Syndactyli: syndactylous marsupials
  • Order Peramelia: bandicoots
  • Family Peramelidae
  • Family Peroryctidae
  • Order Diprotodontia
  • Family †Palorchestidae
  • Family †Wynardiidae
  • Family †Thylacoleonidae
  • Family Tarsipedidae: honey possum
  • Superfamily Vombatoidea
  • Family †Ilariidae
  • Family †Diprotodontidae
  • Family Vombatidae: wombats
  • Superfamily Phalangeroidea
  • Family Phalangeridae: phalangers
  • Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
  • Family Macropodidae: rat kangaroos, kangaroos and wallabies
  • Family Petauridae: gliders
  • Family †Ektopodontidae
  • Family Phascolarctidae: koala
  • Family †Pilkipildridae
  • Family †Miralinidae
  • Family Acrobatidae: feather-tail glider, pen-tailed phalanger
  • Magnorder Ameridelphia
  • Order Didelphimorphia: opossums
  • Family Didelphidae: opossums
  • Family †Sparassocynidae
  • Order Paucituberculata
  • Superfamily Caenolestoidea
  • Family †Sternbergiidae
  • Family Caenolestidae: rat or shrew opossums
  • Family †Paleothentidae
  • Family †Abderitidae
  • Superfamily †Polydolopoidea
  • Family †Sillustaniidae
  • Family †Polydolopidae
  • Family †Prepidolopidae
  • Family †Bonapartheriidae
  • Superfamily †Argyrolagoidea
  • Family †Argyrolagidae
  • Family †Patagoniidae
  • Family †Groeberiidae
  • Superfamily †Caroloameghinioidea
  • Family †Glasbiidae
  • Family †Caroloameghiniidae
  • Order †Sparassodonta
  • Family †Mayulestidae
  • Family †Hondadelphidae
  • Family †Borhyaenidae
  • Cohort Placentalia: placentals
  • Order †Bibymalagasia
  • Magnorder Xenarthra: edentates
  • Order Cingulata: armadillos and relatives
  • Family †Protobradidae
  • Superfamily Dasypodoidea
  • Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
  • Family †Peltephilidae
  • Superfamily †Glyptodontoidea
  • Family †Pampatheriidae
  • Family †Palaeopeltidae
  • Family †Glyptodontidae: glyptodonts
  • Order Pilosa: anteaters, sloths, and relatives
  • Family †Entelopidae
  • Suborder Vermilingua
  • Family Myrmecophagidae: giant anteaters and relatives
  • Family Cyclopedidae: pygmy anteater
  • Suborder Phyllophaga
  • Family †Rathymotheriidae
  • Infraorder †Mylodonta
  • Superfamily †Mylodontoidea
  • Family †Scelidotheriidae
  • Family †Mylodontidae
  • Superfamily †Orophodontoidea
  • Family †Orophodontidae
  • Infraorder Megatheria
  • Superfamily Megatherioidea
  • Family †Megatheriidae: ground sloths
  • Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths
  • Superfamily Bradypodoidea
  • Family Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths
  • Magnorder Epitheria: epitheres
  • Superorder †Leptictida
  • Family †Gypsonictopidae
  • Family †Kulbeckiidae
  • Family †Didymoconidae
  • Family †Leptictidae
  • Superorder Preptotheria
  • Grandorder Anagalida
  • Family †Zambdalestidae
  • Family †Anagalidae
  • Family †Pseudictopidae
  • Mirorder Macroscelidea: elephant shrews
  • Family Macroscelididae: elephant shrews
  • Mirorder Duplicidentata
  • Order †Mimotonida
  • Family †Mimotonidae
  • Order Lagomorpha
  • Family Ochotonidae: pikas
  • Family Leporidae: rabbits
  • Mirorder Simplicidentata
  • Order †Mixodontia
  • Family †Eurymylidae
  • Order Rodentia: rodents
  • Family †Alagomyidae
  • Family †Laredomyidae
  • Suborder Sciuromorpha
  • Superfamily †Ischyromyoidea
  • Family †Ischyromyidae
  • Superfamily Aplodontoidea
  • Family †Allomyidae
  • Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
  • Family †Mylagaulidae
  • Infraorder †Theridomyomorpha
  • Family †Theridomyidae
  • Infraorder Sciurida
