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==Personal information==

My name is Daniel Eisenberg. I grew up and attended elementary and high school in Canisteo (village), New York, though due to my father's participation in the Korean War, I attended third grade (1953-54) in a U.S. Army school in Sendai, Japan. I have a B.A. in Romance Languages from Johns Hopkins University and a Ph.D. in Spanish from Brown University. I was from 2000 to 2008 the editor of the journal Cervantes, published by the Cervantes Society of America (http://cervantesjournal.com or https://web.archive.org/web/20140801155459/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/bcsalist.htm). In 1976 I founded and until 1992 edited and published the Journal of Hispanic Philology. I was a Contributing Editor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, published by Garland in 1990.

I was Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University, where I taught from 1974 to 1996. I am now retired.

I enjoy editing and writing articles on a wide variety of subjects centered on the history, literature, or politics of Spain, the southern United States; African Americans; sexual minorities; pornography. But I get pretty far afield, like Golden Age of Radio or IBM MT/ST, the latter of which was my first article. (I owned an MT/ST.)

You can find my personal page at https://fsu.academia.edu/DanielEisenberg. My prior home page was https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/ That contains the text of most of my writings, although those writings, plus others newly digitized, are in the process (2017) of being posted on the new site. You can find my Vita (Résumé) there. My articles on homosexual topics are at https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/INDEX-S.HTM, though an article from the "Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia" is on my main page. Also there is a page on me in the Spanish Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes (http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=2987). My email address at present (2018) is danielbeisenberg(at)gmail.com.

Correspondence and other papers of mine are found primarily in the Florida State University archives, Special Collections, Strozier Library, both under my name and under Journal of Hispanic Philology. Some early correspondence is at the Hispanic Society of America.

The following are principles of Wikipedia which appeal to me very much. I have deduced these from people's behavior, though no doubt they are written somewhere, or somewheres.

• It is totally democratic. No one is better than anyone else.{{pb}}
• Work is recognized.{{pb}}
• It is the most anarchic organization, and I mean that in a good sense, that I've ever heard of. No one rules. There are no elections. The people themselves set up the structure. (Curiously, the only country in which Anarchism has been a real political force was Spain.){{pb}}
• A principle is "don't assume the worst, assume the best".{{pb}}
• Knowledge is an unqualified good.{{pb}}
• If you know something, you'll probably want to share it. In fact, there's a subtle pressure on you to share what you know.{{pb}}
• No field of knowledge is better than any other. It doesn't matter what crazy thing you're interested in, if it's significant, write it up.{{pb}}
• This is more than an encyclopedia project.
• Interactions with other Wikipedia editors feel like a brain talking to someone else's brain.

Here are two things I don't like, or at least am ambiguous about:

• The burden of ascertaining the truth of Wikipedia's contents has been offloaded to externals: journals' editors and editorial boards, newspaper editors, and the like. I don't know a better system, but journal editors, newspaper editors, etc., are not exempt from influences on: what is acceptable, what will sell more papers, what is "politically correct", what will lead to the editor's career success.
• Wikipedia does not want original research. Because it would then have to set up a structure to determine whether the original research was correct.

The following addition of mine was reversed in the article "Campaign for 'Santorum' neologism" because it constituted original research:

:"After Savage began his campaign, Santorum was never to win another election, although the extent to which Savage contributed to the defeats has not been studied."

The election results are public documents and easily accessible, but I had to find _someone else_ who had made this observation. This may be according to policy, but I don't think it's good policy if it prohibits this.

Also there is a case cited somewhere in which an author was not allowed to say what was in his own book, it had to be said by a third party. This is silly and wastes time, at least as seen from the small part of Wikipedia that I hang out in. If the question is authentification (is that really the author?) then attack that.

As we have seen in the case of computer viruses (originally there were none), there is something criminal, evil, or at least mean in human nature -- not in everyone, but certainly in some -- and that shows up in Wikipedia just like it does in other places. Yet there is lots of altruism too.

(This added later.) Wikipedia's software is a delight. Fast, clean, and so intuitive! (That's a computer term for "makes sense" "easy to understand and use" "The command you think will probably work, it'll work.")

I would encourage everyone to read Criticism of Wikipedia and Wikipedia:Systemic bias.

=My contributions=

For my contributions in Spanish to the Spanish Wikipedia, see :es:Usuario:Deisenbe

{{ctop|Articles created}}

For pages I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe

This will not include Paradise Park, Florida, Relay, Maryland, or Camilla massacre, as they previously existed as Redirects.

Articles that I did not start, but which I wrote most of:

• New-York Central College
• Old Dillard High School
• Heyward Shepherd monument
• Addison Mizner
• Moses Jacob Ezekiel
• Religious Liberty (Ezekiel)
• Frelinghuysen University
• Uriah M. Rose
• John Bucchino
• Hornell Traction Company
• Trefa banquet
• Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
• Claude G. Bowers
• Oneida Institute
• William G. Allen
• Beriah Green
• Silent Sam

About half:

• Rose Law Firm
• Canisteo, New York
• Canisteo (village), New York
• Thomas Dixon Jr.

Between a third and half:

• J. Marion Sims

For categories I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14

Note that :Category:Removed Monuments and Memorials of the Confederate States of America, deleted on 5/10/17, was recreated 3 months later as

:Category:Removed Confederate States of America monuments and memorials (by someone else).

For redirects I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/0/onlyredirects

Templates created: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10

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{{ctop|Paragraphs I wrote that were reverted}}

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States&oldid=1055466160

File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg, a whipped Louisiana slave, photographed in April 1863 and later distributed by abolitionists.]]

File:1807 Auction Bill of Sale for Negro Slave Boy.jpg for the auction of the "Negro Boy Jacob" for "Eighty Dollars and a half" ({{inflation|US|80.50|1807|fmt=eq}}) to satisfy a money judgment against the "property" of his owner, Prettyman Boyce. October 10, 1807. Click on photo for complete transcription.]]

The treatment of enslaved people in the United States varied by time and place, but was generally brutal, especially on plantations. Whipping and rape were routine, but usually not in front of white outsiders, or even the plantation owner's family. ("When I whip niggers, I take them out of the sight and hearing of the house, and no one in my family knows it."{{cite book

|first=Amos

|last=Dresser

|author-link=Amos Dresser

|title=The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves

|chapter=Slavery in Florida. Letters dated May 11 and June 6, 1835, from the Ohio Atlas

|year=1836

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ASPC0005247100}}{{rp|36}}) An enslaved person could not be a witness against a white; enslaved people were sometimes required to whip other enslaved people, even family members.{{rp|54}} There were also businesses to which a slave owner could turn over the whipping.{{rp|24}}{{rp|53}} Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again.{{cite news

|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/retropod/last-seen-ads-1/

|newspaper=Washington Post

|date=December 20, 2019

|title=Last Seen Ads

|first=Mark

|last=Rosenwald

|series=Retropod

|access-date=December 29, 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229111208/https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/retropod/last-seen-ads-1/

|archive-date=December 29, 2019

|url-status=live

}} There were some relatively enlightened slave owners—Nat Turner said his master was kind{{cite book

|page=11

|title=Confessions

|first=Nat

|last=Turner

|editor-first=Thomas R.

|editor-last=Gray

|author-link=Nat Turner

|editor-link=Thomas R. Gray

|year=1831

|url=https://www.docsouth.unc.edu/neh/turner/turner.html

|access-date=2019-12-25

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211172713/https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/turner/turner.html

|archive-date=2019-12-11

|url-status=live

}}—but not on large plantations. Only a small minority of enslaved people received anything resembling decent treatment; one contemporary estimate was 10%, not without noting that the ones well treated desired freedom just as much as those poorly treated.{{cite book

|title=The roving editor: or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States

|last=Redpath

|first=James

|author-link=James Redpath

|year=1859

|location=New York

|publisher=A. B. Burdick

|url=https://archive.org/details/rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n11/mode/1up}}{{rp|16, 31}} Good treatment could vanish upon the death of an owner. As put by William T. Allan, a slaveowner's abolitionist son who could not safely return to Alabama, "cruelty was the rule, and kindness the exception".{{cite news

|title=Facts communicated by Mr. Augustus Wattles, of Lane Seminary, to the Editor of the Western Recorder

|journal=First Annual Report of the American Anti-slavery Society; with the Speeches Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Held in Chatham-Street Chapel, in the City of New-York, on the 6th of May, 1834, and by Adjournment on the 8th, in the Rev. Dr. Lansing's Church; and the Minutes of the Meetings of the Society for Business.

|url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlyantisl00socigoog

|first=William T.

|last=Allan

|author-link=William T. Allan

|location=New York

|publisher=Dorr & Butterfield

|year=1834

|others=[Ron Gorman [http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/category/abolition/page/5/ identifies the person Wattles is quoting.]]

|page=[https://archive.org/details/quarterlyantisl00socigoog/page/n82 64]}}{{cite magazine

|title=Testimony of Rev. William Allan

|first=William T.

|last=Allan

|author-link=William T. Allan

|magazine=Anti-Slavery Record

|volume=3

|number=1

|date=January 1837

|page=[https://archive.org/details/antislaveryrecor003amer/page/11 11]

|url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryrecor003amer

|access-date=2020-02-22

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206145632/https://archive.org/details/antislaveryrecor003amer

|archive-date=2015-02-06

|url-status=live

}}

There is no known instance in which an enslaved person, having escaped to freedom, returned happily to slavery, or even stated that they were sorry they had fled, because they had been better off enslaved. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, seeking to find a "faithful slave" to erect a monument to, could find no one better than Heyward Shepherd, who was not born enslaved, may never have been enslaved, and certainly showed no commitment to or support of slavery.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

According to Angelina Grimké, who could not endure the treatment of the enslaved owned by other members of her wealthy family, and left Charleston, South Carolina, to become a Quaker abolitionist based in Philadelphia:

{{quote|I have never seen a happy slave. I have seen him dance in his chains, it is true; but he was not happy. There is a wide difference between happiness and mirth. Man cannot enjoy the former while his manhood is destroyed, and that part of the being which is necessary to the making, and to the enjoyment of happiness, is completely blotted out. The slaves, however, may be, and sometimes are, mirthful. When hope is extinguished, they say, "let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die."{{cite book

|last=Browne

|first=Stephen H.

|title=Angelina Grimké: rhetoric, identity, and the radical imagination

|publisher=Michigan State University Press

|year=1999

|page=156

|via=Project MUSE

|isbn=0870135309

|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/book/8885

|access-date=2019-10-21

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024211538/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8885

|archive-date=2019-10-24

|url-status=live

}}}}

Here is how it was put in 1834 by James Bradley, a formerly enslaved man who, after years of extra work and little sleep, was able to purchase his freedom:

{{quote|How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being could be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe that there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free states believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free states do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for liberty, they answer, "No"; and very likely they will go as far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have perhaps all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty – liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the minds full all the time.{{citation

|title=Brief Account of an Emancipated Slave Written by Himself

|first=James

|last=Bradley

|date=June 1834

|url=http://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/LaneDebates/BradleyLetter.htm

|access-date=October 31, 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629190249/http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/LaneDebates/BradleyLetter.htm

|archive-date=June 29, 2016

|url-status=live

}}}}

The same was said by ex-slave Isabella Gibbons, in words engraved on the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers at the University of Virginia.

What is well documented is the eagerness of formerly enslaved men to take up arms against their former owners, first in the British Ethiopian Regiment and Corps of Colonial Marines, then in the United States Colored Troops, even though the Confederacy announced that the latter were traitors and would be immediately shot if captured. There is no instance in which any of these latter soldiers, having obtained arms, used them against Union troops, rather they performed well as Union soldiers.

{{Also|Slavery as a positive good in the United States}}

In the Antebellum period, the South "claimed before the world" that chattel slavery "was a highly benignant, elevating, and humanizing institution, and as having Divine approbation."{{cite book

|page=25

|publisher=United States Senate

|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/reportselectcommi00unit/page/n25/mode/2up

|title=Report [of] the Select committee of the Senate appointed to inquire into the late invasion and seizure of the public property at Harper's Ferry

|date=June 15, 1860

|last=Doolitle

|first=J[ames] R.

|author-link=James Rood Doolittle

|chapter=Views of the minority

}} The general, quasi-official Southern view of their enslaved was that they were much better off than Northern employed workers, whom Southerners called "wage slaves". Certainly they were much better off than if they were still in Africa, where they did not have Christianity and (allegedly for physiological reasons) their languages had no "abstract terms" like government, vote, or legislature. Slaves loved their masters.{{cite book

|title=Defending Slavery. Proslavery thought in the Old South. A Brief History with Documents

|editor-first=Paul

|editor-last=Finkelman

|editor-link=Paul Finkelman

|first=Samuel A.

|last=Cartwright

|author-link=Samuel A. Cartwright

|chapter=Report on the Diseases of and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race

|pages=157–173, at pp. 160–161

}} Only mental illness could make an enslaved person want to run away, and this supposed malady was given a name, drapetomania.

On occasion of the arrival of "the seditious and insurrectionary proceedings of a Fanatical Society at New-York [the American Anti-Slavery Society], who have presumed to address some of their superstitious, stupid and vile publications to the post office of Frederica" (Georgia), "at a respectable meeting of the Inhabitants" the following statement was prepared:

{{quote|[O]ur slaves are enjoying the most perfect security and freedom from excessive labor, the most lawless riots and violence, so frequently inflicted on the Blacks of the North....

It is a fact, known to every planter in the South, that our slaves, at some seasons of the year, do not labor half the day to accomplish the work required, while it is a matter of record before the Committee on Ways and Means in Congress, that the laborers in Northern Manufactures are required to work from the earliest dawn of day, to 9 o'clock at night.

The condition of our slaves are {{sic}} therefore implicitly more independent, comfortable and free, than those over-worked and oppressed laborers, as they are clothed and fed—have as much land as they can cultivate—raise an abundance of poultry, to exchange for the comforts and some of the luxuries of life; and when sick, or the infi[r]mities of a faithful old age secures to them such a freedom as the hypocrits {{sic}} and fanatics of this abol[i]tion mania will never afford them, their wants are supplied and they are carefully attended in a comfortable Hospital on most plantations; because it is the interest of a master to relieve the sufferings of his slave. It is his pleasure to see them contented. Such are the relations between master and servant, and these vile Abolitionists, these Disunionists and Anarchists would sever {{sic}}, and such are the happy people they wish to cast unprovided for upon a wide and pitiless world!!{{cite news

|title=Communicated

|newspaper=Savannah Republican (Savannah, Georgia)

|date=August 28, 1835

|page=3

|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-28-1835-1489349/

|via=newspaperarchive.com

|access-date=December 31, 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231163132/https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-aug-28-1835-1489349/

|archive-date=December 31, 2019

|url-status=live

}}}}

In a similar statement, "the sufferings of the southern slave dwindle into comparative nothingness" when compared with "the squalid wretchedness, the inhuman oppressions of a large proportion of the white population in the manufacturing districts."{{cite news

|title=The Anti-Slavery Agitators

|newspaper=Richmond Enquirer

|others=Reprinted from the New Hampshire Patriot.

|date=June 24, 1834

|page=4

|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024735/1834-06-24/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1832&sort=date&date2=1834&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=10&words=debate+Lane+slavery&proxdistance=5&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=Lane+slavery+debate&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3

|access-date=2020-02-07

|archive-date=2020-09-11

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911090518/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024735/1834-06-24/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1832&sort=date&date2=1834&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=10&words=debate+Lane+slavery&proxdistance=5&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=&phrasetext=&andtext=Lane+slavery+debate&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3

|url-status=live

}}

Slavery in the American South was claimed to be the best slavery that had ever existed anywhere:

{{quote|[W]e...deny that slavery is sinful or inexpedient. We deny that it is wrong in the abstract. We assert that it is the natural condition of man; that there ever has been, and there ever will be slavery; and we not only claim for ourselves the right to determine for ourselves the relations between master and slave, but we insist that the slavery of the Southern States is the best regulation of slavery, whether we take into consideration the interests of the master or of the slave, that has ever been devised.{{cite news

|title=The Excitement — The Fanatics

|newspaper=The Liberator

|date=August 29, 1835

|page=1

|via=newspapers.com

|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43028602/a_proslavery_piece/

|others=Reprinted from the Washington Telegraph.

|access-date=January 26, 2020

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126114903/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43028602/a_proslavery_piece/

|archive-date=January 26, 2020

|url-status=live

}}}}

Southern newspapers regularly ran brief notices of occasional voluntary returnees to slavery, individual cases, although these notes were usually vague anecdotes, second-hand at best; rarely do they mention a name, much less contact the person returning. ("I could cite numerous instances...of slaves returning from the North, from Canada, even from Liberia, voluntarily, into a state of Slavery."{{cite news

|newspaper=New York Times

|date=December 5, 1859

|page=3

|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/12/05/79798428.html?pageNumber=3

|author=A Slaveholder

|title=Southern Panic. A Pair of Contradictory Pictures. [1.] The real sentiment of Virginia. Letter from a southside slaveholder

|access-date=October 26, 2020

|archive-date=July 20, 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720175818/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1859/12/05/79798428.html?pageNumber=3

|url-status=live

}}) There were some who remained enslaved because manumission would have meant separation from loved ones. Others found such severe and completely legal anti-Black discrimination in employment in the North that they could not earn enough money to live and support a family, so it was slavery or starvation.

Religion is at the center of American abolitionism. Just as Quakers had been early leaders against slavery, it was now Presbyterians, at the time one of the largest denominations in the country, who felt called to do God's will: to end the sin of enslaving another human being. There was considerable writing on the question of whether the Bible does or does not approve of slavery.{{cite book

|title=Scriptural and statistical views in favor of slavery

|author-link=Thornton Stringfellow

|first=Thornton

|last=Stringfellow, D.D.

|location=Richmond

|publisher=J. W. Randolph

|year=1856

|edition=4th

|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AEV3901.0001.001/5?rgn=full+text;view=image

|access-date=2019-10-11

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011220711/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AEV3901.0001.001/5%3Frgn%3Dfull%2Btext;view%3Dimage

|archive-date=2019-10-11

|url-status=live

}}

Starting with Presbyterian minister John Rankin's 1826 [https://archive.org/details/lettersonamerica00rank_0/page/n5 Letters on Slavery], which began as letters to his brother who had acquired slaves, readers began to hear about slavery as the slaves experienced it. Rankin lived in Ripley, Ohio, on the Ohio River. There were many fugitive slaves crossing the river separating slave Kentucky from free Ohio; they provided Rankin plenty of information. "His home became one of the busiest stations on the underground railroad in the Ohio Valley."{{cite journal

|title=John Rankin, Antislavery Prophet, and the Free Presbyterian Church

|first=Larry G.

|last=Willey

|journal=American Presbyterians

|volume=72

|number=3

|date=Fall 1994

|pages=157–171

|jstor=23333630}}{{rp|161}} His "house atop the hill in Ripley has remained the Underground Railroad's most famous landmark."{{cite journal

|title=Beyond the Quest for the 'Real Eliza Harris': Fugitive Slave Women in the Ohio Valley

|first=Keith

|last=Griffler

|journal=Ohio Valley History

|volume=3

|number=2

|date=Summer 2003

|pages=3–16

|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/572714/summary

|via=Project MUSE

|access-date=2019-09-28

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008001540/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/572714/summary

|archive-date=2019-10-08

|url-status=live

}}{{rp|4}} There is a lot of confusion about the "real" Eliza of Uncle Tom's Cabin, but she passed through Rankin's house. Harriet Beecher Stowe, living nearby in Cincinnati, and Rankin knew each other. One source says that Stowe met the "real" Eliza in Rankin's house.{{cite journal

|title=The Rankin House: Stop On Underground Railroad

|first=Mina E.

|last=Aber

|journal=Negro History Bulletin

|volume=26

|number=8

|date=May 1963

|page=253

|jstor=44176196}}

• Rankin first pointed out that blacks were not "racially" inferior. "The organization of their mental powers is equal to that of the rest of mankind."{{rp|14}} "Many of the Africans possess the finest powers of mind, and...in this respect, they are naturally equal to the rest of mankind."{{cite book

|title=Letters on American slavery, addressed to Mr. Thomas Rankin, merchant at Middlebrook, Augusta County, Va

|last=Rankin

|first=John

|author-link=John Rankin (abolitionist)

|location=Boston

|publisher=Garrison and Knapp

|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersonamerica00rank_0/page/28

|date=1833}}{{rp|29}}

• Rankin went on to present the depressing conditions of life as a slave: "As the making of grain is the main object of their emancipation, masters will sacrifice as little as possible in giving them food. It often happens that what will barely keep them alive, is all that a cruel avarice will allow them. Hence, in some instances, their allowance has been reduced to a single pint of corn each during the day and night. And some have no better allowance than a small portion of cotton seed!! And in some places the best allowance is a peck of corn each during the week, while perhaps they are not permitted to taste meat so much as once in the course of seven years, except what little they may be able to steal! Thousands of them are pressed with the gnawings of cruel hunger during their whole lives — an insatiable avarice will not grant them a single comfortable meal to satisfy the cravings of nature! Such cruelty far exceeds the powers of description! ...Thousands of them are really starving in a state of slavery, and are under the direful necessity of stealing whatever they can find, that will satisfy the cravings of hunger; and I have little doubt but many actually starve to death."{{rp|37–38}}
• "[I]n some parts of Alabama, you may see slaves in the cotton fields without so much as even a single rag upon them, shivering before the chilling blasts of mid-winter. ...Indeed in every slaveholding state many slaves suffer extremely, both while they labor and while they sleep, for want of clothing to keep them warm. Often they are driven through frost and snow without either stocking or shoe until the path they tread is dyed with the blood that issues from their frost-worn limbs! And when they return to their miserable huts at night they find not there the means of comfortable rest; but on the cold ground they must lie without covering, and shiver, while they slumber."{{rp|36–37}}
• "The slaveholder has it in his power, to violate the chastity of his slaves. And not a few are beastly enough to exercise such power. Hence it happens that, in some families, it is difficult to distinguish the free children from the slaves. It is sometimes the case, that the largest part of the master's own children are born, not of his wife, but of the wives and daughters of his slaves, whom he has basely prostituted as well as enslaved."{{rp|38}} (See Children of the plantation.)
• "Among the rest was an ill grown boy about seventeen, who having just returned from a skulking spell, was sent to the spring for water, and in returning let fall an elegant pitcher. It was dashed to shivers upon the rocks. This was the occasion. It was night, and the slaves all at home. The master had them collected into the most roomy negrohouse, and a rousing fire made. When the door was secured, that none might escape, either through fear of him or sympathy with George, he opened the design of the interview, namely, that they might be effectually taught to stay at home and obey his orders. All things being now in train, he called up George, who approached his master with the most unreserved submission. He bound him with cords, and by the assistance of his younger brother, laid him on a broad bench, or meat block. He now proceeded to whang [small capitals in the original] off George by the ancles!!! It was with the broad ax! — In vain did the unhappy victim scream and roar! He was completely in his master's power. Not a hand amongst so many durst interfere. Casting the feet into the fire, he lectured them at some length. He whacked him off below the knees! George roaring out, and praying his master to begin at the other end! He admonished them again, throwing the legs into the fire! Then above the knees, tossing the joints into the fire! He again lectured them at leisure. The next stroke severed the thighs from the body. These were also committed to the flames. And so off the arms, head and trunk, until all was in the fire! Still protracting the intervals with lectures, and threatenings of like punishment, in case of disobedience, or running away. ...He said that he had never enjoyed himself at a ball so well as he had enjoyed himself that evening."{{rp|63–64}}

There was only one edition of these letters before 1833 (and the warehouse with unsold copies "was set on fire and burned to the ground"{{rp|161}}). Wm. Lloyd Garrison, who was America's leading abolitionist in the 1830s, spoke of the influence of Rankin's Letters on him. He reprinted the then-obscure book in full in his newspaper The Liberator starting on August 25, 1832. He and his collaborator Isaac Knapp promptly issued it in book form as Letters on American Slavery (1833), reprinted in 1836 and 1838, becoming common reading for abolitionists.

