:Johor

File:Istana Bukit Serene - The Royal Crown (night, 2015).jpg, Johor, dubbed the "Jewel"{{cite book |author=S. Durai Raja Singam |title=Malayan Place Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4UdAAAAMAAJ&q=johor+jewel |year=1962 |publisher=Liang Khoo Printing Company}}{{cite magazine |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424201844/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2017 |title=Johor: Jewel of Malaysia |author=John Krich |magazine=National Geographic |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=24 June 2018}}]]

The area was first known to the northern inhabitants of Siam as Gangganu or Ganggayu (Treasury of Gems){{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html|title=Ancient names of Johor |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=21 February 2009 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221075244/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html |archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia |title=The Stories And Facts Behind How The 13 States Of Malaysia Got Their Names |author=Tang Ruxyn |work=Says.com |date=26 April 2017 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113091221/http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://tourism.johor.my/facts-about-johor/ |title=Facts About Johor |publisher=Johor Tourism |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727075245/http://tourism.johor.my/facts-about-johor/ |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }} due to the abundance of gemstones near the Johor River.{{cite book |author=Abdul Latip bin Talib |title=Moyang Salleh |trans-title=Salleh Great-grandparent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8cCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |date=14 July 2014 |language=ms |publisher=PTS Litera Utama |isbn=978-967-408-158-4 |pages=34– }}{{cite web |url=http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/interesting-facts-history-of-johor-the-origins-of-the-word-johor/ |title=The origins of the word Johor |publisher=Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113185025/http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/interesting-facts-history-of-johor-the-origins-of-the-word-johor/ |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=dead }} Arab traders referred to it as {{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|جَوْهَر}}}} ({{wikt-lang|ar-Latn|جوهر|jauhar}}),{{cite web |url=http://www.jsic.com.my/linkpage02/his.php |title=Johor History |publisher=Johor State Investment Centre |year=2009 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831122622/http://www.jsic.com.my/linkpage02/his.php |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead }} a word borrowed from the Persian {{lang|fa|{{Script/Arabic|گوهر}}}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|gauhar}}), which also means 'precious stone' or 'jewel'.{{cite book |author=Jonathan Rigg |title=A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XizCJm_ibRMC&pg=PA177 |year=1862 |publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen |pages=177– }} As the local people found it difficult to pronounce the Arabic word in the local dialect, the name subsequently became Johor.{{cite web |url=http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my:80/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=8§ion=sm03 |title=Origin of Place Names – Johor |publisher=National Library of Malaysia |year=2000 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209105902/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=8§ion=sm03 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |url-status=dead }} Meanwhile, the Old Javanese eulogy of Nagarakretagama called the area {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Medini}} ('land's end'), as it is the southernmost point of mainland Asia. Another name, through Portuguese writer Manuel Godinho de Erédia, made reference to Marco Polo's sailing to {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Tanah}} (the end of the Malay Peninsula land) in 1292. Both {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Medini}} and {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Tanah}} had been mentioned since before the foundation of the Sultanate of Malacca. Throughout the period, several other names also co-existed such as {{lang|jv-Latn|Galoh}}, {{lang|jv-Latn|Lenggiu}} and {{lang|jv-Latn|Wurawari}}. Johor is also known by its Arabic honorific as {{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|دارالتّعظيم}}}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|Darul Ta'zim}}) or 'Abode of Dignity'.

{{Main|Prehistoric Malaysia}}

A bronze bell estimated to be from 150 AD was found in Kampong Sungai Penchu near the Muar River.{{cite book |author=Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h |title=The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 Bc-1300 Ad) |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004119734 |pages=77}}{{cite book |author=P. Boomgaard |title=Southeast Asia: An Environmental History |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-419-6 |pages=47}} The bell is believed to have been used as a ceremonial object rather than a trade object as a similar ceremonial bell with the same decorations was found in Battambang province, Cambodia, suggesting that the Malay coast came in contact with Funan, with the bell being a gift from the early kingdom in mainland Asia to local chieftains in the Malay Peninsula.{{cite web |url=http://spaj.ukm.my/jurnalarkeologi/index.php/jurnalarkeologi/article/download/63/34|title=Ancient Trading Centres in the Malay Peninsula |author=Leong Sau Heng |publisher=Malaysian Archaeology Journal University of Malaya |year=1993 |access-date=15 January 2018 |pages=2 and 8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115172817/http://spaj.ukm.my/jurnalarkeologi/index.php/jurnalarkeologi/article/download/63/34|archive-date=15 January 2018|url-status=dead}} Another important archaeological find was the ancient lost city of Kota Gelanggi, which was discovered by following trails described in an old Malay manuscript once owned by Stamford Raffles.{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/03/manuscript-leads-to-lost-city/ |title=Manuscript leads to lost city |work=The Star |date=3 February 2005 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114082813/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/03/manuscript-leads-to-lost-city/|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=dead}} Artefacts gathered in the area have reinforced claims of early human settlement in the state.{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/04/johor-relics-predate-malacca/ |title=Johor relics predate Malacca |author1=Teoh Teik Hoong |author2=Audrey Edwards |work=The Star |date=4 February 2005 |access-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114082056/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/04/johor-relics-predate-malacca/|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=dead}} The claim of Kota Gelanggi as the first settlement is disputed by the state government of Johor, with other evidence from archaeological studies conducted by the state heritage foundation since 1996 suggesting that the historic city is actually located in Kota Tinggi District at either Kota Klang Kiu or Ganggayu. The exact location of the ancient city is still undisclosed, but is said to be within the {{convert|14000|hectare|0|abbr=on|adj=on}} forest reserve where the Lenggiu and Madek Rivers are located, based on records in the Malay Annals that, after conquering Gangga Negara, Raja Suran from Siam of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (Ligor Kingdom) had sailed to Ganggayu.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/08/lost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi/|title=Lost city is 'not Kota Gelanggi'|author=Mazwin Nik Anis|work=The Star|date=8 February 2005|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114115551/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/02/08/lost-city-is-not-kota-gelanggi/|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=dead}} Since ancient times, most of the coastal Malay Peninsula has had their own rulers, but all fell under the jurisdiction of Siam.{{cite book |author1=Anthony Reid |author2=Barbara Watson Andaya |author3=Geoff Wade |author4=Azyumardi Azra |author5=Numan Hayimasae |author6=Christopher Joll |author7=Francis R. Bradley |author8=Philip King |author9=Dennis Walker |author10=Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian |author11=Iik A. Mansurnoor |author12=Duncan McCargo |title=Ghosts of the Past in Southern Thailand: Essays on the History and Historiography of Patani |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=9789971696351 |pages=74}}

{{Main|Johor Sultanate|Acehnese invasion of Johor|Johor–Jambi wars}}

File:PedraBranca-MapofDominionsofJohore-Hamilton-1727.jpg

After the fall of Malacca in 1511 to the Portuguese, the Johor Sultanate was established by Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca's son, Ala'udin Ri'ayat Shah II, in 1528 when he moved the royal court to the Johor River and set up his royal residence in Johor Lama.{{cite web|url=http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/sejarah-kesultanan-johor/?lang=en|title=History of the Johor Sultanate|publisher=Coronation of HRH Sultan Ibrahim|year=2015|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702012653/http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/sejarah-kesultanan-johor/?lang=en|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite book |publisher=Wiley Online Library |date=11 January 2016 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe105 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |pages=1–3 |last1=Borschberg |first1=Peter |isbn=9781118455074}} Johor became an empire spanning the southern Malay Peninsula, Riau Archipelago (including Singapore), Anambas Islands, Tambelan Archipelago, Natuna Islands, a region around the Sambas River in south-western Borneo and Siak in Sumatra with Pahang, Aru and Champa as allies.{{cite book |author1=Ooi Keat Gin |author2=Hoang Anh Tuan |title=Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350–1800 |date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317559191 |pages=136}}{{cite web |url=https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/hartakarun/item/07/introduction |title=Letter from King of Johor, Abdul Jalil Shah IV (r. 1699-1720), to Governor-General Abraham van Riebeeck, 26 April 1713 |publisher=National Archives of Indonesia |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308083440/https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/hartakarun/item/07/introduction |url-status=dead }} It aspired to retake Malacca from the Portuguese{{cite book|author=John Anderson|title=Political and commercial considerations relative to the Malayan peninsula, and the British settlements in the straits of Malacca|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25|year=1824|pages=25}} which the Aceh Sultanate in northern Sumatra also aspired to do leading to a three-way war among the rivals.{{cite book |pages=29–46 |author=M.C. Ricklefs |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1981 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-16645-9_4 |isbn=9780333243800}} During the wars, Johor's administrative capital moved several times based on military strategies and to maintain authority over trading in the region. Johor and the Portuguese began to collaborate against Aceh, which they saw as a common enemy.{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/5366554|title=Melaka, Johor and Aceh: A bird's eye view over a Portuguese-Malay Triangular Balance (1575–1619)|author=Paulo Jorge Sousa Pinto|journal=Files of the Calouste Gulbenkian Cultural Centre, Composite, Printed and Stitched in Graphic Arts Workshops & Xavier Barbosa, Limited, Braga|publisher=Academia.edu|year=1996|access-date=15 January 2018|pages=109–112|format=PDF}} In 1582 the Portuguese helped Johor thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and only ceased when a large armada from the Portuguese port in Goa came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.{{cite book|author1=M.C. Ricklefs|author2=Bruce Lockhart|author3=Albert Lau|author4=Portia Reyes|author5=Maitrii Aung-Thwin|title=A New History of Southeast Asia|date=19 November 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137015549|pages=150–151}}

File:Johor-Jambi war.png.]]

After Aceh was left weakened, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived and Johor formed an alliance with them to eliminate the Portuguese in the 1641 capture of Malacca.{{cite web|url=https://www.iilj.org/publications/the-johor-voc-alliance-and-the-twelve-years-truce-factionalism-intrigue-and-international-diplomacy/|title=The Johor-VOC Alliance and the Twelve Years' Truce: Factionalism, Intrigue and International Diplomacy|author=Peter Borschberg|work=National University of Singapore|publisher=Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law|year=2009|access-date=25 June 2018|edition=IILJ Working Paper 2009/8, History and Theory of International Law Series}}{{cite book|author=Michael Percillier|title=World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition: Insights from Southeast Asian Englishes|date=7 September 2016 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027266651|pages=8}} Johor regained authority over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669), which had fallen to Aceh while Malacca was taken by the Dutch.{{cite book|author=Ooi Keat Gin|title=Historical Dictionary of Malaysia|date=18 December 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781538108857|pages=217–218}} Malacca was placed under the direct control of Batavia in Java.{{cite book|author=Dennis De Witt|title=History of the Dutch in Malaysia: In Commemoration of Malaysia's 50 Years as an Independent Nation and Over Four Centuries of Friendship and Diplomatic Ties Between Malaysia and the Netherlands|year=2008|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|isbn=9789834351908|pages=11}} Although Malacca fell under Dutch authority, the Dutch did not establish any further trading posts in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, as they had more interest in Java and the Maluku Islands. The Dutch only become involved with local disputes when the Bugis began to threaten their maritime trade.