  • Family †Reithroparamyidae
  • Family Sciuridae: squirrels
  • Infraorder Castorimorpha
  • Family †Eutypomyidae
  • Family Castoridae: beavers
  • Family †Rhizospalacidae
  • Suborder Myomorpha
  • Family †Protoptychidae
  • Infraorder Myodonta
  • Superfamily Dipodoidea
  • Family †Armintomyidae
  • Family Dipodidae: jumping mice, jerboas
  • Superfamily Muroidea
  • Family †Simimyidae
  • Family Muridae: rats, mice, and relatives
  • Infraorder Glirimorpha
  • Family Myoxidae: dormice
  • Infraorder Geomorpha
  • Superfamily †Eomyoidea
  • Family †Eomyidae
  • Superfamily Geomyoidea
  • Family †Florentiamyidae
  • Family Geomyidae: pocket gophers, pocket mice, and kangaroo rats
  • Suborder Anomaluromorpha
  • Superfamily Pedetoidea
  • Family †Parapedetidae
  • Family Pedetidae: springhaas
  • Superfamily Anomaluroidea
  • Family †Zegdoumyidae
  • Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed squirrels
  • Suborder Sciuravida
  • Family †Ivanantoniidae
  • Family †Sciuravidae
  • Family †Chapattimyidae
  • Family †Cylindrodontidae
  • Family Ctenodactylidae: gundis
  • Suborder Hystricognatha
  • Family †Tsaganomyidae
  • Infraorder Hystricognathi
  • Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines
  • Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
  • Family †Myophiomyidae
  • Family †Diamantomyidae
  • Family †Phiomyidae
  • Family †Kenyamyidae
  • Family Petromuridae: rock rats
  • Family Thryonomyidae: cane rats
  • Parvorder Bathyergomorphi
  • Family Bathyergidae: mole-rats
  • Family †Bathyergoididae
  • Parvorder Caviida
  • Superfamily Cavioidea
  • Family Agoutidae: agoutis and pacas
  • Family †Eocardiidae
  • Family Dinomyidae: pacarana
  • Family Caviidae: cavies
  • Family Hydrochoeridae: capybara
  • Superfamily Octodontoidea
  • Family Octodontidae: degus, tuco-tucos
  • Family Echimyidae: spiny rats, nutria
  • Family Capromyidae: hutias
  • Family †Heptaxodontidae
  • Superfamily Chinchilloidea
  • Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas, viscachas
  • Family †Neoepiblemidae
  • Family Abrocomidae: rat chinchillas
  • Grandorder Ferae
  • Order Cimolesta - pangolins and relatives
  • Family †Palaeoryctidae
  • Suborder †Didelphodonta
  • Family †Cimolestidae
  • Suborder †Apatotheria
  • Family †Apatemyidae
  • Suborder †Taeniodonta
  • Family †Stylinodontidae
  • Suborder †Tillodonta
  • Family †Tillotheriidae
  • Suborder †Pantodonta
  • Family †Wangliidae
  • Superfamily †Bemalambdoidea
  • Family †Harpyodidae
  • Family †Bemalambdidae
  • Superfamily †Pantolambdoidea
  • Family †Pastoralodontidae
  • Family †Titanoideidae
  • Family †Pantolambdidae
  • Family †Barylambdidae
  • Family †Cyriacotheriidae
  • Family †Pantolambdodontidae
  • Superfamily †Coryphodontoidea
  • Family †Coryphodontidae
  • Suborder †Pantolesta
  • Family †Pantolestidae
  • Family †Paroxyclaenidae
  • Family †Ptolemaiidae
  • Suborder Pholidota
  • Family †Epoicotheriidae
  • Family †Metacheiromyidae
  • Family Manidae: pangolins
  • Suborder †Ernanodonta
  • Family †Ernanodontidae
  • Order †Creodonta: creodonts
  • Family †Hyaenodontidae
  • Family †Oxyaenidae
  • Order Carnivora
  • Suborder Feliformia
  • Family †Viverravidae
  • Family †Nimravidae
  • Family Felidae: cats
  • Family Viverridae: civets, Asiatic palm civets
  • Family Herpestidae: mongooses
  • Family Hyaenidae: hyaenas, aardwolf
  • Family Nandiniidae: African palm civets
  • Suborder Caniformia
  • Family †Miacidae
  • Infraorder Cynoidea
  • Family Canidae: dogs
  • Infraorder Arctoidea
  • Parvorder Ursida