Another collection of incidents of mistreatment of slaves appeared in 1834, from an otherwise unknown E. Thomas, under the title [https://archive.org/details/conciseviewofsla00thom/page/n7 A concise view of the slavery of the people of color in the United States; exhibiting some of the most affecting cases of cruel and barbarous treatment of the slaves by their most inhuman and brutal masters; not heretofore published: and also showing the absolute necessity for the most speedy abolition of slavery, with an endeavor to point out the best means of effecting it. To which is added, A short address to the free people of color. With a selection of hymns, &c. &c.]

In his preface, Thomas explains: "[M]y principal design at present, is, to record some striking cases of cruelty of more recent date, not heretofore published, and which have been related to me during my travels through the different states, for three years past: in order to excite in the mind of every individual a love of liberty, and an inveterate abhorrence of slavery, that each may endeavor by throwing in his mite, to contribute towards its total abolition. ...Those facts or accounts of cruelty have been communicated to me by different persons of undoubted veracity, and in whom I place the most entire confidence."{{cite book

|title=A concise view of the slavery of the people of color in the United States; exhibiting some of the most affecting cases of cruel and barbarous treatment of the slaves by their most inhuman and brutal masters; not heretofore published: and also showing the absolute necessity for the most speedy abolition of slavery, with an endeavor to point out the best means of effecting it. To which is added, A short address to the free people of color. With a selection of hymns, &c. &c

|first=E.

|last=Thomas

|location=Philadelphia

|year=1834

|page=iv

|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseviewofsla00thom/page/n13|publisher=Philadelphia, E. Thomas

}}

Chapter titles in this collection include:

• The infant whipped to death with a cow-skin [a leather whip], . 8{{rp|60}}{{cite book

|title=Amos Dresser's Narrative

|first=Amos

|last=Dresser

|author-link=Amos Dresser

|year=1835

|location=Cincinnati, Ohio

|others="From the Cincinnati Daily Gazette."}}{{rp|4}}]

• The aged woman starved to death, . . 9
• The man that had his teeth knocked out, . . 11
• The slave shot by her master, . . 18
• The slave that was shot for going out to preach, 20
• The slave whipped for hard riding, . . 22
• Slaves eating out of a hog-trough, . . 23
• The slave whipped to death for killing a sheep, 24
• The slave slowly dissected and burnt, . . 25
• The slave whipped to death for telling his vision, 27
• The man and wife yoked like oxen, . . 29
• The slave whipped for going to see his wife, . 38
• The slave flogged and robbed, . . .39

Starting in the early 1830s there were dozens of lecturers, many of them trained as ministers, criss-crossing the free states, speaking and giving lectures in churches, meeting-houses, and any other venue that would have them, on how slaves were treated in the American South. There was even training for these lecturers, in Ohio, by Theodore Dwight Weld, employed by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Hundreds of local anti-slavery societies were formed. What little publicity these lectures got was mostly negative, but in the publications of the larger anti-slavery societies we have considerable information on what they were saying, across the North, about the treatment of American slaves.

• {{quote|A female slave was sent on an errand, and was gone longer than her master wished. She was ordered to be flogged, and was tied up and nearly beaten to death. While the overseer was whipping her, in the presence of her master, she said that she had been prevented returning sooner by sickness on the way. Her enraged master ordered her to be whipped again for daring to speak, and the lash was again applied, until she expired under the operation. Nor was her life alone sacrificed. An unborn infant died with her, which had been the cause of her delay on her master's errand. Another case occurred, where a black boy was whipped for stealing a piece of leather, and because he persisted in denying it, he was whipped till he died. After he was dead, his master's son acknowledged that he took the piece of leather. A Georgian bought five slaves and set them a task in the field, which they could not or would not do. The next day he added another task, with orders that they should do that and the work of the preceding day, or be whipped until they accomplished it. The third day more work was added and additional whipping ordered. The work was now beyond the strength of the slaves. They tried in vain to accomplish it, and at last left it in despair, and went into the woods. They were missed, and pursuit made after them, and were all found hanging dead. They had committed suicide to escape the cruelty of their master. A hole was dug, and they were thrown into it, amid the curses of their owner at the loss he had met with in his property.{{cite book

|title=Proceedings of the New-England Anti-Slavery Convention, held in Boston on the 27th, 28th and 29th of May, 1834

|author=New-England Anti-Slavery Society

|author-link=New England Anti-Slavery Society

|year=1834

|location=Boston

|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000002810739

|access-date=2019-11-12

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702051445/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000002810739

|archive-date=2020-07-02

|url-status=live

}}{{rp|58}}}}

• {{quote|A slave, who was a husband and father, was made to strip his wife and daughter, and whip them.{{cite book

|title=Second annual report of the board of managers of the New-England Anti-Slavery Society: presented Jan. 15, 1834: with an appendix

|author=New-England Anti-Slavery Society

|author-link=New England Anti-Slavery Society

|year=1835

|pages=4–5

|url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;q1=whip;rgn=full%20text;idno=02818013;didno=02818013;view=image;seq=4;node=02818013%3A1

|access-date=2019-11-12

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626154646/http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;q1=whip;rgn=full%20text;idno=02818013;didno=02818013;view=image;seq=4;node=02818013:1

|archive-date=2020-06-26

|url-status=live

}}}}

A similar report was published by Garrison in the July 3, 1862 issue of The Liberator.{{cite news

|title=Shall Such Things Be? and A Fresh Revelation of Horrors

|newspaper=The Liberator (Boston, Massachusetts)

|date=July 3, 1863

|page=3

|via=newspapers.com

|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60262375/mistreatment-of-slaves/

|access-date=September 30, 2020

|archive-date=July 20, 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720175833/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60262375/mistreatment-of-slaves/

|url-status=live

}}

Although there were a variety of books in which travelers in the South reported what they saw and heard about the enslaved, the encyclopedia of the cruelty with which American slaves were treated was [https://archive.org/details/americanslavery00socigoog/page/n3 American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses], by Theodore Dwight Weld, his wife Angelina Grimké, and her sister Sarah Grimké, which was published in 1839 by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Well organized, by informant and by topic (Food, Labor, Dwellings, Clothing, Treatment of the Sick, Privations, Punishments, Tortures), it states at the outset that most of the stories are taken from Southern newspapers, most of which are available at the office of the publisher, the American Anti-Slavery Society, 143 Nassau St., New York, and invites the public to call and see their sources. Over 6 to 24 months, Weld had purchased in bulk thousands of issues of papers being discarded by a reading room at the New York Stock Exchange (open to white men only), then taken them home to Fort Lee, New Jersey, where the Grimké sisters analyzed them.{{cite book

|chapter='facts and FACTS': Abolitionists' Database Innovations

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oARaHF4D6h0C&q=89

|first=Ellen Gruber

|last=Garvey

|title="Raw Data" Is an Oxymoron

|editor-first=Lisa

|editor-last=Gitelman

|publisher=MIT Press

|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts

|year=2013

|isbn=9780262518284

|pages=89–102

|access-date=2020-01-18

|archive-date=2020-09-11

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911090519/https://books.google.com/books?id=oARaHF4D6h0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9780262518284&hl=en#v=onepage&q=89&f=false

|url-status=live

}}{{rp|97}} The names of informants are given, but "a number of them still reside in slave states; — to publish their names would be, in most cases, to make them the victims of popular fury."{{cite book

|author-link1=Theodore Dwight Weld

|first1=Theodore Dwight

|last1=Weld

|author2=American Anti-Slavery Society

|page=iii

|title=American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses

|location=New York

|publisher=American Anti-Slavery Society

|year=1839

|url=https://archive.org/details/americanslavery00socigoog/page/n3}}

Here is a statement by Theodore Weld about what the book contains:

{{quote|Reader, you are impaneled as a juror to try a plain case and bring in an honest verdict. The question at issue is not one of law, but of fact — "What is the actual condition of the slaves in the United States? ...As slaveholders and their apologists are volunteer witnesses in their own cause, and are flooding the world with testimony that their slaves are kindly treated; that they are well fed, well clothed, well housed, well lodged, moderately worked, and bountifully provided with all things needful for their comfort, we propose — first, to disprove their assertions by the testimony of a multitude of impartial witnesses.... We will prove that the slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; that they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep; that they are often made to wear round their necks iron collars armed with prongs, to drag heavy chains and weights at their feet while working in the field, and to wear yokes, and bells, and iron horns; that they are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together, made to wear gags in their mouths for hours or days, have some of their front teeth torn out or broken off, that they may be easily detected when they run away; that they are frequently flogged with terrible severity, have red pepper rubbed into their lacerated flesh, and hot brine, spirits of turpentine, &c., poured over the gashes to increase the torture; that they are often stripped naked, their backs and limbs cut with knives, bruised and mangled by scores and hundreds of blows with the paddle, and terribly torn by the claws of cats, drawn over them by their tormentors; that they are often hunted with blood hounds and shot down like beasts, or torn in pieces by dogs; that they are often suspended by the arms and whipped and beaten till they faint, and when revived by restoratives, beaten again till they faint, and sometimes till they die; that their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded with red hot irons; that they are maimed, mutilated and burned to death over slow fires. All these things, and more, and worse, we shall prove. Reader, we know whereof we affirm, we have weighed it well; more and worse WE WILL PROVE. Mark these words, and read on; we will establish all these facts by the testimony of scores and hundreds of eyewitnesses, by the testimony of slaveholders in all parts of the slave states, by slaveholding members of Congress and of state legislatures, by ambassadors to foreign courts, by judges, by doctors of divinity, and clergymen of all denominations, by merchants, mechanics, lawyers and physicians, by presidents and professors in colleges and professional seminaries, by planters, overseers and drivers. We shall show, not merely that such deeds are committed, but that they are frequent; not done in corners, but before the sun; not in one of the slave states, but in all of them; not perpetrated by brutal overseers and drivers merely, but by magistrates, by legislators, by professors of religion, by preachers of the gospel, by governors of states, by "gentlemen of property and standing," and by delicate females moving in the "highest circles of society."{{rp|9}}}}

File:Beginning of index of American Slavery As It Is, 1839.png

In a measure unusual at the time, the book concluded with an index, allowing the reader to quickly locate information by person or newspaper, and by type of treatment.

{{main|Slave narrative}}

As there began to be a significant number of literate ex-slaves (freedmen or fugitives), some wrote of their earlier experiences as slaves, reporting mistreatment they witnessed and suffered themselves. Shortly after, a growing number of former slaves were able to speak in public, sometimes eloquently, about what they had experienced and seen. Starting with James Bradley, in Ohio, then William G. Allen, so well-educated that he taught Greek at New-York Central College, in Massachusetts and upstate New York, Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth across the free states, and the list could be extended. Both the slave narratives and the lectures were for free state audiences, who were mostly unaware of the reality of enslaved people's lives.

In his autobiography, a bestseller first published in 1845 and later revised several times, Frederick Douglass describes the treatment of his cousin at the hands of their enslaver:

{{quote|His cruelty and meanness were especially displayed in his treatment of my unfortunate cousin Henny, whose lameness made her a burden to him. I have seen him tie up this lame and maimed woman and whip her in a manner most brutal and shocking; and then with blood-chilling blasphemy he would quote the passage of scripture, 'That servant which knew his lord's will and prepared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes.' He would keep this lacerated woman tied up by her wrists to a bolt in the joist, three, four, and five hours at a time. He would tie her up early in the morning, whip her with a cowskin before breakfast, leave her tied up, go to his store, and returning to dinner repeat the castigation, laying on the rugged lash on flesh already raw by repeated blows. He seemed desirous to get the poor girl out of existence, or at any rate off his hands. ...Finally, upon a pretense that he could do nothing for her (I use his own words), he 'set her adrift to take care of herself' ...turning loose the only cripple among [his slaves] virtually to starve and die."{{cite book

|first=Frederick

|last=Douglass

|author-link=Frederick Douglass

|year=1882

|location=Hartford, Connecticut

|publisher=Park Publishing Co.

|pages=137–138

|title=Life and times of Frederick Douglass

|url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesfred00dougrich/page/138}}}}

He also describes the cowskin whip:

{{quote|The cowskin is a kind of whip seldom seen in the northern states. It is made entirely of untanned, but dried, ox hide, and is about as hard as a piece of well-seasoned live oak. It is made of various sizes, but the usual length is about three feet. The part held in the hand is nearly an inch in thickness; and, from the extreme end of the butt or handle, the cowskin tapers its whole length to a point. This makes it quite elastic and springy. A blow with it, on the hardest back, will gash the flesh, and make the blood start. Cowskins are painted red, blue and green, and are the favorite slave whip. I think this whip worse than the "cat-o'nine-tails." It condenses the whole strength of the arm to a single point, and comes with a spring that makes the air whistle. It is a terrible instrument, and is so handy, that the overseer can always have it on his person, and ready for use. The temptation to use it is ever strong; and an overseer can, if disposed, always have cause for using it. With him, it is literally a word and a blow, and, in most cases, the blow comes first.{{cite book

|first=Frederick

|last=Douglass

|author-link=Frederick Douglass

|year=1855

|location=New York

|publisher=Miller, Orton & Mulligan

|page=103

|title=My Bondage and My Freedom

|url=https://archive.org/details/mybondagemyfreed00doug/page/102/mode/2up}}}}

Sojourner Truth, to whose narrative the above statement by Douglass was appended, relates the following scene she witnessed:

{{quote|...one Hasbrouck. — He had a sick slave-woman, who was lingering with a slow consumption [tuberculosis] whom he made to spin, regardless of her weakness and suffering; and this woman had a child, that was unable to walk or talk, at the age of five years, neither could it cry like other children, but made a constant, piteous, moaning sound. This exhibition of helplessness and imbecility, instead of exciting the master's pity, stung his cupidity, and so enraged him, that he would kick the poor thing about like a foot-ball. Isabella's informant had seen this brute of a man, when the child was curled up under a chair, innocently amusing itself with a few sticks, drag it thence, that he might have the pleasure of tormenting it. She had seen him, with one blow of his foot, send it rolling quite across the room, and down the steps at the door. Oh, how she wished it might instantly die! "But," she said, "it seemed as tough as a moccasin." Though it did die at last, and made glad the heart of its friends; and its persecutor, no doubt, rejoiced with them, but from very different motives.{{cite book

|first=Sojourner

|last=Truth

|title=Narrative of Sojourner Truth : a northern slave, emancipated from bodily servitude by the state of New York, in 1828 : with a portrait

|url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofsojou1850gilb/page/82

|location=Boston

|year=1850|publisher=Boston : Printed for the author

}}{{rp|83}}}}

Teaching slaves to read was discouraged or (depending upon the state) prohibited, so as to hinder aspirations for escape or rebellion. In response to slave rebellions such as the Haitian Revolution, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a failed uprising in 1822 organized by Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831, some states prohibited slaves from holding religious gatherings, or any other kind of gathering, without a white person present, for fear that such meetings could facilitate communication and lead to rebellion and escapes.

Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, beating, mutilation, branding, and/or imprisonment. Punishment was most often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but masters or overseers sometimes abused slaves to assert dominance. Pregnancy was not a barrier to punishment; methods were devised to administer lashings without harming the baby. Slave masters would dig a hole big enough for the woman's stomach to lie in and proceed with the lashings.{{cite book|last=Gray White|first=Deborah|title=Freedom On My Mind: A History of African Americans|year=2013|publisher=Bedford/ St. Martins|isbn=978-0-312-19729-2}} But such "protective" steps gave neither expectant slave mothers nor their unborn infants much real protection against grave injury or death from excess zeal or number of lashes inflicted, as one quote by ex-captive Moses Grandy took note:

One of my sisters was so severely punished in this way, that labour was brought on, and the child born in the field. This very overseer, Mr. Brooks, killed in this manner a girl named Mary: her [parents] were in the field at the time. He also killed a boy about twelve years old. He had no punishment, or even trial, for either [murder].{{Cite web |url=https://www.docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/grandy/grandy.html |title=Grandy, M.(1843). Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy; Late a Slave in the United States of America, p. 29. Retrieved from Documenting the American South |access-date=2018-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704193246/http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/grandy/grandy.html |archive-date=2018-07-04 |url-status=live }}

The mistreatment of slaves frequently included rape and the sexual abuse of women. The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in historical Southern culture and its view of the enslaved as property.{{cite encyclopedia

|last=Moon

|first=Dannell

|contribution=Slavery

|title=Encyclopedia of Rape

|editor-first=Merril D.

|editor-last=Smith

|publisher=Greenwood

|year=2004

|page=234}} After 1662, when Virginia adopted the legal doctrine partus sequitur ventrem, sexual relations between white men and black women were regulated by classifying children of slave mothers as slaves regardless of their father's race or status. Particularly in the Upper South, a population developed of mixed-race (mulatto) offspring of such unions (see children of the plantation), although white Southern society claimed to abhor miscegenation and punished sexual relations between white women and black men as damaging to racial purity.

Frederick Law Olmsted visited Mississippi in 1853 and wrote:

A cast mass of the slaves pass their lives, from the moment they are able to go afield in the picking season till they drop worn out in the grave, in incessant labor, in all sorts of weather, at all seasons of the year, without any other change or relaxation than is furnished by sickness, without the smallest hope of any improvement either in their condition, in their food, or in their clothing, which are of the plainest and coarsest kind, and indebted solely to the forbearance or good temper of the overseer for exception from terrible physical suffering.{{cite book

| last = Reef

| first = Catherine

| title = Poverty in America | publisher = Facts on File | year = 2007 | url = https://archive.org/details/povertyinamerica0000reef| url-access = registration

| isbn = 9781438108117 }}

Compiling a variety of historical sources, historian Kenneth M. Stampp identified in his classic work The Peculiar Institution reoccurring themes in slavemasters’ efforts to produce the "ideal slave":

1. Maintain strict discipline and unconditional submission.
2. Create a sense of personal inferiority, so that slaves "know their place."
3. Instill fear.
4. Teach servants to take interest in their master's enterprise.
5. Prevent access to education and recreation, to ensure that slaves remain uneducated, helpless, and dependent.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peculiarinstitut00stam|url-access=registration|title=The peculiar institution: slavery in the ante-bellum South|last=Stampp|first=Kenneth|publisher=Vintage|year=1956|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peculiarinstitut00stam/page/141 141]–148|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419125621/https://archive.org/details/peculiarinstitut00stam|archive-date=2019-04-19|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|title=A turbulent voyage : readings in African American studies|date=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|others=Hayes, Floyd W. (Floyd Windom)|isbn=0939693526|edition= 3rd|location=Lanham, MD.|pages=277|oclc=44998768}}

According to historians David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese, treatment of slaves was harsh and inhumane. During work and outside of it, slaves suffered physical abuse, since the government allowed it. Treatment was usually harsher on large plantations, which were often managed by overseers and owned by absentee slaveholders. Small slaveholders worked together with their slaves and sometimes treated them more humanely.Moore, p 118

Besides slaves' being vastly overworked, they suffered brandings, shootings, "floggings," and much worse punishments. Flogging was a term often used to describe the average lashing or whipping a slave would receive for misbehaving. Many times a slave would also simply be put through "wanton cruelties" or unprovoked violent beatings or punishments.{{cite journal

|first=David

|last=McBride

|title=' Slavery As It Is:' Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South

|journal=OAH Magazine of History

|volume=19

|issue=5

|date=September 2005

|pages=36–40

|doi=10.1093/maghis/19.5.36}}

After 1820,{{Cite web|url=http://abolition.nypl.org/print/suppression/|title=Suppression – The Abolition of The Slave Trade|website=abolition.nypl.org|language=en|access-date=2017-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409041817/http://abolition.nypl.org/print/suppression|archive-date=2017-04-09|url-status=live}} in response to the inability to legally import new slaves from Africa following prohibition of the international slave trade, some slaveholders improved the living conditions of their slaves, to influence them not to attempt escape.Christian, p 90

Some slavery advocates asserted that many slaves were content with their situation. African-American abolitionist J. Sella Martin countered that apparent "contentment" was in fact a psychological defense to dehumanizing brutality of having to bear witness to their spouses being sold at auction and daughters raped.