File:万国来朝图 Johor (柔佛国) delegates in Beijing in 1761.jpg, China, in 1761. 万国来朝图]]

The dynasty that descended from the rulers of Malacca lasted until the death of Mahmud II, when it was succeeded by the Bendahara dynasty, a dynasty of ministers who had previously served in the Malacca Sultanate. The Dutch felt increasingly threatened in the 18th century, especially when the English East India Company started to establish a presence in the northern Malay Peninsula,{{cite book|author=A. GUTHRIE (of the Straits Settlements, and OTHERS.)|title=The British Possessions in the Straits of Malacca. [An Address to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Signed by A. Guthrie and Others, and Dated April 20th, 1861, in Reference to the Transfer of the Administration of the British Possessions in the Straits of Malacca to the Colonial Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUVcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1861|pages=1}} leading the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of Riau and expel the Bugis from both Riau and Selangor so these areas would not fall under British rule.{{cite book|author=Robert J. Antony|title=Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas|date=1 October 2010|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-988-8028-11-5|pages=129–}} This ended Bugis political domination in the Johor-Pahang-Riau empire, resulting in the Bugis being banned from Riau in 1784.{{cite book|author=Aruna Gopinath|title=Pahang, 1880-1933: a political history|year=1991|publisher=Council of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|isbn=9789839961423}}{{cite book|author=Ooi Keat Gin|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576077702|pages=699 and 1365}} During the rivalry between the Bugis and Dutch, Mahmud Shah III concluded a treaty of protection with the VOC on board the HNLMS Utrecht and the sultan was allowed to reside in Riau with Dutch protection. Since then, mistrust between the Bugis and Malay escalated. From 1796 to 1801 and from 1807 to 1818, Malacca was placed under British Residency as the Netherlands were conquered by France in the Napoleonic Wars and was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British Invasion of Java in 1811.{{cite book |author=Michael Leifer |title=Malacca, Singapore, and Indonesia |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789028607781 |pages=9}}

{{main|Johor Sultanate#Modern Johor Sultanate|Unfederated Malay States}}

File:Sunset on the Johore River, Singapore Wellcome V0037493.jpg in the evening seen from Changi in Singapore, July 1879]]

When Mahmud Shah III died the sultan left two sons through commoner mothers. While the elder son Hussein Shah was supported by the Malay community, the younger son Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah was supported by the Bugis community. In 1818, the Dutch recognised Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Riau.{{cite book|title=Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 – 2011|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9789004230620|pages=1448|date=June 2012}} The following year, the British recognised Hussein Shah as the legitimate heir to the Johor Empire in return for supporting their intention to establish a trading post in Singapore.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_3_2004-12-14.html|title=Sultan Hussein Shah|author=Nor-Afidah|publisher=National Library Board Singapore|date=14 December 2004|access-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121060818/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_3_2004-12-14.html|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-05-16_133354.html|title=1819 Singapore Treaty [6 February 1819]|author=Nor-Afidah|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|date=15 May 2014|access-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121060511/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-05-16_133354.html|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}} Before his death, Mahmud Shah III had appointed Abdul Rahman as the Temenggong for Johor with recognition from the British as the Temenggong of Johor-Singapore,{{cite book|title=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41caAQAAIAAJ&q=temenggong+abdul+rahman+johor-singapore+british+recognise|year=1993|publisher=The Branch|pages=7}}{{cite book|author=Kevin YL Tan|title=The Constitution of Singapore: A Contextual Analysis|date=30 April 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782258094|pages=12}} marking the beginning of the Temenggong dynasty. Abdul Rahman was succeeded by his son, Daeng Ibrahim, although he was only recognised by the British 14 years later.

File:Johor Bahru town in the 1920s.jpg

With the partition of the Johor Empire due to the dispute between the Bugis and Malay and following the defined spheres of influence for the British and Dutch resulting from the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Daeng Ibrahim intended to create a new administrative centre for the Johor Sultanate under the new dynasty.{{cite book|author=M. A. Fawzi Mohd. Basri|title=Johor, 1855–1917: pentadbiran dan perkembangannya|trans-title=Johor, 1855–1917: its administration and development|year=1988|language=ms|publisher=Fajar Bakti|isbn=9789679337174}} As he maintained a close relationship with the British and the latter wanted full control over trade in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Daeng Ibrahim and Hussein Shah's successor, Ali Iskandar, recognising Ali as the next sultan.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19881003-1.2.20.8.aspx|title=Tengku Ali serah Johor kepada Temenggung (Kenangan Sejarah)|trans-title=Tengku Ali surrenders Johor to Temenggung (Historical Flashback)|language=ms|author=Abdul Ghani Hamid|publisher=Berita Harian Singapore|date=3 October 1988|access-date=30 June 2015}} Through the treaty, Ali was crowned as the sultan and received $5,000 (in Spanish dollars) and an allowance of $500 per month, but was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except Kesang of Muar, which would be the only territory under his control) to Daeng Ibrahim.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/87147014-94bd-4a77-a26f-e1cc8ef02359|title=Johor Treaty is signed [10 March 1855]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121073548/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/87147014-94bd-4a77-a26f-e1cc8ef02359|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|title=British colonialism and the making of the modern Johor monarchy|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World|volume=37|issue=109|author=C. M. Turnbull| author-link = C. M. Turnbull | publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=16 October 2009|doi=10.1080/13639810903269227|pages=227–248|s2cid=159776294}}

File:Partition of the Johor Empire.png{{cite book|author1=Peter Turner|author2=Hugh Finlay|title=Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei|year=1996|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=9780864423931}}

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{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Under British influence:

{{Legend|#DA70D6|Johor Sultanate}}

{{Legend|#7F92FF|Pahang Kingdom}}

{{Legend|#B200FF|Singapore}}

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{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} Under Dutch influence:

{{Legend|#9370DB|Indragiri Sultanate}}

{{Legend|#DAFF7F|Riau-Lingga Sultanate}}

]]

File:Exhibit of Undang-Undang Tubuh Kerajaan Negeri Johor at Pameran Raja Kita in conjunction with the coronation of Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor as Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII 20240901 125301.jpg by Abu Bakar]]

Following the establishment of a new capital in mainland Johor, the administrative centre was moved from Telok Blangah in Singapore. As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, the Temenggong encouraged the migration of Chinese and Javanese to clear the land and develop an agricultural economy in Johor. During Daeng Ibrahim's reign, Johor began to be modernised which was continued by his son, Abu Bakar.{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277149574|title=Modernisation or Westernisation of Johor under Abu Bakar: A Historical Analysis|author=A Rahman Tang Abdullah|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|year=2008|access-date=9 April 2018|volume=16|pages=209–231}} In 1885, an Anglo-Johor Treaty was signed that formalised the close relations between the two, with the British given transit rights for trade through Johor's territory and responsibility for its foreign relations, as well as providing protection to the latter. It was also in this year that Johor had formed its present-day boundary.{{Cite book |last=Trocki |first=Carl A. |title=Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885 |publisher=NUS Press |year=2007 |isbn=9789971693763 |pages=22 }} The treaty also provided for the appointment of a British agent in an advisory role, although no advisor was appointed until 1910.{{cite book|author=Natasha Hamilton-Hart|title=Asian States, Asian Bankers: Central Banking in Southeast Asia|year=2003|publisher=Singapore University Press|isbn=9789971692704|pages=102}} Abu Bakar also implemented a constitution known as the Johor State Constitution (Malay: Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor) and organised his administration in a British style.{{cite book|author1=Muzaffar Husain Syed|author2=Syed Saud Akhtar|author3=B D Usmani|title=Concise History of Islam|date=14 September 2011|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82573-47-0|pages=316}} By adopting an English-style modernisation policy, Johor temporarily prevented itself from being directly controlled by the British, as happened to other Malay states.{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318866594|title=Examine the reason why Sultan of Johor finally accepted a British advisor in 1914|author=Zaemul Zamhari Ibrahim|publisher=Universiti Brunei Darussalam|year=2017|access-date=11 April 2018|pages=2–5}}{{cite journal|title=Conflict and collaboration [Britain and Sultan Ibrahim of Johor]|journal=Indonesia and the Malay World|volume=36|issue=106|author=Simon C. Smith|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=10 November 2008|doi=10.1080/13639810802450357|pages=345–358|s2cid=159365395}}

Under the reign of Ibrahim, the British appointed Douglas Graham Campbell as an advisor to the sultanate in 1910, although the sultan only appointed Campbell as a General Adviser unlike in other Malayan states which had Resident Advisors, becoming the last Malay state to accept a British Adviser. However, due to Ibrahim's overspending, the sultanate faced problems caused by the falling price of its major source of revenue and problems between him and members of his state council, which gave the British an opportunity to intervene in Johor's internal affairs. Despite Ibrahim's reluctance to appoint a British adviser, Johor was brought under British control as one of the Unfederated Malay States (UMS) by 1914, with the position of its General Adviser elevated to that of a Resident in the Federated Malay States (FMS).{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3c4985cc-517f-4e68-8edd-7a85c67897ea|title=Johor is brought under British control [11 May 1914]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409103619/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3c4985cc-517f-4e68-8edd-7a85c67897ea|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Malayan Campaign|Japanese occupation of Malaya|Battle of Singapore|Operation Zipper}}

File:The British Army in Malaya 1941 FE287.jpg

File:Australian 2-pdr anti-tank gun in action at Bakri on the Muar-Parit Sulong Road.jpg members firing on Japanese Type 95 Ha-Gō tanks on the Muar-Parit Sulong road during the Battle of Muar, 18 January 1942]]

Since the 1910s, Japanese planters had been involved in numerous estates and in the mining of mineral resources in Johor as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.{{cite book|author1=さや・白石|author2=Takashi Shiraishi|title=The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia|year=1993|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=9780877274025|pages=13}}{{cite book|author1=Patricia Pui Huen Lim|author2=Diana Wong|title=War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore|year=2000|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-037-9|pages=143–144}}{{cite book|author1=Yōji Akashi|author2=Mako Yoshimura|title=New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-1945|date=1 December 2008|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=9789971692995|pages=26, 42, 43, 44, 70, 126 and 220}} After the First World War, rubber cultivation in Malaya was largely controlled by Japanese companies. Following the abolition of the Rubber Lands Restrictions (Enactment) in 1919, Gomu Nanyo Company (South Seas Rubber Co. Ltd.) began cultivating rubber in the interior of Johor.{{cite book|author=Uqbah Iqbal|title=The Historical Development of Japanese Investment in Malaysia (1910–2003)|date=12 October 2016|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=9783668319370|pages=16}} By the 1920s, Ibrahim had become a personal friend of Tokugawa Yoshichika, a member of the Tokugawa clan whose ancestors were military leaders (shōgun in Japanese) who ruled Japan from the 16th to the 19th centuries. In the Second World War, at a great cost of lives in the Battle of Muar in Johor as part of the Malayan Campaign,{{cite book|author1=Christopher Alan Bayly|author2=Timothy Norman Harper|title=Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674017481|pages=129}} Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) forces with their bicycle infantry and tanks advanced into Muar District (present-day Tangkak District) on 14 January 1942.{{cite book|author=Bill Yenne|title=The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c7vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT131|date=20 September 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-982-5|pages=131–}} During the Japanese forces' arrival, Tokugawa accompanied General Tomoyuki Yamashita's troops and was warmly received by Ibrahim when they reached Johor Bahru at the end of January 1942. Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at the Sultan's residence, Istana Bukit Serene, and the state secretariat building, Sultan Ibrahim Building, to plan for the invasion of Singapore.{{cite book|author=Francis Pike|title=Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfTQDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT442|date=8 September 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-02122-8|pages=442–}} Some of the Japanese officers were worried since the location of the palace left them exposed to the British, but Yamashita was confident that the British would not attack since Ibrahim was also a friend to the British, which proved to be correct.