  • Superfamily †Amphicyonoidea
  • Family †Amphicyonidae
  • Superfamily Ursoidea
  • Family Ursidae: bears
  • Family †Hemicyonidae
  • Superfamily Phocoidea
  • Family Otariidae: eared seals
  • Family Phocidae: seals, walrus
  • Parvorder Mustelida
  • Family Mustelidae: weasels, skunks, and relatives
  • Family Procyonidae: ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis, red panda
  • Grandorder Lipotyphla
  • Family †Adapisoriculidae
  • Order Chrysochloridea
  • Family Chrysochloridae: golden moles
  • Order Erinaceomorpha
  • Family †Sespedectidae
  • Family †Amphilemuridae
  • Family †Adapisoricidae
  • Family †Creotarsidae
  • Superfamily Erinaceoidea
  • Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs and relatives
  • Superfamily Talpoidea
  • Family †Proscalopidae
  • Family Talpidae: moles
  • Family †Dimylidae
  • Order Soricomorpha
  • Family †Otlestidae
  • Family †Geolabididae
  • Superfamily Soricoidea
  • Family †Nesophontidae: recently extinct west Indian shrews
  • Family †Micropternodontidae
  • Family †Apternodontidae
  • Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
  • Family †Plesiosoricidae
  • Family †Nyctitheriidae
  • Family Soricidae: shrews
  • Superfamily Tenrecoidea
  • Family Tenrecidae: tenrecs
  • Grandorder Archonta
  • Order Chiroptera: bats
  • Suborder Megachiroptera
  • Family Pteropodidae: flying foxes
  • Suborder Microchiroptera
  • Family †Archaeonycteridae
  • Family †Paleochiropterygidae
  • Family †Hassianycterididae
  • Family Emballonuridae: sac-winged bats
  • Infraorder Yinochiroptera
  • Superfamily Rhinopomatoidea
  • Family Rhinopomatidae: mouse-tailed bats
  • Family Craseonycteridae: bumblebee bats
  • Superfamily Rhinolophoidea
  • Family Megadermatidae: false vampire bats
  • Family Nycteridae: hispid bats
  • Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe and Old World leaf-nosed bats
  • Infraorder Yangochiroptera
  • Family Mystacinidae: New Zealand short-tailed bats
  • Superfamily Noctilionoidea
  • Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats
  • Family Mormoopidae: spectacled bats
  • Family Phyllostomidae: New World leaf-nosed and vampire bats
  • Superfamily Vespertilionoidea
  • Family †Philisidae
  • Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats
  • Family Natalidae: funnel-eared bats
  • Family Furipteridae: smoky bats
  • Family Thyropteridae: New World sucker-footed bats
  • Family Myzopodidae: Old World sucker-footed bats
  • Family Vespertilionidae: common bats
  • Order Primates: primates
  • Family †Purgatoriidae
  • Family †Microsyopidae
  • Family †Micromomyidae
  • Family †Picromomyidae
  • Family †Plesiadapidae
  • Family †Palaechthonidae
  • Family †Picrodontidae
  • Suborder Dermoptera
  • Family †Paramomyidae
  • Family †Plagiomenidae
  • Family †Mixodectidae
  • Family Galeopithecidae: colugos
  • Suborder Euprimates
  • Infraorder Strepsirrhini
  • Family †Plesiopithecidae
  • Superfamily Daubentonioidea
  • Family Daubentoniidae: aye-aye
  • Superfamily Lemuroidea
  • Family †Adapidae
  • Family Lemuridae: lemurs
  • Superfamily Loroidea
  • Family Lorisidae: lorises and galagos
  • Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf lemurs
  • Superfamily Indroidea
  • Family †Archaeolemuridae
  • Family †Palaeopropithecidae
  • Family Indriidae: indris and sifakas
  • Infraorder Haplorhini
  • Parvorder Tarsiiformes
  • Superfamily †Carpolestoidea
  • Family †Carpolestidae
  • Superfamily Tarsioidea
  • Family †Omomyidae
  • Family †Microchoeridae
  • Family †Afrotarsiidae
  • Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
  • Parvorder Anthropoidea
  • Family †Eosimiidae
  • Family †Parapithecidae
  • Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
  • Family †Pliopithecidae
  • Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys including colobuses
  • Family Hominidae: humans, greater apes, lesser apes
  • Superfamily Callitrichoidea [=Ceboidea of other authors]
  • Family Callitrichidae: marmosets
  • Family Atelidae [=Cebidae of other authors]: New World monkeys
  • Order Scandentia
  • Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews
  • Grandorder Ungulata: ungulates
  • Order Tubulidentata
  • Family Orycteropodidae: aardvark
  • Order †Dinocerata
  • Family †Uintatheriidae
  • Mirorder Eparctocyona
  • Order †Procreodi
  • Family †Oxyclaenidae
  • Family †Arctocyonidae
  • Order †Condylarthra
  • Family †Hyopsodontidae
  • Family †Mioclaenidae
  • Family †Phenacodontidae
  • Family †Periptychidae
  • Family †Peligrotheriidae
  • Family †Didolodontidae
  • Order †Arctostylopida
  • Family †Arctostylopidae
  • Order Cete: whales and relatives
  • Suborder †Acreodi
  • Family †Triisodontidae
  • Family †Mesonychidae: mesonychids
  • Family †Hapalodectidae
  • Suborder Cetacea
  • Infraorder †Archaeoceti
  • Family †Basilosauridae
  • Family †Protocetidae
  • Family †Remingtonocetidae
  • Infraorder Autoceta
  • Family †Agorophiidae
  • Superfamily †Squalodontoidea
  • Family †Squalodontidae
  • Family †Rhabdosteidae
  • Parvorder Mysticeti
  • Family †Aetiocetidae
  • Family †Mammalodontidae
  • Family †Cetotheriidae
  • Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals and grey whales
  • Family Balaenidae: right and bowhead whales
  • Parvorder Odontoceti
  • Superfamily Physeteroidea
  • Family Physeteridae: sperm whales
  • Superfamily Hyperoodontoidea
  • Family Hyperoodontidae: beaked whales
  • Superfamily Platanistoidea
  • Family Platanistidae: river dolphins
  • Superfamily Delphinoidea
  • Family Delphinidae: dolphins
  • Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata River dolphin
  • Family Lipotidae: baiiji
  • Family Iniidae: Amazon River dolphin
  • Family †Kentridontidae
  • Family Monodontidae: beluga and narwhal
  • Family †Odobenocetopsidae
  • Family †Dalpiazinidae
  • Family †Acrodelphinidae
  • Family Phocoenidae: porpoises
  • Family †Albireonidae
  • Family †Hemisyntrachelidae
  • Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates
  • Suborder Suiformes
  • Family †Raoellidae
  • Family †Choeropotamidae
  • Superfamily Suoidea
  • Family Suidae: pigs
  • Family Tayassuidae: peccaries
  • Family †Santheriidae
  • Family Hippopotamidae: hippos
  • Superfamily †Dichobunoidea
  • Family †Dichobunidae
  • Family †Cebochoeridae
  • Family †Mixtotheriidae
  • Family †Helohyidae
  • Superfamily †Anthracotherioidea
  • Family †Haplobunodontidae
  • Family †Anthracotheriidae
  • Superfamily †Anoplotherioidea
  • Family †Dacrytheriidae
  • Family †Anoplotheriidae
  • Family †Cainotheriidae
  • Superfamily †Oreodontoidea
  • Family †Agriochoeridae
  • Family †Oreodontidae
  • Superfamily †Entelodontoidea
  • Family †Entelodontidae
  • Suborder Tylopoda
  • Family †Xiphodontidae
  • Superfamily Cameloidea
  • Family Camelidae: camels and llamas
  • Family †Oromerycidae
  • Superfamily †Protoceratoidea
  • Family †Protoceratidae
  • Suborder Ruminantia
  • Family †Amphimerycidae
  • Family †Hypertragulidae
  • Family Tragulidae: mouse deer
  • Family †Leptomerycidae
  • Family †Bachitheriidae
  • Family †Lophiomerycidae
  • Family †Gelocidae
  • Superfamily Cervoidea