• Davis, pp 228-9
• Johnson, p 371

Likewise, Elizabeth Keckley, who grew up a slave in Virginia and became Mary Todd Lincoln's personal modiste, gave an account of what she had witnessed as a child to explain the folly of any claim that the slave was jolly or content. Little Joe, son of the cook, was sold to pay his owner's bad debt:

Joe’s mother was ordered to dress him in his best Sunday clothes and send him to the house, where he was sold, like the hogs, at so much per pound. When her son started for Petersburgh, ... she pleaded piteously that her boy not be taken from her; but master quieted her by telling that he was going to town with the wagon, and would be back in the morning. Morning came, but little Joe did not return to his mother. Morning after morning passed, and the mother went down to the grave without ever seeing her child again. One day she was whipped for grieving for her lost boy.... Burwell never liked to see his slaves wear a sorrowful face, and those who offended in this way were always punished. Alas! the sunny face of the slave is not always an indication of sunshine in the heart.Keckley, 1868, p. 12 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24968/24968-h/24968-h.htm Behind the Scenesor, Thirty years a slave, and Four Years in the White House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193402/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24968/24968-h/24968-h.htm |date=2018-12-05 }}

William Dunway notes that slaves were often punished for their failure to demonstrate due deference and submission to whites. Demonstrating politeness and humility showed the slave was submitting to the established racial and social order, while failure to follow them demonstrated insolence and a threat to the social hierarchy. Dunway observes that slaves were punished almost as often for symbolic violations of the social order as they were for physical failures; in Appalachia, two-thirds of whippings were done for social offences versus one-third for physical offences such as low productivity or property losses.Dunaway, Wilma A. Slavery in the American mountain south. Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp.168-171

Slave owners, even though they proclaimed American slavery to be benevolent, greatly feared slave rebellions.{{cite book

|isbn=978-0717806058

|publisher=International Publishers

|place=New York

|quote=Widespread fear of slave rebellion was characteristic of the South (p. 39).

|date=1993

|edition=50th Anniversary

|title=American Negro Slave Revolts

|first=Henry

|last=Aptheker

|url=https://archive.org/details/americannegrosla00apth

}} Most of them sought to minimize slaves' exposure to the outside world to reduce the risk. The desired result was to eliminate slaves' dreams and aspirations, restrict access to information about escaped slaves and rebellions, and stifle their mental faculties.

Education of slaves, then, was at least discouraged, and usually prohibited altogether. (See Education during the slave period.) It was seen by slaveowners as something the enslaved, like other farm animals, were incapable of learning and not needed to do their jobs. They believed slaves with knowledge would become morose, if not insolent and "uppity". They might learn of the Underground Railroad: that escape was possible, that many would help, and that there were sizeable communities of formerly enslaved Blacks in Northern cities.Rodriguez, pp.616-617

In 1841, Virginia punished violations of this law by 20 lashes to the slave and a $100 fine to the teacher, and North Carolina by 39 lashes to the slave and a $250 fine to the teacher. In Kentucky, education of slaves was legal but almost nonexistent. Some Missouri slaveholders educated their slaves or permitted them to do so themselves.Stone, Jeffery C., Slavery, Southern culture, and education in Little Dixie, Missouri, 1820–1860, CRC Press, 2006, p 38 In Utah, slave owners were required to send black slaves to school for eighteen months between the ages of six and twenty years{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/primarywest/utah-slave-code-1852|title=The Utah Territory Slave Code (1852) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|website=www.blackpast.org|date=2007-06-27|access-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003163550/http://www.blackpast.org/primarywest/utah-slave-code-1852|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=live}} and Indian slaves for three months every year.{{cite book|title=Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials Passed at the ... Annual, and Special Sessions, of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNFGAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Brigham H. Young, Printers|year=1866|pages=87–88|access-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=uNFGAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=2016-10-22|url-status=live}}

In 1740, following the Stono Rebellion, Maryland limited slaves' working hours to 15 per day in the summer and 14 in the winter, with no work permitted on Sunday. Historian Charles Johnson writes that such laws were not only motivated by compassion, but also by the desire to pacify slaves and prevent future revolts. Slave working conditions were often made worse by the plantation's need for them to work overtime to sustain themselves in regards to food and shelter."Cyrus Bellus" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211182255/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query |date=2013-02-11 }}Johnson, p 105 In Utah, slaves were required to work "reasonable" hours.

Children, who of course could not go to school, were, like adults, usually expected to work to their physical limits. It was completely legal to exploit children, to work them brutally, to whip them, and to use them sexually. Even very young children could be given tasks such as guarding flocks or carrying water to the field hands.

{{Main|Slave health on plantations in the United States}}

The quality of medical care to slaves is uncertain; some historians conclude that because slaveholders wished to preserve the value of their slaves, they received the same care as whites did. Others conclude that medical care was poor. A majority of plantation owners and doctors balanced a plantation need to coerce as much labor as possible from a slave without causing death, infertility, or a reduction in productivity; the effort by planters and doctors to provide sufficient living resources that enabled their slaves to remain productive and bear many children; the impact of diseases and injury on the social stability of slave communities; the extent to which illness and mortality of sub-populations in slave society reflected their different environmental exposures and living circumstances rather than their alleged racial characteristics.Kenneth F. Kiple and Virginia Himmeisteib King, Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease, and Racism (Cambridge: Cambridge University) Slaves may have also provided adequate medical care to each other.Covey, p 5-6 Previous studies show that a slave-owner would care for his slaves through only "prudence and humanity." Although conditions were harsh for most slaves, many slave-owners saw that it was in their best interest financially to see that each slave stayed healthy enough to maintain an active presence on the plantation, and if female, to reproduce. (In the northern states of Maryland and Virginia, children were openly spoken of as a "product" exported to the Deep South.) An ill slave meant less work done, and that motivated some plantation owners to have medical doctors monitor their slaves in an attempt to keep them healthy. (J. Marion Sims was for some years a "plantation doctor".) Other slave-owners wishing to save money would rely on their own self-taught remedies, combined with any helpful knowledge of their wives to help treat the sickly. Older slaves and oftentimes grandparents of slave communities would pass down useful medical skills and remedies as well. Also, large enough plantations with owners willing to spend the money would often have primitive infirmaries built to deal with the problems of slaves' health.McBride, D. (2005). "Slavery As It Is:" Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South. OAH Magazine Of History, 19(5), 37.

According to Michael W. Byrd, a dual system of medical care provided poorer care for slaves throughout the South, and slaves were excluded from proper, formal medical training.Covey, p 4-5, citing Byrd, p 200 This meant that slaves were mainly responsible for their own care, a "health subsystem" that persisted long after slavery was abolished.Covey, p 4, citing Byrd, p 200 Slaves took such an active role in the health care of their community. In 1748, Virginia prohibited them from advertising certain treatments.Covey, p 5

Medical care was usually provided by fellow slaves or by slaveholders and their families, and only rarely by physicians.Burke, p 155; *Covey, p 5 Care for sick household members was mostly provided by women. Some slaves possessed medical skills, such as knowledge of herbal remedies and midwifery and often treated both slaves and non-slaves.Burke, p 155 Covey suggests that because slaveholders offered poor treatment, slaves relied on African remedies and adapted them to North American plants. Other examples of improvised health care methods included folk healers, grandmother midwives, and social networks such as churches, and, for pregnant slaves, female networks. Slave-owners would sometimes also seek healing from such methods in times of ill health.McBride, D. (2005). "Slavery As It Is:" Medicine and Slaves of the Plantation South. OAH Magazine Of History, 19(5), 38. In Missouri, slaveholders generally provided adequate health care to their slaves, and were motivated by humanitarian concerns, maintenance of slaves' productivity, and protection of the owners' investment.

Researchers performed medical experiments on slaves, who could not refuse, if their owners permitted it. They frequently displayed slaves to illustrate medical conditions.Covey, p 30 Southern medical schools advertised the ready supply of corpses of the enslaved, for dissection in anatomy classes, as an incentive to enroll.{{cite book

|title=Educated in Tyranny: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's University

|editor-first1=Maurie D.

|editor-last1=McInnis

|editor-first2=Louis P.

|editor-last2=Nelson

|year=2019

|isbn=978-0813942865

|chapter=Anatomical Theater

|first=Kirt

|last=von Daacke

|pages=171–198, at pp. 183–184

|publisher=University of Virginia Press}}{{rp|183–184}}

During the early 17th century, some colonies permitted slaves who converted to Christianity to become free, but this possibility was eliminated by the mid 17th century.Johnson, p 40

In 1725, Virginia granted slaves the right to establish a church, leading to the establishment of the First Church of Colored Baptists.Christian, p 33 In many cases throughout the American South, slaves created hybrid forms of Christianity, mixing elements of traditional African religions with traditional as well as new interpretations of Christianity."Story of Reverend Williams, aged 76, colored Methodist minister, born Greenbriar County, West Virginia" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.http://memory.loc.gov/cgibinquery

South Carolina permitted law enforcement to disband any religious meeting where more than half the participants were black.Morris, Thomas D., Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860, p 347

Owners usually provided the enslaved with low-quality clothing, made from rough cloth and shoes from old leather.[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mesnbib:4:./temp~ammem_e2K8::@@@mdb=aap,aaeo,rbaapcbib,aasm,aaodyssey,bbpix,rbpebib,mfd,hurstonbib,gmd,mcc,ncpm,afcesnbib,mesnbib,llstbib,uncall,fpnas "Work, Play, Food, Clothing, Marriage, etc." Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144345/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mesnbib%3A4%3A.%2Ftemp~ammem_e2K8%3A%3A%40%40%40mdb=aap%2Caaeo%2Crbaapcbib%2Caasm%2Caaodyssey%2Cbbpix%2Crbpebib%2Cmfd%2Churstonbib%2Cgmd%2Cmcc%2Cncpm%2Cafcesnbib%2Cmesnbib%2Cllstbib%2Cuncall%2Cfpnas |date=2018-04-01 }}, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Masters commonly paid slaves small bonuses at Christmas, and some slaveholders permitted them to keep earnings and gambling profits. One slave, Denmark Vesey, bought his freedom with a lottery prize;{{Cite journal

| url = http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115602736

| title = Denmark Vesey

| date = 1 January 2006

| website = Oxford Reference

| publisher = Oxford University Press

| access-date = 24 February 2016

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014756/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115602736

| archive-date = 14 March 2016

| url-status = live

}} James Bradley worked extra hours and was allowed to save enough to purchase his.

Robert Fogel argued that the material conditions of slaves were better than those of free industrial workers. However, 58% of historians and 42% of economists surveyed disagreed with Fogel's proposition. Fogel's view was that, while slaves' living conditions were poor by modern standards, all workers during the first half of the 19th century were subject to hardship. He further stated that over the course of their lifetime, a typical slave field hand "received" about 90% of the income he produced. Harriet Jacobs, who escaped from slavery and later visited England while working as a nanny, considered the conditions of the poor English farmworkers in Berkshire to still be much better than what the American slaves had because of the former's better quality of life. Eric V. Snow, Who Was Better Off? A Comparison of American Slaves and English Agricultural Workers, 1750-1875; http://lionofjudah1.org/Historyhtml/Were%20Slaves%20or%20Farmworkers%20Better%20Off%202004.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630223614/http://lionofjudah1.org/Historyhtml/Were%20Slaves%20or%20Farmworkers%20Better%20Off%202004.htm |date=2017-06-30 }}

Slaves were legally considered non-persons unless they committed a crime. An Alabama court ruled that slaves "are rational beings, they are capable of committing crimes; and in reference to acts which are crimes, are regarded as persons. Because they are slaves, they are incapable of performing civil acts, and, in reference to all such, they are things, not persons."Catterall, Helen T., Ed. 1926. Judicial Cases Concerning Slavery and the Negro, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute, p. 247

Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding, rape, and imprisonment. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave.Moore, p 114

They were punished with knives, guns, field tools and nearby objects. The whip was the most common instrument used against a slave; one said "The only punishment that I ever heard or knew of being administered slaves was whipping", although he knew several who were beaten to death for offenses such as "sassing" a white person, hitting another "negro", "fussing" or fighting in quarters.Rawick, George P. "From Sundown to Sunup", Making of the Black Community 1. (1972): n. pag. Web. 21 Nov 2009{{failed verification|date=November 2019}}{{Full citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Slaves who worked and lived on plantations were the most frequently punished. Punishment could be administered by the plantation owner or master, his wife, children, or (most often) the overseer or driver.

Slave overseers were authorized to whip and punish slaves. One overseer told a visitor, "Some Negroes are determined never to let a white man whip them and will resist you, when you attempt it; of course you must kill them in that case."Howard Zinn A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins Publications, 2003. A former slave describes witnessing females being whipped: "They usually screamed and prayed, though a few never made a sound."{{Cite web|url=http://aae.greenwood.com/doc.aspx?i=14&fileID=2000db8f&chapterID=2000db8f-p2000db8f9970053001&path=/books/dps/|title=The American Mosaic: The African American Experience – Username|website=aae.greenwood.com|access-date=2016-10-12}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} If the woman was pregnant, workers might dig a hole for her to rest her belly while being whipped. After slaves were whipped, overseers might order their wounds be burst and rubbed with turpentine and red pepper. An overseer reportedly took a brick, ground it into a powder, mixed it with lard and rubbed it all over a slave.

A metal collar could be put on a slave. Such collars were thick and heavy; they often had protruding spikes which made fieldwork difficult and prevented the slave from sleeping when lying down. Louis Cain, a former slave, describes seeing another slave punished: "One nigger run to the woods to be a jungle nigger, but massa cotched him with the dog and took a hot iron and brands him. Then he put a bell on him, in a wooden frame what slip over the shoulders and under the arms. He made that nigger wear the bell a year and took it off on Christmas for a present to him. It sho' did make a good nigger out of him."

File:Plantation slave houses South Carolina Low Country.jpg

Slaves were punished for a number of reasons: working too slowly, breaking a law (for example, running away), leaving the plantation without permission, insubordination, impudence as defined by the owner or overseer, or for no reason, to underscore a threat or to assert the owner's dominance and masculinity. Myers and Massy describe the practices: "The punishment of deviant slaves was decentralized, based on plantations, and crafted so as not to impede their value as laborers."Myers, Martha, and James Massey. "Race, Labor, and Punishment in Postbellum Georgia." 38.2 (1991): 267–286. Whites punished slaves publicly to set an example. A man named Harding describes an incident in which a woman assisted several men in a minor rebellion: "The women he hoisted up by the thumbs, whipp'd and slashed her {{sic}} with knives before the other slaves till she died."Lasgrayt, Deborah. Ar'n't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South, 2nd edition, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1999 Men and women were sometimes punished differently; according to the 1789 report of the Virginia Committee of the Privy Council, males were often shackled but women and girls were left free.

The branding of slaves for identification was common during the colonial era; however, by the nineteenth century it was used primarily as punishment. Mutilation of slaves, such as castration of males, removing a front tooth or teeth, and amputation of ears was a relatively common punishment during the colonial era, still used in 1830: it facilitated their identification if they ran away. Any punishment was permitted for runaway slaves, and many bore wounds from shotgun blasts or dog bites used by their captors.Christian, pp 102-103

In 1717, Maryland law provided that slaves were not entitled to a jury trial for a misdemeanor and empowered county judges to impose a punishment of up to 40 lashes.Christian, p 31 In 1729, the colony passed a law permitting punishment for slaves including hanging, decapitation, and cutting the body into four quarters for public display.

In 1740, South Carolina passed a law prohibiting cruelty to slaves; however, slaves could still be killed under some circumstances. The anti-cruelty law prohibited cutting out the tongue, putting out the eye, castration, scalding, burning, and amputating limbs, but permitted whipping, beating, putting in irons, and imprisonment.Christian, p 36 There was almost no enforcement of the prohibitions, as a slave could not be a witness nor give testimony against a white.{{cite web

|url=https://www.quora.com/Were-any-American-slave-owners-ever-prosecuted-for-murder-or-maltreatment-before-the-Civil-War

|title=Were any American slave owners ever prosecuted for murder or maltreatment before the Civil War?

|first=Daniel

|last=Baker

|date=October 23, 2018

|access-date=November 10, 2019

|archive-date=September 11, 2020

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911090519/https://www.quora.com/Were-any-American-slave-owners-ever-prosecuted-for-murder-or-maltreatment-before-the-Civil-War

|url-status=live

}}

In 1852, Utah passed the Act in Relation to Service, which provided several protections for slaves. They were freed if the slave owner was found guilty of cruelty or abuse, or neglect to feed, clothe, or shelter the slave, or if there were any sexual intercourse between the master and the slave.{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/primarywest/utah-slave-code-1852|title=The Utah Territory Slave Code (1852) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|website=www.blackpast.org|date=2007-06-27|access-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003163550/http://www.blackpast.org/primarywest/utah-slave-code-1852|archive-date=2016-10-03|url-status=live}} The definition of cruelty was vague and hard to enforce, and in practice, slaves received similar treatment to those in the South.{{cite news|title=Brief History Alex Bankhead and Marinda Redd Bankhead (mention of Dr Pinney of Salem)|publisher=The Broad Ax|date=March 25, 1899|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/72065072/#id=2719347&offset=1|access-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022054631/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/72065072/#id=2719347&offset=1|archive-date=October 22, 2016|url-status=live}}

By law,{{where|date=January 2020}} slaveholders could be fined for not punishing recaptured runaway slaves. Slave codes authorized, indemnified or required violence, and were denounced by abolitionists for their brutality.Nordmann, Christopher A. Runaway Slaves . 5 May 2009, http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125yclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911090521/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125yclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2125 |date=2020-09-11 }}. Accessed 18 Nov. 2019.{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=Donald|date=1967|title=The Abolitionists on Slavery: The Critique Behind the Social Movement|journal=The Journal of Southern History|volume=33|issue=2|pages=177–179|doi=10.2307/2204964|jstor=2204964}} Both slaves and free blacks were regulated by the Black Codes, and their movements were monitored by slave patrols conscripted from the white population. The patrols were authorized to use summary punishment against escapees; in the process, they sometimes maimed or killed the escapees.

File:Slave Market, Public Square, Louisville (Jefferson County, Georgia).jpg]]

Historian Nell Irvin Painter and others have documented that Southern history went "across the color line." Contemporary accounts by Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble (both married in the Deep South planter class) and accounts by former slaves gathered by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) attested to the abuse of women slaves by white owners and overseers.

{{main|Slave codes}}

The slave-owning colonies had laws governing the control and punishment of slaves which were known as slave codes.Christian, pp 27-28 South Carolina established its slave code in 1712, based on the 1688 Barbadian slave code. The South Carolina slave code was a model for other North American colonies. In 1770, Georgia adopted the South Carolina slave code and Florida adopted the Georgia code. The 1712 South Carolina slave code included the following provisions:

• Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner's property unless accompanied by a white person, or with permission. If a slave left the owner's property without permission, "every white person" was required to chastise them.
• Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony (later, the state) received the death penalty.
• Any slave who evaded capture for 20 days or more was to be publicly whipped for the first offense; branded with an "R" on the right cheek on the second offense; lose one ear if absent for thirty days on the third offense, and castrated on the fourth offense.
• Owners refusing to abide by the slave code were fined and forfeited their slaves.
• Slave homes were searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen goods. Punishment escalated from loss of an ear, branding and nose-slitting to death on the fourth offense.
• No slave could work for pay; plant corn, peas or rice; keep hogs, cattle, or horses; own or operate a boat; buy or sell, or wear clothes finer than "Negro cloth".

The South Carolina slave code was revised in 1739, with the following amendments:

• No slave could be taught to write, work on Sunday, or work more than 15 hours per day in summer and 14 hours in winter.
• The willful killing of a slave was fined £700, and "passion" killing £350.
• The fine for concealing runaway slaves was $1,000 and a prison sentence up to one year.
• A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for employing a freeman or slave as a clerk.
• A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for selling (or giving) alcoholic beverages to slaves.
• A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for teaching a slave to read and write; the death penalty was imposed for circulating incendiary literature.
• Freeing a slave was forbidden except by deed (after 1820, only by permission of the legislature; Georgia required legislative approval after 1801).

The slave codes in the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia) were modeled on the Virginia code, established in 1667. The 1682 Virginia code included the following provisions:{{cite book|title=Black Saga: The African American Experience|last1=Christian|first1=Charles M.|last2=Bennet|first2=Sari|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1998|isbn=9780395687178}}{{rp|19}}

• Slaves were prohibited from possessing weapons.
• Slaves were prohibited from leaving their owner's plantation without permission.
• Slaves were prohibited from attacking a white person, even in self-defense.
• A runaway slave, refusing to surrender, could be killed without penalty.