File:Singapore causeway blown up.jpg with the gap visible in the middle, which delayed the Japanese conquest of Singapore for over a week to 8 February 1942]]

On 8 February, the Japanese began to bombard the northwestern coastline of Singapore, which was followed by the crossing of the IJA 5th and 18th Divisions with around 13,000 troops through the Straits of Johor.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html|title=Battle of Singapore|author=Stephanie Ho|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|date=19 July 2013|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624014203/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-07-19_113523.html|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=dead}} The following day, the Imperial Guard Division crossed into Kranji while the remaining Japanese Guard troops crossed through the repaired Johor–Singapore Causeway. Following the occupation of all of Malaya and Singapore by the Japanese, Tokugawa proposed a reform plan by which the five kingdoms of Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang and Perlis would be restored and federated. Under the scheme, Johor would control Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca while a {{convert|800|sqmi|km2|order=flip|adj=on}} area in the southern part of Johor would be incorporated into Singapore for defence purposes. The five monarchs of the kingdoms would be obliged to pledge loyalty to Japan, would need to visit the Japanese royal family every two years, and would assure the freedom of religion, worship, employment and ownership of private property to all people and accord every Japanese person residing in the kingdoms with treatment equal to indigenous people.

File:Japanese Advancement, Labis (cropped II) (AWM 4093032).jpg which had been destroyed by the retreating British forces down the Malayan Peninsula, 22 January 1942]]

Meanwhile, Ōtani Kōzui of the Nishi Hongan-ji sub-sect of Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism suggested that the sultan system should be abolished and Japan should rule the Malay kingdoms under a Japanese constitutional monarchy government. Japanese War Minister Hideki Tōjō, however, had already reminded their government staff in Malaya to refrain from acting superior to the sultan and to pay respect so the sultan would co-operate with the gunsei (Japanese military organisation). In May, many high-ranking Japanese officials returned to Tokyo to consult with officials of the War Ministry and General Staff on how to deal with the Sultan. Upon their return to Singapore in July, they published a document called "A Policy for the Treatment of the Sultan", which was a demand for the Sultan to surrender his power over his people and land to the Japanese emperor through the IJA commander. The military organisation demanded the Sultan surrender his power in a manner reminiscent of the way the Tokugawa shogunate surrendered their power to the Japanese emperor in 1868. Through the Japanese administration, many massacres of civilians occurred with an estimate that 25,000 ethnic Chinese civilians in Johor perished during the occupation.{{cite book|author1=Ooi Giok Ling|author2=Rahil Ismail|author3=Brian J Shaw|title=Southeast Asian Culture and Heritage in a Globalising World: Diverging Identities in a Dynamic Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0LrqNu5-JEC&pg=PA97|date=28 November 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8801-9|pages=97–}} In spite of that, the Japanese established the Endau Settlement (also known as the New Syonan Model Farm) in Endau for Chinese settlers to ease the food supply problem in Singapore.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1221_2006-12-29.html|title=Endau Settlement|author=Joshua Chia Yeong Jia|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|date=29 December 2006|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624023601/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1221_2006-12-29.html|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Malayan Union|Federation of Malaya}}

File:The British Reoccupation of Malaya SE5882.jpg (MPAJA) guerrillas at Johor Bahru after the end of war against the Japanese, 1945]]

At the start of the war, the British had accepted an offer from the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) to co-operate to fight the Japanese; to do this, the CPM formed the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA).{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/06/26/06/21/rise-and-fall-of-communism-in-malaya/|title=Rise and fall of communism in Malaya|author=Andrew Sia|work=The Star|date=29 November 2009|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122127/https://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/06/26/06/21/rise-and-fall-of-communism-in-malaya/|url-status=dead}} The CPM supporters were mostly Chinese-educated members discriminated against by the English-educated elite and the Babas (Straits-born Chinese) during British rule whose main objective was to gain independence from foreign empires and to establish a socialist state based on Marxism–Leninism similar to the People's Republic of China.{{cite book|author=Khoon Choy Lee|title=Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia|year=2013|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4383-44-8|pages=432–}} The party also had Malay and Indian representatives. They advocated violence as a method of achieving their goals. Throughout their war against the Japanese, they also assassinated civilians suspected of collaborating with the Japanese,{{cite book|author=Lucian W. Pye|title=Guerilla Communism in Malaya|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400877676|pages=71}} while kidnapped Malay women were used as comfort women, as had also been done by the Japanese.{{cite book|author=Romen Bose|title=Singapore At War: Secrets from the Fall, Liberation and the Aftermath of WWII|date=15 June 2012|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=9789814435420|pages=179}} This led to retaliatory raids from some Malays affected by the attacks who decided to collaborate with the Japanese. This indirectly led to ethnic conflict, especially when ethnic propaganda was being made by both sides, leading to the deaths of more civilians.{{cite book|author=Cheah Boon Kheng|title=Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation, 1941–1946|date=1 January 2012|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-508-8|pages=211}} The Allied forces launched Operation Tiderace and Operation Zipper to liberate Malaya and Singapore. In the five weeks before the British resumed control over Malaya following the Japanese surrender on 16 August 1945, the MPAJA emerged as the de facto authority in the Malayan territory.

File:The British Reoccupation of Malaya SE5878.jpg

Johor and the rest of Malaya were officially placed under the British Military Administration (BMA) in September 1945 and the MPAJA was disbanded in December after its secretary-general, Lai Teck (who was also a double agent for the British),{{cite book|author=M. Stenson|title=Class, Race, and Colonialism in West Malaysia|date=1 November 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=9780774844406|pages=108}} accepted the return of British colonial rule and adopted a moderate "open and legal" attitude towards progressing their goals with most members receiving medals from the British the following year. There was a dispute after the British had returned when Lai Teck disappeared with the CPM funds. The party administration was taken over by Chin Peng, who abandoned the "moderate strategy" in favour of a "people's revolutionary war", culminating in the Malayan Emergency of 1948. During the emergency period, large-scale attacks by the CPM occurred in the present-day Kulai District and other parts of Malaya, but failed to establish Mao Zedong-style "liberated areas".

File:Unpacking the State and Federation of Malaya Agreements (cropped).jpg (left), the Menteri Besar of Johor and founder of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) with Dr. W. Linehan (right), C.M.G. Adviser on Constitutional Affairs during the Federation of Malaya Agreements in 1948]]

Fighting between the British occupation forces and their Malayan allies against the CPM continued through the formation of the Malayan Union on 1 April 1946 and the proclamation of the independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957.{{cite book|author=Justus M. Kroef|title=Communism in Malaysia and Singapore: A Contemporary Survey|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-015-0499-7|pages=37–}} At the time of independence there were three political factions: the Communists, the pro-British, and a race-based coalition. The pro-British side was divided between the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), which was dominated by English-speaking Chinese and Eurasians who co-operate with left-wing Malay nationalists "for an independent Malaya that would also include Singapore" and another pro-British side comprising the Babas under the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), who were trying to retain their status and privileges granted for their loyalty to the British during the Straits Settlements era by remaining under British administration.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/90e4ea74-e949-4269-a522-d0cca976b432|title=Malayan Democratic Union is formed [20 December 1945]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081038/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/90e4ea74-e949-4269-a522-d0cca976b432|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3bf8c766-dd03-4825-b191-e65ef09b237b|title=Straits Chinese Association is established [16 August 1900]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630080534/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/3bf8c766-dd03-4825-b191-e65ef09b237b|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}} Meanwhile, the racial coalition, comprising the leading United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in an alliance with the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) and Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), sought an independent Malaya based on a racial and religious privileges policy and won the 1955 Malayan general election, with the capital of Johor Bahru being the centre of the UMNO party.

{{Main|Malaysia Agreement|Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation}}

In 1961, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya Tunku Abdul Rahman desired to unite Malaya with the British colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore.{{cite journal|title=Politics, Security and Early Ideas of 'Greater Malaysia', 1945–1961|author1=Joseph M. Fernando|author2=Shanthiah Rajagopal|journal=Archipel|year=2017|volume=94|issue=94|pages=97–119|doi=10.4000/archipel.445|s2cid=158625010 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/archipel/445}} Despite growing opposition from the governments of Indonesia and the Philippines as well from Communist sympathisers and nationalists in Borneo, the federation was realised on 16 September 1963, with the sovereign state renamed Malaysia.{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. International Information Administration. Documentary Studies Section|author2=United States Information Agency. Special Materials Section|author3=United States. International Communication Agency|title=Problems of Communism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AY4qAQAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Special Materials Section, United States Information Agency}}{{cite book|author=Ramses Amer|title=Conflict Management and Dispute Settlement in East Asia|date=23 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317162162|pages=52}} The Indonesian government later launched a "policy of confrontation" towards the new federation,{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/126b6b07-f796-4b4c-b658-938001e3213e|title=Indonesia announces Konfrontasi (Confrontation) [19 January 1963]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630081038/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/90e4ea74-e949-4269-a522-d0cca976b432|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}} which prompted the United Kingdom and their allies of Australia and New Zealand to deploy armed forces.{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19640907&id=MUBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843,1157289|title=Aggression Must be Deterred|newspaper=The Age|date=7 September 1964|access-date=4 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/confrontation-in-borneo|title=Confrontation in Borneo|work=NZ History|publisher=Government of New Zealand|access-date=4 July 2018}} Pontian District became the coastal landing point for amphibious Indonesian troops during the confrontation while Labis and Tenang in Segamat District became the landing point for Indonesian para-commandos for subversion and sabotage attacks.{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19890216&id=eWMmAAAAIBAJ&pg=2091,127515&hl=en|title=Quiet town with a troubled past|author=K. Vara|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=16 February 1989|access-date=4 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2016/09/06/a-confrontation-worthy-of-our-remembrance/|title=A confrontation worthy of our remembrance|author=Adam Leong Kok Wey|work=The Star|date=6 September 2016|access-date=4 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|title=Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704065605/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/event/indonesian-confrontation|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=dead}} Several encounters occurred in Kota Tinggi District, where nine Malayan/Singaporean troops and half of the Indonesian infiltrators were killed and the rest were captured.{{cite web|url=http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/attack-was-sad-thing-it-made-you-angry|title=The attack was a sad thing. It made you angry|author=Ho Ai Li|work=The Straits Times|publisher=AsiaOne|date=9 March 2015|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706055348/http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/attack-was-sad-thing-it-made-you-angry|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=dead}} Despite several attacks that also cost civilian lives, the Indonesian side did not reach their main objective, and the confrontation ended in 1966 following the internal political struggle in Indonesia resulting from the 30 September Movement.{{cite book|author=Narayanan Ganesan|title=Realism and Interdependence in Singapore's Foreign Policy|date=18 October 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134267514|pages=38}}{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/f950e04d-44d7-47ad-a10c-16dfb0cc9ce3|title=Konfrontasi (Confrontation) Ends [11 August 1966]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706060810/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/f950e04d-44d7-47ad-a10c-16dfb0cc9ce3|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=dead}}