  • Family Moschidae: musk deer
  • Family Antilocapridae: pronghorn
  • Family †Palaeomerycidae
  • Family †Hoplitomerycidae
  • Family Cervidae: deer
  • Superfamily Giraffoidea
  • Family †Climacoceratidae
  • Family Giraffidae: giraffe and okapi
  • Superfamily Bovoidea
  • Family Bovidae: cattle, antelope, and relatives
  • Mirorder †Meridiungulata
  • Family †Perutheriidae
  • Family †Amilnedwardsiidae
  • Order †Litopterna
  • Family †Protolipternidae
  • Superfamily †Macrauchenioidea
  • Family †Macraucheniidae
  • Family †Notonychopidae
  • Family †Adianthidae
  • Superfamily †Proterotherioidea
  • Family †Proterotheriidae
  • Order †Notoungulata: notoungulates
  • Suborder †Notioprogonia
  • Family †Henricosborniidae
  • Family †Notostylopidae
  • Suborder †Toxodontia
  • Family †Isotemnidae
  • Family †Leontiniidae
  • Family †Notohippidae
  • Family †Toxodontidae
  • Family †Homalodotheriidae
  • Suborder †Typotheria
  • Family †Archaeopithecidae
  • Family †Oldfieldthomasiidae
  • Family †Interatheriidae
  • Family †Campanorcidae
  • Family †Mesotheriidae
  • Suborder †Hegetotheria
  • Family †Archaeohyracidae
  • Family †Hegetotheriidae
  • Order †Astrapotheria
  • Family †Eoastrapostylopidae
  • Family †Trigonostylopidae
  • Family †Astrapotheriidae
  • Order †Xenungulata
  • Family †Carodniidae
  • Order †Pyrotheria
  • Family †Pyrotheriidae
  • Mirorder Altungulata
  • Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
  • Suborder Hippomorpha
  • Family Equidae: horses
  • Family †Palaeotheriidae
  • Suborder Ceratomorpha
  • Infraorder †Selenida
  • Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
  • Family †Brontotheriidae
  • Family †Anchilophidae
  • Superfamily †Chalicotherioidea
  • Family †Eomoropidae
  • Family †Chalicotheriidae
  • Infraorder Tapiromorpha
  • Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea
  • Family †Hyracodontidae
  • Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses
  • Superfamily Tapiroidea
  • Family †Helaletidae
  • Family †Isectolophidae
  • Family †Lophiodontidae
  • Family †Deperetellidae
  • Family †Lophialetidae
  • Family Tapiridae: tapirs
  • Order Uranotheria: elephants, manatees, hyraxes, and relatives
  • Suborder Hyracoidea
  • Family †Pliohyracidae
  • Family Procaviidae: hyraxes
  • Suborder †Embrithopoda
  • Family †Phenacolophidae
  • Family †Arsinoitheriidae
  • Suborder Tethytheria
  • Infraorder Sirenia: manatees, dugong, and sea cow
  • Family †Prorastomidae
  • Family Dugongidae: dugongs
  • Family Trichechidae: manatees
  • Infraorder Behemota
  • Parvorder †Desmostylia
  • Family †Desmostylidae
  • Parvorder Proboscidea
  • Family †Anthracobunidae
  • Family †Moeritheriidae
  • Family †Numidotheriidae
  • Family †Barytheriidae
  • Family †Deinotheriidae
  • Family †Palaeomastodontidae
  • Family †Phiomiidae
  • Family †Hemimastodontidae
  • Superfamily ‡Mammutoidea
  • Family †Mammutidae: mastodons and relatives
  • Superfamily Elephantoidea
  • Family †Gomphotheriidae: gomphotheres
  • Family Elephantidae: modern elephants

    • Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska, and Cifelli classification