In 1811, Arthur William Hodge was the first slaveholder executed for the murder of a slave in the British West Indies. However, he was not (as some have claimed) the first white person to have been executed for killing a slave.Vernon Pickering, A Concise History of the British Virgin Islands, {{ISBN|0-934139-05-9}}, page 48 Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On November 23, 1739, in Williamsburg, Virginia, two white men (Charles Quin and David White) were hanged for the murder of another white man's slave. On April 21, 1775, the Virginia Gazette in Fredericksburg reported that a white man (William Pitman) was hanged for the murder of his own slave.[https://archive.org/details/blacksincolonial00reis/page/101 Blacks in Colonial America], p. 101, Oscar Reiss, McFarland & Company, 1997; [http://departments.umw.edu/hipr/www/Fredericksburg/newspapers/vagaz/12may75s_1_3.htm Virginia Gazette, April 21, 1775] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624151602/http://departments.umw.edu/hipr/www/fredericksburg/newspapers/vagaz/12may75s_1_3.htm |date=June 24, 2010 }}, University of Mary Washington Department of Historic Preservation archives

Laws punishing whites for punishing their slaves were weakly enforced or easily avoided. In Smith v. Hancock, the defendant justified punishing his slave to a white jury; the slave was attending an unlawful meeting, discussed rebellion, refused to surrender and resisted the arresting officer by force.[http://aae.greenwood.com/doc.aspx?i=4&fileID=WHL0748&chapterID=WHL0748-1046&path=/primarydoc/greenwood ]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{see also|Children of the plantation|Slavery in the United States#"Fancy ladies"}}

Owners of enslaved people could legally use them as sexual objects. Therefore, slavery in the United States encompassed wide-ranging rape and sexual abuse, including many forced pregnancies, in order to produce children for sale. Many slaves fought back against sexual attacks, and some died resisting them; others were left with psychological and physical scars.Marable, p 74 "Soul murder, the feeling of anger, depression and low self-esteem" is how historian Nell Irvin Painter describes the effects of this abuse, linking it to slavery. Slaves regularly suppressed anger before their masters to avoid showing weakness.{{full citation needed|date=October 2019}}

Harriet Jacobs said in her narrative that she believed her mistress did not try to protect her because she was jealous of her master's sexual interest in her. Victims of abuse during slavery may have blamed themselves for the incidents, due to their isolation.{Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself. Simon & Brown, 2012.}

Rape laws in the South embodied a race-based double standard. Black men accused of rape during the colonial period were often punished with castration, and the penalty was increased to death during the Antebellum Period;Moon, p 235 however, white men could legally rape their female slaves. Men and boys were also sexually abused by slaveholders.Getman, Karen A. "Sexual Control in the Slaveholding South: The Implementation and Maintenance of a Racial Caste System," Harvard Women's and Law Journal, 7, (1984), 132. Thomas Foster says that although historians have begun to cover sexual abuse during slavery, few focus on sexual abuse of men and boys because of the assumption that only enslaved women were victimized. Foster suggests that men and boys may have also been forced into unwanted sexual activity; one problem in documenting such abuse is that they, of course, did not bear mixed-race children.{{cite journal |last=Foster |first=Thomas |title=The Sexual Abuse of Black Men under American Slavery |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=20 |issue=3 |year=2011 |pages=445–464|doi=10.1353/sex.2011.0059|pmid=22175097 |s2cid=20319327 }}{{rp|448–449}} Both masters and mistresses were thought to have abused male slaves.{{rp|459}}

Angela Davis contends that the systematic rape of female slaves is analogous to the supposed medieval concept of droit du seigneur, believing that the rapes were a deliberate effort by slaveholders to extinguish resistance in women and reduce them to the status of animals.Marable, p 73

The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in a patriarchal Southern culture which treated all women, black and white, as property. Although Southern mores regarded white women as dependent and submissive, black women were often consigned to a life of sexual exploitation. Racial purity was the driving force behind the Southern culture's prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men; however, the same culture protected sexual relations between white men and black women. The result was a number of mixed-race offspring. Many women were raped, and had little control over their families. Children, free women, indentured servants, and men were not immune from abuse by masters and owners(See Children of the plantation.) Children, especially young girls, were often subjected to sexual abuse by their masters, their masters' children, and relatives.Painter, Nell Irvin, "Soul Murder and Slavery: Toward A Fully Loaded Cost Accounting," U.S. History as Women's History, 1995, p 127. Similarly, indentured servants and slave women were often abused. Since these women had no control over where they went or what they did, their masters could manipulate them into situations of high risk, i.e. forcing them into a dark field or making them sleep in their master's bedroom to be available for service.Block, Sharon. "Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Sexual Coercion in the Early Republic," Women's America, p 129-131. Free or white women could charge their perpetrators with rape, but slave women had no legal recourse; their bodies legally belonged to their owners.Block, Sharon. "Lines of Color", 137. This record has also given historians the opportunity to explore sexual abuse during slavery in populations other than enslaved women.

In 1662, the Southern colonies adopted into law the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which the children of enslaved women took the status of their mothers regardless of the ethnicity of their fathers. This was a departure from common law, which held that children took the status of their father. Some fathers freed their children, but many did not. The law relieved men of responsibility to support their children, and restricted the open secret of miscegenation to the slave quarters. However, Europeans and other visitors to the South noted the number of mixed-race slaves. During the 19th century Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble, whose husbands were planters, chronicled the disgrace of white men taking sexual advantage of slave women.

{{main|Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean}}

Some women resisted reproduction in order to resist slavery. They found medicine or herbs to terminate pregnancies (abortifacients) or practiced abstinence. For example, chewing on cotton root was one of the more popular methods to end a pregnancy. This method was often used as the plant was readily available, especially for the women who worked in cotton fields.Perrin, Liese M. "Resisting Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South," Journal of American Studies 35, no. 2 (August 2001): 255. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 30, 2013). Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant, and it was described by scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It appears to inhibit the development of sperm or restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones. Women's knowledge of different forms of contraception helped them control some factors in their life.

By resisting reproduction, enslaved women took control over their bodies and their lives. Richard Follet says:

by consciously avoiding pregnancy or through gynecological resistance, black women reclaimed their own bodies, frustrated the planters' pro-natalist policies, and in turn defied white male constructions of their sexuality. Whether swallowing abortifacients such as calomel and turpentine or chewing on natural contraceptives like cotton roots or okra, slave women wove contraception and miscarriages through the dark fabric of slave oppositional culture.Follett, Richard. "'Lives of living death': The reproductive lives of slave women in the cane world of Louisiana," Slavery & Abolition 26, no. 2 (August 2005): 289-304. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed November 12, 2013).

By using various ways to resist reproduction, some women convinced their masters they could not bear children. Deborah Gray White cites several cases of women who were considered by their masters to be infertile during slavery. These women went on to have several healthy children after they were freed.Deborah Gray White, Mia Bay and Waldo E. Martin, Freedom on My Mind, Volume 1: A History of African Americans, with Documents (Bedford/St. Martins, Dec 14, 2012), 213

Other slave women used abstinence. "Slave men and women appear to have practiced abstinence, often with the intention of denying their master any more human capital." It was not just women who resisted reproduction, in some instances men did also. An ex-slave, Virginia Yarbrough, explained how one slave woman persuaded the man that her master told her to live with to practice abstinence. After three months, the master realized that the couple were not going to produce any children, so he let her live with the man of her choice, and they had children. "By abstaining from sexual intercourse, she was able to resist her master's wishes and live and have children with the man she loved."

Women resisted reproduction to avoid bringing children into slavery, and to deprive their owners of future property and profit. "In addition to the labor they provided, slaves were a profitable investment: Their prices rose steadily throughout the antebellum era, as did the return that slave owners could expect when slaves reproduced." Liese M. Perrin writes, "In avoiding direct confrontation, slave women had the potential to resist in a way which pierced the very heart of slavery- by defying white slave owners the labor and profits that their children would one day provide." Women knew that slave children were forced to start working at a very young age.Li, Stephanie. "Motherhood as Resistance in Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," Legacy 23, no. 1 (May 2006): 14-29. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 30, 2013). Life was harsh under slavery, with little time for a mother and child to bond. Enslaved women and their children could be separated at any time. Women were forced to do heavy work even if pregnant. Sometimes this caused miscarriage or difficulties in childbirth. Richard Follett explains that "heavy physical work undermines reproductive fitness, specifically ovarian function, and thus limits success in procreation." An enslaved woman carried her infant with her to field work, nursing it during brief breaks. For instance, in Freedom on My Mind', it is said that "as an infant, he rode on his mother's back while she worked in the fields to nurse." Women's use of contraception was resistance and a form of strike, since slave women were expected to reproduce.

Despite acts of resistance, many slave women had numerous children. Peter Kolchin notes that some historians estimate a birthrate of 7 children per slave woman during the antebellum era, which was an era of large families among free women as well.Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery: 1619-1877. Hill and Wang, 1993.

Slave women were unable to maintain African traditions, although some were carried on. African women were born and raised to give birth;{{Cite journal|last=Bush-Slimani|first=Barbara|date=1993|title=Hard Labour: Women, Childbirth and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave Societies|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4289253|journal=History Workshop|issue=36|pages=83–99|jstor=4289253|issn=0309-2984}} there were no rituals or cultural customs in America. "Under extreme conditions the desire and ability of women to have children is reduced". Slavery removed everything that made them feel womanly, motherly, and African. A "normal" African family life was impossible; women were in the field most of the day and fathers were almost non-existent. In Africa, "Motherhood was the fulfillment of female adulthood and fertility the African women's greatest gift".{{cite journal|last=Bush|first=Barbara|title=African Caribbean Slave Mothers And Children: Traumas Of Dislocation And Enslavement Across The Atlantic World|journal=Caribbean Quarterly|year=2010|volume=56|issue=1–2|pages=69–94|doi=10.1080/00086495.2010.11672362|s2cid=141289167}}

{{main|Slave breeding in the United States}}

Slave breeding was the attempt by a slave-owner to influence the reproduction of his slaves for profit.Marable, Manning, How capitalism underdeveloped Black America: problems in race, political economy, and society South End Press, 2000, p 72 It included forced sexual relations between male and female slaves, encouraging slave pregnancies, sexual relations between master and slave to produce slave children and favoring female slaves who had many children.Marable, ibid, p 72

Nobel economist Robert Fogel disagreed in his controversial 1970s work that slave-breeding and sexual exploitation destroyed black families. Fogel argued that since the family was the basic unit of social organization under slavery, it was in the economic interest of slaveholders to encourage the stability of slave families and most did so. Most slave sales were either of entire families, or of individuals at an age when it would have been normal for them to leave home.Weiss, Thomas. [http://eh.net/book_reviews/time-on-the-cross-the-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/ "Review of Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, "Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710095453/http://eh.net/book_reviews/time-on-the-cross-the-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/ |date=2015-07-10 }}, Economic History News Services – Book Reviews, November 16, 2001. Book review. Retrieved July 19, 2015. However, testimony from former slaves does not support Fogel's view. For instance, Frederick Douglass (who grew up as a slave in Maryland) reported the systematic separation of slave families and widespread rape of slave women to boost slave numbers.Douglass, Frederick [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Literature/Douglass/Autobiography/01.html Autobiography of Frederick Douglass] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829214016/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Literature/Douglass/Autobiography/01.html |date=2011-08-29 }}, Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, 1845. Book. Retrieved June 10, 2008 With the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South, planters in the Upper South frequently broke up families to sell "surplus" male slaves to other markets. In addition, court cases such as those of Margaret Garner in Ohio or Celia, a slave in 19th-century Missouri, dealt{{how|date=April 2018}} with women slaves who had been sexually abused by their masters.Melton A. McLaurin, Celia, A Slave, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1991, pp. x–xiv

{{Further|Marriage of enslaved people (United States)}}

Slaves were predominantly male during the early colonial era, but the ratio of male to female slaves became more equal in later years. Under slavery, planters and other slaveholders owned, controlled, and sold entire families of slaves. The slave population increased in the southern United States as native-born slaves produced large families. Slave women were at high risk for sexual abuse from slave owners and their sons, overseers, or other white men in power, as well as from male slaves.

Slaves were at a continual risk of losing family members if their owners decided to sell them for profit, punishment or to pay debts. Slaveholders also made gifts of slaves to grown children (or other family members) as wedding settlements. They considered slave children to be adults, ready to work in the fields or leave home (by sale) as young as age 12 or 14. However, slave children, who of course did not go to school, were routinely given work: carrying water to the field hands, for example. A few slaves retaliated by murdering their owners and overseers, burning barns, and killing horses. But work slowdowns were the most frequent form of resistance and hard to control. Slaves also "walked away," going to the woods or a neighboring plantation for a while.Genovese (1967) Slave narratives by escaped slaves published during the 19th century often included accounts of families broken up and women sexually abused.

During the early 1930s, members of the Federal Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and also made recordings of the talks (the only such records made). In 2007, the interviews were remastered, reproduced on CDs, and published in book form in conjunction with the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Productions, and a National Public Radio project. In the introduction to the oral history project (Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation), the editors wrote:

As masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter, slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their families. Slaveholders had no legal obligation to respect the sanctity of the slave's marriage bed, and slave women— married or single – had no formal protection against their owners' sexual advances. ...Without legal protection and subject to the master's whim, the slave family was always at risk.Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation edited by Ira Berlin, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, pp. 122–3. {{ISBN|978-1-59558-228-7}}

The book includes a number of examples of enslaved families who were torn apart when family members were sold out of state, and accounts of sexual violation of enslaved women by men in power.

File:Slave sale.jpg

{{also|Female slavery in the United States}}

The evidence of white men raping slave women was obvious in the many mixed-race children who were born into slavery and part of many households. In some areas, such mixed-race families became the core of domestic and household servants, as at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Both his father-in-law and he took mixed-race enslaved women as concubines after being widowed; each man had six children by those enslaved women. Jefferson's young concubine, Sally Hemings, was 3/4 white, the daughter of his father-in-law John Wayles, making her the half-sister of his late wife.

By the 19th century, popular Southern literature characterized female slaves as lustful and promiscuous "Jezebels" who shamelessly tempted white owners into sexual relations. This stereotype of the promiscuous slave was partially motivated by the need to rationalize the obvious sexual relations that took place between female slaves and white males, as evidenced by the children. The stereotype was reinforced by female slaves' working partially clothed, due to the hot climate. During slave auctions, females were sometimes displayed nude or only partially clothed. Edward Ball, in his Slaves in the Family (1995), noted that it was more often the planters' sons who took advantage of slave women before their legal marriages to white women, than did the senior planters.

{{main|History of sexual slavery in the United States|Plaçage}}

Many female slaves (known as "fancy maids") were sold at auction into concubinage or prostitution, which was called the "fancy trade". Concubine slaves were the only female slaves who commanded a higher price than skilled male slaves.Baptist, Edward E. "'Cuffy', 'Fancy Maids', and 'One-Eyed Men': Rape Commodification, and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States", in The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas, Walter Johnson (Ed.), Yale University Press, 2004

During the early Louisiana colonial period, French men took wives and mistresses from the slaves; they often freed their children and, sometimes, their mistresses. A sizable class of free people of color developed in New Orleans, Mobile, and outlying areas. By the late 18th century white creole men of New Orleans, known as French Creoles, had a relatively formal system of plaçage among free women of color, which continued under Spanish rule. Plaçage was a public and well known system. This was evident by the fact that the largest annual ball was the "Quadroon Ball." It was an event equivalent to the white debutant ball, where young Quadroon women were paraded out for selection by their would-be Creole benefactors.The French Quarter: Herbert Asbury Mothers negotiated settlements or dowries for their daughters to be mistresses to white men. In some cases, young men took such mistresses before their marriages to white women; in others, they continued the relationship after marriage. They were known to pay for the education of their children, especially their sons, whom they sometimes sent to France for schooling and military service. These Quadroon mistresses were housed in cottages along Rampart Street the northern border of the Quarter. After the Civil War most were destitute and this area became the center of prostitution and later was chosen as the site to confine prostitution in the city and became known as Storyville.

{{See also|Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States}}

There was a growing feeling among whites that miscegenation was damaging to racial purity. Some segments of society began to disapprove of any sexual relationships between blacks and whites, whether slave or free, but particularly between white women and black men. In Utah, sexual relationships with a slave resulted in the slave being freed.

{{main|Children of the plantation}}

The children of white fathers and slave mothers were mixed-race slaves, whose appearance was generally classified as mulatto. This term originally meant a person with white and black parents, but then encompassed any mixed-race person.

In New Orleans, where the Code Noir (Black Code) held sway under French and Spanish rule, people of mixed race were defined as mulatto: one half white, one half black; quadroon: three quarters white, one quarter black; octoroon: seven-eights white, one eighth black. The Code Noir prohibited marriage between those of mixed race and full-blooded, or "slave", blacks. This undoubtedly formed the base of the well-known color discrimination within the black community, known as colorism.{{Cite journal|last=Perkins|first=Rhea|date=2014-01-01|title=The Influence of Colorism and Hair Texture Bias on the Professional and Social Lives of Black Women Student Affairs Professionals|url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2510|journal=LSU Doctoral Dissertations|access-date=2020-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616084148/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2510/|archive-date=2020-06-16|url-status=live}} In the Black community, it is believed lighter-skinned black women are preferred by black men over darker skinned black women.{{full citation needed|date=September 2019}} In the Quarter,{{explain|date=September 2019}} lighter-skinned blacks had a higher social position and constituted a higher percentage of the free black population.

By the turn of the 19th century many mixed-race families in Virginia dated to Colonial times; white women (generally indentured servants) had unions with slave and free African-descended men. Because of the mother's status, those children were born free and often married other free people of color.[http://freeafricanamericans.com Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919165518/http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ |date=2012-09-19 }}, 1998–2005

Given the generations of interaction, an increasing number of slaves in the United States during the 19th century were of mixed race. In the United States, children of mulatto and black slaves were also generally classified as mulatto. With each generation, the number of mixed-race slaves increased. The 1850, census identified 245,000 slaves as mulatto; by 1860, there were 411,000 slaves classified as mulatto out of a total slave population of 3,900,000. As noted above, some mixed-race people won freedom from slavery or were born as free blacks.

If free, depending on state law, some mulattoes were legally classified as white because they had more than one-half to seven-eighths white ancestry. Questions of social status were often settled in court, but a person's acceptance by neighbors, fulfillment of citizen obligations, and other aspects of social status were more important than lineage in determining "whiteness".

Notable examples of mostly-white children born into slavery were the children of Thomas Jefferson by his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings, who was three-quarters white by ancestry. Since 2000 historians have widely accepted Jefferson's paternity, the change in scholarship has been reflected in exhibits at Monticello and in recent books about Jefferson and his era. Some historians, however, continue to disagree with this conclusion.

Speculation exists on the reasons George Washington freed his slaves in his will. One theory posits that the slaves included two half-sisters of his wife, Martha Custis. Those mixed-race slaves were born to slave women owned by Martha's father, and were regarded within the family as having been sired by him. Washington became the owner of Martha Custis's slaves under Virginia law when he married her and faced the ethical conundrum of owning his wife's sisters.{{cite book|last=Wiencek|first=Henry|title=An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America|date=November 15, 2003|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|isbn=978-0374175269|url=https://archive.org/details/imperfectgodgeor00wien}}

As in Thomas Jefferson's household, the use of lighter-skinned slaves as household servants was not simply a choice related to skin color. Sometimes planters used mixed-race slaves as house servants or favored artisans because they were their children or other relatives. Six of Jefferson's later household slaves were the grown children of his father-in-law John Wayles and his slave mistress Betty Hemings.Note: As the historians Philip D. Morgan and Joshua D. Rothman have written, this was one of numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families, Albemarle County and Virginia, often with multiple generations repeating the pattern. {{cite book| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoC2BtS4OIC&q=Philip+D.+Morgan&pg=PA52| author=Philip D. Morgan| chapter=Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c. 1700–1820| title=Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture| editor1=Jan Lewis| editor2=Peter S. Onuf| publisher=University of Virginia Press| year=1999| isbn=978-0-8139-1919-5| access-date=2020-10-24| archive-date=2021-07-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720175803/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoC2BtS4OIC&q=Philip+D.+Morgan&pg=PA52| url-status=live}}Joshua D. Rothman, Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861, University of North Carolina Press, 2003 Half-siblings of Jefferson's wife Martha, she inherited them, along with Betty Hemings and other slaves, a year after her marriage to Jefferson following the death of her father. At that time some of the Hemings-Wayles children were very young; Sally Hemings was an infant. They were trained as domestic and skilled servants and headed the slave hierarchy at Monticello.Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family, New York: W.W. Norton, 2008

Since 2000, historians have widely accepted that the widowed Jefferson had a nearly four-decade relationship with Sally Hemings, the youngest daughter of Wayles and Betty. It was believed to have begun when he was US minister in Paris, and she was part of his household. Sally was nearly 25 years younger than his late wife; Jefferson had six children of record with her, four of whom survived. Jefferson had his three mixed-race sons by Hemings trained as carpenters - a skilled occupation - so they could earn a living after he freed them when they came of age. Three of his four children by Hemings, including his daughter Harriet, the only slave woman he freed, "passed" into white society as adults because of their appearance.{{cite web|title=Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account|url=http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account|website=Monticello|publisher=Thomas Jefferson Foundation|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103075902/http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-brief-account|archive-date=3 November 2011|url-status=live}} Quote: "Based on the documentary, scientific, statistical, and oral history evidence, the TJF Research Committee Report on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings (January 2000) remains the most comprehensive analysis of this historical topic. Ten years later, TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison, and Eston Hemings." Some historians disagree with these conclusions about the paternity; see Jefferson-Hemings controversy.

Planters with mixed-race children sometimes arranged for their education (occasionally in northern schools) or apprenticeship in skilled trades and crafts. Others settled property on them, or otherwise passed on social capital by freeing the children and their mothers. While fewer in number than in the Upper South, free blacks in the Deep South were often mixed-race children of wealthy planters and sometimes benefited from transfers of property and social capital. Wilberforce University, founded by Methodist and African Methodist Episcopal (AME) representatives in Ohio in 1856, for the education of African-American youth, was during its early history largely supported by wealthy southern planters who paid for the education of their mixed-race children. When the American Civil War broke out, the majority of the school's 200 students were of mixed race and from such wealthy Southern families.[https://archive.org/details/songsofzionafric0000camp_f3n0/page/215 James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion], New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p.259-260, accessed 13 Jan 2009 The college closed for several years before the AME Church bought and operated it.

• History
• Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
• Colonial American bastardy laws
• History of sexual slavery in the United States
• Female slavery in the United States
• Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean
• Marriage and procreation
• Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
• Plaçage, interracial common law marriages in French and Spanish America, including New Orleans
• Sexual slavery
• Partus sequitur ventrem
• Other
• Delphine LaLaurie
• Forty acres and a mule
• Freedmen's Bureau
• Lumpkin's Jail
• A negro boy tortured

{{reflist|30em}}

• Bankole, Katherine Kemi, Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, Garland, 1998
• Ball, Edward, Slaves in the Family, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998
• Burke, Diane Mutti, On Slavery's Border: Missouri's Small Slaveholding Households, 1815–1865, University of Georgia Press, 2010
• Byrd, W. Michael, and Clayton, Linda A., An American Health Dilemma: Vol 1: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Psychology Press, 2000.
• Campbell, James T. Songs of Zion, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
• Christian, Charles M., and Bennet, Sari, Black Saga: The African American Experience : A Chronology, Basic Civitas Books, 1998
• Covey, Herbert C., African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments, Lexington Books, 2008
• "Cyrus Bellus" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query
• Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006
• Fogel, Robert, and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 volumes, 1974.
• Genovese, Eugene, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and the Society of the Slave South, 1965.
• Heinegg, Paul, Free African Americans in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, 1998–2005
• Johnson, Charles, and Smith, Patricia, Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999
• Marable, Manning, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society South End Press, 2000
• Moon, Dannell, "Slavery", in Encyclopedia of Rape, Merril D. Smith (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004
• Moore, Wilbert Ellis, American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study, Ayer Publishing, 1980
• Morgan, Philip D. "Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c. 1700–1820". In Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf. Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture, University of Virginia Press, 1999
• Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861, University of North Carolina Press, 2003
• Rodriguez, Junius P., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007
• "Story of Reverend Williams, aged 76, colored Methodist minister, born Greenbriar County, West Virginia" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress.http://memory.loc.gov/cgibinquery
• "Work, Play, Food, Clothing, Marriage, etc." Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mesnbib:4:./temp~ammem_e2K8::@@@mdb=aap,aaeo,rbaapcbib,aasm,aaodyssey,bbpix,rbpebib,mfd,hurstonbib,gmd,mcc,ncpm,afcesnbib,mesnbib,llstbib,uncall,fpnas

• {{cite journal |last=Allain |first=J. M. |title=Sexual Relations Between Elite White Women and Enslaved Men in the Antebellum South: A Socio-Historical Analysis |journal=Student Pulse |year=2013 |volume=5 |issue=8 |url=http://www.studentpulse.com/a?id=747 }}
• {{cite news

|title=Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'

|newspaper=Washington Post

|first=DeNeen L.

|last= Brown

|date=May 1, 2017

|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/04/11/hunting-down-runaway-slaves-the-cruel-ads-of-andrew-jackson-and-the-master-class/}}

Slavery in the United States developed a number of features that distinguished it, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, from slavery as practiced in other countries and time periods.

