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September 1914

{{short description|Month of 1914}}

{{events by month|1914}}

{{calendar|year=1914|month=September}}

The following events occurred in September 1914:

File:German soldiers Battle of Marne WWI.jpg.}}]]

[[September 1]], 1914 (Tuesday)

  • Due to war with Germany, Saint Petersburg in Russia changed its name to Petrograd, meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg.{{cite book|last1=Massie|first1=Robert K.|title=The Romanovs: The Final Chapter|date=1995|publisher=Random House|isbn=0-679-43572-7}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}{{cite news|title=St. Peterburg's Name Changed to Petrograd|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/09/02/120283530.pdf|access-date=9 February 2016|work=The New York Times|date=September 2, 1914}}
  • British Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener met with General John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force following the Battle of Le Cateau at a midnight ministers that included French Prime Minister René Viviani and War Minister Alexandre Millerand. The two British generals at one point excused themselves to talk privately, and while no record of their conversation was kept, it was evident months afterward the two had developed a professional hostility towards one other.{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard|title=The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2004|isbn=0-297-84614-0|pages=231–236}}
  • Affair of Néry – A cavalry brigade from the retreating British Army fought a skirmish against an opposing German cavalry brigade twice their size, during the Great Retreat from Mons. The British artillery was mostly put out of action in the first few minutes, but a single gun successfully kept up a steady fire for two and a half hours against a full German battery until British reinforcements arrived. Three men of the artillery unit were awarded the Victoria Cross for their part in the battle, including Edward Kinder Bradbury who died from wounds during the battle.{{London Gazette|issue=28985|supp=y|page=9958|date=24 November 1914}} The battery itself was later awarded the honour title of "Néry", the only British Army unit to have this as a battle honour.{{cite book|last1=Farndale|first1=M.|title=Western Front 1914–18. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery|date=1986|publisher=Royal Artillery Institution|location=London|isbn=1-870114-00-0|pages=54–57}}
  • Zaian War – The Zayanes called off their siege on the French-held colonial town of Khenifra, Morocco, resulting in an "armed peace" that lasted until November.{{Citation | last = Hoisington| first = William A| title = Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco| place = New York| publisher = Macmillan (St Martin's Press)| year = 1995| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iBn1PHEGGokC| isbn = 978-0-312-12529-5| page=73}}
  • Martial law was declared in Butte, Montana, after local law enforcement failed to quell ongoing labor violence between rival mining groups in the town. Around 500 National Guard were called in to regain order. A state district court later ordered the town's mayor and sheriff to be fired from their positions for dereliction of duty, and new leadership was appointed.{{cite journal |first=Paul Frederick |last=Brissenden |title=The I.W.W., a study in American syndicalism |journal=Studies in History, Economics and Public Law |date=1919 |volume=83 |issue=193 |pages=320–322}}
  • The British 3rd Cavalry Division was established under the command of Major-General the Hon. Julian Byng and remained active until 1919.{{cite web |url=https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/3rd-cavalry-division/ |title=3rd Cavalry Division |publisher=The Long Long Trail |last=Baker |first=Chris |access-date=5 August 2013}}
  • The 2nd Light Horse Brigade of the First Australian Imperial Force was established in Sydney,{{cite book |author-link=Roland Perry |author=Perry, Roland |year=2009 |title=The Australian Light Horse |publisher=Hachette Australia |location=Sydney |isbn=978-0-7336-2272-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}} with the 5th,{{cite web|access-date=6 December 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=5th Light Horse Regiments| url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51039}} 6th,{{cite web|access-date=29 November 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=6th Light Horse Regiment|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51040}} 7th,{{cite web| access-date=29 November 2011| publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=7th Light Horse Regiment |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51041}} 8th,{{cite web|access-date=29 November 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=8th Light Horse Regiment |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51042}} 9th Light Horse Regiments in support.{{cite web|access-date=29 November 2011|publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=9th Light Horse Regiment|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51043}}
  • The 14th, 15th and 17th Battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force were established.Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
  • The "Corps Eberhardt" of the Imperial Germany Army was established to defend the Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany and France. It was renamed the XV Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps in 1916.{{cite book | last = Cron | first = Hermann | year = 2002 | title = Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle |orig-date=first published: 1937 | publisher = Helion & Co | isbn = 1-874622-70-1|page=88}}
  • The Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya arrived off Kiaochow Bay, China, to participate in operations during the Siege of Tsingtao. It was the first combat deployment of an aviation ship by any country.{{cite book|last1=Peattie|first1=Mark R.|title=Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941|date=2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=1-55750-432-6|page=7}}{{cite book|last1=Layman|first1=R.D.|title=Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922|date=1989|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-210-9|page=85}}
  • Gertrude I. Johnson and Mary T. Wales founded the Johnson & Wales Business School in Providence, Rhode Island, with a single student. It eventually grew to become Johnson & Wales University with four campuses across the United States.{{cite web |first1=Frank L. |last1=Grzyb |first2=Russell |last2=DeSimone|title=Remarkable Women of Rhode Island|date=2014|publisher=History Press |website=The Online Review of Rhode Island History |url=http://smallstatebighistory.com/gertrude-johnson-and-mary-wales-two-trailblazers-in-rhode-island-education/}}
  • The last known passenger pigeon "Martha" died in the Cincinnati Zoo.{{cite journal |last=Shufeldt |first=Robert W. |author-link=Robert Wilson Shufeldt |journal=The Auk |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=January 1915 |publisher=American Ornithologists' Union |title=Anatomical and Other Notes on the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) Lately Living in the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens |pages=29–41 |doi=10.2307/4071611 |jstor=4071611 |url=http://extinct-website.com/pdf/001_p0029-p0041.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220644/http://extinct-website.com/pdf/001_p0029-p0041.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-20 }}
  • The poem "August, 1914" by John Masefield was published in the September 1 issue of The English Review, the first piece of literature written about World War I.{{cite journal|last1=Masefield|first1=John|title=August 1914|journal=English Review| date=1914| volume=18| issue=September 1914| page=145| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRSpAgAAQBAJ&q=John+Masefield+august+1914&pg=PT324|isbn=9781136629969}}
  • The town of Mission Beach, Queensland, Australia was established.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42932426 |title=HULL RIVER MISSION. |newspaper=Cairns Post |volume=XXVIII |issue=2282 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=16 August 1915 |access-date=28 August 2018 |page=8 |via=National Library of Australia}}
  • Died: George Henry Morris, 42, Irish military officer, first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle; killed in action during the Great Retreat (b. 1872){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 2]], 1914 (Wednesday)