Since the end of the confrontation, the state's development has expanded further with industrial estates and new suburbs. Of the total approved development projects for Johor from 1980 until 1990, 69 per cent were concentrated in Johor Bahru and the Pasir Gudang area.{{cite book|title=Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOlKAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Department of Geography, University of Malaya}} Industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both the northern and eastern sides of the town, including Plentong and Tebrau.{{cite web|url=http://www.world-guides.com/asia/malaysia/johor/johor-bahru/johor_bahru_history.html|title=Johor Bahru History Facts and Timeline (Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia)|publisher=World Guides|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822033035/http://www.world-guides.com/asia/malaysia/johor/johor-bahru/johor_bahru_history.html|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=dead}} The town of Johor Bahru was officially recognised as a city on 1 January 1994. On 22 November 2017, Iskandar Puteri was declared a city and assigned as the administrative centre of the state, located in Kota Iskandar.{{cite news|first1=Nabila|last1=Ahmad|date=13 July 2017|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/07/13/jb-central-municipal-council-to-be-upgraded-to-city-council-status/|title=JB central municipal council to be upgraded to city council status|work=The Star|access-date=23 November 2020}}

File:Dato' Jaafar Muhammad Building.JPG, which houses the office of the Menteri Besar of Johor]]

{{main|Johor State Executive Council|Johor State Legislative Assembly}}

{{see also|Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018-)#Johor|Politics of Malaysia|Order of precedence in Johor|Menteri Besar of Johor}}

File:Johor Royal Family 2015.png in 2015]]

Johor is a constitutional monarchy and was the first state in Malaysia to adopt the system via the Johor State Constitution (Malay: Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor) written by Sultan Abu Bakar in 1895.{{cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/1453/6/BAB_3.pdf|title=[Bab 3] Keanggotaan dalam Badan Perundangan mengikut Undang-undang Tubuh Kerajaan Johor 1895|trans-title=[Chapter 3] Membership in the Legal Body under the Law of the Johor State Constitution 1895|language=ms|publisher=University of Malaya Students Repository|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721041902/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/1453/6/BAB_3.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/12/honorific-for-johor-sultan-already-in-use-since-1895/|title=Honorific for Johor Sultan already in use since 1895|author=Nelson Benjamin|work=The Star|date=12 September 2017|access-date=9 July 2018}} The constitutional head of Johor is the sultan. This hereditary position can only be held by a member of the Johor royal family who is descended from Abu Bakar. The current Sultan of Johor is Ibrahim Iskandar, who became sultan on 23 January 2010.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/01/23/tunku-ibrahim-ismail-proclaimed-new-johor-sultan-update/|title=Tunku Ibrahim Ismail proclaimed new Johor Sultan (Update)|work=The Star|date=23 January 2010|access-date=9 July 2018}} The main royal palace for the sultan is the Bukit Serene Palace, while the crown prince's is the Istana Pasir Pelangi; both palaces are located in the state capital. Other palaces are the Grand Palace (which is also located in the state capital), Tanjong Palace in Muar, Sri Lambak in Kluang and Shooting Box in Segamat.{{cite web|url=http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/istana/|title=Istana|trans-title=Palace|language=ms|publisher=Coronation of HRH Sultan Ibrahim|year=2015|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709063512/http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/pengenalan/istana/|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}

File:Sultan Ismail Building.JPG houses the Johor State Legislative Assembly in Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri.]]

The state government is headed by a Menteri Besar, who is assisted by an 11-member executive council selected from the state assembly members.{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/370014/new-johor-exco-members-sworn|title=New Johor Exco members sworn in|author=Junita Mat Rasid|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=16 May 2018|access-date=9 July 2018}} The legislative branch of Johor's government is the Johor State Legislative Assembly, which is based on the Westminster system. Therefore, the chief minister is appointed based on their ability to command the majority of the state assembly. The state assembly makes laws in matters regarding the state. Members of the Assembly are elected by citizens every five years by universal suffrage.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.thestartv.com/v/johor-ruler-accept-the-voice-of-the-people-to-form-the-government|title=Johor Ruler: Accept the voice of the people to form the government|medium=video|time=1:56|publisher=The Star TV|date=10 May 2018|access-date=21 July 2018}} There are 56 seats in the assembly. The majority (40 seats) are currently held by Barisan Nasional (BN).

Johor was a sovereign state from 1948 until 1957 while the Federation of Malaya Agreement was in force, but its defence and external affairs were mainly under the control of the United Kingdom.{{cite book|author1=S. Jayakumar|author2=Tommy Thong Bee Koh|title=Pedra Branca: The Road to the World Court|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL1xgGRCUUUC&pg=PA154|year=2009|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-457-9|pages=154–|quote=Despite transferring control of its defence and external affairs to Britain, it is an undisputed fact that Johor was a sovereign State during the period 1948 to 1957, when the Federation Agreement was in force.}} The Malayan Federation was then merged with two British colonies in Borneo – North Borneo and Sarawak – to form the Federation of Malaysia. Since then, several disputes have arisen such as the incident involving the state royal family that resulted in the 1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia, disputes with federal leaders on state and federation affairs, and dissatisfaction over slower development in contrast with the long-standing prosperity in neighbouring Singapore, which even led to statements about secession from Johor's royal family.{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-crown-prince-warns-that-state-may-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms|title=Johor crown prince warns that state may secede if Putrajaya breaches federation's terms|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=16 October 2015|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080409/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-crown-prince-warns-that-state-may-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{*}} {{cite web|url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/johor-has-right-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms-crown-prince|title=Johor has every right to secede from M'sia: Crown Prince|publisher=Today Online|date=16 October 2015|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721061851/https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/johor-has-right-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms-crown-prince|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{*}} {{cite web|url=http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis|title=TMJ Recalls A "Dark History" In The Past But Leaves Out The Most Crucial Part|author=Sadho Ram|publisher=Says.com|date=24 March 2016|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721070210/http://says.com/my/imho/the-role-johor-royalty-played-in-1992-constitutional-crisis|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/state-readiness-wide-range-investment-opportunities-await|title=Wide range of investment opportunities await in Johor, Malaysia|date=23 June 2016|publisher=Oxford Business Group|access-date=21 July 2018}} Other social issues include the rise of racial and religious intolerance among the state's citizens since being part of the federation.{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/306201/sultan-johor-voices-concern-over-malay-credibility-crisis|title=Sultan of Johor voices concern over Malay 'credibility crisis'|author=Rizalman Hammim|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=22 November 2017|access-date=21 July 2018}}{{cite news|url=http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=121242|title=Johor Sultan alarmed over Malay crisis|newspaper=Daily Express|date=23 November 2017|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721071045/http://dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=121242|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{main|List of districts in Malaysia|List of local governments in Malaysia}}

File:Segamat District and Land Office.jpg.]]

File:Mersing District Council.JPG.]]

File:Kluang Municipal Council.jpg.]]

File:FELDA Linggiu Office.jpg.]]

Johor is divided into ten districts (daerah), 103 mukims and 16 local governments.{{cite web|url=http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_muatturun/Bahan_DRSNJ2030/Ringkasan_Eksekutif_DRSNJ2030.pdf|title=Johor 2030 (Draf Rancangan Struktur Negeri Johor – Profil Negeri Johor)Johor 2030|trans-title=Johor 2030 (Johor State Structure Plan Draft – Johor State Profile)|language=ms|publisher=Town and Village Planning Department of Johor|access-date=21 July 2018|page=5 [8/24]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721041643/http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_muatturun/Bahan_DRSNJ2030/Ringkasan_Eksekutif_DRSNJ2030.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf|title=Johor 2030 (Rancangan Struktur Negeri Johor 2030 – Kajian Semula)|trans-title=Johor 2030 (Johor State Structure Plan 2030 – Review)|language=ms|publisher=Town and Village Planning Department of Johor|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112164253/http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/rsn/RSN_Johor2030/RingkasanEksekutifJohor2030.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2018|url-status=dead}} There are district officers for each district and a village head person (known as a ketua kampung or penghulu) for each village in the district.{{cite web|url=http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah|title=Profil Pegawai Daerah|trans-title=District Employee Profile|language=ms|publisher=District Office of the State of Johor|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001513/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/profil/pd-johorbahru/profil_pegawai_daerah|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|author=Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia|title=Panduan tugas untuk penghulu dan Ketua Kampung Negeri Johor|trans-title=A task guide for local chieftain and Johor State Village Head|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sFaAQAACAAJ|year=1978|language=ms|publisher=Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Malaysia, Johor Bahru}}{{cite web|url=http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/|title=Senarai Penghulu-Penghulu Daerah|trans-title=List of District Chieftains|language=ms|publisher=District Office of the State of Johor|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225001458/http://pdnj.johor.gov.my/penghulu/|url-status=dead}} Before the British arrival, Johor was run by a group of relatives and friends of the sultan. A more organised administration was developed in the treaty of friendship with Great Britain in 1885.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf|title=Malay Elite Participation in the Johor Civil Service: Its Origins and Development until the 1930s|author=Mohd. Sarim Haji Mustajab|publisher=Town and Village Planning Department of Johor|year=1993|access-date=21 July 2018|pages=67–82|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721052655/http://www.ukm.my/jebat/images/upload/Mohd.%20Sarim%20Haji%20Mustajab%2021.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=dead}} A British Resident began to be accepted in 1914 when the state became an Unfederated Malay State (UMS).{{cite book|author=Iza R. Hussin|author-link=Iza Hussin|title=The Politics of Islamic Law: Local Elites, Colonial Authority, and the Making of the Muslim State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1ivCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=31 March 2016|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-32334-3|pages=154 and 159}} With the transformation into British-style administration, more Europeans were appointed into the administration with their role expanding from advising on financial matters to modern administration guidance.{{cite book|author1=Barbara Watson Andaya|author2=Leonard Y Andaya|title=A History of Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155110/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOHDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2019|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-137-60515-3|pages=208–}} Malay state commissioners worked alongside British district officers, known in Johor as "Assistant Advisers".{{cite book|author=Muhammad Kamil Awang|title=The Sultan & the Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLObAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|isbn=978-983-62-5980-6}} When the post of the Resident of the UMS was abolished, other European-held posts in the administration were replaced with locals. As in the rest of Malaysia, the local government comes under the purview of the state government.{{cite web|url=http://www.johor.gov.my/en/sukkt#1523867957295-f2c2c48a-b58b|title=Bahagian Kerajaan Tempatan|trans-title=Local Government Department [Client's Charter]|language=ms|publisher=State Government of Johor|access-date=23 July 2018}}