• Although there wrre no such restrictions in 1776, before the Civil War 13 of the 15 slave states enacted legislation prohibiting teaching slaves to read and write. No other example of prohibition of slave education has come to light; rather, in medieval Spain, for example, a promising slave might well be educated, because he, or occasionally she, would gain in value and be able to carry out highly-paid work, such as correspondence, poetry-writing, or bookkeeping. Behind the prohibition is the relative cheapness of printed communication.
• In no other country was the possession of abolitionist literature made illegal. Thus indicates how vulnerable Southern slave-owners felt.
• Nowhere else was slavery debated from a religious point of view.
• In most places the children of free men with slaves were free. There were many more "children of the plantation" in the United States than in other countries
• Nowhere else was slavery be defended at length as a positive good, that a slave society was both more just, cultured, and prosperous.
• No other country has fought a civil war over slavery.
• Finally, while the United States was of course not the first country to eliminate slavery, it produced by far the largest body of writing attacking slavery and documenting its evils.

NEED TO ADD: chattel

deisenbe (talk) 16:23, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

In 1763 began one of Florida's least-known colonial periods. The British ruled from 1763 to 1783 over Florida, taking it from the Spaniards. When Florida was returned to Spain in 1783, there was a nearly complete exodus of the few English colonists and the many Tories (British loyslists) who had fled there from the revolted colonies and made East Florida more populous and prosperous than it ever was as a Spanish colony. Spain had always looked upon Florida as a protective barrier for her vast colonies to the South, but being in her usual financial distress she was incapable of providing adequate forces for that protection.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Le sobrevino un incidente a que llamaba su desgracia: al volante en el campo, acompañado por Jean Canavaggio, se adormeció, dejó que el coche saliera de la carretera, causando la muerte de su esposa. Accidente de un solo coche. Pocos años después perdió la voz por una intervención quirúrgica originado en cábcer de la gargante. Lo vio como un castigo.

Los cervantistas no le permitieron jubilarse; continuó organizando congresos aunque casi mudo y visiblemente mermado de fuerzas. Vivió solo, en la ciudad vieja de Palma, y antes de morirse estuvo tres días boca abajo en el suelo antes de que alguien le buscara.

1 Cervantes y Esquivias

Todo el texto siguiente, contribución de un servidor, fue borrado por usuario:Enrique_Cordero, no porque sea incorrecto o indocumentado, sino porque demuestra mi "voluntad polémica". Culpable, y mucha honra.

__________________________________________

Sin embargo, en Esquivias hay, o ha habido, una cierta cervantomanía en que se idenfica a Esquivias — que está en La Sagra de Toledo, no la baja Mancha de Don Quijote — con el pueblo de Don Quijote. La casa solariega en que está ubicada la Casa-Museo de Cervantes se identificó con argumentos como éste:

{{quote|La casa tiene un corral y una puerta falsa; Don Quijote salió de su casa por una puerta falsa, luego la casa era su casa. En fin, allí vivió un Quixada, que era un nombre posible de Don Quijote. (No se toma en cuenta que al final de la Segunda Parte, se indica claramente que su apellido genuino era Quijano1​). Cervantes se inspiró en esta puerta falsa para incluir una en su obra, luego la casa era suya también. (La diferencia entre la casa de Don Quijote y la casa de Cervantes se mantiene mal en Esquivias; suelen confundirse o identificarse. En la Casa-Museo figuran tanto "la Biblioteca de Cervantes" como "el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada".)}}

Además, Esquivias, en cuanto a Cervantes, acompaña a los monumentos auténticos — la iglesia en que se casó, la casa de los padres de Catalina de Palacios, la desprotegida casa en que vivió el matrimonio — con una serie de fantasías convertidas en leyendas convertidas en historias. Que hay un feísimo conjunto designado como el "Centro Comercial La Galatea", y las calles designadas El licenciado Vidriera, Rinconete y Cortadillo, Doña Catalina, Teresa Panza, del Cura Pero Pérez y "de la Dulcinea", no perjudica a nada, y las calles de Pedro Laínez (maestro poético de Cervantes, cuya viuda era esquiviana) y Lope de Rueda son elegantes de nombre. Pero decir que los personajes de Don Quijote están enterrados en la iglesia — como afirma, entre otros muchos disparates, www.esquivas.org3​ — deja el municipio en ridículo. La Sociedad Cervantina de Esquivias increíblemente sigue afirmando que están basados en figuras de Esquivias el cura Pero Pérez, el Bachiller Sansón Carrasco (en Argamasilla de Alba hubo otra casa "suya"), Teresa Panza, el morisco Ricote, Aldonza Lorenzo, el anónimo vizcaíno de Don Quijote, I, capítulos 8 y 9 y el labrador Pedro Alonso del capítulo 5.4​ En www.esquivias org se añade que Sancho Panza "estaba inspirado en un criado llamado tío Zancas", desde luego esquiviano.5​ Ni un solo cervantista, ni en realidad nadie fuera de Esquivias, cree en estos absurdos. En las páginas esquivianas citadas se dice que todo ello está apoyado por numerosos cervantistas de relieve, pero nunca se cita la página de ningún libro de ellos donde se puede encontrar. Ningún cervantista fuera de Esquivias ha escrito que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la Casa-Museo de Cervantes.6​

Tan desprestigiada está Esquivias entre los cervantistas que, aunque los cervantistas del mundo se han reunido en varios lugares asociados con Cervantes — Argamasilla de Alba, El Toboso, Alcalá de Henares, Barcelona, Lepanto — no se han reunido nunca en Esquivias. Las únicas actividades cervantinas en Esquivias son locales.

El Ayuntamiento de Esquivias, cuya página oficial antes señalaba como no sólo los arriba dichos sino también Juana Gutiérrez, Mari Gutiérrez, y Teresa Cascajo aparecen en documentos de la parroquia de Esquivias,7​ ha borrado todo lo cervantino, y todo el apartado "Cultura", de su página oficial, http://www.esquivias.es.

↑ Véase Thomas Lathrop, "Cervantes' Treatment of the False Quijote", Kentucky Romance Quarterly, vol. 32, 1985, pp. 213-217.

↑ http://www.esquivias.org/casacervantes/index.html

↑ http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

↑ http://cervantinaesquivias.org, página actualizada en 2015 según la fecha en ella, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

↑ http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015.

↑ Sin embargo, esto es lo que se dice en Esquivias: "Casa-museo donde Catalina vivió con Cervantes en Esquivias" (Jaime García, "Catalina de Palacios, una mujer ejemplar", ABC, 28/06/2015, http://www.abc.es/toledo/ciudad/20150627/abci-catalina-palacios-mujer-ejemplar-201506271410.html, consultado 14 julio 2015.)

↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120626140415/http://www.esquivias.es, consultado 5 mayo 2015

_______________________________

Deisenbe (discusión) 10:31 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

Bueno, lo borré por eso y porque Deisenbe no tiene muy claro lo de que Wikipedia no es un foro donde uno vierte sus opiniones y se toma sus revanchas. Saludos, --Enrique Cordero (discusión) 11:56 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

Esto lo tomo por ofensivo. La palabra "feísima" es una opinión, supongo. Se podría suprimir. Hablar de "cervantomanía", puede que lo sea también. Pero que no existe ningún cervantista, fuera de Esquivias, que diga que Esquivias es cuna del Quijote, como se anuncia a la entrada del pueblo, y que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la "Casa-Museo", no es una opinión, es un hecho. El mismo Luis Astrana Marín, el mayor biógrafo de Cervantes, identificó en su biografía su verdadera casa, que ha sido reformada dos veces desde la foto publicada por Astrana, pues la casa genuina está, como dije, desprotegida. Ni tiene una placa. Que la Asociación de Cervantistas se haya reunido en El Toboso, Argamasilla de Alba, Barcelona, Alcalá de Henares y Lepanto, pero desde su fundación en 1989 no se ha reunido nunca en Esquivias, es un hecho, no una opinión. Que en la "Casa-Museo" hay etiquetas identificando la biblioteca de Cervantes y también el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada, es un hecho. Que estoy tomando "una revancha" - esto es absurdo. No tengo enemistad personal con nadie, pues no conozco a ningún esquiviano, ni en persona ni por escrito. ¿Revancha de qué, y para qué? Por tergiversar los hechos, eso sí, y despistar a los novatos - si esto es revancha de mi parte, lo confieso. Deisenbe (discusión) 12:20 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

Y que usted tiene muchas ganas de discutir también es un hecho evidente.--Enrique Cordero (discusión) 12:50 18 ago 2015 (UTC)

2 Enlaces rotos

Removal of more than half the article

Barber chose only excerpts of "Knoxville" for his composition, but his Knoxville, Summer of 1915, in many ways, parallels Agee's text. Agee was touched by the death of his father in his childhood, while Barber was, during the time of composition, enduring his father's deteriorating health. The two men were similarly aged. Most importantly, however, the two men were so compelled by nostalgia and inspiration that they (supposedly) wrote their pieces quickly and without much revision. The spontaneity of both the text and the music illustrate this reverie of the American south with an ease and honesty that sharply contrasts the paradigm of "multiple-draft writing," but with technical mastery nonetheless.

The text of Knoxville, Summer of 1915 does not tell a story. It is a poetic evocation of life as seen from the perspective of a small boy. It is full of alliteration ("people in pairs", "parents on porches", "sleep, soft smiling", "low on the length of lawns"). The point is that nothing is happening; the adults sit on the porch and talk "of nothing in particular, of nothing at all". Their voices are "gentle and meaningless, like the voices of sleeping birds". A horse and a buggy go by, a loud auto, a quiet auto, a noisy streetcar. The members of the family lie on quilts, in the yard (as was not unusual on a hot summer evening, before air conditioning). "The stars are wide and alive, they all seem like a smile of great sweetness, and they seem very near". The family members are described as a child would, quoting a grown-up: "One is an artist, he is living at home. One is a musician, she is living at home." The key people are the parents, his father and mother, who are both "good to me". The boy is "one familiar and well-beloved in that home". The text alludes to some tragedy to come: "May God bless my people, my uncle, my aunt, my mother, my good father, oh, remember them kindly in their time of trouble; and in the hour of their taking away".

The boy includes philosophical commentary: "By chance, here they are, all on this earth; and who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth, lying, on quilts, on the grass, in a summer evening, among the sounds of the night". He is "taken in and put to bed", and is received by sleep. Yet the one thing he can never learn in that house, that no one will ever tell him, is "who I am". With this sense of lack, of future, of responsibility, the piece ends.

The beginning of the piece, describing a warm summer's evening, is particularly lyrical in comparison to Agee's earlier passages in the same work. Barber capitalizes on the lyricism of this section through his use of word painting: "Talking casually" in measures 23–24, "increasing moan" in measures 65–66, "the faint swinging bell rises again..." in measure 79.

The introduction concludes, and the reverie is interrupted abruptly; we are thrown into an allegro agitato, where Barber carries a simple horn-like motive in the woodwinds and horns. Staccato and pizzicato lines add to the chaos. Like the introduction, the imagery is vivid but intangible yet—this passage has all the clearness of a dream, but we are unclear what it means. The soprano again clarifies the imagery: "a streetcar raising its iron moan; stopping; belling and starting, stertorous; rousing and raising again its iron increasing moan." The noisy, metallic texture persists, interrupted by a notably pointed excursion, "like a small malignant spirit set to dog its tracks." Describing the spark above the trolley car as a spirit following it closely, Barber uses staccato woodwinds and pizzicato strings in walking chromaticism to illustrate this image.

After the streetcar fades, the soprano begins a lyrical passage "now is the night one blue dew." Here the soprano reaches the highest note of the entire work, a B-flat sung piano. After this, we return to a rough interpretation of the first theme; this time the harp carries the "rocking" theme alone. This brief return to familiarity smoothly transitions into a passage where the narrator has changed from describing the summer's eve to contemplating grander things: "On the rough wet grass of the backyard my father and mother have spread quilts..." As was common before air conditioning, people would spend evenings outside their houses. Here adults and the narrator are lying down on quilts, talking sparsely and idly. In relative silence, the narrator, still a child, contemplates the vastness of the stars and "his people," sitting quietly with "larger bodies than mine." Thematically, the orchestra is closest to the introductory section before the rocking, consisting of a repetitive exchange between the bassoon and the other woodwinds.

The section ends particularly poignantly, with the narrator counting off the people present, ending with "one is my father who is good to me." The orchestra breaks into an agitated section, characterized musically by leaps of ninths and seconds. We see here that the text has struck a chord with Barber, whose father was grievously ill at the time, drawing a parallel between Agee's father (his text is "strictly autobiographical") in 1915 and Samuel Barber's father at the time of writing in 1947.

The childlike recollection of the summer's evening now turns abruptly, seriously "who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth," again hitting the high B-flat. The narrator then asks for the blessing of the aforementioned people, and moves into a final re-entry of the original theme, while the narrator talks about being put to bed. The piece ends with the instruments calmly rising, almost floating, reinforcing the dreamlike aspects of the piece.

In Classical Latin the order of elements in a sentence can differ dramatically from that of English. Perceiving the grammatical agreement of elements in a sentence is necessary to determine a sentence's structure, and thus its meaning. In a simple example, magna cum laude means "with great praise", but with an order that seems strange to English speakers: "great with praise". The fact that "great" (magna) is modifying "praise" (laude), that it is telling you something about the praise, is implied by the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude": both are female, singular, and ablative. Since the two words are so strongly linked they do not have to be adjacent, and in Classical Latin some authors, to beautify sentences as they understood beauty, deliberately made sentences more complex by separating elements in grammatical agreement, forcing the reader to use agreement to analyze and thus understand a sentence. "Magna cum laude" is more complex, and therefore more elegant, than "cum magna laude", and to be understood requires perception of the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude".

• Kars4Kids: There is no full explanation on Kars4Kids' web site, literature, or magazine (they call it a blog, https://kars4kids.wordpress.com) about what they do with the donated cars — pieces of junk, "does not need to be running", cars that are unsalable, at least nearby. The cars in most cases have major mechanical problems, like no brakes or radiator, and it usually does not make economic sense to repair them, they are "not worth repairing". What is on the Kars4Kids web site is a statement of their willingness to accept cars with water or hurricane damage.

:"Based on the location and condition of your vehicle, your car will be sold at auction, sold to a parts dealer, or used by the charity to further its charitable programs." Those sold at auction are either exported to poorer countries or moved to poor corners of the U.S., where the repairs cost less. There are junkyard owners who buy junk cars to remove and sell parts worth the time to disassemble them, or sometimes to repair them.

:The remaining cars, those that even poor countries don't want, those that are "used by the charity to further its charitable programs", are sold to middlemen. The middlemen resell them to the industry that Kars4Kids pretends (plausible deniability) never to have heard of: they are used for motorized sports that involve car destruction — demolition derbys, car jumps, car rolling, hillclimbing, playing soccer using cars, "bangers" (racing on a figure 8 track), the monster truck crushes cars, and the like, which appeal primarily to the blue collar population. The people who own and operate the cars are usually mechanics, or relatives of one. It's what people who repair cars, or their families, do for fun: fix them up and wreck them. There are other races in whicn a car pulls a travel trailer (caravan) or a boat on a trailer. Of course they are destroyed by the end of the race. You can donate a trailer, a boat, even a fleet of worn-out buses.

:The industry says that it is carrying out a useful function: disposing of old or damaged cars, which will eventually end up in salvage yards for the value of their metal. They are making the country more beautiful by removing old cars. What they're selling is fun. And anyone who has a better idea of what to do with the cars is welcome to buy them.

:Having a charity as intermediary makes it possible for the industry to obtain enough cars. Many owners of the junk cars have emotional attachments to them and would not sell them to a company that intends to destroy them.

Mulholland Drive is...significant because it runs along the spine (the peak) of the mountains. It has the best views in the county and is easily, along with the Pacific Coast Highway, the most dramatic highway in the state.

The title was prestigious and conferred a tradition and a type of legitimacy on a monarch; thus several (like Alfonso X of Castile) went to great, even ruinous lengths to get elected. ... (At the time the Pope was perceived differently; he was not just a religious leader, carrying out God's will, but ruler over several small papal states, and governed from the royal palace, what today (2018) is the Vatican City.) ... His only power was that of conferring prestige — the link, via him and the Pope, with both God and the Roman emperors — on his vassals, and others. ... Voltaire famously remarked that the Holy Roman Empire wasn't holy, wasn't Roman, and wasn't an empire (reference below).

• The Late Show compared with Late Night
• The Late Show is sometimes treated like it was the second part of Letterman's "nightly talk show", that Late Show is Late Night moved to another network. In fact there are significant differences between them.
• Late Night is an outsider's show as well as a young man's show. Stuck in a time slot of little value — "nobody's listening", as he discussed with a guest — he had a lot of freedom to be wacky, and he wanted to. There were no major advertisers to inform content. Only a hard core of Letterman enthusiasts were watching a show at that hour.
• With The Late Show, Letterman reached the peak of his career, even though it was an offshoot of his devastating career failure, not getting The Tonight Show upon Carson's retirement. Just as the cancellation of The David Letterman Show led to a $1,000,000 contract to do nothing, and then Late Night, the end to Late Night led to his salary being doubled, and other externals showing success. Shaffer's band was larger, with a horn section (prohibited, on Carson's order, at NBC). Letterman had for his sole use an updated, historical theater, renovated on a 24-hour schedule (to have it ready for the first broadcast) at considerable expense. (The workmen appeared on the first broadcast.) The set was larger and more luxurious. The average age of the viewers was higher because of the earlier hour; older people in the United States on average go to bed earlier. Advertising was up, as one would expect in an 11:30 PM instead of 12:30 AM time slot. Budgets to pay guests were larger.
• The show, however, lost most of its edginess and became a much more traditional talk show. "The World's Most Dangerous Band" became the sedate "CBS Orchestra". Announcer Bill Wendell retired, and long-time director Hal Gurnee and producer Jack Rollins also soon departed. At this point the show ceased to be serious competition in ratings for the Tonight Show. The greater distance between Letterman and Schafer cut down on their banter, since now they could no longer appear in a single camera shot. Gone were colorful characters like Brother Theodore, Father Guido Sarducci, and Chris Elliott's series of characters. There was less audience participation and fewer stunts. Trips outside the studio were limited to visiting the attendees or would-be attendees waiting in front of the theater and to visits to Rupert Jee's Hello Deli, around the corner but in the same building. There were no more "suits of suet" or dental chairs, no bullhorns used out the window to passers-by floors below on Sixth Avenue, or to occupants of the same floor (the 6th) of the building across the street. Calvin DeForest had a much smaller role than did his NBC predecessor Larry "Bud" Melman, and certainly no sending him off on a road trip to Mexico with an early picturephone. (He got as far as Guatemala City.) Guests were much more distinguished — in a memorable January 8, 2015, segment, there was a 15-minute interview with Donald Trump, described by Letterman as "America's favorite cut-throat real estate mogul and slumlord".{{cite episode

|series=Late Show with David Letterman

|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IPxmrXPycVg&t=20s

|air-date=January 8, 2015

|network=CBS

|title=Guest appearance of Donald Trump}} But gone were the humble but colorful characters like the nut lady Elizabeth Tashjian, who ran a one-person Nut Museum with both the world's largest nut and the world's largest nutcracker, for which admission was one nut.{{cite web

|title=The Nut Museum

|url=https://www.roadsideamerica.com/nut/CTOLDmus.html

|publisher=Roadside America

|year=2012

|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}

• Taping outside the studio
• More than any other major talk show, Late Night ventured outside the studio frequently. Letterman ran elevator races, taxi races (the taxis went around Rockefeller Center), had a flock of sheep herded out of the studio, down the hall, and onto the elevators by two border collies, and ran various kinds of races or other "sporting events" in the corridor outside the studio. He would charter a steam roller and have it run over cans of tomatoes (not in Manhattan). He would interview strangers on the street, searching for Miss November. Sometimes he just walked, commenting on signs in store windows. He might visit a guest's or staffer's house, in New Jersey. There were repeated segments outside the studio, such as:
• "May We See Your Photos Please?" Letterman and crew would visit a nearby photo finisher, where people were picking up their newly developed and printed photos. Letterman would ask patrons at random to see their photos.
• "My Dog Bob." Letterman attached a miniature camera ("dog-cam") to the head of what he said was his dog, at home, and offered viewers very jerky footage of a dog's view of the world. He also had, once, a monkey and monkey-cam, which did not go as planned because the monkey (actually a chimpanzee) headed for the metal rafters of the studio, which held lights and other equipment. A Thrill-Cam, mounted in the ceiling, ran down a track toward the set.
• Visits to Live at Five, a WNBC local news/talk show which was broadcast live at the time Letterman's show was being taped, from a studio across the hall. The allegedly superior-quality guests of Live at Five were the subject of repeated jokes on Late Night. With portable camera he would interview their staffers manning the doors, or guests coming or going, or go in (quietly and off-their-camera). On February 18, 1988, he actually crashed the live broadcast (Al Roker giving the local weather).