    Several important fossil mammal discoveries have been made that have led researchers to question many of the relationships proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997). Additionally, researchers are subjecting taxonomic hypotheses to more rigorous cladistic analyses of early mammal fossils. Luo et al. (2002) summarized existing ideas and proposed new ideas of relationships among mammals at the most basal level. They argued that the term mammal should be defined based on characters (especially the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation) instead of a crown-based definition (the group that contains most recent common ancestor of monotremes and therians and all of its descendants). Their definition of Mammalia is roughly equal to the Mammaliaformes as defined by McKenna and Bell (1997) and other authors. They also define their taxonomic levels as clades and do not apply Linnean hierarchies.

    Mammalia

    Simplified classification for non-specialists

    {{unreferenced section|date=January 2015}}

    The following classification is a simplified version based on current understanding suitable for non-specialists who want to understand how living genera are related to each other. The classification ignores differences in levels and thus cannot be used to estimate the respective distances between taxa. It also ignores taxa that became extinct in pre-historic times. Finally, English names are preferred whenever they exist. This makes it especially suited for non-specialists who wish to gain an easy overview. For the full picture, the non-simplified versions above should be consulted.

    • Monotremes (prototheria): echidnas and platypus
    • Platypus (ornithorhynchids)
    • Echidnas (tachyglossids)
    • Live-bearing mammals (theria)
    • Marsupials
    • Opossums (didelphids)
    • Shrew opossums (caenolestids)
    • Australodelphia: Australian marsupials and monito del Monte
    • Monito del Monte
    • Dasyuromorphs
    • Dasyurids: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies
    • Numbat
    • Peramelemorphs: bilbies and bandicoots
    • Bilbies (thylacomyids)
    • Bandicoots (peramelids)
    • Marsupial moles (notoryctids)
    • Diprotodonts
    • Koala
    • Wombats (vombatids)
    • Phalangerids: brushtail possums and cuscuses
    • Pygmy possums (burramyids)
    • Honey possum
    • Petaurids: striped and Leadbeater's possums, and yellow-bellied, suger, mahogany and squirrel glider
    • Ringtailed possums (pseudocheirids)
    • Potorids: potoroos, rat kangaroos and bettongs
    • Acrobatids: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum
    • Musky rat-kangaroo
    • Macropods: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
    • Placentals
    • Atlantic placentals (atlantogenatans)
    • Afroplacentals (afrotherians)
    • Afroinsectiphilians: elephant shrews, tenrecs, otter shrews, golden moles, and aardvark
    • Elephant shrews (macroscelidids)
    • Afrosoricids: tenrecs and golden moles
    • Tenrecids: tenrecs and otter shrews
    • Golden moles (chrysochlorids)
    • Aardvark
    • Paenungulates: hyraxes, elephants, dugongs and manatees
    • Hyraxes or dassies (procaviids)
    • Elephants (elephantids)
    • Sirenians: dugong and manatees
    • Dugong
    • Manatees (trichechids)
    • Xenarthrans
    • Pilosans: sloths and anteaters
    • Anteaters (vermilinguans)
    • Silky anteater
    • Myrmecophagids: giant anteater and tamanduas
    • Sloths (folivorans)
    • Three-toed sloths (bradypodids)
    • Two-toed sloths (megalonychids)
    • Armadillos (dasypodids)
    • Northern placentals (boreoeutherians)
    • Supraprimates (euarchontoglires)
    • Euarchontans: treeshrews, colugos and primates
    • Treeshrews (scandentians)
    • Tupaiids: all treeshrews except pen-tailed
    • Pen-tailed treeshrew
    • Colugos or flying lemurs (cynocephalids)
    • Primates
    • Strepsirrhines: lemur- and loris-like primates
    • Lemur-like primates (lemuriforms)