{{Johor Labelled Map}}

File:JMF Ibrahim.jpg leading the Johor Military Forces (JMF) during the King's Birthday Parade of George V in Singapore, {{circa|1920}}]]

The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia states that the Malaysian federal government is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html|title=Ninth schedule – Legislative lists|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915024439/http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/const/1957/24.html|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=dead}} However, Johor has a private army, the only state to do so. The retention of the army was one of the stipulations Johor made in 1946 when it participated in the Federation of Malaya.{{cite news |date=16 October 2015|title=Johor crown prince warns that state may secede if Putrajaya breaches federation's terms |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/johor-crown-prince-warns-that-state-may-secede-if-putrajaya-breaches-federations-terms |newspaper=The Straits Times|location=Kuala Lumpur }} This army, the Royal Johor Military Force (Askar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor), has served as the protector of the Johor monarchs since 1886.{{cite web|url=https://cilisos.my/why-is-johor-the-only-malaysian-state-with-its-own-private-army/|title=Why is Johor the only Msian state with its own private army? [Update]|author=New Jo-Lyn|publisher=cilisos.my|date=19 June 2015|access-date=24 July 2018}} It is one of the oldest military units in present-day Malaysia and had a significant historical role in the suppression of the 1915 Singapore Mutiny and served in both World Wars.{{cite web|url=http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces|title=Johor Military Forces|publisher=History Asia|access-date=24 July 2018|quote=The Johor Military Forces is an independent military force steeped in history. Formed in 1886 by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor, with the purpose of protecting Johor's safety and the king. The JMF is believed to be the oldest military unit in Malaysia and is the only state army in the Federation. The JMF has played a significant role in the suppression of the Singapore Mutiny of 1915 and served in both World Wars.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807004028/http://www.historyasia.com/shows/johor-military-forces|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Pedra Branca dispute}}

File:Pedra Branca Map.svg

Johor previously had a territorial dispute with Singapore.{{cite web|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ: Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|author=Kadir Mohamad|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|year=2009|access-date=26 July 2018|pages=1 and 2|quote=In 1979, Malaysia had published a map entitled "Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries of Malaysia" in which Batu Puteh (BP) was shown as forming a part of Malaysian territory. That inclusion was, in fact, a deliberate step taken by the cartographers to reaffirm Malaysia's sovereignty over BP which had always been a part of the original Sultanate of Johor since ancient times. In February 1980, Singapore lodged a protest against the inclusion of BP in the 1979 Map. That began a protracted dispute between Malaysia and Singapore, spanning almost three decades.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead}} In 1979 Government of Malaysia published the Malaysian Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Boundaries Map which showed the island of Batu Puteh (present-day Pedra Branca) as under their jurisdiction, Singapore lodged a formal protest the following year.{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html|title=Pedra Branca [Background]|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726045850/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/special_events/pedrabranca/background.html|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}} The dispute originally concerned only the one feature, but when both sides agreed to refer the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2003, the dispute was enlarged to include two other features in the vicinity, Middle Rocks and South Ledge. In 2008 the ICJ decided that "Batu Puteh belongs to Singapore, Middle Rocks to Malaysia and South Ledge belongs to the state in the territorial waters of which it is located".{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf|title=The Court finds that Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh; that Malaysia has sovereignty over Middle Rocks; and that sovereignty over South Ledge belongs to the State in the territorial waters of which it is located|publisher=International Court of Justice|date=23 May 2008|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061810/http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14490.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130|title=Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)|publisher=International Court of Justice|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726061916/http://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/130|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}} The final decision by ICJ to award Pedra Branca to Singapore was in line with the 1953 letter made by the Acting State Secretary of Johor in response to the question letter regarding Pedra Branca from the Colonial Secretary of Singapore, where the Government of Johor openly stated that it did not claim ownership of Pedra Branca despite acknowledging that the old Johor Empire once ruled most of the islands in the area.{{cite web|url=http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665|title=Passing of Sovereignty: the Malaysia/Singapore Territorial Dispute before the ICJ|author=Yoshifumi Tanaka|publisher=The Hague Justice|date=25 August 2008|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064011/http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=9665|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://english.astroawani.com/world-news/natuna-islands-malaysian-geography-indonesian-sovereignty-94430|title=The Natuna Islands: 'Malaysian in geography', Indonesian in sovereignty|author1=Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli|author2=Wan Izatul Asma Wan Talaat|publisher=Astro Awani|date=15 February 2016|access-date=26 July 2018}} In 2017, Malaysia appealed the case of Pedra Branca based on the conditions required by the ICJ that a case could be revised within six months of discovery of facts and within ten years of the date of judgement following the discovery of several facts.{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts|title=Malaysia seeks to revise judgment on Pedra Branca, citing discovery of 'new facts'|author=Reme Ahmad|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=3 February 2017|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080207/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-seeks-to-revise-judgment-on-pedra-branca-citing-discovery-of-new-facts|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}} The request was dropped following internal changes in the new Malaysian administration the following year where they subsequently acknowledged Singapore's permanent sovereignty over the island while announcing plans to convert the Middle Rocks into an island.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r|title=Malaysia withdraws ICJ challenge on Pedra Branca, ceding rights for future revision to 2008 ruling|work=Today Online|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=30 May 2018|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726073837/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1636496/malaysia-withdraws-icj-challenge-on-pedra-branca-ceding-rights-for-future-r|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore|title=Mahathir plans Malaysian island on Middle Rocks near Singapore|author=Bhavan Jaipragas|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=30 May 2018|access-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804080734/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2148524/malaysias-mahathir-build-island-middle-rocks-near-singapore|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

File:Satellite picture of Malayan Peninsular and Sumatra (extracted).jpg satellite image.]]

The total land area of Johor is nearly {{convert|19166|km2|sqmi}}, and it is surrounded by the South China Sea to the east, the Straits of Johor to the south and the Straits of Malacca to the west. The state has {{convert|400|km|mi}} of coastline,{{cite book|author1=Daniel J. Hopkins|author2=Merriam-Webster Staff|author3=편집부|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA556|year=1997|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|pages=556–|quote=Johor coastline about 250 miles (400 kilometres).}} of which {{convert|237.7|km|mi}} have been eroding.{{cite journal|url=https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf|title=Coastal erosion management in Malaysia|author=Ir. Ooi Choon Ann|journal=Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences|via=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia|year=1996|access-date=14 October 2019|pages=9 (10)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=dead}} A majority of its coastline, especially on the west coast is covered with mangrove and nipah forests.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E50.htm|title=[Malaysia] Vegetation description|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728075627/http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E50.htm|archive-date=28 July 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://repo.uum.edu.my/3751/|title=Management of mangrove forests in Johor – as part of the coastal ecosystem management|author1=Abdul Karim|author2=Shashiah|author3=Abdul Rahman|author4=Yusup|author5=Abdullah|author6=Mohd Jinis|publisher=Sultanah Bahiyah Library, Universiti Utara Malaysia|year=2004|access-date=27 July 2018}}{{cite book|author=Eric Bird|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA1119|date=25 February 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0|pages=1119–1120}} The east coast is dominated by sand beaches and rocky headlands,{{cite book|author1=A. Selamat|author2=H. Fujita|author3=H. Haron|title=New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the Thirteenth SoMeT_14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oN3YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|date=29 August 2014|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1-61499-434-3|pages=119–}} while the south coast consists of a series of alternating headlands and bays. Its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends much further in the South China Sea than in the Straits of Malacca.{{cite web|url=http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=8483|title=Marine Gazetteer Placedetails [Malaysian Exclusive Economic Zone]|publisher=Marineregions.org|access-date=27 July 2018}} The western part of Johor had a considerable amount of peatland.{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf|author2=Radziah Othman|author3=Che Fauziah Ishak|title=Soils of Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|date=22 September 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-99857-4|pages=108–}} In 2005, the state recorded {{convert|391499002|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of forested land, which is classified into natural inland forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest and mud flat.{{cite web|url=https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf|title=Summary of the State of Johor Forest Management Plan for the Period between 2006–2015|publisher=Johor State Forestry Department|access-date=28 July 2018|pages=7/71–11/71 [XVIII/XXIII]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729132504/https://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/MC-and-I/2.Ringkasan-Rancangan-Pengurusan-Hutan-RPH/fmu.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=dead}} About 83% of Johor's terrain is lowlands, while only 17% is higher and steep terrain. While being relatively flat, Johor is dotted with many isolated peaks known as inselbergs, including isolated massifs. Mount Ledang, also known as Mount Ophir, in the district of Tangkak and near the tripoint with Malacca and Negeri Sembilan, is the state's highest point at 1,276 metres above sea level.{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang|title=Taman Hutan Lagenda Gunung Ledang|publisher=Johor Parks|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729191106/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=dead}} Also in the state are Mount Besar, Mount Belumut and Mount Panti,{{cite web|url=https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/|title=11 Mesmerizing mountains in Johor|publisher=Johor Now|date=12 November 2016|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730070930/https://www.johornow.com/english/11-mesmerizing-mountains-johor/|archive-date=30 July 2018|url-status=dead}} which form the southern foothills of the Tenasserim Hills that extends from southern Myanmar and Thailand. Since the state also lies on the Sunda Plate, it experiences tremors from nearby earthquakes in Sumatra, Indonesia.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/03/johor-selangor-residents-panic-over-tremors-from-indonesian-earthquake/|title=Johor, Selangor residents shaken by Sumatra quake|work=Bernama|publisher=The Star|date=3 March 2016|access-date=28 July 2018}}

File:Forest trees in Johor.jpg]]

Much of central Johor is covered with dense forest, where an extensive network of rivers originating from mountains and hills in the area spreads to the west, east and south.{{cite web|url=http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg|title=Peta Pengkelasan Hutan Mengikut Seksyen 10 (1) APN Negeri Johor|trans-title=Forest Classification Map in accordance with Section 10 (1) of the State APN of Johor|language=ms|publisher=Johor State Forestry Department|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730133735/http://johor.forestry.gov.my/images/Maklumat-Hutan/FMU/peta-pengkelasan3.jpg|archive-date=30 July 2018|url-status=dead}} On the west coast, the Batu Pahat River, Muar River and Pontian River flow to the Straits of Malacca, while the Johor River, Perepat River, Pulai River, Skudai River and Tebrau River flow to the Straits of Johor in the south. The Endau River, Mersing River, Sedili Besar River and Sedili Kecil River flow to the South China Sea in the east. The Johor River Basin covers an area of 2,690 kilometres, starting from Mount Belumut (east of Kluang) and Mount Gemuruh (to the north) downstream to Tanjung Belungkor.{{cite book|author=Anuar Bin Md. Ali|title=Flood Inundation Modeling and Hazard Mapping under Uncertainty in the Sungai Johor Basin, Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSJWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|date=17 April 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-88949-3|pages=33–}} The river originates from the Layang-Layang, Linggiu, and Sayong rivers before converging into the main river and flowing southeast to the Straits of Johor for 122.7 kilometres. Its tributaries include the Berangan River, Lebak River, Lebam River, Panti River, Pengeli River, Permandi River, Seluyut River, Semangar River, Telor River, Tembioh River, and Tiram River. Other river basins in Johor including the Ayer Baloi River, Benut River, Botak Drainage, Jemaluang River, Pontian Besar River, Sanglang River, Santi River, and Sarang Buaya River.{{cite web|url=http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1|title=Senarai Lembangan Sungai Bagi Negeri Johor|trans-title=List of River Basins For The State Of Johor|language=ms|publisher=Basic Information System of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia (SMANRE)|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731073052/http://smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/sungai/list_lembangan_sungai_kategori.php?neg=Johor&PageNo=1|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=dead}}