• While since the 20th century Utica has been most thought as a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. It was an early center of abolitionism.
• Intellectual capital of American Protestantism and of western New York

{{quote|While Utica has been thought since the 20th century as merely a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. In pre-canal times no city west of Schenectady had as good a location, on the Mohawk. It and Rome were the westernmost Mohawk ports, used by all those travelling west by land on the old Genesee Road (since the 20th century, New York State Route 5) to what then was mostly wilderness. It had rail service before Syracuse did. It had Hamilton College, the third college in New York State. (The first two were King's (Columbia) and Union.) It was arguably the intellectual capital of American Protestantism in the early 19th century, and George Washington Gale its intellectual president. From Oneida County also came Charles Grandison Finney, a disciple of Gale, who created a great wave of revivalists, sweeping over all the land west of the Appalachians promoting their cause, the elimination of slavery, God's mandate, and to a lesser extent temperance. Utica was the point of contact between New York's Burned-over district — the term is Finney's — and the rest of the world. The Oneida Institute and later the Oneida Community received national attention. The former was America's "abolitionist college"; the latter gave us "free love". ... When Beriah Green called a meeting to organize the New York State Anti-Slavery Society, he held it in Utica (where it was met with mob anti-abolitionist violence that forced it to adjourn).}}

{{cbot}}

{{ctop|Edits I want to remember}}

Formerly this was a list of Major Contributions.

For a list of the top 100 pages I edited, with lists of my edits, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe

Top template edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10

Top category edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14

I stopped maintaining this comprehensively in late 2017, because it was too time-consuming. Dates given below may not be the only ones. The same article may appear more than once. It includes edits of more than a paragraph, or ones I felt were significant, at least to me, and wanted to remember. Some of the latter may be brief.

{{refbegin|2}}

1. Enantiomer 20221216
2. List of former national capitals 20220424
3. Movie projector 20211009
4. Amoz 20211007
5. Portage 20210831
6. North Elba, New York 20210822
7. Sacagawea
8. Seaman (dog)
9. York (explorer)
10. Bust of York
11. Pitman shorthand 20210810
12. Talk:Anthony Fauci
13. Port Royal, South Carolina 20210804
14. James Miller McKim 20210804
15. Template:LGBT culture in New York 20210724
16. Erotic humiliation 20210625
17. Ossining (village), New York 20210624 (reverted)
18. Hebrew language 20210623
19. Classics 20210623
20. Latin 20210617
21. Help:Page history 20210615
22. Potomac Company 20210615
23. Barefoot mailman 20210614
24. Love hotel 20210611
25. Tom Thumb (locomotive) 20210610
26. Template:National unicameral legislatures 20210604
27. John A. Andrew 20210527
28. John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital 20210527
29. List of African-American abolitionists 20210519
30. John Beauchamp Jones 20210518
31. Labor omnia vincit 20210515
32. Pittsburgh#1900 to present 20210508
33. Gerrit Smith 20210329
34. Nicknames of New York City 20210324
35. Ron Jeremy 20210323
36. Francis P. Fleming 20210323
37. Modern display of the Confederate battle flag\20210323 and earlier
38. Matron 20210317
39. Frederick Douglass 20210317
40. Amazing Grace 20210308
41. Freedom (2014 film) 20210308
42. Chargé d'affaires 20210306
43. BYOB
44. History of slavery in Missouri 20210222
45. Lajos Kossuth 20210201
46. Emperor (2020 film) 20210201
47. Port-au-Prince, Haiti 20210202
48. United States Declaration of Independence 202101 and earlier
49. Popular sovereignty in the United States 202101
50. First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 20210127
51. Kennedy Farm 20210125
52. Ward (law) 20210105
53. Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society 20210105
54. History of slavery in Florida 20210104
55. :es:Divorcio 20201230
56. :es:Fernando de Herrera 20201230
57. Black suffrage in the United States 20201229
58. List of St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) people 20201228
59. Peace Conference of 1861 20201227
60. Kansas-Nebraska Act20201225
61. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spain & Spanish-related articles 20201215-18
62. Protests against Donald Trump 20201207
63. Cover 20201122
64. Chiclete com banana (song) 20201122
65. College-preparatory school 20201118
66. Hebrew Bible#Tanakh 20201118
67. History of slavery in Kansas 20201116
68. Canisteo River 20201106
69. Susquehanna River 20201106
70. Aldine 20201101
71. Dubose Heyward 20201031
72. History of slavery in Nebraska 20201030
73. Spanish Civil War 20201020
74. Panties 20201018
75. Colored
76. Contraband (American Civil War) 20201007
77. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 20201007, 20210317 and earlier
78. 1856 United States presidential election 20200930
79. Analysis 20200929
80. Mixed-sex education#Colleges 20200929
81. Antioch College 20200929
82. Nat Turner's slave revolt 20200921
83. Colgate University 20200921
84. Cassare 20200920
85. Storer College 20200920
86. Anti-lynching movement 20200920
87. Thomas Ruffin Gray 20200919
88. History of the College of Wiliam & Mary 20200917
89. John C. Frémont 20200917
90. History of Erie, Pennsylvania 20200917
91. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 20200917
92. Arbutus, Maryland 20200917
93. Sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century 20200907
94. History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
95. History of the University of Virginia 20200906
96. Link rot 2020904
97. Fleshlight 20200904
98. Solid South 20200823
99. Linguistic purism in English 20200810, 20201026
100. Staunton Military Academy 20200721
101. Market House (Fayetteville, North Carolina) 20200719
102. Prostate 20200712
103. Jean Pond Miner Coburn 20200625
104. Gone with the Wind (film) 20200623
105. Alice's Restaurant 201511
106. Anthony Fauci 20200531 (what I added since deleted)
107. Book of Genesis 20200524
108. Confederate States of America
109. Cohoes Falls 20200517
110. Philanthropy in the United States 20200511
111. Interracial marriage in the United States 20200511
112. IBM Selectric typewriter 20200510
113. George Boyer Vashon 2019 and 2020
114. St. Croix 20200510
115. Hashish 20200418
116. Electronic cigarette 20200418
117. Stansbury 20200324
118. Tragic Prelude 20200317
119. Beecher's Bible 20200317
120. Ali Akbar al-Modarresi 20200315
121. Talk:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 20200315
122. Plant (disambiguation) 20200315
123. Bandeirantes 20200315
124. Greenwood, New York 20200307
125. Watervliet Shaker Historic District 20200306
126. John H. Van Evrie 20200505
127. Miscegenation 20200505
128. Francis Scott Key 20200505

1. Sod house 20200217
2. History of Kansas
3. Bleeding Kansas also 20200317
4. Gag rule (United States) 20200129
5. Gamaliel Bailey 202001129
6. Republic of Maryland 20200128
7. Lyman Beecher 20200128
8. Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) 20200105 +
9. CBD 20200113
10. Benjamin Lundy 20200111
11. Henry Highland Garnet 20200105
12. Charles P. Bush 20191229
13. Pamphlet 20191114
14. Henry Hudson 20191111
15. John Rankin (abolitionist) 20191111 and earlier
16. Annexation 20191111
17. Mormon pornography 20191101
18. America the Beautiful 20191031
19. Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 20191031
20. Elmira Prison 20191026
21. Regional accreditation 20191025 and earlier
22. Comparison (grammar) 20191025
23. Halfmoon, New York 20191025
24. Battle of Olustee 20191022
25. Angelina Grimké 20191022
26. List of photographic processes 20191013
27. David Daggett 20191012
28. Agreement (linguistics) 20191011 (reverted)
29. Andrew T. Judson 20190110, 12
30. Tulsa race riot 20191009
31. Prudence Crandall Museum 20191008
32. History of the University of Virginia 20191006
33. American Anti-Slavery Society 20190929, 20191006 not finished
34. Arthur Tappan 20191005, 20191001
35. Termination rates 20191004
36. List of mobile network operators of the Americas#United States 20191004
37. Termination rates 20191004
38. Conference call 20191004
39. Oberlin College 20191003
40. Simeon Jocelyn 20191002
41. Abolitionism 20191001
42. Angelina Grimké 20190929
43. Treatment of slaves in the United States 20190929, 20191031
44. The Nation 20190928
45. Wendell Phillips Garrison 20190928
46. List of amendments to the United States Constitution 20190927
47. Canal 20190925
48. Mason-Dixon line 20190924
49. Abraham Lincoln and slavery 20190924
50. Abolitionism in the United States 20190923
51. Slavery in the United States 20190919, 20191002

1. English plural#Irregular plurals from Latin and Greek 20190912
2. American Colonization Society 20190905
3. Utica, New York 20190817 (reverted)

1. Northeast blackout of 2003 20190731
2. Bachianas brasileiras 20190731 and twice below
3. George Washington Gale 20190731
4. Manual labor college 20190731, 20190714
5. Ethnic conflict 20190731
6. Lane Theological Seminary 20190731-into Oct
7. Frederick Douglass 20190730
8. Case Western Reserve University 20190726
9. Gerrit Smith 20190726, 20190716
10. Elizur Wright 20190725
11. Charles Backus Storrs 20190725
12. Hiram Wilson 20190723
13. The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper) 20190722
14. Prudence Crandall 20190722
15. American Colonization Society 20190722
16. Hudson, Ohio 20190719
17. William Lloyd Garrison 20190718
18. Northeast blackout of 1965 20190715, 20181105
19. Samba 20190715
20. Rogers, Arkansas 20190711
21. Uncle Tom's Cabin 20190709
22. Typewriter 20190706
23. Claude Bowers 20190629
24. Voting rights in the United States 20190629
25. Hamburg massacre 20190625
26. Benjamin Tillman 20190625
27. Virginia v. John Brown 20190625
28. Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 20190625e
29. For Whom the Bell Tolls 20160624
30. St. Augustine movement 20160505, 20170615, 20190622
31. Bedtime 20190621
32. WFME (AM) 20190621
33. Temperance movement 20190613
34. Amos 'n' Andy 20190612
35. Pink Flamingos 20190611
36. John Waters 20190611
37. Bachianas Brasileiras 20190610
38. Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park 20190609
39. Doubleday (publisher) 20190608
40. Boroughs of New York City 20190606
41. First Amendment to the United States Constitution 20190606
42. The Leopard's Spots 20190606
43. Martin County School District 20190604
44. William E. Allen 20190531
45. McGraw, New York 20190531, 20190610
46. Sans Souci Hotel (Ballston Spa) 20190528
47. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 20150525
48. Furman University 20190524
49. South Carolina Baptist Convention 20190524
50. Hornell Traction Company 20190523
51. List of Temperance organizations 20190523
52. Teaching fellow 20190521
53. Joaquín Turina 20190521
54. Erie Canal 20190520
55. History of steam road vehicles 20190520, 20190521
56. Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda 20190519
57. Ernestine Rose 20190518, 20190519
58. John C. Calhoun 20190518
59. Americans in France 20190517
60. Jewish views on slavery 20190517
61. Morris Jacob Raphall 20190512, 20190514, 20190517
62. Trefa banquet 20190510
63. Atlanta race riot 20190508
64. Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2019050066
65. Lost Cause of the Confederacy 20190506, 20191022
66. The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan 20190504
67. Brasília 20190503
68. Broward County Public Schools 20190503
69. Dillard High School 20190503
70. Bartow High School 20190503
71. J. Wayne Reitz 20190501
72. Wikipedia:Further reading 20190428
73. Irving Berlin 20190427
74. Hornellsville, New York 20190425
75. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 20190421, 20190423
76. Florida School for Boys 20190423
77. Doak S. Campbell 20190421
78. Selma, Alabama 20190421
79. Racial segregation in the United States 20190418
80. James Paul Clarke
81. The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
82. The Birth of a Nation 20190406 20190606
83. Monson Motor Lodge 20190409
84. Thomas Dixon Jr. 20190404, 20290611
85. Trefa banquet 20190404
86. A. C. Dixon 20190406
87. Sodom 20190327
88. History of the Jews in Cincinnati 20190323
89. Isaac Mayer Wise 20190323
90. Open House 20190316

1. Middle Passage 20190225

1. :Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs 201190216
2. Charles Kenzie Steele 20190216
3. Tallahassee bus boycott 20190226
4. Lynching of Willie James Howard 20190226
5. Live Oak, Florida 20190216

1. aka 20190125

1. Fitna of al-Andalus 20190122
2. Territorial evolution of the United States 20190122
3. Harrison, Arkansas 20190117
4. Context 20190111
5. Northwest Historic District 20190105
6. Second City Television 20190105 and earlier
7. Woman's Working Band House 20190103
8. List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy 20190102
9. The News & Observer 20190102
10. Iko Iko 20190101
11. William Higgins (director) 20190101
12. Anna J. Cooper 20190101 more to be done
13. Template:Folk costumes 20181231
14. For Whom the Bell Tolls 20181230
15. Anna J. Cooper
16. United States v. Shipp
17. Wikipedia:Offensive
18. Encyclopedia Britannica 20181228 (see Talk:Encyclopædia Britannica)
19. Buck Angel 20181228
20. Coprophilia 20181228
21. Frelinghuysen University 20181228, 29
22. Anna J. Cooper 20181228
23. Noxious 20181227
24. Kars4Kids 20181227
25. Race (human categorization) 20181227 (Reverted by Flyer22)
26. Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon 20181226
27. Trio 20181225
28. Formal 20181223
29. Red Hook Summer 20181223
30. Mulholland Drive (reverted)
31. Help 20181208
32. Andrew Cowan (soldier) 20181208
33. Charles B. Dew 20181208
34. Michael Galinsky 20181208
35. Confederate Memorial Park (Marbury, Alabama) 20181207
36. A. H. Stephens State Park 20181206
37. States' Rights Party 20181205
38. History of the Encyclopedia Britannica 20181203, 20181228
39. Reading (disambiguation)
40. Asturleonese language
41. Leonese dialect
42. List of Leonese language writers 20181125
43. Juan del Encina 20181125
44. Sertão 20181128
45. Thomas Roderick Dew
46. Baltimore
47. Pelham, North Carolina 20181125
48. Alexander Hamilton 20181125
49. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
50. Harper's Ferry National Historical Park
51. Colonization (disambiguation) 20181123
52. Julian Carr (industrialist) 201811, 201812
53. Bye Bye Brazil 20181119, 20, 27, 30
54. Abolitionism in the United States 20181119
55. United Daughters of the Confederacy 20181117
56. Template:Abraham Lincoln 20181116
57. Template:Chapel Hill-Carrboro 20181113
58. John Brown (abolitionist) 20181112+, 20190625
59. Undergarment 20181112
60. Georges Bizet 20181031
61. Order of Gimghoul 20181030
62. Clarinet family 20181029
63. Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2018 October 23
64. E. D. Nixon 20181025
65. Chicha morada 20181023
66. Knickerbocker 20181023
67. Arsenal (disambiguation) 20181023
68. Constitution of North Carolina 20181022
69. New York Cancer Hospital 20181017
70. Hernando de Talavera 20181017
71. Talk:Reefer Madness 20181016
72. Castrato 20181013
73. Papal States 20181013
74. Holy Roman Empire 20181013 (reverted)
75. 976 20181012
76. Unethical human experimentation in the United States 20181011
77. South Florida 20181011
78. Anarcha Westcott 20181011
79. Emmett Till
80. Coming of Age in Mississippi 20181007
81. Vernon, Oklahoma 20181007
82. Help:Entering special characters 20180930 and earlier, 20181011
83. Ku Klux Klan in Maine 20180930
84. Covenant (law) 20180930
85. Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial 20180929
86. Camilla, Georgia 20180929
87. Camilla massacre 20180929
88. Ulysses L. Houston 20180929
89. William Jennings Bryan 20180927
90. Children of the plantation 20180926
91. Futanari 20180925 (reverted)
92. Shemale 20180925
93. Bob Bartlett 20180916
94. The whole world is watching 20180915
95. Meredith Willson and Make the Connection 20180914
96. Romulus Moore 20180909
97. Alexander H. Stephens 20180909, 20181205
98. Rufus Bullock 20180909
99. Georgia State Capitol 20180909
100. Alexander H. Stephens 20180909
101. Mangueira 20180908
102. Samba 20180908
103. History of Oklahoma 20180907
104. Predictions of Wikipedia's end 20180825
105. Silent Sam 20180824
106. Tennessee Heritage Protection Act 20180822
107. Casa de Cervantes 20180807
108. Drug culture 20180807
109. Micronation 20180807
110. Talk:Reconquista (again) 20180806
111. William H. Holland (politician) 20180731
112. Fanfare 20180731
113. Social cost 20180723
114. Betis 20180722
115. Template:Florida
116. Template:David Letterman
117. Template:Leon County, Florida
118. Template:Lynching in the United States
119. Talk:Late Show with David Letterman
120. Talk:Kubla Khan 20180707
121. List of assassinated American politicians (Several, and see Talk.)
122. Rotary dial
123. Vinicius de Moraes 20180707
124. Missouri 20180705 and earlier
125. Middle Eastern music 20180629
126. Quarter tone 20180629
127. Christopher Columbus#First Voyage 20180628
128. Free negro#Free negroes unwelcome
129. Fessenden Elementary School 20180616
130. T.E. Lawrence 20180611
131. Long distance calling 20180606 20180709
132. Operator assistance 20180606
133. Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 20180606
134. Template:David Letterman 20180605
135. Mount Zion A.M.E. Church (Ocala, Florida) 20180602
136. Fangak 20180528
137. Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) 20180526
138. List of capitals in the United States
139. Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 201805?
140. University don 20180512
141. Talk:Washington, D.C. 20180505
142. Zephaniah Kingsley 20180428
143. Slavery in the United States#Slave trade
144. Nigger 20180419 (reverted)
145. J. Marion Sims 20180419, 201810xx
146. Names of the American Civil War 20180419
147. Payphone 20180413 20180619
148. Seal of Florida 20180413
149. 9-1-1 20180411
150. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes 20180411 and previously
151. Talk:Dorothy Kilgallen 20180411
152. Collect call 20180411
153. Template:Muscogee 20180411
154. Template:Indian Removal 20180411, 20180422
155. Template:Leon County, Florida 20180411
156. Acetate disc 20180405
157. Root (linguistics) 20180404
158. Maghreb 20180404
159. National Statuary Hall Collection ?, 20180915
160. Muscogee 20180326, 20180515
161. Booth Tarkington 20180317
162. Fisting (reverted, around March 6 2018)
163. Modern display of the Confederate flag
164. U.S. Declaration of Independence#John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence (1817–1826)
165. List of colleges and universities in Florida
166. Robert Meacham
167. Franklin and Armfield Office 20180214
168. Lawrenceville School
169. Nathan Bedford Forrest
170. Pahokee, Florida
171. Everglades Club
172. Lansing Mizner
173. Wilson Mizner
174. Addison Mizner
175. Boca Raton, Florida ?, 20181125
176. Talk:United States Declaration of Independence/Archive 8#Song "Declaration" by The 5th Dimension
177. Vicente Sebastián Pintado 20180117
178. Popular vote
179. History of radio 20180112
180. Bourbon Democrat 20171006, 2017102, 20190521
181. Bukkake 20170929
182. World Erotic Art Museum 20170928
183. Naomi Wilzig 20170928
184. Lee High School (disambiguation page) 20170818
185. Rex (artist) 20161214, 20170508, 20170518, 20170525, 20170801, 20170803, 20170805
186. Divorce in the United States 20170728
187. List of colleges and universities in Florida 20170727; 20170805
188. Lynching in the United States 20160722, 20170706, 20170728, 20190216
189. Segregation academy 20170525, 20170728
     
     Above this are most recent first, below earliest first
190. El retablo de Maese Pedro ?, 20170904
191. Trouble in Tahiti
192. Count Julian (novel)
193. Fetlife
194. Ashley Madison 8/17/2014, 11/18/2014, 9/14/2015, 9/21/2015
195. Munsingwear
196. Adult video arcade
197. Tirant lo Blanch#Tirant lo Blanc and Don Quixote
198. Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (some reverted for being (shudder!) original research; see Talk:Knoxville: Summer of 1915)
199. Al Goldstein ?, 20170521 (see the Talk page)
200. Capturing the Friedmans ?, 20160707, 20160727
201. Montilla
202. Argamasilla de Alba ?, 20160607
203. Expected Family Contribution ?, 20160921, 20170628, 20190530
204. Hornell, New York ?, 20170420, 20170727
205. Scholarship
206. Scott O'Hara
207. Dulcinea del Toboso
208. Canisteo, New York 20141028, 20141118, 20141125, 20150601, 20150628, 20150718, 20150817, 20161114, 20170727
209. History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history 20150607, 20170531, 20170601, 20170824
210. Spanish pronouns ?, 20170504
211. Tallahassee Democrat
212. :es:Esquivias (see :es:Discusión: Esquivias)
213. El Salón México ?, 20161120, 20170328
214. Talk:Judaism and sexuality
215. Romance (meter) 8/8/2015
216. Talk:Edifi 8/16/2015
217. Phone sex 9/21/2015, 20160618, 20160629
218. Florida State Capitol ?, 9/23/2015
219. Susan Block 10/10/2015, 4/20/2017
220. Tilde 1/5/2016, 20160718See also Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions#What_to_do_to_use_a_special_character
221. Moved L'Espoir (film) to Espoir: Sierra de Teruel 20160217
222. Racism in the United States 20160224. Reverted; see Talk:Racism in the United States
223. Scholarship/Scholarships in the United States ((see Talk:scholarship) 201602
224. Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein) 20160226
225. Davie, Florida 20160330
226. Bachianas brasileiras 20160327
227. Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885 20160320, 20160325, 201603/27 moved to Florida Constitution of 1885, 20160328
228. Kenneth Megill ?, 20160323
229. St. Petersburg College 20160421
230. Constitution of Florida 20160421, 20160504, 20180210
231. North Florida Community College 20160429
232. Tribute of 100 Virgins 8/8/2015, 8/15/2015, moved from Tribute of 100 Damsels
233. In God We Trust 20160517
234. List of historically black colleges and universities 20160516, 20161101, 20170727
235. Boca Express Train Museum, moved from Boca Raton Florida East Coast Railway Station 20160622, 20160707, 20170523
236. Philadelphia, New York 20161031, 20161101
237. Penile implant 20161119
238. Zine 20161201
239. Palm Beach County, Florida ?, 20160419, 20160622, 20160810, 20161119, 20170116, 20170203
240. Female condom 20170308
241. The Naked Sun (novel) 20170218
242. United States Declaration of Independence 20170417, 20170420, 20170528 (see Talk:United States Declaration of Independence#Song .22Declaration.22 by The 5th Dimension)
243. Spanish irregular verbs 20170503 (See the talk page.)
244. Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare 20170505, 20170610
245. Florida A&M University 20170505
246. Voseo 20170511
247. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170510, 20170511, 20170701, 20170807, 20170817, 20170818, 20170819, 20179821, 20170822, 20170823, 20170824, 20170826, 20170828, 20170903, 20170904, 20170905, 20170906, 20170928, 20170929
248. Lake Worth, Florida 20170803
249. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 20170806
250. Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 20170817, 20170818, 20170821, 20170822, 20180823, 20180824, 20170825, 20170826, 20170827, 20170830, 20170903, 20170907, 20170929
251. Missouri 20170810, 20170817
252. Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) 20170822
253. Template:American Civil War 20170821
254. A Lincoln Portrait 20150628, 20170912

{{refend|2}}

{{cbot}}

{{ctop|Smaller improvements}}

==Smaller improvements==

(My smaller contributions to es:wikipedia, in Spanish, are located at :es:Usuario:Deisenbe.)