[[September 3]], 1914 (Thursday)

File:Benedictus XV.jpg]]

  • Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeded Pope Pius X as the 258th pope.{{cite web|title=Benedict XV (1914–1922)| url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/it/biography/documents/hf_ben-xv_bio_20060214_biography.html| publisher=Vatican City| access-date=27 October 2015| language=it}}
  • Prince William of Albania left the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule.{{cite book| last1=Springer| first1=Elisabeth| first2=Leopold |last2=Kammerhofer |title=Archiv und Forschung| publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag| year=1993| page=346| isbn=3-486-55989-3 |language=de}}
  • Battle of Rawa – The Russian Fifth Army under command of Paul von Plehwe exploited a gap in the Austrian-Hungarian defense line when the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army was ordered south to aid the Third Army, which had suffered heavy casualties.{{cite journal|last1=Golovin|first1=Nikolai|title=The Great Battle of Galicia, 1914: A Study in Strategy|journal=Slavonic Review|date=1926–1927|volume=5|url=http://www.august-1914.ru/golovin_4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131090733/http://www.august-1914.ru/golovin_4.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}
  • Royal Navy torpedo gunboat {{HMS|Speedy|1893|6}} struck a mine and sank in the North Sea along with a naval trawler, with the loss of one of her 91 crew (the other boat lost another five crew).{{Cite news |work=The Times |title=North Sea mines |date=4 September 1914 |page=8 |issue=40625 }}
  • The 63rd Naval Infantry Division was established as the main infantry unit for the Royal Navy.{{cite book |title=The Royal Naval Division |last=Jerrold |first=D. |year=2009 |orig-year=1923 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum and N & M Press |isbn=978-1-84342-261-7|page=3}}
  • Sioux County, North Dakota was established by proclamation of Governor Louis B. Hanna and named after the Sioux Lakota that historically settled in the area.{{cite web|title=County History|url=http://www.nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History|publisher=Official Portal for North Dakota State Government|access-date=4 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508124433/http://nd.gov/content.htm?parentCatID=83&id=County%20History |archive-date=8 May 2013 |website=NorthDakota.gov}}
  • The Masonic Temple in Worcester, Massachusetts, was completed and dedicated by Grand Master, Most Worshipful Melvin M. Johnson. The temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.{{cite web|url=https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=wor.1196|title=Historic Building Detail: WOR.1196

|website=Massachusetts Historical Commission - Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information Resource (MACRIS)|publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|access-date=2014-01-16}}

[[September 4]], 1914 (Friday)

  • Battle of Rawa – The Russian Third Army seized Lemberg in Galicia (now Poland) from Austria-Hungary.{{cite news|title=Lemberg Taken, Halicz As Well|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/09/05/100327394.pdf|access-date=9 February 2016|work=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1914}}
  • Battle of Grand Couronné – The German Sixth Army attacked the regrouping French Second Army in northeastern France following the Battle of the Frontiers.{{cite book|last1=Tyng|first1=Sewell|title=The Campaign of the Marne 1914|date=1935|publisher=(Westholme Publishing) Longmans, Green|location=(Yardley, PA) New York|isbn=1-59416-042-2|pages=316–317|edition=2007}}
  • Siege of Antwerp – Spurred by news that 40,000 British troops had landed in Belgium, German forces attacked captured fortresses and blew up bridges from the Scheldt towards Termonde north of the city.{{cite book|last1=Humphries|first1=M. O.|last2=Maker|first2=J.|title=Der Weltkrieg: 1914 The Battle of the Frontiers and Pursuit to the Marne. Germany's Western Front: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War I. Part 1|date=2013|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Canada|isbn=978-1-55458-373-7|pages=476, 481}}
  • A coal mine collapsed in Adamson, Oklahoma, killing 14 miners.{{cite book|last=Morris |first=John|title=Ghost Towns of Oklahoma |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|date=1977|location=Norman, Oklahoma|pages=229|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSqmnpHFEF0C|isbn=978-0-8061-1420-0}}
  • Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain Robert Bartlett of the Karluk met fur trader Olaf Swenson in Nome, Alaska who had chartered the schooner King and Winge for a seasonal trade run to Siberia. Bartlett requested Swensen have the ship stop by Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea and look for the stranded survivors of the Karluk shipwreck. Barlett's charter ship Bear left Nome a few days after King and Winge.{{cite book|last1=Niven|first1=Jennifer|title=The Ice Master: The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk |date=2001|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|isbn=0-330-39123-2|pages=334–34}}
  • The French Foreign Legion established 2nd and 3rd Foreign Regiments of the 1st Foreign Regiment, and 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment to fight for the Allies in World War I.{{cite book |title=Régiment de marche de la légion |author-link=Erwan Bergot |first=Erwan |last=Bergot |publisher=Presses de la Cité |year=1984 |isbn=978-2-7242-2440-5}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • The Royal Town Planning Institute was established as the principal association for urban planners in Great Britain.{{cite web |url=https://www.rtpi.org.uk/about-the-rtpi/about-us/ |website=RTPI.org.uk |title=About the RTPI |access-date=17 January 2013}}
  • Enlistee William Henry Strahan wrote the poem "The Bugle Call" before he left for military training at Blackboy Hill, Australia. Following his death during the first day of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, many newspapers published the verses.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article149443619 |title=The Bugle Call. |newspaper=Toodyay Herald |location=WA |date=12 September 1914 |access-date=24 July 2014 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}

[[September 5]], 1914 (Saturday)

