political divisions of Russia#Administrative divisions

{{Main|Federal districts of Russia}}

File:Map of Russian districts.svg

The federal districts are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions.{{cite journal |last=Russell|first=Martin |url= https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/569035/EPRS_IDA(2015)569035_EN.pdf |title=Russia's constitutional structure|journal=European Parliamentary Research Service |publisher=European Parliament|date=October 2015|access-date=3 November 2021|isbn=978-92-823-8022-2 |doi=10.2861/664907}} The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000. There are total eight federal districts.

{{Main|Federal subjects of Russia}}

File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg

Since 30 September 2022, the Russian Federation has consisted of eighty-nine federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation.Constitution, Article 65 However, six of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea, the Donetsk People's Republic, the Kherson Oblast, the Lugansk People's Republic, the federal city of Sevastopol, and the Zaporozhye Oblast—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.

De jure, excluding the occupied Ukrainian territories, there are 6 types of federal subjects—21 republics, 9 krais, 46 oblasts, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs.

Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have an unusual status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).

On 18 March 2014, as a part of the annexation of Crimea and following the establishment of the Republic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation.Kremlin.ru. [http://kremlin.ru/news/20605 "Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов"] ("Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on Ascension to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment of New Subjects Within the Russian Federation") {{in lang|ru}} According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-idUSBREA1Q1E820140318 "Putin signs Crimea treaty, will not seize other Ukraine regions"], Reuters, 18 March 2014.

Similarly, Russia also annexed four Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporozhzhia on 30 September 2022 after internationally-unrecognized referendums held days prior, during the invasion of Ukraine that began in late February, which were organized by Russian occupation authorities in territories where hostilities were ongoing and much of the population had fled.{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=23 September 2022 |title='Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/23/occupied-parts-of-ukraine-prepare-to-vote-on-joining-russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930191608/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/23/occupied-parts-of-ukraine-prepare-to-vote-on-joining-russia |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=the Guardian |quote=So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.}} It occurred seven months after the start of the invasion and less than a month after the start of the Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive. The signing ceremony was held in the Grand Kremlin Palace in Moscow in the presence of occupation authority heads Leonid Pasechnik, Denis Pushilin, Yevgeny Balitsky, and Vladimir Saldo, and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Like Crimea, none of the four occupied regions are internationally recognized as part of Russia.{{Cite news |last1=Trevelyan |first1=Mark |date=30 September 2022 |title=Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-declare-annexation-ukrainian-lands-major-escalation-war-2022-09-29/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930191608/https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-declare-annexation-ukrainian-lands-major-escalation-war-2022-09-29/ |url-status=live }}

{{Anchor|List of subject capitals}}

{{Refbegin}}

a. {{Note_label|a|a|none}} The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre.

b. {{Note_label|b|b|none}} According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Saint Petersburg. However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

c. {{Note_label|c|c|none}} According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

d. {{Note_label|d|d|none}} Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

e. {{Note_label|e|e|none}} In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.

f. {{Note_label|f|f|none}} Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia.

g. {{Note_label|g|g|none}} As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure.

{{Refend}}

Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia, the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR"."Энциклопедический словарь конституционного права". Статья "Административно-территориальное устройство". Сост. А. А. Избранов. — Мн.: Изд. В.М. Суров, 2001. The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however, the following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized:

• administrative districts (raions)
• cities/towns and urban-type settlements of federal subject significance
• closed administrative-territorial formations

Autonomous okrugs and okrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance.

• Autonomous okrugs, while being under the jurisdiction of another federal subject, are still constitutionally recognized as federal subjects on their own right. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is an exception in that it is not administratively subordinated to any other federal subject of Russia.
• Okrugs are usually former autonomous okrugs that lost their federal subject status due to a merger with another federal subject.

Typical lower-level administrative divisions include:

• selsoviets (rural councils)
• towns and urban-type settlements of the administrative district significance
• city districts

{{Main|Municipalities of Russia|Districts of Russia}}

In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline the structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia. The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called "municipal formations") are as follows:{{cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Государственная Дума Российской Федерации

|ru_type=Федеральный Закон

|ru_number=131-ФЗ

|ru_date=6 октября 2003 г.

|ru_title=Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации

|ru_amendment_type=Федерального Закона

|ru_amendment_number=243-ФЗ

|ru_amendment_date=28 сентября 2010 г

|en_entity=State Duma of the Russian Federation

|en_type=Federal Law

|en_number=131-FZ

|en_date=6 October 2003

|en_title=On the General Principles of Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation

|en_amendment_number=243-FZ

|en_amendment_type=Federal Law

|en_amendment_date=28 September 2010

}}

• Municipal district, a group of urban and rural settlements, often along with the inter-settlement territories. In practice, municipal districts are usually formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts (raions).
• Urban settlement (Russia), a city/town or an urban-type settlement, possibly together with adjacent rural and/or urban localities
• Rural settlement (Russia), one or several rural localities
• Urban okrug, an urban settlement not incorporated into a municipal district. In practice, urban okrugs are usually formed within the boundaries of existing cities of federal subject significance.
• Intra-urban territory (intra-urban municipal formation) of a federal city, a part of a federal city's territory. In Moscow, these are called municipal formations (which correspond to districts); in St. Petersburg—municipal okrugs, towns, and settlements. In Sevastopol (located on the Crimean Peninsula, which is a territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine), they are known as municipal okrugs and a town.Law #17-ZS

Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as {{ill|inter-settlement territory|lt=inter-settlement territories|ru|Межселенная территория}}, a concept introduced in 2019.[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350179426_The_concept_of_inter-settlement_territory_in_the_Russian_Federation The concept of inter-settlement territory in the Russian Federation]

The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions:{{Cite Russian law

|ru_entity=

|ru_type=Федеральный Закон

|ru_number=136-ФЗ

|ru_date=27 мая 2014 г.

|ru_title=О внесении изменений в статью 26.3 Федерального Закона "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" и Федеральный Закон "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"

|ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования

|ru_published_in=Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации http://www.pravo.gov.ru

|ru_published_date=27 мая 2014 г

|ru_url=

|en_entity=

|en_type=Federal Law

|en_number=136-FZ

|en_date=27 May 2014

|en_title=On Amending Article 26.3 of the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power in the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation"

|en_effective_date=the day of the official publication

|en_url=

}}

• Urban okrug with intra-urban divisions, an urban okrug divided into intra-urban districts at the lower level of the municipal hierarchy
• Intra-urban district, a municipal formation within an urban okrug with intra-urban divisions. This municipal formation type would typically be established within the borders of existing city districts (i.e., the administrative divisions in some of the cities of federal subject significance).

In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions.{{Cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области

|ru_type=Закон

|ru_number=706-ЗО

|ru_date=10 июня 2014 г.

|ru_title=О статусе и границах Челябинского городского округа и внутригородских районов в его составе

|ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования

|ru_published_in="Южноуральская панорама", №87 (спецвыпуск №24)

|ru_published_date=14 июня 2014 г

|ru_url=

|en_entity=Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast

|en_type=Law

|en_number=706-ZO

|en_date=10 June 2014

|en_title=On the Status and Borders of Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug and the City Districts It Comprises

|en_effective_date=the day of the official publication

|en_url=

}}

Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit:{{cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Государственная Дума Российской Федерации

|ru_type=Федеральный Закон

|ru_number=87-ФЗ

|ru_date=1 мая 2019 г.

|ru_title=О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"

|en_entity=State Duma of the Russian Federation

|en_type=Federal Law

|en_number=87-FZ

|en_date=May 1, 2019

|en_title=On Changes to the Federal Law "On General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation"

}}

• Municipal okrug, a grouping of several settlements without municipal status. Municipal okrugs formally exercise local self-government either through direct means or through electoral and other institutions.

{{Main|Economic regions of Russia}}

[[File:Map of Russia - Economic regions.svg|thumb|450px|

{{legend|#7f3f11;|Central-Chernozem Economic Region}}

{{legend|#fbf77a;|Central Economic Region}}

{{legend|#00bce9;|East Siberia Economic Region}}

{{legend|#fece2c;|Far East Economic Region}}

{{legend|#2e3092;|Kaliningrad Economic Region}}

{{legend|#ff898b;|North Caucasus Economic Region}}

{{legend|#62d2c5;|North Economic Region}}

{{legend|#e100fb;|Northwest Economic Region}}

{{legend|#b1f940;|Ural Economic Region}}

{{legend|#37c60a;|Volga Economic Region}}

{{legend|#ee2c45;|Volga-Vyatka Economic Region}}

{{legend|#c0ce90;|West Siberia Economic Region}}

]]

For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions.{{lang|ru|"Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов" (ОК 024-95) введённый 1 января 1997 г., в ред. Изменения № 05/2001. Секция II. Экономические районы}} (Russian Classification of Economic Regions (OK 024-95) of January 1, 1997 as amended by the Amendments #1/1998 through #5/2001. Section II. Economic Regions) Economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones.

{{Main|Military districts of Russia}}

In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of military units, their training, and other operational activities, the federal subjects are grouped into five military districts.{{Cite Russian law

|ru_entity=Президент Российской Федерации

|ru_type=Указ

|ru_number=900

|ru_date=27 июль 1998 г.

|ru_title=О военно-административном делении Российской Федерации

|ru_effective_date=27 июль 1998 г.

|ru_published_in=

|ru_published_date=27 июль 1998 г.

|ru_url

|ru_amendment_type=Указа

|ru_amendment_number=1144

|ru_amendment_date=20 сентябрь 2010 г

|ru_amendment_title

|en_entity=President of the Russian Federation

|en_type=Decree

|en_number=900

|en_date=July 27, 1998

|en_title=On Military Administrative Division of the Russian Federation

|en_effective_date=July 27, 1998

|en_url

|en_amendment_type=Decree

|en_amendment_number=1144

|en_amendment_date=September 20, 2010

|en_amendment_title

}} Each military district operates under the command of the district headquarters, headed by the district commander, and is subordinated to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

{{-}}

File:New map of military districts.png}} {{legend|#565ed1|Eastern Military District}} {{legend|#B3FF80|Central Military District}} {{legend|#D6A477|Southern Military District}} {{legend|#FF8080|Moscow Military District}}]]

• History of the administrative division of Russia
• List of federal subjects of Russia by area
• List of federal subjects of Russia by population
• Types of inhabited localities in Russia
• Republics of the Soviet Union
• Constituencies of Russia

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{RussiaBasicLawRef}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|40|mun|list}}

{{refend}}

• [http://www.citymayors.com/government/russia_government.html Local government in Russia: Its powers vary across the country at Citymayors.com] {{in lang|en}}

{{Russia topics}}

{{Administrative divisions of Russia}}

{{Administrative divisions of the federal subjects of Russia}}

{{Europe topic|Subdivisions of}}

{{Asia topic|Subdivisions of}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}

Russia

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Category:History of Russia (1991–present)

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