Some of my edits have been reverted. Those I am aware of are annotated below. Some of the reversions include explanations: I was wrong. FM broadcasting is one example. Other reverts I believe were wrong-headed. However, in general I have avoided "edit wars". If someone reverts me, in most cases I leave it alone. I don't need the stress of edit wars. Better things to do with my time and energy. Particularly egregious cases I mention on the article's talk page.

{{refbegin|3}}

I stopped maintaining this in late 2017, because it was too time-consuming. Dates given below may not be the only ones.

1. Charles Todd Quintard 20170906
2. Sewanee: The University of the South 20170906, 20170907
3. Reparations for slavery debate in the United States ?, 20170905
4. David 20170904
5. Confederate Memorial of the Wind 20170904
6. Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park 20170904
7. Mia Khalifa 20180830 (referted)
8. Hilbert's fifteenth problem 20170830
9. Walt Disney 20170830 (reverted)
10. Sexual abuse 20170830
11. National Register of Historic Places listings in Steuben County, New York 20170828
12. Warren G. Harding 20170828
13. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln 20170828
14. William L. Saunders 20170827
15. Slavery in the United States ?, 20170826
16. Hellfire Club 20180826
17. Slavery 20180826
18. Talk:List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials 20180825
19. History of Leon County, Florida ?, 20180824
20. Plantations of Leon County 20180824
21. Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 20170817, 20170818, 20170821, 20170822, 20180823, 20180824, 20170825, 20170826, 20170827, 20170830, 20170903, 20170907
22. al-Andalus below, 20170817, 20170824
23. Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) 20170823
24. Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University 20170823
25. Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland) 20170823
26. Dick Dowling (sculpture) 20170822
27. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis 20170822
28. Richard W. Dowling 20180821
29. Robert Edward Lee Sculpture 20170821
30. List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic 20170821
31. Jefferson Davis Hospital 20170818
32. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln 20170818
33. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee 20170818
34. Lee High School (dismbiguation) 20170818
35. Convict lease 20170817
36. Cornerstone Speech 20170817
37. List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials 20170817
38. List of former municipalities in Florida 20170817
39. Hawthorne, Florida 20170817
40. Palm Beach Lakes Community High School 20170817
41. Timothy Curley 20170817
42. Jerry Sandusky 20170817
43. Lauren Book 20170816 entries missing
44. Maryland State House 20170815, 20170818
45. Confederados 20170815
46. Stone Mountain 20170815
47. List of Underground Railroad sites 20160814
48. Template:Streets in San Francisco 20180814
49. Miguel de Cervantes ?, 20170810
50. State-sponsored terrorism 20170810
51. Kansas-Nebraska Act 20170810
52. Missouri Compromise 20170810
53. University of Missouri System 20170808
54. Castalia (disambiguation) 20170808
55. Ferguson unrest 20170808
56. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 20170808
57. Sierra Blanca, Texas 20180807
58. Talk: Modern display of the Confederate flag 20170807
59. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170807, 20170817, 20170818, 20170819, 20179821, 20170822, 20170823, 20170824, 20170826, 20170828, 20170903, 20170904, 20170905, 20170906,
60. Miguel de Unamuno 20170805
61. Talk:Ninth chord 20170805
62. Prohibition of drugs 20170805
63. Charles Ives 20170805
64. WANM 20170805
65. Cottaging 20170805
66. Talk:Health effects of salt 20170804
67. Michael Jackson 20170803
68. Ya Got Trouble 20170803
69. The Music Man 20170803
70. Spanish protectorate in Morocco 20170802
71. Montgomery bus boycott 20170802
72. Tallahassee bus boycott 20170802
73. 4 Little Girls 20170802
74. Maghreb 20170802
75. Hispano-Moroccan War (1859-60) 20170802
76. en:Category:Child sexual abuse 20170802
77. Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons 20170802
78. Jeffrey Epstein 20170802
79. Florida Action Committee 20170802
80. Pervert Park 20170802
81. Miracle Village (community) 20170802
82. Sex offender registry 20170802
83. Racial segregation in the United States 20170802
84. Milton S. Eisenhower 20170801
85. Segregation academy 20170801
86. Lynching in the United States 20170728, 2010729
87. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire 20170729
88. Hotaru Akane 20170727, 20170729
89. Jump Jim Crow 20170729
90. Jim Crow laws 20170729
91. , Hypertension 20170728
92. Racial segregation 20170728
93. Nadir of American race relations 20170728
94. Segregation Academy 20170728
95. Williams v. North Carolina 20170728
96. Facesitting 20170728
97. Black Codes (United States) 20170728
98. Union Community Hospital 20170728
99. Taborian Hospital 20170728
100. Southwest Atlanta Hospital 20170728
101. Chronology of adult videos in Japan 20170728
102. South Carolina State Hospital 20170728
103. Searcy Hospital 20170728
104. St Elizabeths Hospital 20170728
105. ,St. Augustine's University (Raleigh, North Carolina) 20170728
106. Riverside General Hospital 20170728
107. Former L. Richardson Memorial Hospital 20170728 entries missing
108. Portal:Japan/Topics 20170727
109. Wikipedia: Pages needing translation into English 20170727
110. Chronology of adult videos in Japan 20170727
111. Charity Hospital (New Orleans) 20170727
112. Brewster Hospital 20170727
113. Barnett Hospital and Nursing School 20170727
114. Afro-American Sons and Daughters Hospital 20170727 entries missing
115. Boydell & Brewer 20170724
116. Fireside chats 20170721
117. Usenet 20170721
118. Scopes Trial 20170725
119. Carpetbagger 20170724
120. Alan Deyermond 20170719
121. Mormon pornography 20170716
122. Talk:2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis 20170715
123. Talk:Jared Kushner 20170711, 20170715, 20170719entries missing
124. Jew's harp 20170709 (reverted; see Talk:Jew's harp#Origin of the name)
125. Highland Park General Hospital 20170704
126. American Beauty (1999 film) 20170703
127. John and Lorena Bobbitt 20170703
128. Provident Hospital (Chicago) 20170701
129. Reconstruction Era 20170701
130. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 20170701
131. American Beauty (soundtrack) 20170630
132. Don't Let It Bring You Down 20170630
133. Brewster Hospital 20170629
134. Serge Voronoff 20170629, 20170704
135. Book of Revelation 20170627
136. Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti 20170622
137. Hasan al-Attar 20170622
138. Template:Alternative medicine sidebar 20170622
139. Gustave Flaubert 20170620
140. Monson House 20170615
141. African-American teachers 20170608
142. Chivalry 20170518, 20170608
143. Mineshaft (gay club) 20170608
144. List of hospitals in Florida 20170607
145. Puerto Rico 20170607
146. Treasure Coast 20170607
147. Middlesex University 20170606
148. WHHO 20170605
149. Alabama Memorial Preservation Act 20170601
150. Classical Arabic 20170601
151. Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War 20170529
152. Ohio University 20170629
153. Muskrat Ramble 20170529
154. Sovereign citizen movement 20170528
155. Glades Day School 20170525
156. Ku Klux Klan 20170521
157. Jefferson Davis Monument 20170521
158. Modern display of the Confederate flag 20170521
159. Gonzo pornography 20170519, 20170814
160. Pornography in Japan 20170515
161. Robert Edward Lee Sculpture 2017
162. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis 20170511
163. Charleston Church Shooting 20170511
164. Jefferson Davis Monument 20170510, 20170521
165. List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170510, 20170511, 20170701
166. Liberty Monument (New Orleans) 20170510
167. Penile prosthesis 20170505
168. Dale Mabry Field 20170505
169. Hasidic Judaism 20170504 (reverted)
170. Tallahassee Railroad ?, 20170504
171. T-shirt 20170504
172. Dazzle (fabric) 20170428
173. Historical impacts of climate change 20170427
174. University of North Carolina 20170422
175. Dennis Hof,?, 20170420
176. Fake denominations of United States currency 20170421 (reverted; see Talk:Fake denominations of United States currency
177. Ruth Westheimer 20170417
178. Annie Sprinkle 20170417, also below, currently no. 305
179. Climate change 20170417
180. Spanish irregular verbs 20170417
181. Going down 20170417
182. Larry Kramer 2070416
183. Thom Gunn 20170414
184. Sex offender registries in the United States 20170414
185. Fag Rag 20170413
186. Talk:Beefcake magazine 20170407
187. Talk:Filibuster in the United States Senate 20170406
188. Constitution of Florida 20170402
189. Folsom Street 20170401
190. South of Market, San Francisco 20170401
191. Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich) 20170329
192. Jack Wrangler 20170328
193. Rim 20170328
194. Aaron Copland 20170328
195. Symphony for Organ and Orchestra (Copland) 20170328
196. List of compositions for organ 20170328
197. Museum of Modern Art 20170328
198. Swinging (sexual practice) 20170326
199. Granada War 20170326
200. Bacha bazi 20170308, 20170326
201. Henry Kamen 20170318, 20170328
202. Pantyhose for men 20170304
203. John Andrew Rice 20170218
204. Sleeveless shirt 20170218
205. PAL (tv spec) 20170218
206. Black Mountain College ?, 20170218
207. Dan Savage 20170217
208. Color television 20170218
209. Casual sex 20170215
210. Template:Academic ranks 20170215
     Below this line I was trying to combine my different edits on a file into one, with multiple dates. Doing this manually proved too time-consuming, so above this line there may be multiple entries for the same topic. Some above this line may also be below the line.
211. List of pipe organs 20170215
212. Pornography ?, 20170214
213. Female condom 20170209, 20170211
214. Erection 20170208
215. Panties 20170203
216. Template:Men's undergarments 20170203, 20170215
217. Book of Revelation 20170127
218. Obscenity 20170116
219. The Seven Minutes 20170116, 20170215
220. Barry Manilow 20170112
221. Federal Work-Study Program 20170112
222. Christopher Street (magazine) 20170112
223. Mass racial violence in the United States 20161231
224. Winston Leyland 20161231
225. Jocelyn Elders 20161231
226. National Masturbation Day 20161231
227. Promiscuity 20161231
228. Boca Raton Army Air Field 20161231
229. Area code 754 20161227
230. Stevie Wonder 20161202
231. Student financial aid in the United States 20161201, 20170215
232. Zine 20161201
233. Florida Memorial University 20161121
234. St. Augustine movement 20161121
235. Pervert Park 20161120
236. Scholarship 20161120
237. Penile implant 20161120
238. Expected Family Contribution ?, 20160921, 20161120
239. Ira Isaacs 20161115
240. Academic tenure in North America 20161105
241. Hope Rosenwald School 20161105
242. United States Numbered Highway System 20161101
243. Welcome centers in the United States 20161101
244. Visitor center 20161101
245. Cream cheese 20161101
246. Harvard University 20161001
247. Modern display of the Confederate flag 20160925, 20170521, 20170710, 20170906
248. Leo Frank 20160925
249. Lanier University 20160925
250. Blair Williams 2016007
251. Battle of Clavijo ?, 20160831
252. Ponce de Leon Hotel 20160829
253. Underwear as outerwear 20160827
254. Federal Work-Study Program 20160825
255. Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 20160807
256. Book of Daniel 20160804
257. History of Saudi Arabia 20160728
258. Racial segregation in the United States 20160724
259. Jim Crow laws ?, 20160721
260. Himno de Riego 201607200719
261. Talk:Cara al Sol 20160720
262. Emergency telephone number 20160719
263. Broward County, Florida 20160719
264. Talk:Trump University 20160714 (dismissed as "original research", in part)
265. Art Institute of Pittsburgh 20160714
266. Haredi Judaism 20160714
267. Whisper Walk, Florida 20160713 (not logged in)
268. Southern United States 20160713
269. Southern Baptist Convention 20160713
270. Jimmy Ryce 201607011
271. Private student loan (United States) 20160711, 20160921, 20161231
272. Police brutality in the United States 20160711
273. The Art Institutes 20160707
274. Art Institute of Portland 20160707
275. For-profit higher education in the United States 20160707
276. Trump University 20160707 (reverted, see Talk:Trump University), 20160713
277. Erie Lackawanna Railroad 20160706
278. North Florida Christian High School 20160706
279. Maclay School 20160706
280. Civil rights movement 20160706
281. Florida East Coast Railway 20160622
282. Dining car 20160622
283. Seaboard Air Line 6113 20160622
284. Mizner Park 20160622
285. Boca Raton Army Airfield 20160622
286. Erie Railroad 20160618, 20160619
287. Robert Smalls 20160618
288. Charles E. Nash 20160618
289. John Adams Hyman 20160618
290. Jeremiah Haralson 20160618
291. John R. Lynch 20160618
292. Richard H. Cain 20160618
293. Josiah T. Walls 20160618
294. Benjamin S. Turner 20160618
295. Robert B. Elliott 20160618
296. Robert C. De Large 20160618
297. Jefferson F. Long 20160618
298. Joseph Rainey 20160618
299. William L. McMillan 20160618
300. Tuskegee University 20160618
301. Harriet Tubman 20160618
302. Hurricane Agnes 20160618
303. Higher education accreditation in the United States 20160707, 20160617, 20160618
304. Pledge of Allegiance 20160517
305. Farm (revenue leasing) 20160514, 20160516
306. Symphony No. 3 (Górecki) 20160613
307. An American Dilemma 20160511
308. Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 20160511
309. Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 20160510
310. Separate but equal 20160510, 20160706, 20170809
311. La Vanguardia 20160510
312. Public opinion on climate change 20160510
313. Sexual surrogate 20160509
314. Surrogate alcohol 20160509
315. Granada War 20160507
316. Salvador Dalí 20160507
317. Ben Belitt 20160507
318. Lincoln Park Academy 20160507
319. Marianna, Florida 20160506
320. Sopchoppy School 20160505
321. St. Augustine, Florida 20160501, 20160505, 20170525, 20170615
322. Florida Memorial University 20160505
323. St. Johns River State College 20160501, 20160504
324. Racial segregation in the United States 20160503
325. Plantations in the American South 20160501
326. Plantation complexes in the Southern United States 20160501
327. Palm Beach State College 20160430
328. State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota 20160430
329. Eastern Florida State College 20160430
330. Seminole State College of Florida 20160430
331. Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida 20160430
332. Robert Hayling 20160430, 20170521
333. April Flowers 20160430
334. North Florida Community College 20160429
335. List of Rollins College alumni 20160429
336. Florida A&M University College of Law 20160429
337. Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering 20160429
338. Great Migration (African American) 20160428
339. List of Rosenwald schools 20160427
340. African Americans in the United States Congress 20160427
341. Rosenwald school 20160427
342. Moses 20160427
343. Eastern State Penitentiary 20160426
344. WFRF-FM 20160426
345. WFRF (AM) 20160426
346. Christian Academy of Knoxville 20160426
347. Slavery in the United States ?, 20160426, 20170817, 20170827
348. Pelagius of Córdoba 20160426
349. Separate but equal 20160425, 20160428
350. Daytona State College 20160425
351. Wickr 20160425
352. Fraternities and sororities 20160425
353. Chapada do Norte 20160422
354. Racial segregation in the United States 20140422
355. Maclay School 20160422
356. Mosquito County, Florida 20160422
357. Pineapple Festival 20160422 (deleted)
358. Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838 20160327, 20160422
359. Woodville, Florida 20160422
360. Iamonia, Florida 20160422
361. Hypoluxo, Florida 20160422
362. Tallahassee Community College 20160422
363. Eastern Florida State College 20160422
364. Don Quixote (disambiguation) 20160422
365. Gulf Coast State College 20160422
366. Community colleges in the United States 20160422
367. Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs 20160421
368. Same-sex marriage in Virginia 20160421
369. Marshall-Newman Amendment 20160421
370. List of Rosenwald schools 20160421
371. Oral Torah ?, 20160420
372. Moorish Revival architecture 20160420
373. Ponce de León Hotel 20160420
374. Lakeside Academy (Belle Glade) 20160420
375. Glades Correctional Institution 20160420
376. History of same-sex unions 20160420
377. History of nudity 20160420
378. History of same-sex unions 20160419
379. Telephone numbers in the Dominican Republic 20160418
380. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes ?, 20160418, 20160718
381. Talk:Mitzvah 20160417
382. St. Priapus Church ?, 20160417
383. Reconquista ?, 20160414
384. Emirate of Granada 20160411, 20160412 See Talk:Emirate of Granada
385. Center for Sex Positive Culture 20160412
386. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality ?, 20160412
387. Steuben County, New York 20160411
388. Hornellsville, New York 20160411
389. Felix Frankfurter 20160411
390. Civil war.20160411
391. John C. Calhoun 20160411
392. Dave Cummings ?, 20160410
393. Ramón Serrano Suñer 20160410
394. Lynching in the United States 20160331
395. Davie, Florida 20160330
396. Monroe High School (disambiguation) 20160324
397. Edmund Kirby Smith 20160311
398. National Statuary Hall Collection 20160311 (mostly reverted)
399. Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual/Appendixes/Learning more#News 20160308
400. Ñ 20160225, 20160619
401. Antonin Scalia (reverted, see Talk:Antonin Scalia) 20160223
402. Harlem Renaissance 20160224
403. Vandals 20160224
404. Isolated brain 20160219
405. Bursary 20160218
406. Cooperative education 20160217
407. Francoist Spain 20160217
408. L'espoir (film) 20160217
409. Ally 20160217
410. List of English words of Portuguese origin 20160217
411. Islam in Spain 20160217
412. Hit record 20160124
413. Penis removal 1/19/2016, 20160308
414. Henry Kissinger 1/9/2016
415. Political system 12/26/2015
416. Song of Songs 12/26/2015
417. Homosexuality and Judaism ?, 12/26/2015, 6/2/2016
418. Holy Roman Empire 12/19/2015
419. Rome (disambiguation) 12/19/2015
420. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
421. Fred Halstead 11/19/2015
422. Abu Bakr 11/19/2015
423. Indecent exposure 11/19/2015
424. Alabama State University 11/12/2015
425. Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park 11/12/2015
426. Muxe 11/12/2015
427. Soggy biscuit 11/8/2015
428. Anal sex 10/22/2015
429. State of Palestine 10/21/2015
430. Special commitment 1021/2015
431. Talk:Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba 10/10/2015
432. Template:Sex offender registries in the United States 10/10/2015
433. Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc. 10/10/2015
434. Health issues in American football 10/9/2015
435. Concussions in American football 10/9/2015
436. Sports injury 10/9/2015
437. Alan Hovhaness 10/9/2015
438. Armenian Genocide 10/9/2015
439. Lentil 10/2/2015
440. Transvestism 10/1/2015
441. Luis Jayme 9/29/2015
442. Junípero Serra 9/29/2015
443. Spanish missions in California 9/29/2015
444. Julia Tuttle Causeway sex offender colony 9/29/2015, 20160714, 2170802, 20170812
445. Talk:History of Florida State University 9/29/2015
446. Talk:Chivalry 9/29/2015
447. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/22/2015
448. David S. Walker Library 9/21/2015
449. Afghanistan 9/21/2015
450. 32nd AVN Awards 9/19/2015
451. Censorship in Japan 9/19/2015
452. Siete canciones populares españolas 9/16/2015
453. Henry IV of Castile 9/8/2015, 9/14/2015
454. Megan's Law 9/14/2015
455. Brandeis University 9/13/2015
456. List of defunct medical schools in the United States 9/13/2015
457. Murder of Adam Walsh 9/13/2015
458. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 9/12/2015, 20160306
459. Template:US student loans 9/10/2015
460. Sex offender registry 9/10/2015
461. Presenting 9/10/2015
462. Student loans in the United States 9/10/2015
463. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/8/2015
464. Middlesex University (Massachusetts) 9/8/2015
465. Diego García de Paredes 9/8/2015
466. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 9/8/2015
467. Henry IV of Castile 9/8/2015
468. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence 9/8/2015
469. Ramón Menéndez Pidal 9/7/2015
470. For-profit higher education in the United States 9/7/2015
471. Chivalric romance 9/5/2015, 9/6/2015
472. Daisy wheel printing 9/5/2015
473. Betty Dodson 9/5/2015
474. Fat fetishism 9/5/2015
475. WKPQ 9/5/2015
476. Daisy wheel printing 9/5/2015
477. Dirty talk 9/2/2015
478. Lost Cause of the Confederacy 8/31/2015, 20180823
479. Victimless crime 8/30/2015
480. Clarence Thomas 8/27/2015
481. Template:Sex 8/27/2015
482. Talk:Safe sex 8/27/2015
483. Sexuality in Japan 8/27/2015, 20170727
484. Talk:Sexuality in China 8/27/2015
485. Safe sex ?, 8/27/2015
486. List of memorials to Robert E. Lee 8/25/2015
487. Seymore Butts 8/22/2015
488. Seth Warshavsky 8/22/2015
489. Bandit (disambiguation) 8/19/2015
490. Regional accreditation 8/18/2015, 9/7/2015, 9/12/2015, 20151011, 20160615
491. List of historically black colleges and universities 8/17/2015, 9/16/2015
492. Spunk Video 8/17/2015
493. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 8/17/2015, 9/12/2015
494. Gerald Hannon 8/16/2015 (reverted)
495. Homosexuality and Roman Catholic priests 8/16/2015
496. Emirate of Córdoba 8/15/2015
497. MILF (slang) 8/13/2015
498. KSEX 8/13/2015
499. Chi Chi LaRue 8/11/2015
500. Romance (meter) 8/8/2015, 9/7/2015
501. Battle of Clavijo 8/7/2015
502. Everest Records 8/5/2015
503. IBM Selectric typewriter 8/4/2015
504. Century type family 8/4/2015
505. Federal grants in the United States 8/3/3015
506. Talk:Blaze Starr 8/3/2015
507. Annie Sprinkle 8/3/2015
508. Blaze Starr 8/2/2015 (reverted)
509. John F. Kennedy 8/2/2015 (reverted)
510. Albany and Schenectady Railroad 8/2/2015
511. The Evening Tribune (Hornell) 7/31/2015
512. Maurice Girodias 7/31/2015
513. San Francisco Sex Information 7/31/2015
514. Go Ask Alice! 7/31/2015
515. Circuit (disambiguation) 7/30/2015
516. Modern display of the Confederate flag 7/29/2015, 20160615
517. Higher education bubble 7/29/2015
518. Slavery in Brazil 7/28/2015
519. Talk:Reconquista 7/28/2015
520. Pelagius of Cordova 7/28/2015
521. Incarceration in the United States 7/28/2015
522. PLUS loan 7/28/2015
523. Project Gutenberg 7/28/2015
524. Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 7/27/2015
525. Martyrs of Córdoba 7/27/2015
526. Talk:Ludwig van Beethoven 7/26/2015
527. Jack Wrangler 7/24/2015 (reverted by user:flyer22)
528. A Night at the Adonis 7/24/2015
529. Alhambra decree 7/23/2015
530. Arab slave trade 7/23/2015
531. Erotic humiliation 7/23/2015
532. Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula 7/23/2015
533. KSEX 7/23/2015
534. Talk:Orthodox Judaism 7/23/2015
535. People's History of the United States 7/22/15
536. Charles Sumner 7/22/2015
537. Elián González affair 7/22/2015
538. History of Miami 7/22/2015
539. 1980 Miami Riots 7/22/2015
540. Montgomery Bus Boycott 7/22/2015
541. Lynchings in the United States 7/22/2015, 3/28/2015, 3/31/2015, 4/1/2015
542. Hazing 7/21/2015
543. Haredi Judaism 7/21/2015
544. Talk:Yiddish language 7/21/2015
545. History of the Supreme Court of the United States 7/20/2015
546. Talk:History of the United States Democratic Party 7/20/2015
547. Talk:First Baptist Church of Jacksonville 7/20/2015
548. Southern Baptist Convention 7/20/2015
549. Andrew Carnegie 7/20/2015
550. Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University 7/20/2015
551. LGBT slang 7/20/2015
552. Anti-LGBT rhetoric 7/20/2015
553. :Category:Jewish American pornographers
554. Charley Eugene Johns 7/15/2015, 7/20/2015
555. List of country calling codes 7/19/2015
556. Talk:Chitlin' circuit 7/19/2015, 7/30/2015
557. School integration in the United States 6/6/2015
558. Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba 8/21/2014, 10/10/2015
559. Charleston riot
560. Trailer trash
561. Allen Ginsberg
562. Talk:Philip Roth
563. Talk:Supreme Court of the United States
564. Erica Jong (reverted)
565. Talk:Spanish pronouns
566. Jamie Gillis
567. Talk:Philip Roth
568. Talk:Judaism and sexuality
569. Ron Jeremy
570. Nina Hartley
571. Phil Harvey
572. Florida
573. Florida Legislature
574. List of Presidents of Florida State University
575. List of hazing deaths in the United States
576. List of LGBT periodicals
577. Apportionment
578. Neo-confederate
579. Cara al sol
580. Secession in the United States
581. Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Florida State University
582. Template:US student loans
583. Private student loans ?, 20160711
584. SSI (disambiguation)
585. Don Fuqua
586. Gone with the Wind
587. History of Florida State University
588. Wikipedia:Criticisms
589. User talk:Flyer22
590. Jorge Luis Borges
591. Juan de Jáuregui (assassin)
592. Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar (renaming to Juan de Jáuregui requested)
593. Template:Civil rights movement
594. 51st state
595. Recy Taylor
596. Rosa Parks
597. Talk:Democratic Party (United States)
598. Georgia during Reconstruction
599. Territorial evolution of the United States
600. Talk:Territorial evolution of the United States
601. Article Four of the United States Constitution
602. Puerto Rico
603. Harper College
604. Tougaloo College
605. Talk:Siete Partidas
606. William Lloyd Garrison
607. Minyan
608. Humanistic Judaism
609. 'Abd al-Rahman I
610. Scientology controversies
611. Talk:Cannibals and Kings
612. Talk:Tantra
613. Human sacrifice
614. Homosexual behavior in ancient Peru
615. LGBT history in Mexico
616. White supremacy (some reverted)
617. Charleston, South Carolina
618. South Carolina in the American Civil War
619. Charleston, South Carolina in the American Civil War
620. Charles Sumner
621. Confederate Museum
622. Radical Republicans
623. Nullification crisis
624. American Civil War
625. Mississippi
626. Reparations for slavery debate in the United States
627. Index of Mississippi-related articles
628. Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
629. Treatment of slaves in the United States
630. Fantasía Bética
631. Guadalquivir
632. Template:Events leading to US Civil War
633. Template:American Civil War
634. George Luther Stearns
635. Confederate States of America
636. New York State Route 248
637. African American
638. Slavery in the United States
639. Lincoln Portrait
640. Florida in the American Civil War
641. Saladin
642. Lost Cause of the Confederacy (some reverted)
643. Second Great Awakening
644. History of health care reform in the United States
645. List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
646. Academic ranks (United States)
647. Southern United States
648. Richard Francis Burton
649. History of the Jews in Spain
650. History of the Jews under Muslim rule
651. Trial of Michael Jackson
652. Kenneth Megill
653. Lavender scare
654. War on Drugs
655. Don Juan
656. The Trickster of Seville and the Stone Guest
657. Mezz Mezzrow
658. Harriet Tubman
659. Fornication (reverted by user:Flyer22)
660. South Carolina
661. Regressive tax
662. Tallahassee Museum
663. Rabbinic Judaism
664. Dennis Hof
665. Islam and Antisemitism
666. Oral Torah
667. Pahokee, Florida
668. Miracle Park (community)
669. Template:Criminology and penology
670. Grammatical gender in Spanish
671. Spanish pronouns
672. Template:Family law
673. Tallahassee Railroad
674. Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese [sic]
675. Call signs in the United States
676. Of Human Bondage
677. Florida State Capitol
678. Paul Bowles
679. Alfred Lawson, Jr.
680. Chitlin' Circuit
681. Cotton Club
682. Twelve Years a Slave
683. Palm Beach County, Florida
684. James R. Ford
685. Alan Williams (Florida politician)
686. José Antonio Primo de Rivera
687. List of majority minority United States congressional districts
688. Alfred Cumming (governor)
689. Axilla
690. British colonization of the Americas
691. History of Florida
692. Historical revision of the Inquisition
693. Tallahassee Fire Department
694. Tallahassee, Florida
695. Tallahassee Community College
696. History of the United States
697. Template:Academic ranks
698. Jews
699. Pornography (reverted)
700. Moroccan Jews
701. Apalachee
702. Racism in the United States
703. Stanley plan
704. Florida's Turnpike
705. Miccosukee Land Co-op
706. Florida State University
707. Century Village, Florida
708. Plantations of Leon County
709. History of Leon County
710. Dale Mabry Field
711. Canceled expressways in Florida
712. Ole Miss Rebels
713. Leon County Schools
714. List of Ethiopian Americans
715. List of African-American neighborhoods
716. Frenchtown (Tallahassee)
717. Cross burning
718. Florida A&M University College of Law
719. Florida A&M University ?, 7/29/2015
720. List of gay villages
721. Town
722. Allegany County, New York
723. Muxe
724. Template:Sexual orientation
725. UHF
726. WCTV
727. Channel 1 branded TV stations in the United States
728. Lafayette Land Grant
729. Carnegie Library at FAMU
730. Pedro Salinas
731. en:Category:Harlem Renaissance
732. Perizoma (loincloth)
733. Joseph McCarthy
734. Corinthian Colleges
735. Emma Goldman
736. Affair
737. Professors in the United States
738. Stephen Kosslyn
739. North American Numbering Plan
740. Edward Ball (businessman)
741. Wakulla Springs
742. Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park 5/20/2015, 7/28/2015
743. R. Kelly
744. Probation
745. Criminal sentencing in the United States
746. College admissions in the United States
747. Progressive tax (reverted)< /b>Below this point links are in the approximate order I made the edits. Since it grew tiring to scroll through all of these to add a new one at the end, I started adding them at the beginning. So those above have the newest changes first.
748. al-Andalus ?, 20170824 (Some reverted. See the talk page, 6/16/2015 and 7/6/2015.)
749. Rollins College ?, 20170601
750. Silk
751. Menstruation
752. Yegen
753. Alpujarras
754. Minerva Schools at KGI ?, 20160617
755. Alcibiades
756. Alcibiades the Schoolboy ?, 20161231
757. The Public (play)
758. Palace of Charles V
759. Ashley Madison
760. Suburbia
761. Condom
762. WordPerfect
763. Early Middle Ages
764. Colonialism (reverted)
765. John Bowle (writer)
766. History of birth control
767. Umayyad conquest of Hispania
768. Kaypro
769. Sexually transmitted disease
770. Florida statewide teachers' strike of 1968
771. Masturbation
772. Alhambra decree
773. Talavera
774. Thomas Shelton (translator)
775. John Ormsby (translator)
776. James, son of Zebedee (Saint James) ?, 8/15/2015
777. Amadis de Gaula
778. Bareback (sex)
779. List of paraphilias
780. History of Rhode Island
781. Anais Nin
782. Caliphate of Cordoba
783. IBM MT/ST
784. Reconquista
785. Miguel de Cervantes
786. NBC Symphony Orchestra
787. Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti
788. CP/M ?, 1/19/2016
789. Favela
790. The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
791. College football
792. American football
793. Bisexuality
794. Frederick Rolfe
795. Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom
796. Pink Flamingos
797. Sosúa
798. Nights in the Gardens of Spain
799. Christopher Street (magazine)
800. Excelsior College
801. Florida State Seminoles football
802. Word processing
803. Iberia (Albéniz)
804. Machine translation
805. Amahl and the Night Visitors
806. Helen Keller
807. Spanish naming customs
808. Federico García Lorca
809. AM Broadcasting
810. Carrier current (some reverted)
811. Concierto de Aranjuez
812. FM broadcasting (some reverted)
813. FM broadcasting in the United States
814. Spanish orthography
815. History of the University of Kansas
816. Ebook
817. Erotic humiliation
818. Tenure (some reverted)
819. Chastity
820. Teleprinter
821. List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
822. Robert Mapplethorpe
823. Cauldron (disambiguation)
824. Mineshaft (disambiguation)
825. Cruising (film)
826. Antisemitism
827. History of antisemitism
828. Men's colleges in the United States
829. Tikal
830. South of Market, San Francisco
831. Fisting (some reverted by user:flyer22)
832. Max Hardcore
833. Date rape
834. SCTV
835. La Puebla de Montalbán
836. Gay bathhouse (some reverted, especially by user:Flyer22), ?, 20170803, 20170812, 20212224
837. COYOTE
838. Second Amendment to the United States Constitution (reverted)
839. Snuff film
840. Josh McNey
841. Gun law in the United States
842. SAMOIS
843. Patrick Califia
844. Eldridge Street Synagogue
845. FM broadcast band#Historic U.S. bandplan
846. Bugchasing
847. Erotic literature
848. Microsoft Flight Simulator
849. Pornographic film actor (reverted)
850. Color television
851. Slavery in the United States
852. Life extension
853. Siena College
854. Interior. Leather Bar.
855. Donkey Punch (pornographic film)
856. Steam (disambiguation) (reverted)
857. List of book-burning incidents
858. Garcilaso de la Vega (poet)
859. Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
860. Isabella I of Castile
861. Queen Isabella (disambiguation)
862. Battle of Munda
863. Noise (disambiguation)
864. John Andrew Rice
865. Recreational drug use
866. Trip sitter
867. Alhambra
868. Mater lectionis
869. David Petraeus
870. Iraq War
871. Wilton Manors, Florida
872. Fort Lauderdale, Florida
873. Stonewall Library & Archives
874. Iraq
875. Day-care sex-abuse hysteria
876. WLEA
877. WWHG
878. Aaron Lawrence
879. Gang bang
880. A Celebration of Friends
881. Canisteo (village), New York
882. Canisteo, New York
883. Northern Arizona University
884. Quipu, ?, 20180930
885. Macchu Picchu
886. Amateur radio
887. Implant (body modification)
888. Mohawk hairstyle
889. Censorship in the United States
890. List of books banned by governments
891. Poppers
892. Kink.com
893. James Deen
894. Times Square
895. Antisexualism
896. Consensual homicide
897. Torero
898. Boxing
899. Transgender
900. Supreme Court of the United States (some reverted; preserved on Talk page)
901. Jim Crow laws
902. Violence against LGBT people
903. John Giorno
904. Deep Springs College (reverted)
905. Monogamy
906. Belladonna (actress)
907. Urination
908. Club Baths
909. Sex club
910. Islam in Spain
911. New Christian
912. Barbary pirates
913. Judaism and sexuality (some reverted)
914. LGBT in Islam (some reverted by user:flyer22)
915. Harry Reems
916. Deep Throat
917. Origins of Rabbinic Judaism
918. Zina (reverted)
919. Marriage in Islam
920. Plato's Retreat , 20210224
921. Adam & Eve (company)
922. SCREW (magazine)
923. Griffith Park
924. Francoist Spain
925. United States presidential election, 1876
926. List of people known for extensive body modification
927. Algiers
928. Edith Massey
929. Divine (performer)
930. Wikipedia: replies to common objections
931. Gerard Damiano
932. Joani Blank
933. AIDS Museum
934. Wakefield Poole
935. Boys in the Sand
936. Toby Ross
937. Hebrew language
938. Casual sex ?, 20170215
939. Opposition to pornography (some reverted)
940. Maurice (novel)
941. Aguadulce, Coclé
942. Pan-American highway
943. Niggas' Revenge
944. James Ingram
945. University of Virginia (mostly reverted, see Talk page)
946. Homeless shelter
947. John Stagliano
948. Gay pornography
949. List of Johns Hopkins University people
950. Boléro
951. Crossover (disambiguation) (reverted)
952. Glory hole (sexual slang)
953. Federal Medical Center, Lexington
954. A Rape on Campus (reverted?)
955. Sabrina Erdely (reverted?)
956. Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar
957. Drummer Magazine (leather)
958. William S. Burroughs
959. Template:Criminal law
960. Club kids
961. Sex offender
962. Masoretic Text
963. Arthur Eddington
964. Working Man Trilogy
965. The Wild Boys
966. El Paso Wrecking Corp.
967. J. Edgar Hoover (some reverted)
968. Larry Flynt
969. Sodomy
970. Bodil Joensen
971. Jamie Gillis
972. Victimless crime
973. ¡Ay Carmela! (see the Talk page)
974. ¡Ay Carmela! (play)
975. ¡Ay Carmela! (song)
976. Flatulist
977. Gary Hart
978. Bill Clinton
979. Diaper fetishism
980. Wilbur Mills
981. Marilyn Monroe
982. St. Priapus Church
983. Chinga Chavin
984. Magnus Hirschfeld
985. Internet homicide
986. Wikipedia:Systemic bias
987. Bacha Bazi
988. Boca Raton, Florida ?, 8/17/2015
989. Anusim
990. Screw (disambiguation)
991. List of gay men's choruses
992. Taxi zum Klo
993. Fly (disambiguation)
994. Saint James Matamoros
995. Recreational drug use
996. Harry Belafonte
997. Victor Borge (reverted)
998. Adultery
999. Vivid Entertainment
1000. Barber surgeon
1001. Continental Baths , 20220224
1002. Sex show
1003. Feminist stripper
1004. Boys in the Sand
1005. Casey Donovan (actor)
1006. Richard Amory
1007. Winston Leyland
1008. List of television programs broadcast by Logo
1009. My Secret Life (erotic memoir)
1010. Olympia Press
1011. Expanded orgasm
1012. 529 Preziosa
1013. Bacha posh
1014. Hashish
1015. Savage Love
1016. Gang bang pornography
1017. False allegations of childhood sexual abuse
1018. Woodstock, Vermont
1019. Creampie (sexual act)
1020. Incest between twins
1021. Chloroethane
1022. Epimedium
1023. Times Square
1024. Semen quality
1025. Some Institutes for Advanced Study
1026. Nonconcatenative morphology
1027. Boogie Nights
1028. Sex columnist
1029. Arabic language
1030. The Great Mirror of Male Love
1031. Jukebox
1032. Alice's Restaurant
1033. The Jerry Springer Show
1034. Twelve-step program
1035. CONELRAD
1036. Template:LGBT in New York
1037. List of museums in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1038. Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1039. Miami Dade College
1040. Dade Massacre
1041. Vacuum tube
1042. Prohibition of drugs
1043. Transvestism (reverted by user:flyer22)
1044. Cross-dressing
1045. CBS (reverted)
1046. Anal eroticism
1047. The Straight Story
1048. Oscar Wilde
1049. Catullus
1050. Condom
1051. Women's erotica (reverted by user:flyer22)
1052. Catulli Carmina
1053. Slut (reverted by user:flyer22)
1054. Syphilis
1055. History of syphilis
1056. Song of Songs
1057. Slut-shaming
1058. Michael Jackson (reverted)
1059. Herman Melville
1060. Tattoo
1061. Peter Arnett
1062. Chica da Silva
1063. List of prostitutes and courtesans
1064. Sexual surrogate (reverted by user:flyer22)
1065. West Side Elevated Highway
1066. La Terra Trema
1067. Sicilian language
1068. Satyricon (1969 film)
1069. Master of Arts in Liberal Studies
1070. Keypunch ?, 20160226
1071. Rolfe Humphries
1072. Template:Masturbation
1073. Albert Ellis
1074. Dirty talk
1075. The 120 Days of Sodom
1076. Friden, Inc.
1077. History of Islam
1078. Queer migration
1079. Interstate highway system
1080. Template:Sex and the law (most reverted by user:flyer22)
1081. Julian Assange
1082. Interstate 87
1083. Major Deegan Expressway
1084. Dan Savage
1085. Interstate 787
1086. Outliner
1087. Colin Powell
1088. WHHO
1089. Greenwood, New York
1090. Birth control
1091. Richard von Krafft-Ebing
1092. 571 Dulcinea
1093. Newton Arvin
1094. Student loans in the United States
1095. Textual criticism
1096. Template:Spanish language
1097. Golden Age
1098. Dutch disease
1099. Hispanism
1100. Augusten Burroughs
1101. Same-sex marriage
1102. Polygyny
1103. Fernando Vallejo
1104. Cruelty to animals
1105. :Category:Spanish Orthodox rabbis (proposed for deletion)
1106. Homosexuality and Judaism
1107. Abraham ibn Ezra
1108. Moses ibn Ezra
1109. Solomon ibn Gabirol
1110. Samuel ibn Naghrillah
1111. :Talk:History of lesbianism
1112. Sephardi Judaism
1113. Egyptair Flight 990
1114. Sexting
1115. Hijra (South Asia)
1116. Polygyny
1117. Graham Spanier
1118. Sexual Freedom League
1119. Template:Lists of aviation accidents and incidents
1120. Germanwings Flight 9525
1121. Sadism and masochism in fiction
1122. BDSM ?, 7/22/2015
1123. Larry Townsend
1124. Allen Organ Company
1125. Chord organ
1126. Saudi Arabia
1127. Alessandro Moreschi
1128. Testicle
1129. Feces
1130. Group sex
1131. Template:Homicide
1132. Airship
1133. Gipuzkoa
1134. Vizcaya
1135. International brigades
1136. Spanish Civil War ?, 20170802
1137. Delta of Venus (film)
1138. Carrboro, North Carolina
1139. State University Railroad
1140. Scholarship
1141. Pell Grant
1142. Roy Cohn
1143. Cuernavaca
1144. White Stains
1145. FAFSA ?, 20170601