  • The Australian Labor Party led by Andrew Fisher won the Australian federal election, taking 42 out of 75 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 31 out of 36 seats in the Australian Senate.{{cite book |first=D. J. |last=Murphy |author-link=Denis Murphy (Australian politician) |title=Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928) |chapter=Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) |publisher=Australian National University |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080529b.htm |year=1981 |access-date=12 May 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525073446/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080529b.htm|archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=live}}
  • Early general elections were held in Sweden for the second time that year.{{cite book |author-link1=Dieter Nohlen |last1=Nohlen |first1=Dieter |last2=Stöver |first2=Philip |year=2010 |title=Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook |publisher=Nomos |page=1858 |isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7}}
  • The First Battle of the Marne began when the French Sixth Army left Paris to the east and engaged cavalry patrols with the German Sixth Army at the River Ourcq.{{cite book| last1=Herwig| first1=Holger |author-link=Holger Herwig | title=The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World | date=2009| publisher=Random House| isbn=978-0-8129-7829-2| pages=240–41}}
  • French general Noël de Castelnau was ordered to hold the city of Nancy, France as long as possible while French troops on the Grand Couronné repulsed German attacks.{{sfn|Tyng|1935|pp=316–317}}
  • Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder was sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth off the coast of Scotland, with the loss of 261 sailors.{{cite book|last1=Sondhaus|first1=Lawrence|title=The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1-107-03690-1|page=118}} It was the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.{{cite book| last1=Lowell| first1=Thomas| title=Raiders of the Deep| date=2004| publisher=Naval Institute Press| location=Annapolis| isbn=1-59114-861-8| page=8}}
  • During the Siege of Tsingtao, the Imperial Japanese Navy carried out its first air combat mission. A three-seat Farman seaplane from the Wakamiya bombed German fortifications at Tsingtao, China, and conducted a reconnaissance of Kiaochow Bay.{{sfn|Peattie|2001|p=8}}
  • The German light cruiser SMS Emden, under command of Karl von Müller, was spotted in the Bay of Bengal.{{cite book| last1=Forstmeier| first1=Friedrich| editor1-last=Preston| editor1-first=Antony| title=Warship Profile 25| date=1972| publisher=Profile Publications| location=Windsor, UK| page=8| chapter=SMS Emden, Small Protected Cruiser 1906–1914}}
  • The cover of magazine London Opinion first carried the iconic drawing by Alfred Leete of Lord Kitchener with the recruiting slogan Your Country Needs You.{{cite web|first=Tony|last=Quinn|date=8 December 2001|title=London Opinion – the most influential cover|publisher=Magforum.com|url=http://www.magforum.com/mens/london-opinion.htm|access-date=2010-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911080923/http://www.magforum.com/mens/london-opinion.htm|archive-date=11 September 2010|url-status=live}}
  • The Amsterdam cricket club was established after three separate crickets clubs merged, being Volharding, RAP and Amstel, thus retaining the title of oldest active cricket club in the Netherlands.{{cite web| title=History-VRA Cricket| url=http://www.vra.nl/over/geschiedenis| website=VRA| language=nl}}
  • Born:
  • Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Catholic nun, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her humanitarian work; in Ponce, Puerto Rico (d. 2000){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Minuetta Kessler, Russian-Canadian composer and pianist, noted piano prodigy best known for her performances with the Boston Pops Orchestra; as Minuetta Shumiatcher, in Gomel, Russian Empire (present-day Belarus) (d. 2002){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died: Charles Péguy, 41, French poet, known for poetry collections including The Portal of the Mystery of Hope; killed in action at the First Battle of the Marne (b. 1873){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 6]], 1914 (Sunday)

File:Taxi de la Marne, Musée de l'Armée-IMG 0987.jpg]]

  • First Battle of the Marne – Troops from the British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army crossed the Grand Morin and Petit Morin rivers in France to engage German forces.{{cite book| last1=Doughty|author1-link=Robert A. Doughty |first1=R. A.| title=Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War| date=2005| publisher=Belknap Press| location=Cambridge, MA| isbn=0-67401-880-X| pages=92–95}}
  • General Joseph Gallieni began a 3-day effort to gather about 600 taxicabs in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front fifty kilometers away. With each taxi carrying five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver, the fleet was able to provide 6,000 reinforcements to the front at a crucial point in the Battle of the Marne. Most taxis returned to civilian service immediately, although some remained longer to carry back the wounded and refugees. The French treasury reimbursed all taxis with a total fare of 70,012 francs.{{sfn|Tyng|1935|pp=239–240}}
  • Battle of Drina – The Serbian Second Army repelled an initial offense by the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army at the Drina River, but the stronger 6th Army managed to surprise the Serbian Third Army and gained a foothold into Serbian territory.{{cite book |title=World War I: Encyclopedia. S–Z |volume=4 |editor-first=Spencer |editor-last=Tucker |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |page=366}}
  • The Siege of Maubeuge in France ended when the fortress's defenders surrendered to German forces after several days of shelling.{{cite journal|last1=Skinner|first1=H. T.|last2=Stacke|first2=H. Fitz M.|title=Principal Events 1914–1918|journal=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|date=1922|pages=8–10|publisher=HMSO|location=London|oclc=17673086}}
  • German colonial forces attacked British troops defending Nsanakong in German Cameroon, forcing them to retreat over the border into Nigeria with 100 casualties.{{cite book| last1=Strachan| first1=Hew| title=The First World War. Vol. I: To Arms| date=2001| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=Oxford| page=522}}
  • The first air-sea battle in history occurred between Imperial Japanese Navy seaplanes and German and Austro-Hungarian ships in Kiaochow Bay during the Siege of Tsingtao.{{sfn|Layman|1989|p=85}}
  • The Bohemian National Alliance was established in Chicago to advocate support of the independent state of Czechoslovakia from Austria-Hungary.{{cite web |first=Miloslav |last=Rechcígl |url=http://www.svu2000.org/cs-america/for-czechoslovakia/ |title=Czech America in the Struggle for Independent Czechoslovakia |date=3 November 2000 |publisher=Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences |access-date=2014-10-12}}
  • The Indonesian Islamic organization Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya was established with the first Al-Irshad school in Batavia, Dutch East Indies.{{cite thesis |url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1404950374608~334|title=Ahmad Surkati: His role in al-Irshad movement in Java|first=Bisri|last=Affandi|publisher=McGill University |location=Montreal |date=March 1976}}
  • Died: Alfred Mayssonnié, 30, French rugby player, scrum-half and fly-half for the France national rugby union team from 1908 to 1910; killed at the First Battle of the Marne (b. 1884){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 7]], 1914 (Monday)

File:Karluk survivors.jpg shortly after their rescue in the Arctic.]]