    • Cheirogaleids: dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs
    • Aye-aye
    • True lemurs (lemurids)
    • Sportive lemurs (lepilemurids)
    • Indriids: woolly lemurs and allies
    • Loris-like primates (lorisiforms)
    • Lorisids: lorises, pottos and allies
    • Galagos (galagids)
    • Haplorhines: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
    • Tarsiers (tarsiids)
    • Anthropoid primates
    • New World monkeys (platyrrhines)
    • Callitrichids: marmosets and tamarins
    • Cebids: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
    • Aotids: night or owl monkeys
    • Pitheciids: titis, sakis and uakaris
    • Atelids: howler, spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys
    • Catarrhines
    • Old World monkeys (cercopithecids)
    • Hominoid primates
    • Gibbons (hylobatids)
    • Great apes (hominids): incl. Humans
    • Glires: pikas, rabbits, hares, and rodents
    • Lagomorphs: pikas, rabbits and hares
    • Leporids: rabbits and hares
    • Pikas (ochotonids)
    • Rodents
    • Anomalure-like rodents (anomaluromorphs): Scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares
    • Scaly-tailed squirrels or anomalures (anomalurids)
    • Springhares (pedetids)
    • Beaver-like rodents (castorimorphs)
    • Beavers (castorids)
    • Gopher-like rodents (geomyoid rodents)
    • Pocket or true gophers (geomyids)
    • Heteromyids: kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice
    • Porcupine-like rodents (hystricomorphs)
    • Laotian rock rat
    • Gundis (ctenodactylids)
    • Hystricognaths
    • African mole rats (bathyergids)
    • Old World porcupines (hystricids)
    • Dassie rat
    • Cane rats (thryonomyids)
    • Cavy-like rodents (caviomorphs)
    • Chinchilla rats (abrocomids)
    • Hutias (capromyids)
    • Cavies (caviids): incl. Guinea pigs and capybara
    • Chinchillids: chinchillas and viscachas
    • Tuco-tucos (ctenomyids)
    • Agoutis (dasyproctids)
    • Pacas (cuniculids)
    • Pacarana
    • Spiny rats (echymyids)
    • New World porcupines (erethizontids)
    • Myocastorids: nutria and coypu
    • Octodonts (octodontids): Andean rock-rats, degus and viscacha-rats
    • Mouse-like rodents (myomorphs)
    • Dipodids: jerboas and jumping mice
    • Muroid rodents
    • Mouse-like hamsters (calomyscids)
    • Cricetids: hamsters, New World rats and mice, voles
    • Murids: true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rat
    • Nesomyids: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice
    • Spiny dormice (platacanthomyids)
    • Spalacids: mole rats, bamboo rats, and zokors
    • Squirrel-like rodents (sciuromorphs)
    • Mountain beaver
    • Dormice (glirids)
    • Squirrels (sciurids): incl. chipmunks, prairie dogs, and marmots
    • Laurasian placentals (laurasiatherians)
    • Hedgehogs (erinaceids)
    • Soricomorphs: moles, shrews, solenodons
    • Shrews (soricids)
    • Moles (talpids)
    • Solenodons (solenodontids)
    • Ferungulates: ungulates, cetaceans, bats, pangolins and carnivorans
    • Cetartiodactyls: even-toed ungulates and cetaceans
    • Camelids: camels and llamas
    • Swine (suinans): pigs and peccaries
    • Pigs (suids)
    • Peccaries (tayassuids)
    • Cetruminantians: cetaceans, hippos and ruminants
    • Cetancodonts: cetaceans and hippos
    • Cetaceans: Whales, dolphins and porpoises
    • Baleen whales (mysticetes)
    • Balaenids: right whales and bowhead whale
    • Rorquals (balaenopterids)
    • Gray whale
    • Pygmy right whale
    • Toothed whales (odontocetes)