{{colend}}

{{cbot}}

{{ctop|Minor edits only (very small selection)}}

• Morehouse College 20180908
• The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag 20170629
• My Disillusionment in Russia (by Emma Goldman)
• Jewish Archive (Francoist Spain) 20160410
• Greater Syria 12/30/2015
• Common law
• Arthur C. Clarke
• Margo St. James
• Rock Hudson
• Jim Nabors
• Abbott and Costello
• El amor brujo
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• John Waters
• Lenny Bruce
• Leonard Bernstein
• Junípero Serra
• XXXchurch.com
• Hellenistic Judaism
• Human sexuality
• Tim Kincaid
• Ted Bundy
• Encomienda
• Sawdust trail
• Paris

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{{ctop|Old list of articles where I'm particularly unhappy at reverts made to my edits}}

• Masturbation
• Academic tenure in North America (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_tenure_in_North_America&diff=622957581&oldid=622920363)
• Pornography (See https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pornography&diff=622370998&oldid=622370571.)
• History of Zionism
• Middle Ages
• Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
• List of paraphilias
• Rick Santorum
• Campaign for "santorum" neologism
• Deep Springs College
• University of Virginia (see the Talk page)
• Glory hole (sexual slang)
• Systematic bias in Wikipedia
• :es:esquivias.org (see :es:Discusión:Esquivias)
• Category:Removed Memorials and Monuments of the Confederate States of America (deleted, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2017_May_10#Category:Removed_Monuments_and_Memorials_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America)
• Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (see Talk:Knoxville: Summer of 1915.)
• Modern display of the Confederate flag (See Talk:Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_flag#Confederate flag to welcome Trump in Poland.)
• https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Beginner%27s_guide_to_reliability&diff=8910435

{{cbot}}

{{ctop|list of articles I once intended to work on}}

• List of state mottos

Old:

• Romance (ballad)
• History of Zionism
• Way of Saint James
• Walter Starkie
• United Faculty of Florida
• Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
• Christopher Rage
• Death of García Lorca
• My Secret Life (memoir)
• The Public (play)
• Valley of the Fallen
• Monkey gland transplants (Serge Voronoff)

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{{User LGBT Project}}

{{Template:User WikiProject Florida}}

{{Wikipedia:Taylor & Francis/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:Newspapers.com/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:Newspaperarchive.com/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:Questia/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:Project MUSE/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:Gale/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:OUP/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:EBSCO/Userbox}}

{{Wikipedia:JSTOR/Userbox}}

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{{User Brown}}

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