[[September 8]], 1914 (Tuesday)

  • First Battle of the Marne – The French Fifth Army launched a surprise attack against the German Second Army, further widening the 50-kilometer gap between the First and Second German Armies. With the two German command posts now unable to communicate with each other, both commanding officers met and agreed the German Second Army was in danger of encirclement and should retreat immediately.{{cite book|last=Spears|first=Edward L.|title=Liaison 1914:a narrative of a great defeat|date=1930|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|pages=554–555|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523396}}
  • Battle of Grand Couronné – The German offensive began to wane and French forces were able to start retaking lost ground.{{sfn|Tyng|1935|pp=318–319}}
  • Pope Benedict XV held his first consistory in the Vatican.{{cite news|title=New Pope Holds First Consistory|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/09/09/100327737.pdf|access-date=10 February 2016|work=The New York Times|date=September 9, 1914}}
  • Major General Julian Byng was replaced by General J. Maxwell to command the Force in Egypt, whose primary objective was to protect the Suez Canal from the Central Powers.{{cite journal| last1=Falls| first1=Cyril| last2=MacMunn| first2=G.| title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917| journal=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence| date=1930| volume=1| pages=11, 14| publisher=HM Stationery Office.| location=London| oclc=610273484}}
  • Private Thomas Highgate became the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during World War I.{{cite news |title=Shot at dawn, pardoned 90 years on |date=2006-08-16 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4798025.stm |access-date=2008-08-08}}
  • The British ocean liner RMS Oceanic ran aground on a reef off the island of Foula of the Shetland Islands due to a navigational error. All passengers and crew were rescued but the ship was swallowed by the sea during a storm the following day. The wreck received little public exposure due to the controversy of crew incompetence surrounding the wreck.{{cite web|title=Oceanic|publisher= The Great Ocean Liners|url=http://www.greatoceanliners.net/oceanic2.html|access-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014104/http://www.greatoceanliners.net/oceanic2.html |archive-date=27 February 2009 |first=Daniel |last=Othfors}}
  • John D. Rockefeller and his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary at their home in Pocantico Hills, New York, two days before Laura's 75th birthday. It would be their last anniversary as Laura would pass away March 12, 1915.{{cite news|title=Rockefellers Celebrate|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/09/09/100327739.pdf|access-date=10 February 2016|work=The New York Times|date=September 9, 1914}}
  • The stage comedy It Pays to Advertise by Roi Cooper Megrue and Walter Hackett premiered on Broadway and ran a full year in New York City.{{cite book | last= Bordman | first= Gerald Martin | title= American Theatre – A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1914–1930| year=1995 | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 0195090780 |page=8}}
  • Born:
  • B. P. Koirala, Nepalese state leader, 22nd Prime Minister of Nepal; as Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, in Benares, British India (present-day Varanasi, India) (d. 1982){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Denys Lasdun, British architect, best known for the Royal National Theatre; in London, England (d. 2001){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died:
  • William Lofland Dudley, 55, American chemist, developed the refining process for iridium (b. 1859)
  • William Erasmus Darwin, 74, son of Charles Darwin, major subject in Darwin's studies on developmental psychology (b. 1839){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 9]], 1914 (Wednesday)

File:The Road To War Q81806.jpg, Chief of the German General Staff.]]

[[September 10]], 1914 (Thursday)

[[September 11]], 1914 (Friday)

  • Austro-Hungarian forces were defeated at the Battle of Rawa, sustaining some 50,000 casualties and 70,000 men taken prisoner, while the victorious Russian force sustained 60,000 casualties. However, the Central Powers retook Rawa on June 21, 1915.
  • First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – Reinforcements bolstered the German Eighth Army, allowed them to push the Russian First Army back to a line running from Insterburg to Angerburg in East Prussia.Gray 1990, p. 282
  • Battle of Bita Paka – Australian troops from the cruiser {{HMAS|Sydney|1912|6}} landed at the port Rabaul in German New Guinea while the destroyer {{HMAS|Warrego|D70|6}} landed small parties to capture other small settlements with strategically placed wireless stations.{{cite book|last1=Odgers| first1=George| title=100 Years of Australians at War| date=1994| publisher=Lansdowne| location=Sydney, New South Wales| isbn=1-86302-669-X| page=42}}
  • British tanker {{SS|Elsinore||2}} was shelled and sunk in the Pacific Ocean off Mexico by German warship {{SMS|Leipzig|1905|6}}.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=German cruiser's prey |date=5 October 1914 |page=6 |issue=40656 |column=E }}
  • The 14th,{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1=Chris|title=The Long Long Trail|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/14div.htm| access-date=28 February 2015}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}} 15th,{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=J. |last2=Buchan | first2=J.| title=The Fifteenth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919 | year=2003 |orig-year=1926 |publisher=Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |edition=repr. The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=978-1-84342-639-4|page=301}} 16th,{{cite book |last=Grayson, Dr. Richard S. |title=Belfast Boys: How Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together in the First World War |publisher=Continuum UK |location=London |year=2009|isbn=978-1-84725-008-7 |pages=14–18}} 17th,{{cite book|title=The History of the 17th (Northern) Division| last=Atteridge| first=A.H.| date=1929| publisher=Robert Maclehose & Co.| place=Glasgow| url=http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100002356530.0x000002#ark:/81055/vdc_100002359951.0x000005| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126010103/http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100002356530.0x000002#ark:/81055/vdc_100002359951.0x000005| url-status=dead| archive-date=January 26, 2017}} 18th,{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=18th (Eastern) Division |url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/18th-eastern-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |access-date=17 November 2018}} 19th{{cite web |title=The 19th (Western) Division |url=https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/19th-western-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |first=Chris |last=Baker}} 20th,{{cite book| last1=Inglefield| first1=Capt. V.E.| title=The History of the Twentieth (Light) Division| publisher=Nesbit & Co. Ltd| location=London| year=2016| edition=Naval and Military Press| isbn=9781843424093|page=1}} 21st,{{cite web |url=http://www.21stdivision1914-18.org |title=Home |website=21st Division |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511092111/http://www.21stdivision1914-18.org/ |archive-date=11 May 2017}} 22nd,{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=22nd Division |url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/22nd-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |access-date=14 November 2018}} 23rd,{{cite book |title=The 23rd Division 1914–1919 |last=Sandilands |first=H. R. |year=2003 |orig-year=1925 |publisher=Wm. Blackwood |location=Edinburgh |edition=Naval & Military Press |isbn=1-84342-641-2|pages=6–7}} 24th,{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=24th Division |url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/24th-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |access-date=14 November 2018}} 25th,{{cite book | title=The 25th Division in France and Flanders | last=Kincaid-Smith | first=M. | year=1920 | publisher=Harrison & Sons | location=London | edition=N & M Press 2001 | url=http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100002367223.0x000002 | access-date=6 November 2014 | isbn=1-84342-123-2|page=2}} 26th Infantry Divisions of Kitchener's Army were established.{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=26th Division |url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/26th-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |access-date=12 November 2018}}
  • Born:
  • Pavle, Serbian religious leader, 44th Serbian Patriarch; as Gojko Stojčević, in Kućanci, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia) (d. 2009){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Guglielmo Achille Cavellini, Italian artist, leading promoter of abstract art in Italy; in Brescia, Kingdom of Italy (present-day Italy)) (d. 1990){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Manlio Di Rosa, Italian fencer, two-time gold and silver medalist at the 1936, 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics; in Livorno, Kingdom of Italy (present-day Italy) (d. 1989){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died: Mircea Demetriade, 53, Romanian poet, early member of the Symbolist movement in Romania (b. 1861){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 12]], 1914 (Saturday)