Johor is located in a tropical region with an equatorial climate. Both the temperature and humidity are consistently high throughout the year with heavy rainfall. Average monthly temperatures between {{convert|26|C|F}} and {{convert|28|C|F}}, with the lowest recorded during the rainy seasons. The west coast receives an average of between 2,000 millimetres and 2,500 millimetres of rain, while in the east the average rainfall is higher, with Endau and Pengerang receiving more than 3,400 millimetres of rain a year. The state experiences two monsoon seasons, the northeast and southwest seasons; the northeast occurs from November until March while the southeast occurs from May until September, and the transitional months for the monsoon seasons are April and November. The state experienced extreme flooding from December 2006 to January 2007 with around 60,000–70,000 of the state residents evacuated to an emergency shelter.{{cite web|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/|title=Malaysia's worst flood in 100 years destroys over 60,000 homes|publisher=Pravda|date=21 December 2006|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111213/http://www.pravdareport.com/news/hotspots/21-12-2006/86036-flood-0/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957|title=Shortage Of Food Supply At Flood Relief Centres In Johor|publisher=Bernama|date=22 December 2006|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215417/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=237957|archive-date=26 September 2007|url-status=dead}}

{{Johor Bahru weatherbox}}

File:Gunung Ledang from the road.jpg|Mount Ophir

File:Rawa Island, Johor, Malaysia.jpg|Rawa Island beach

File:Sunrise over a palm plantation in Johor, Malaysia.jpg|Sunrise over a palm oil plantation

File:Waterfall in Belumut Mountain, Kluang, Johor, Malaysia.jpg|Waterfall in Mount Belumut

{{see also|Protected areas of Johor}}

File:Tiger Shrike (Lanius tigrinus) female - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg (Lanius tigrinus) in Panti Forest]]

The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950 vertebrates species, comprising 200 mammals, 600 birds and 150 reptiles, along with 2,080 invertebrate species. The Endau-Rompin National Park is the largest national park in the state, covering an area of {{convert|48905|hectare|0|abbr=on}} in northern Johor; its name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiasite.nl/endaueng.htm|title=Endau-Rompin [Johor National Park]|author=Ben van Wijnen|publisher=The Malaysia Site|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801081947/https://www.malaysiasite.nl/endaueng.htm|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}} There are two entry points for the park, one through Peta with an area of {{convert|19562|hectare|0|abbr=on}} (about 40% of the total area) with entrance from Kahang in the Mersing District and the other at Kampung Selai with an area of {{convert|29343|hectare|0|abbr=on}} (about 60% of the total area) with entrance from Bekok in Segamat District.{{cite web|url=http://tourism.johor.my/tours/taman-negara-endau-rompin/|title=Taman Negara Endau Rompin|publisher=Johor Tourism|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801082840/http://tourism.johor.my/tours/taman-negara-endau-rompin/|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/ramsar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182&catid=71&Itemid=423|title=Endau-Rompin Selai|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801085211/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/ramsar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182&catid=71&Itemid=423|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}} Destinations in Peta including the Buaya Sangkut Waterfalls, Upeh Guling Waterfalls, Air Biru Lake, Janing Barat, Nature Education and Research Centre (NERC), Kuala Jasin and Peta indigenous village, while in Selai the area is mostly for hiking and jungle trekking.{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/v2/places-of-interest-endau-rompin-peta/|title=Endau-Rompin Peta|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801083911/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/v2/places-of-interest-endau-rompin-peta/|archive-date=1 August 2018|url-status=dead}} Some mammal species found in the park include the Asian elephant, clouded leopard, Malayan sun bear, Malayan tapir and Malayan tiger.{{cite book|author=Mashhor Mansor|title=Biodiversity: Reflections from a Malaysian Ecologist (Penerbit USM)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRWtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|year=2013|publisher=Penerbit USM|isbn=978-983-861-650-8|pages=94–}}

File:Stork in Johor.jpg in a swamp of Johor]]

Gunung Ledang National Park in western Johor, was established in 2005 with an area of {{convert|8611|hectare|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang|title=Taman Hutan Lagenda Gunung Ledang|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802024847/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/gunung-ledang|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}} It has various rivers and streams, waterfalls, diverse rainforest, pines, and sub-montane forest, and the Tangkak Dam can also be seen from the park area. Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Asahan Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail. The state's only marine park, the Sultan Iskandar Park, is located off the east coast and is made up of 13 islands in six clusters, Aur, Besar, Pemanggil, Rawa, Sibu and Tinggi, with an area of more than {{convert|8000|hectare|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/taman-laut-sultan-iskandar|title=Taman Laut Sultan Iskandar|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802030504/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/taman-laut-sultan-iskandar|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/products/publication/190-sultan-iskandar-marine-park|title=Sultan Iskandar Marine Park|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802030708/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/products/publication/190-sultan-iskandar-marine-park|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}} In 2003, three wetlands in southern Johor comprising Kukup Island, Pulai River and Tanjung Piai were designated as a Ramsar site.{{cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/malaysia-names-three-new-ramsar-sites-in-johor-state|title=Malaysia names three new Ramsar sites in Johor State|publisher=Ramsar Convention|date=11 June 2003|access-date=1 August 2018}} Tanjung Piai covers an area of {{convert|526|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of mangroves and another {{convert|400|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of inter-tidal mudflats,{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/tanjung-piai|title=Tanjung Piai|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802035518/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/tanjung-piai|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}} Pulai River with {{convert|9,126.0|hectare|0|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/ramsar/sungai-pulai/|title=Sungai Pulai|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041704/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/ramsar/sungai-pulai/|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}} and Kukup Island with {{convert|647|hectare|0|abbr=on}} surrounded by some {{convert|800|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of mudflats.{{cite web|url=http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/pulau-kukup|title=Pulau Kukup|publisher=Johor National Parks Corporation|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802040003/http://www.johorparks.gov.my/en/parks/pulau-kukup|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}} The Pulai River became a seahorse sanctuary and hatchery as part of the state biodiversity masterplan, since Johor's waters are home to three of the eight seahorse species found in Malaysia.{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/11/johor-embarks-biodiversity-masterplan|title=Johor embarks on biodiversity masterplan|author=Chuah Bee Kim|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=5 November 2015|access-date=1 August 2018}}

File:Sarang Buaya.jpg.]]

Poaching is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the 2000s.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2003/07/02/wildlife-faces-threat-of-poaching/|title=Wildlife faces threat of poaching|author=Ibrahim Mohtar|work=The Star|date=2 July 2003|access-date=1 August 2018}} In 2004, local authorities uncovered large-scale sandalwood (gaharu) poaching by foreigners in the Endau-Rompin National Park with a large number of protected plant species being confiscated from the suspects.{{cite web|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2004&dt=0703&pub=utusan_express&sec=Discoveries&pg=di_01.htm|title=Large-scale sandalwood poaching in Endau-Rompin|work=Bernama|publisher=Utusan Malaysia|date=3 July 2004|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122515/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2004&dt=0703&pub=utusan_express&sec=Discoveries&pg=di_01.htm|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}} The conversion of mangrove areas along the southern and eastern coasts for use in aquaculture projects, sand mining and rapid urbanisation in addition to the abnormal weather patterns caused by climate change and rising sea levels are contributing to the erosion of the state's coastline.{{cite journal|url=http://www.seafdec.org.my/v13/images/stories/pdf/ASEAN_USAID/Task%20241-M-%20243-M%20Assessment%20of%20coastal%20erosion.pdf|title=Assessment of Coastal Erosion [Progress Report]|journal=ASEAN-USAID Coastal Resources Management Project Task 241M–243M|publisher=Southeast Asians Fisheries Development Centre/Marine Fishery Resources Development And Management Department|date=July 1988|access-date=27 July 2018|pages=1 & 11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727083645/http://www.seafdec.org.my/v13/images/stories/pdf/ASEAN_USAID/Task%20241-M-%20243-M%20Assessment%20of%20coastal%20erosion.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{*}} {{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319650532|title=Impact of the sea level rise on low lying areas of coastal zone: The case of Batu Pahat|author1=A. B. Yannie|author2=A. H. Radzi|author3=A. Dunstan|author4=W. H M Wan Mohtar|via=In Sustainable Hydraulics in the Era of Global Change – Proceedings of the 4th European Congress of the International Association of Hydroenvironment engineering and Research, National University of Malaysia|publisher=CRC Press/Balkema|year=2016|access-date=27 July 2018|pages=370–376|isbn=978-1-138-02977-4}}
{{*}} {{cite journal|title=Coastal Erosion at Tanjong Piai, Johor, Malaysia|volume=71|author1=Nor Aslinda Awang|author2=Wan Hasliza Wan Jusoh|author3=Mohd Radzi Abdul Hamid|journal=Journal of Coastal Research|year=2014|pages=122–130|doi=10.2112/SI71-015.1|s2cid=128593447}}
{{*}} {{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/11/17/ayub-we-need-rm15bil-to-protect-coastline-from-erosion/|title=Ayub: We need RM1.5bil to protect coastline from erosion|author=Mohd Farhaan Shah|work=The Star|date=17 November 2016|access-date=27 July 2018}} It has also been discovered that some {{convert|68468|hectare|0|abbr=on}} of peatland soils in western Johor have been planted with palm oil plantations. In 2017, around 28 rivers in the state were categorised as polluted,{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/03/17/johor-moves-to-clean-up-28-polluted-rivers/|title=Johor moves to clean up 28 polluted rivers|work=The Star|date=17 March 2017|access-date=1 August 2018}} leading the authorities and government to push for legislative change and sterner action against river polluters, especially since severe pollution has disrupted the water supply to an estimated 1.8 million people in the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/authorities-push-legislation-change-johor-river-pollution/|title=Authorities push for legislation change after Johor River pollution|work=Channel NewsAsia|publisher=The Malaysian Times|date=3 November 2017|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802051540/http://www.themalaysiantimes.com.my/authorities-push-legislation-change-johor-river-pollution/|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/21/johor-govt-to-take-stern-action-against-river-polluters/|title=Johor Govt to take stern action against river polluters|work=The Star|date=21 November 2017|access-date=1 August 2018}} The 2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution affected 6,000 residents of the industrial area of Pasir Gudang with 2,775 being hospitalised.{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.my/johor-gas-poisoning-victims-now-at-2775-but-pm-mahathir-says-the-situation-is-under-control/|title=Johor gas poisoning victims now at 2,775, but PM Mahathir says the situation is 'under control'|author=Rachel Genevieve Chia|publisher=Business Insider Malaysia|date=15 March 2019|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815081307/https://www.businessinsider.my/johor-gas-poisoning-victims-now-at-2775-but-pm-mahathir-says-the-situation-is-under-control/|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/06/01/health-ministry-to-examine-6000-victims-of-sungai-kim-kim-toxic-fumes-incid/1758320|title=Health Ministry to examine 6,000 victims of Sungai Kim Kim toxic fumes incident|author=Terence Tang|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=1 June 2019|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816060715/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/06/01/health-ministry-to-examine-6000-victims-of-sungai-kim-kim-toxic-fumes-incid/1758320|archive-date=16 August 2019|url-status=dead}} Forest fires have also become a concern with more than 380 recorded throughout the state in 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/02/20/fires-sweep-through-farmland-and-forests-in-sabah-and-johor/|title=Fires sweep through farmland and forests in Sabah and Johor|work=The Star|date=20 February 2010|access-date=1 August 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-2940-forest-bush-fire-outbreaks-recorded-in-10-days/|title=Malaysia: 2,940 forest, bush fire outbreaks recorded in 10 days|work=Bernama|publisher=Eco-Business|date=12 April 2016|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802060017/http://www.eco-business.com/news/malaysia-2940-forest-bush-fire-outbreaks-recorded-in-10-days/|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Economy of Johor}}