    • Dolphins (delphinids)
    • Monodontids: beluga and narwhal
    • Beluga
    • Narwhal
    • Porpoises (phocoenids)
    • Sperm whale
    • Kogiids: pygmy and dwarf sperm whale
    • River dolphins (platanistoid whales)
    • Iniids: Amazon and Bolivian river dolphin
    • La Plata dolphin
    • Platanistids: Ganges and Indus river dolphins
    • Beaked whales (ziphids)
    • Hippos (hippopotamids)
    • Ruminantiamorphs: chevrotains, pronghorn, giraffes, musk deer, deer, and bovids
    • Chevrotains (tragulids)
    • Pecorans
    • Pronghorn
    • Giraffids: giraffe and okapi
    • Musk deer (moschids)
    • Deer (cervids)
    • Bovids: cattle, goats, sheep and antelope
    • Pegasoferans: bats, odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans
    • Bats (chiropterans)
    • Megabats (pteropodids)
    • Microbats (microchiropterans)
    • Sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats (emballonurids)
    • Rhinopomatoid bats
    • Mouse-tailed bats (rhinopomatids)
    • Bumblebee bat or Kitti's hog-nosed bat
    • Rhinolophoid bats
    • Horseshoe bats (rhinolophids)
    • Hollow-faced or slit-faced bats (nycterids)
    • False vampires (megadermatids)
    • Vesper bats or evening bats (vespertilionids)
    • Molossoid bats
    • Free-tailed bats (molossids)
    • Pallid bats (antrozoids)
    • Nataloid bats
    • Funnel-eared bats (natalids)
    • Sucker-footed bats (myzopodids)
    • Disc-winged bats (thyropterids)
    • Smoky bats (furipterids)
    • Noctilionoid bats
    • Bulldog or fisherman bats (noctilionids)
    • New Zealand short-tailed bats (mystacinids)
    • Ghost-faced or moustached bats (mormoopids)
    • Leaf-nosed bats (phyllostomids)
    • Zooamatans: odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans
    • Odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls)
    • Horses (equids)
    • Ceratomorphs
    • Tapirs (tapirids)
    • Rhinoceroses (rhinocerotids)
    • Ferans
    • Pangolins or scaly anteaters (manids)
    • Carnivorans
    • Cat-like carnivorans (feliforms)
    • African palm civet
    • Feloid carnivorans
    • Asiatic linsangs (prionodontids)
    • Cats (felids)
    • Viverroid carnivorans
    • Viverrids: civets and allies
    • Herpestoid carnivorans
    • Hyaenids: hyenas and aardwolf
    • Malagasy carnivorans (euplerids)
    • Herpestids: mongooses and allies
    • Dog-like carnivorans (caniforms)
    • Canids: dogs and allies
    • Arctoid carnivorans
    • Bears (ursids)
    • Musteloid carnivorans
    • Red panda
    • Mephitids: skunks and stink badgers
    • Mustelids: weasels, martens, badgers, wolverines, minks, ferrets and otters
    • Procyonids: raccoons and allies
    • Pinnipeds
    • Walrus
    • Otariids: sea lions, eared seals, fur seals
    • True seals (phocids)

    See also

    References

    {{reflist}}

    {{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Mammalia}}

    • {{cite journal |last1=Simpson |first1=George Gaylord |year=1945 |title=The principles of classification and a classification of mammals |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=85 |pages=1–350 |hdl=2246/1104 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/1104}}
    • Wilson, Don E. and Deeann M. Reeder (eds). (1993.) Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. {{ISBN|1-56098-217-9}}
    • McKenna, Malcolm C. and Bell, Susan K. (1997.) Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. {{ISBN|0-231-11013-8}}
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    Mammal classification

    Category:Systems of animal taxonomy