[[September 13]], 1914 (Sunday)

  • Although the General Electoral League received the most votes in the Swedish general election, the Swedish Social Democratic Party emerged as the largest party, winning 87 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber.{{sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|pp=1865, 1871}}
  • First Battle of the Aisne – The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army crossed the Aisne at night under the cover of fog to partially demolish bridges and capture key ridges for an offensive against German forces. Strachan 2001 p. 257
  • French forces recaptured the villages Pont-à-Mousson and Lunéville without opposition to end the Battle of Grand Couronné in France. With the French armies closing up to the Seille River, the Battle of the Frontiers ended with the northeast segment of the Western Front stabilized until 1918.{{sfn|Strachan|2001|pp=253, 257}}
  • First Battle of the Masurian Lakes – The town of Stallupönen (now Nesterov) fell to German forces in East Prussia as Russian resistance deteriorated.Gray 1990, p. 282
  • Siege of Antwerp – Successful campaigns and German troops regrouping to bolster offensives in northern France allowed Belgian forces to return to Antwerp.{{sfn|Edmonds|1926|p=322}}
  • The British sub HMS E9 sank the German aviso SMS Hela with all but two of her 178 crew captured.{{cite book| last1=Gröner| first1=Erich| title=German Warships: 1815–1945| date=1990| publisher=Naval Institute Press| location=Annapolis| isbn=0-87021-790-9| page=99}} It was the first German ship sunk by a British sub in World War I.{{sfn|Lowell|2004|p=130}}
  • Former British diplomat and Irish nationalist Roger Casement met with German diplomat Franz von Papen in Washington D.C. to seek Germany's support in an independent Ireland from Great Britain.{{cite web|title=Irish nationalist seeks German support| url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/irish-nationalist-seeks-german-support| website=History Channel| publisher=A&E Networks| access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317041202/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/irish-nationalist-seeks-german-support |archive-date=17 March 2018}}
  • Canadian Arctic Expedition – The last survivors of the Karluk arrived in Nome, Alaska with most of the town out to greet them. In all, 14 out of the 25 that survived the sinking in January were accounted for. Three men were confirmed dead during the wait on Wrangel Island in the Bering Sea, another four were believed to have perished on the ice after leaving the main party, and another four were unaccounted but believed to have been on Herald Island (although no one could get near it). It was not until an American expedition to the island in 1924 found human remains and equipment that confirmed the missing party had made it to land before perishing.{{cite book |last1= Bartlett, Robert |last2=Hale| first2=Ralph |title= The Last Voyage of the Karluk |url= https://archive.org/details/lastvoyageofkarl00bartuoft |date=1916 |publisher= McLelland, Goodchild and Stewart |location= Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/lastvoyageofkarl00bartuoft/page/323 323]}}
  • The British 2nd Cavalry Division was established after merging the 5th Cavalry Brigade and 3rd Cavalry Brigade, along with members of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Engineers.{{sfn|Becke|1935|p=14}}
  • The 21st Division of the British Army was established.{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=21st Division |url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/21st-division/ |website=The Long, Long Trail |access-date=14 November 2018}}
  • Born: Leonard Feather, British jazz musician and journalist, known for his jazz music criticism for the Los Angeles Times and Metronome; in London, England (d. 1994){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died:
  • Robert Hope-Jones, 55, English inventor, designed the first theater organ (b. 1859){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, 74, Egyptian state leader, 7th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1840){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 14]], 1914 (Monday)

[[September 15]], 1914 (Tuesday)

[[September 16]], 1914 (Wednesday)

  • Russian forces began the Siege of Przemyśl in Eastern Galicia where a garrison of Austrian-Hungarian forces held out for 133 days before surrendering, the longest siege in World War I.{{cite book |title=A War in Words |page=69 |first1=Svetlana |last1=Palmer |first2=Sarah |last2=Wallis |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2003}}
  • The Canadian Aviation Corps was formed in an attempt for Canada to provide trained pilots for the Royal Air Force during World War I, but the organization dissolved by the spring of next year.{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Leslie|title=There Shall Be Wings|date=1959|publisher=Clark, Irwin & Co. Ltd|location=Toronto|page=7}}
  • Born: Allen Funt, American television producer, creator and host of Candid Camera; in New York City, United States (d. 1999){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 17]], 1914 (Thursday)

File:Andrew Fisher 1908.jpg, fifth Prime Minister of Australia.]]

  • Essad Pasha Toptani of the Ottoman Empire and Nikola Pašić of Serbia signed a secret alliance known as the Treaty of Niš.{{cite book |last= Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link= Dušan T. Bataković |title= The Kosovo Chronicles | url= http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/index.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100906083534/http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/index.html |archive-date= September 6, 2010 |url-status= live |access-date= January 19, 2011 |publisher= Knižara Plato |location= Belgrade, Serbia |isbn= 86-447-0006-5 |chapter= Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani |year=1992 |chapter-url=http://balkania.tripod.com/resources/history/kosovo_chronicles/kc_part2e.html |quote=Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.}}
  • Andrew Fisher became Prime Minister of Australia for the third time and formed the 11th ministry of the Government of Australia, replacing the Cook Ministry.{{cite book |first=D. J.| last=Murphy | author-link=Denis Murphy (Australian politician)| title=Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928)| chapter=Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) | publisher=Australian National University |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography | chapter-url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080529b.htm |year=1981| access-date=12 May 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525073446/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080529b.htm| archive-date=25 May 2011 | url-status=live}}
  • The German Sixth Army attempted to outflank French forces to the north in Belgium but met stiff-counter resistance, further entrenching the Western Front.{{cite book| last1=Foley| first1=R. T.| title=German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916| date=2005| publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-04436-3| page=201}}
  • Siege of Toma – German New Guinea governor Eduard Haber surrendered to Australian forces after determining there were few troops to defend the Pacific colony.{{sfn|Odgers|1994|p=42}}
  • The British battleship HMS Invincible sank during a storm in the English Channel off the coast of the Isle of Portland, with a loss of 21 of her 64 crew.{{cite book|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Kolesnik|editor2-first=Eugene M.|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|date=1979|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=0-85177-133-5}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • The German Army command established Army Detachment A to manage strategy on the southern part of the Western Front.{{sfn|Cron|2002|page=84}}
  • The city of Firebaugh, California was incorporated.{{Cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |access-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archive-date=November 3, 2014 }}
  • Born:
  • Thomas J. Bata, Czech-Canadian business executive, CEO of Bata Shoes; as Tomáš Jan Baťa, in Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Czech Republic) (d. 2008){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • William Grut, Swedish track athlete, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics; in Stockholm, Sweden (d. 2012){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 18]], 1914 (Friday)