{{Pie chart

| caption=Johor GDP Share by Sector (2016){{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|title=GDP By State (2010–2016)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=6 September 2017|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081413/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

| label1 = Services

| value1 = 47.1

| color1 = #000080

| label2 = Manufacturing

| value2 = 30.6

| color2 = #800080

| label3 = Agriculture

| value3 = 13.5

| color3 = #008000

| label4 = Construction

| value4 = 6.8

| color4 = #808000

| label5 = Import Duties

| value5 = 1.9

| color5 = #8B0000

}}

File:Tanjungpelepas.jpg, the 15th busiest port in the world and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.]]

Johor's economy is mainly based on the tertiary sector, namely services, manufacturing, agriculture, construction, etc.{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09|title=GDP By State (2010–2014)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=30 May 2016|page=2 and 5|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804072828/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FpdfPrev&id=OFN3NkVtT0xGWU1wQ1Y1YnRPNXRUQT09|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|last=Hammim|first=Rizalman|date=10 September 2020|url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2020/09/623408/johor-economy-contract-between-35-and-55-pct-2020|title=Johor economy to contract between 3.5 and 5.5 pct in 2020|publisher=The Straits Times|access-date=8 March 2021}} In 2023, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Johor was RM148.2 billion, the second highest among Malaysian states after Selangor and the largest outside the Klang Valley.{{cite news |author=A. Ruban |date=14 June 2017 |title=Johor banks on tourists, rails, ports and parks to drive economy forward |url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1399197/johor-banks-on-tourists-rails-ports-and-parks-to-drive-economy-forward |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809083938/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1399197/johor-banks-on-tourists-rails-ports-and-parks-to-drive-economy-forward |archive-date=9 August 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |newspaper=The Malay Mail}} The state's median income was RM5,652 in 2024, making it the state with the second highest median household income after Selangor. The year before, the economic growth rate of the state was 5.7 per cent and accounted for 9.6 per cent of Malaysia's GDP.{{cite journal|url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/TRS20_17.pdf|title=Trends in Southeast Asia [The 2017 Johor Survey: Selected Findings]|author1=Terence Chong|author2=Lee Hock Guan|author3=Norshahril Saat|author4=Serina Rahman|journal=Trends in Southeast Asia Series: WTO Issues|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute|year=2017|access-date=9 August 2018|page=2 [11/52]|issn=0219-3213|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809083230/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/TRS20_17.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2018|url-status=dead}} The state has the largest services sector and real estate development outside the Klang Valley, with the former contributing 8.6 percent of the country's services sector's GDP in 2023.{{Cite web |title=Services, manufacturing made up 82.6 per cent of economy in 2023 |url=https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/services-manufacturing-made-up-82-6-per-cent-of-economy-in-2023/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=MIDA {{!}} Malaysian Investment Development Authority |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Why everyone is moving to Selangor and Johor: Malaysia’s real estate comeback |url=https://www.asiarealestatesummit.com/why-everyone-is-moving-to-selangor-and-johor-malaysias-real-estate-comeback/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.asiarealestatesummit.com |language=en-US}}

File:Legoland Malaysia Resort.jpg]]

Johor continues to be one of the top investment destinations in the region.{{Cite web |title=Johor ups its game to become the next Shenzhen in order to attract investors |url=https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/johor-ups-its-game-to-become-the-next-shenzhen-in-order-to-attract-investors/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=MIDA {{!}} Malaysian Investment Development Authority |language=en-US}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2013/06/01/johor-sarawak-emerge-top-mida-they-received-the-highest-manufacturing-investments-in-q1/|title=Johor, Sarawak emerge top|author=Intan Farhana Zainul|work=The Star|date=1 June 2013|access-date=4 August 2018}} It has been ranked the top state in Malaysia for six consecutive years in approved manufacturing projects valued at RM145 billion from 2013 to 2018.{{Cite web |title=Why Johor? – Invest Johor |url=https://www.investjohor.gov.my/v2/why-johor/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en}} The state attracted the highest foreign direct investment (FDI) among all Malaysian states in 2022, primarily in the manufacturing sector.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title=Industrial is trending in south of Malaysia |url=https://www.jll.com.sg/en/trends-and-insights/investor/industrial-is-trending-in-south-of-malaysia |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.jll.com.sg |language=en-SG}} In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/03/12/johor-can-maintain-no-1-position-for-manufacturing-sector-investments/|title=Johor can maintain No. 1 position for manufacturing sector investments|author=Zazali Musa|work=The Star|date=12 March 2018|access-date=10 August 2018}}

Johor is the second largest trade contributor in Malaysia, and has the second largest share of the country's imports, after Selangor.{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=2024-07-26 |title=5 states dominated exports in June, making up 82.9pct of total exports {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/economy/2024/07/1081982/5-states-dominated-exports-june-making-829pct-total-exports#:~:text=Accordingly,%20Mohd%20Uzir%20said%20Selangor,Kedah%20(6.3%20per%20cent). |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NST Online |language=en}} The state is also Malaysia's largest data centre hub and the ninth largest in Asia.{{Cite web |title=Johor’s data centres getting a boost from the Singapore factor; water, power remain bottlenecks |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-johor-data-centres-nvidia-ytl-kulai-sedenak-sez-us-china-trade-war-4310496 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=CNA |language=en}} As a prominent regional manufacturing hub, the state is home to major multinational corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia, like ByteDance, Nvidia, Microsoft, Micron, Saudi Aramco, Foxconn, among others.{{Cite web |title=Saudi Aramco aims to make Pengerang Hub largest in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.fuelsandlubes.com/flo-article/saudi-aramco-aims-to-make-pengerang-hub-largest-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=F&L Asia |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Tech: Memory gain for Micron Malaysia |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/article/tech-memory-gain-micron-malaysia |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Edge Malaysia}}{{Cite web |last=Caillavet |first=Christopher |date=2025-01-29 |title=Microsoft Buys Johor, Malaysia Data Centre Site From Crescendo |url=https://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/data-centres/microsoft-buys-johor-malaysia-data-centre-site-from-crescendo/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Mingtiandi |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Comment |first=Matthew Gooding |date=2024-06-10 |title=TikTok owner ByteDance to expand Malaysia data center footprint in $2.1bn AI deal |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/tiktok-owner-bytedance-to-expand-malaysia-data-center-footprint-in-21bn-ai-deal/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.datacenterdynamics.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=YTL Power set to deploy and manage Nvidia’s AI supercomputer in Johor |url=https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/705069 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Edge Malaysia}} Its capital city, Johor Bahru, has been ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to Oliver Wyman, a New York-based management consulting firm.{{Cite web |last=Wyman |first=Oliver |title=The Full Ranking Of The Cities Shaping The Future |url=https://www.oliverwymanforum.com/performance-reimagined/cities-shaping-future-business-growth-and-innovation/ranking.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Oliver Wyman Forum |language=en}}

File:Jbjbjb.jpg skyline.]]

Iskandar Malaysia located in southern Johor, is the largest special economic zone in Malaysia by investment value and GDP per capita, encompassing the city centre of Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri, Kulai District, Pasir Gudang and South Pontian. It is a major development zone in the nation with an area of {{convert|221634|hectare|sqkm}}.{{cite web|url=http://iskandarmalaysia.com.my/faq/|title=FAQ|publisher=Iskandar Malaysia|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405075008/http://www.iskandarmalaysia.com.my/faq/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/12/17/iskandar-malaysia-as-a-new-metropolis/|title=Iskandar Malaysia as a new metropolis|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=17 December 2012|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810072656/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/12/17/iskandar-malaysia-as-a-new-metropolis/|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=dead}} It primarily focuses on trading and services, manufacturing, business and finance, logistics, articificial intelligence, modern farming and ecotourism.{{cite web |title=Johor State Economic Data |url=http://www.johor.gov.my/en/upenj#1515920632636-3c8142b7-523f |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809085036/http://www.johor.gov.my/en/upenj |archive-date=9 August 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018 |publisher=State Government of Johor |language=ms}} With the establishment of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone, the state is set to rival Klang Valley, the main economic region in Malaysia, in the next decade.{{Cite web |last=Jalil |first=Asila |date=2025-01-09 |title=Johor will rival Klang Valley in 10 years with JS-SEZ - Rafizi [BTTV] {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/economy/2025/01/1158451/johor-will-rival-klang-valley-10-years-js-sez-rafizi-bttv |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=NST Online |language=en}}

File:Johor 9 August 2022 01.jpg, the largest petrochemical hub in Malaysia.]]