  • The Government of Ireland Act received royal assent (although King George had contemplated refusing it).{{cite book| title=The Monarchy and the Constitution| first=Vernon| last=Bogdanor| author-link=Vernon Bogdanor| publisher=Oxford University Press| year=1997| isbn=0-19-829334-8| page=131| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEC6Ivq2JK8C}} However, the Act is postponed for the duration of World War I by the simultaneous Suspensory Act and in practice never came into effect in its original form.{{cite book| last1=Cottrell| first1=Peter| title=The War for Ireland, 1913–1923| date=2009| publisher=Osprey| location=Oxford| isbn=978-1-84603-9966| pages=14–15}}
  • The German Army command established Army Detachment C to manage strategy on the southern part of the Western Front.Cron 2002, p. 84
  • American steamship {{ship||Francis H. Leggett}} sank during a storm off the coast of Oregon with the loss of 60 of her 62 passengers and crew, making it the worst maritime disaster in the state's history.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uOBVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hOADAAAAIBAJ&pg=4798%2C2923873 "Only 2 of 70 on Leggett Escape,"] The Spokesman-Review. Sept. 19, 1914. Retrieved Sept. 21, 2014.
  • Appliance manufacturer Kelvinator was established in Detroit.{{cite web |url= http://www.kelvinator-intl.com/history_kelvinator.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071227060610/http://www.kelvinator-intl.com/history_kelvinator.asp |archive-date=27 December 2007 |title=History |publisher=Electrolux International Company |year=2007 |access-date=24 May 2013 }}

[[September 19]], 1914 (Saturday)

[[September 20]], 1914 (Sunday)

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3001, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kreuzer Königsberg.jpg

File:HMS Pegasus (1897).jpg

  • The German cruiser {{SMS|Königsberg|1905|6}} sank the British cruiser {{HMS|Pegasus|1897|6}} at the Battle of Zanzibar, with a loss of 38 British sailors.{{cite book| last1=Edwards| first1=Bernard| title=Salvo!: Classic Naval Gun Actions| date=1995| publisher=Arms & Armour Press| location=London| isbn=1-55750-796-1| pages=68–70}}
  • With support from Serbia and Italy, Ottoman general Essad Pasha Toptani organized an armed force of 10,000 men to invade Albania.{{cite book |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History |last= Elsie |first=Robert |year=2012 |publisher=I.B Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-431-3 |page=444 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&q=essad+pasha+toptani&pg=PA444 | ref=Elsie }}
  • In a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, John Redmond called on members of the Irish Volunteers to go "wherever the firing line extends". The majority did so, fighting in the 10th and 16th Irish Divisions alongside their volunteer counterparts from the 36th (Ulster) Division; the rump Irish Volunteers split off on 24 September.{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=14-15}}
  • New train stations opened to the serve the Uetsu and Rikuu rail lines in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, including Amarume, Karikawa and Tsuya serving the line.{{cite book |title = 日本国有鉄道停車場一覧 |trans-title=JNR Station Directory | publisher = Japanese National Railways | year = 1985 | location = Japan | page = 137| isbn = 4-533-00503-9}}
  • The Trinity Auditorium was dedicated as a music venue by the Methodist Episcopal Church South in Los Angeles.{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=Roger |date=September 19, 2005 |title=Another L.A. Comeback: A landmark auditorium will reopen as part of the conversion of a defunct downtown hotel into the Gansevoort West. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-sep-19-fi-hotel19-story.html |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 10, 2015 }}
  • Born: Ken Hechler, American politician, U.S. Representative for West Virginia from 1959 to 1977 and Secretary of State of West Virginia from 1985 to 2001; as Kenneth Hechler, in Roslyn, New York, United States (d. 2016){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died: William R. Pettiford, 67, American religious leader and banker, pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, and founder of one of the first southern banks for African-Americans (b. 1847){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 21]], 1914 (Monday)

  • First Battle of Picardy – German forces marched from Rheims, France, and engaged French forces the following day.{{cite journal |last1= Edmonds |first1= J.E. |title= Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914 |journal= History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |date= 1926 |volume=1 |issue=2nd ed |pages= 401–02 |publisher= Macmillan |location= London |oclc= 58962523}}
  • All German armed forces in German New Guinea surrendered to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force.{{sfn|Odgers|1994|p=42}}
  • German forces laid siege to Osowiec Fortress in the Russian Empire (now north-eastern Poland), using up to 60 artillery pieces to bombard the fort.{{cite book| last1=Bogusław| first1=Perzyk| title=Twierdza Osowiec 1882 – 1915| date=2004| publisher=Militaria Bogusława Perzyka| location=Warszawa| isbn=83-907405-1-6| language=pl}}
  • Battle of Ukoko – The French gunboat Surprise bombarded the German colonial port of Ukoko in the central African territory of Neukamerun (now Gabon) before French soldiers landed and took the town.{{cite book| last1=Reynolds| first1=Francis J.| last2=Miller| first2=Francis T.| last3=Churchill| first3=Allen L.| title=The Story of the Great War – Vol. III of VIII| url=https://archive.org/details/storygreatwar02palmgoog| date=1916| chapter=Chapter 11 – Campaign in Togoland and the Cameroons| publisher=New York, P.F. Collier and son}}
  • Spanish Navy battleship Jaime I was launched and would serve in the Spanish Civil War.{{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-907-3|page=378}}
  • The Preston Platform railway station for the Riviera Line was closed in Devon, England, three years after it opened.{{cite book| last = Potts| first = C R| title = The Newton Abbot to Kingswear Railway (1844 – 1988)| publisher = Oakwood Press| date = 1998| location = Oxford| isbn = 0-85361-387-7}}
  • Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen was published in The Times in London.{{cite web |title=Ode of Remembrance |publisher=Fifth Battalion The Royal Australian Regiment Official Website |url=http://5rar.asn.au/ode.htm |access-date=2007-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313110108/http://5rar.asn.au/ode.htm |archive-date=2007-03-13}} "Titled; For the Fallen, the ode first appeared in The Times on 21 September 1914. It has now become known in Australia as the Ode of Remembrance, and the verse in bold above is read at dawn services and other ANZAC tributes."
  • Born: John Kluge, German-American broadcaster, owner of Metromedia from 1958 to 1986; in Chemnitz, German Empire (present-day Germany) (d. 2010){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 22]], 1914 (Tuesday)

  • German submarine U-9 torpedoed three British Royal Navy armored cruisers, {{HMS|Aboukir|1900|6}}, {{HMS|Cressy|1899|2}} and {{HMS|Hogue|1900|2}}, with the deaths of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.{{cite book| last1=Massie| first1=Robert K.| title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea| date=2004| publisher=Johnathan Cape| location=London| isbn=0-224-04092-8| pages=130–135}}
  • The German light cruiser SMS Emden bombarded Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in World War I.{{cite book |first=Captain Geoffrey |last=Bennet |title=Naval Battles of the First World War |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2001}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • In the first British air raid against Germany in history, Royal Naval Air Service BE.2 aircraft of No. 3 Squadron based at Antwerp, Belgium, attacked German airship hangars at Cologne and Düsseldorf, Germany, but failed to inflict damage due to bad weather and the failure of bombs to explode.{{sfn|Sturtivant|Ray|1990|p=215}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}}{{sfn|Crosby|2006|p=264}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}}
  • Bombardment of Papeete – German armored cruisers {{SMS|Scharnhorst||6}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau||2}} entered the port of Papeete on the island of Tahiti and sank the French gunboat {{Ship|French gunboat|Zélée||2}} and freighter Walkure before bombarding the town's fortifications.{{cite journal |title=Bombardment of Papeete |journal=American Forestry |volume=XXI |pages=554–59|publisher=The American Forestry Association |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1915 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex0CAAAAYAAJ&q=bombardment+of+papeete&pg=PA553 |access-date=21 November 2009}}
  • French novelist Alain-Fournier (Lieutenant Henri-Alban Fournier), aged 27, was killed in action near Vaux-lès-Palameix (Meuse) a month after enlisting, leaving his second novel, Colombe Blanchet, unfinished. His body wasn't identified until 1991.{{cite web|url=http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/|title=Mémoire des hommes|publisher=Ministère de la Défense, Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102001523/http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |language=fr}}{{additional citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • The Nagoya Electric Railway opened new stations in Kiyosu, Japan, including Marunouchi.{{Citation | last =鷲田 | first =鉄也 | title =名古屋鉄道 1 | date =September 2010 | periodical =週刊朝日百科 | series =週刊歴史でめぐる鉄道全路線 | place=Japan | publisher =Asahi Shimbun Publications, Inc. | issue =8 | pages =20, 21 | language=ja | isbn=9784023401389 }}
  • T. S. Eliot met fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time at Pound's flat in London, starting a professional relationship that encouraged Eliot to focus on a serious career in poetry.{{cite book| last=Worthen| first=John| title=T.S. Eliot: A Short Biography| year=2009| publisher=Haus Publishing| location=London| pages=34–36}}
  • The association football club Martín Ledesma was established in Capiatá, Paraguay.{{cite web |last1=Mariani |first1=Tony |first2=Juan Pablo |last2=Andrés |first3=Eli |last3=Schmerler |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=RSSSF |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/parafound.html |title=Paraguay - Foundations Dates of Clubs |access-date=22 November 2012}}
  • Born:
  • Dorothy Ray Healey, American activist, leading promoter of minority workers' rights through the Communist Party USA and New American Movement; as Dorothy Harriet Rosenblum, in Denver, United States (d. 2006){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • M. J. Thirumalachar, Indian microbiologist, known for the development of antifungal antibiotics, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology; as Mandayam Jeersannidhi Thirumalachar, in Mysore, British India (present-day India) (d. 1999){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 23]], 1914 (Wednesday)

[[September 24]], 1914 (Thursday)

[[September 25]], 1914 (Friday)

File:ZemstVoorpost.jpg.]]

[[September 26]], 1914 (Saturday)

[[September 27]], 1914 (Sunday)

  • Battle of Albert – German forces pushed back French reserve armies around the River Somme east of Albert, France.{{sfn|Edmonds|1926|pp=402–403}}
  • Battle of Buggenhout – A Belgian volunteer regiment clashed with German troops, but, outmanned and outgunned, retreated to Mol, Belgium, where some volunteer recruits managed to frustrate German troops from taking its railway station (the rail was blown up later to slow the German advance){{sfn|van der Essen|1917|p=232}}
  • Russian forces regrouped and forced back German artillery away from Osowiec Fortress in Russian-held Polish territory, ending Germany's first attempt to take the fort.Bogusław 2004{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • A Cossack unit attacked Jewish residents in Lwów, causing 40 civilian casualties.{{cite book| first=Christopher |last=Mick| title=Lemberg, Lwow, and Lviv 1914–1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VEfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41| year=2016| publisher=Purdue University Press| isbn=978-1-55753-671-6| page=41}}
  • Komagata Maru incident – Passengers of the Japanese ship Komagata Maru arrived back in Calcutta after being forced to return from Canada. British authorities attempted to arrest Baba Gurdit Singh and 20 other men deemed as leaders for organizing the voyage. Singh resisted arrest, causing a general riot to break out. British officers opened fire and killed 19 passengers. Most of the survivors were arrested, but Singh escaped along with a few others and remained underground until 1920.{{cite book|last1=Singh Duggal|first1=Kartar|title=Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism|date=1998|publisher=Himalayan Institute Press|isbn=0-89389-109-6|pages=61–62}}
  • The first Neutral Socialist Conference was held in Lugano, Switzerland, by representatives of the Swiss Social Democratic Party and the Italian Socialist Party. Two more conferences for socialist parties in Europe would be held during World War I.{{cite book |editor-first1=Olga Hess |editor-last1=Gankin |editor-first2=H. H. |editor-last2=Fisher |title=The Bolsheviks and the First World War: The Origins of the Third International |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1940}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Naps becomes the third pro baseball player to 3000 hits, nearly four months after Honus Wagner of the Pittsburgh Pirates.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SR4DCUeJ5t0C&q=nap+lajoie&pg=PA76| title=The A-to-Z History of Base Ball| last=Cressman| first=Mark| year=2008| isbn=978-1-4363-2260-7| publisher=Xlibris Corporation| location=Bloomington, Indiana| access-date=September 20, 2012}}{{Self-published inline| certain=yes| date=January 2018| page=77}}

[[September 28]], 1914 (Monday)

  • The Germans began bombarding the fortresses protecting Antwerp.{{cite journal|last1=Edmonds|first1=J. E.|title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914|journal=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence|date=1925|volume=2|page=31|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|oclc=220044986}}
  • Battle of Albert – French forces halted the German advance around Arras in the Somme valley.{{sfn|Sheldon|2005|pp=26, 28}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}}
  • Siege of Tsingtao – German naval ships {{SMS|Cormoran|1892|6}}, {{SMS|Iltis|1898|6}}, {{SMS|Luchs}}, and {{SMS|Tiger|1899|6}} were scuttled off the coast of Tsingtau, China to prevent capture by the British.{{sfn|Gröner|1990|p=98}}
  • The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, founded by L. Frank Baum, author of the bestselling fantasy novels set in the Land of Oz, released the first film adaptations of his books – The Patchwork Girl of Oz and The Magic Cloak of Oz. Unfortunately, neither movie was a success and subsequent films failed to translate Baum's success with the books into movies. The film company would fold within a year.{{cite news|last1=Mills|first1=Richard|last2=Greene|first2=David L.|title=The Oz Film Manufacturing Company (in three parts)|work=The Baum Bugle|date=1972|page=32}}
  • The Bevier and Southern Railroad (BVS) was established when the rail company Missouri and Louisiana Railroad divided the Missouri portion to become BVS until it was shut down in 1982.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Mo7AAAAMAAJ&q=bevier+southern+railroad+agee|title=Moody's Transportation|page=8|publisher=Mergent, FIS|year=1976|access-date=December 11, 2013}}
  • The State School of Mines and Metallurgy officially opened in El Paso, Texas. It evolved to become the University of Texas at El Paso in 1967.{{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.utep.edu |title=Official Names; UTEP Encyclopedia |access-date=2015-04-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140312193651/http://encyclopedia.utep.edu/ |archive-date=2014-03-12 |url-status=dead }}{{better source needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Born: Maria Franziska von Trapp, Austrian singer, second oldest of the Trapp Family Singers; in Zell am See, Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria) (d. 2014){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died:
  • Richard Warren Sears, 50, American business leader, founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Christian Fleetwood, 74, American soldier, noted African-American to receive the Medal of Honor for actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm during the American Civil War (b. 1840){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Stevan Mokranjac, 58, Serbian composer, credited as the "father of Serbian music" for compositions and musical education in Belgrade (b. 1856){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 29]], 1914 (Tuesday)

  • Battle of the Vistula River – The German Ninth Army advanced on Vistula River where Russian forces regrouped following their defeat at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes.{{cite book| last1=Stone| first1=Norman| title=The Eastern Front 1914–1917| url=https://archive.org/details/easternfront191400norm| url-access=registration| date=1998| publisher=Penguin| page=[https://archive.org/details/easternfront191400norm/page/100 100]| isbn=978-0-14-026725-9}}
  • Siege of Antwerp – German bombardments rendered several forts useless to defense, forcing the Belgian army to evacuate all wounded, non-combative men, prisoners of war, equipment and ammunition to Antwerp. Belgian Prime Minister Charles de Broqueville informed the British the Belgian field army of 65,000 men would withdraw to Ostend if the outer fortresses fell and leave a garrison of 80,000 troops to hold Antwerp for as long as possible.{{sfn|Edmonds|1925|pp=34–36}}
  • Battle of Albert – A German reserve division attacked and captured the French village of Fricourt but was prevented by a French barrage from advancing further. France counter-attacked the following day and almost recaptured Fricourt.{{sfn|Sheldon|2005|p=28}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}}
  • The German cruiser SMS Emden moored at the Maldives in the Indian Ocean to restock its coal supplies using a captured merchant vessel.{{sfn|Forstmeier|1972|p=10}}
  • Arthur Machen's short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News (London).{{Cite book|first=Arthur|last=Machen|title=The Bowmen and Other Legends of the War|year=1915|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/angelsmonsbowme00machgoog|access-date=5 March 2014|id=Book digitized by Google in 2007 from the library of Harvard University}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Born: Edward Cobb Outlaw, American naval officer, commander of the Fighting Squadron 32 of the USS Langley during World War II, six-time recipient of the Air Medal, two-time recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross, and Navy Cross; in Greenville, North Carolina, United States (d. 1996){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Died: Jean Bouin, 25, French runner, silver medalist at the 1912 Summer Olympics; killed in action near Marseille during World War I (b. 1888){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

[[September 30]], 1914 (Wednesday)

  • French forces arrived at Arras in an attempt to outflank the advancing German armies in what was the start of the Battle of Arras.{{sfn|Michelin|1919|p=6}}{{citation not found|date=December 2024}}
  • British Indian Army Expeditionary Force A arrived at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front (World War I).{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
  • Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya was damaged by a naval mine and forced to retire from the Siege of Tsingtao, ending the first combat deployment of an aviation ship in history.{{sfn|Layman|1989|p=85}}{{sfn|Peattie|2001|p=7}}
  • The Australian Army Intelligence Corps was disbanded and replaced with intelligence sections for each Australian military district.{{cite web| title = Heritage of the Australian Intelligence Corps| publisher = Australian Intelligence Corps Association| url = http://www.austintcorps.asn.au/heritage.php| access-date = 2007-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903112012/http://www.austintcorps.asn.au/heritage.php |archive-date=3 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}
  • The two Curtiss Model H prototypes, originally prepared for the Daily Mail sponsored transatlantic contest in August, were shipped to Great Britain aboard {{RMS|Mauretania|1906|6}} for the Royal Naval Air Service. This spawned a fleet of aircraft which saw extensive military service during World War I, where they were developed extensively for anti-submarine patrol and air-sea rescue.{{cite news| work=Amsterdam Evening Recorder| date=30 September 1914| page=3}}{{title missing|date=December 2024}}
  • Frank Hanly, Governor of Indiana, established the Flying Squadron of America to promote the temperance movement.{{cite book| last1=Bodenhamer| first1=David J.| title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis| date=1994| publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-31222-1|page=658}}
  • Born: Tom Eckersley, British graphic artist, known for design works for various organizations including Austin Reed, British Petroleum, and Guinness; in Lancashire, England (d. 1997){{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

References

{{reflist}}

{{Events by month links}}

1914

*1914-09