The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was {{convert|144|km2|abbr=on}} or 0.75 per cent of the land in Johor. The state also houses Johor Corporation (JCorp), a state-owned conglomerate involved in various business activities in the state and overseas.{{cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.jcorp.com.my/ |access-date=10 August 2018 |publisher=Johor Corporation}}{{cite web |author=Mohd Farhaan Shah |date=2 August 2018 |title=JCorp expected to bring RM18bil in investment over next five years |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/02/jcorp-expected-to-bring-rm18bil-in-investment-over-next-five-years/ |access-date=10 August 2018 |work=The Star}} Johor is also the largest agriculture output contributor in Malaysia.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Johor is Malaysia's top agriculture contributor due to state's economic stability, says deputy minister |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/09/12/johor-is-malaysia039s-top-agriculture-contributor-due-to-state039s-economic-stability-says-deputy-minister |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Star |language=en}} The main agricultural sectors in the state are palm oil plantations, rubber plantations, and produce. In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered {{convert|11555|km2|abbr=on}}, 60.15 per cent of the state, with other plantations including herbs and spices. In 2016, palm oil plantations covered {{convert|7456|km2|abbr=on}} (38.8 per cent of the total land area), making it the third largest plantation area in Malaysia after Sabah and Sarawak.{{cite web|url=http://www.mpob.gov.my/images/stories/pdf/2017/2017_Dr.KushairiPALMEROS2017.pdf|title=Malaysian Oil Palm Industry Performance 2016 and Prospects for 2017|author=Ahmad Kushairi Din|publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Board|year=2017|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810060944/http://www.mpob.gov.my/images/stories/pdf/2017/2017_Dr.KushairiPALMEROS2017.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=dead}} Farmers' markets ({{langx|ms|pasar peladang}}) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.{{cite news|url=http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Johor/20130715/wj_03/LPP-peruntuk-RM150000-naik-taraf-Pasar-Peladang-Pontian|date=15 July 2013|title=LPP peruntuk RM150,000 naik taraf Pasar Peladang Pontian|publisher=Utusan Online|access-date=8 January 2019|language=ms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145734/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Johor/20130715/wj_03/LPP-peruntuk-RM150000-naik-taraf-Pasar-Peladang-Pontian|archive-date=8 January 2019|url-status=dead}} Johor is the biggest fruit producer in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of {{convert|414|km2|abbr=on}} and total harvesting area of {{convert|305|km2|abbr=on}}. Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of {{convert|111|km2|abbr=on}} and {{convert|66|km2|abbr=on}}, respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production at 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of {{convert|154|km2|abbr=on}} and a total harvesting area of {{convert|143|km2|abbr=on}}. Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of {{convert|36|km2|abbr=on}}, and the highest total vegetable production at 60,102 tons.{{cite web|url=http://pertanian.johor.gov.my/sites/default/files/booklet_statistik_pertanian_johor_2016.pdf|title=Statistik Tanaman Negeri Johor (Sub-sektor Tanaman Makanan) 2016|trans-title=Johor State Crop Statistics (Food Crops Sub-sector) 2016|language=ms|work=Division of Detection and Evaluation, Department of State Agriculture of Johor|publisher=Department of Agricultural, Johor|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810061558/http://pertanian.johor.gov.my/sites/default/files/booklet_statistik_pertanian_johor_2016.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

File:The Astaka at Bukit Senyum, Johor Bahru.jpg is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.]]

Johor benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists due to its close proximity to Singapore.{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/surge-in-singapore-dollar-a-boon-for-johor|title=Surge in Singapore dollar a boon for Johor|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=25 August 2015|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804075657/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/surge-in-singapore-dollar-a-boon-for-johor|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/when-singaporeans-splurge-malaysia|title=When Singaporeans splurge in Malaysia|author=Ahmad Fairuz Othman|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=3 September 2015|access-date=4 August 2018}} From 1990 to 1992, approved Singaporean investments in Johor amounted to about US$500 million in 272 projects.{{cite book|author1=International Monetary Fund Staff|author2=International Monetary Fund|title=Singapore: a Case Study in Rapid Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBmD0lhGKNoC&pg=PA2004|date=December 1995|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-55775-463-9|pages=2004–}} In 1994, the investment from Singapore was nearly 40% of the state's total foreign investment. The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and goods between the two.{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd4d0374-63ae-49fe-95c8-2210b3b0ac59|title=Formation of Sijori Growth Triangle is announced [20 December 1989]|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804092647/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bd4d0374-63ae-49fe-95c8-2210b3b0ac59|archive-date=4 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|author1=Francis E Hutchinson|author2=Terence Chong|title=The SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ck13DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=14 June 2016|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|isbn=978-981-4695-58-9|pages=127–}}{{cite journal|title=Mirror Images in Different Frames? Johor, the Riau Islands, and Competition for Investment from Singapore|author=Mulya Amri|journal=Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=24 August 2015|pages=309–310|volume=51|issue=2|doi=10.1080/00074918.2015.1061927|doi-access=free}} The close economic links between the two began with the establishment of the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle (SIJORI Growth Triangle) in 1989.{{cite book|author1=Alex E. Fernández Jilberto|author2=André Mommen|title=Regionalization and Globalization in the Modern World Economy: Perspectives on the Third World and Transitional Economies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOJBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT373|date=16 March 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-79451-0|pages=373–}}

File:RTS Viaducts to Bukit Chagar Under Construction 20240318 160437.jpg under construction in Johor Bahru City Centre]]

The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,{{cite web|url=http://www.johor.gov.my/en/upenj#1515920632627-f1c96b4f-9428|title=Department of Economy Planning|language=ms|publisher=State Government of Johor|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809085036/http://www.johor.gov.my/en/upenj#1515920632627-f1c96b4f-9428|url-status=dead}} while the Landscape Department is responsible for the state's landscape development.{{cite web|url=http://www.johor.gov.my/en/landskap|title=Landscape Department|language=ms|publisher=State Government of Johor|access-date=13 August 2018}} Since the Ninth Malaysia Plan, the Johor Southern Corridor has been a focus for development.{{cite web|url=https://www.parlimen.gov.my/news/eng-ucapan_rmk9.pdf|title=Ninth Malaysia Plan [2006–2010]|work=Speech by the Prime Minister in the Dewan Rakyat|publisher=Parliament of Malaysia|date=31 March 2006|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813064430/https://www.parlimen.gov.my/news/eng-ucapan_rmk9.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=dead}} In 2010, the total state land used for commercial buildings was {{convert|21.53|km2|abbr=on}}, with Johor Bahru District accounting for {{convert|12.99|km2|abbr=on}} or 63.5%.{{cite web|url=http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_DokumenTerbitan/Handbook.pdf|title=Handbook (Data & Maklumat Perancangan Bandar & Desa Negeri Johor)|trans-title=Handbook (Data & Town Planning Information & Rurals of the State of Johor)|language=ms|publisher=Town and Village Planning Department of Johor|access-date=13 September 2018|pages=16–22/200|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913085826/http://jpbd.johor.gov.my/images/jpbd_DokumenTerbitan/Handbook.pdf|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Since 2012, around RM2.63 billion has been allocated by the federal and state governments for 33 infrastructure projects in Pengerang in southeastern Johor.{{cite web|url=https://www.propertyguru.com.my/property-news/2017/3/149295/rm2-36b-allocated-for-infrastructure-developments-in-pengerang|title=RM2.36b Allocated for Infrastructure Developments in Pengerang|author=Radin Ghazali|publisher=PropertyGuru|date=27 March 2017|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813071612/https://www.propertyguru.com.my/property-news/2017/3/149295/rm2-36b-allocated-for-infrastructure-developments-in-pengerang|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=dead}} The 2015 state budget included spending more than RM500 million for development in the following year – the highest amount ever allocated.{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/11/112519/record-rm500-mil-allocation-development-johor-budget|title=Record RM500 mil allocation for development in Johor budget|author1=Ahmad Fairuz Othman|author2=Rizalman Hammim|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=19 November 2015|access-date=13 August 2018}} The state government also ensured that infrastructure and development projects would be fairly distributed to all districts in the state,{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/09/01/all-johoreans-to-benefit-mb-infrastructure-and-development-projects-to-be-fairly-distributed-to-all/|title=All Johoreans to benefit from infrastructure and development projects|author=Zazali Musa|work=The Star|date=1 September 2017|access-date=13 August 2018}} with six focus areas outlined in the state government's strategic development plan in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1569711/johor-outlines-six-focus-areas-for-next-decade-of-development|title=Johor outlines six focus areas for next decade of development|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=4 February 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813061137/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1569711/johor-outlines-six-focus-areas-for-next-decade-of-development|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=dead}} In the same year, the federal government allocated RM250 million for three infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and accessibility within the state capital.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/01/03/johor-baru-gets-rm250mil-infrastructure-allocation/|title=Johor Baru gets RM250mil infrastructure allocation|author=Zazali Musa|work=The Star|date=3 January 2018|access-date=13 August 2018}} Following the recent change in the state government administration, the new government also pledged to provide better infrastructure for investors by improving the road network, providing an adequate water supply for factories and building sub-stations for electricity generation while rejecting foreign companies after discovering a foreign investor who claimed to use green technology to hide that he intended to use Johor as a waste disposal site.{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/05/13/new-johor-government-assures-of-better-infrastructure-for-investors/|title=New Johor government assures of better infrastructure for investors|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=13 May 2018|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813062037/http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/05/13/new-johor-government-assures-of-better-infrastructure-for-investors/|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/06/30/johor-govt-rejects-investment-detrimental-environment|title=Johor govt rejects investment detrimental to environment|work=Bernama|publisher=The Sun|date=30 June 2018|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912035510/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/06/30/johor-govt-rejects-investment-detrimental-environment|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

Electricity distribution in the state is managed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Most electricity is generated by coal and gas-fired plants. The coal power plant had a capacity of 700 MW in 2007 and 3,100 MW in 2016, which originated from the Tanjung Bin Power Station in Pontian.{{cite web|url=http://meih.st.gov.my/documents/10620/b10baadc-ab2c-488b-a4af-57e1f4d4d7a3|title=Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia – Performance and Statistical Information|publisher=Energy Commission (Malaysia)|year=2007|access-date=14 August 2018|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814074741/http://meih.st.gov.my/documents/10620/b10baadc-ab2c-488b-a4af-57e1f4d4d7a3|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/tanjung-bin-energy-power-plant/|title=Tanjung Bin Energy Power Plant|publisher=Power Technology|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814080626/https://www.power-technology.com/projects/tanjung-bin-energy-power-plant/|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.malakoff.com.my/Our-Business/Power-Plant-and-Water-Desalination-Plant-Locations/|title=Power Plant and Water Desalination Plant Locations|publisher=Malakoff power company|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814080354/http://www.malakoff.com.my/Our-Business/Power-Plant-and-Water-Desalination-Plant-Locations/|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}} Two gas-fired plants, Pasir Gudang Power Station with 210 MW and Sultan Iskandar Power Station with 269 MW, are located in Pasir Gudang.{{cite web|url=http://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/publications/outlook/Peninsular%20Malaysia%20Electricity%20Supply%20Outlook%202017.pdf|title=Peninsular Malaysia [Electricity Supply Outlook]|publisher=Energy Commission (Malaysia)|year=2017|access-date=14 August 2018|page=7 8/60|issn=2289-7666|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814090939/http://www.st.gov.my/en/contents/publications/outlook/Peninsular%20Malaysia%20Electricity%20Supply%20Outlook%202017.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tnbremaco.com.my/track-record/test-diagnostics/test-services.html|title=Test Services|publisher=Tenaga Nasional Berhad Remaco|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814091528/http://www.tnbremaco.com.my/track-record/test-diagnostics/test-services.html|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead}} The Pasir Gudang Power Station was retired from the system in 2016. The state government has been planning to construct hydropower and combined cycle power plants since 2015 and 2018 respectively.{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/11/johor-govt-studying-dam-idea|title=Johor govt studying dam idea|author=Ahmad Fairuz Othman|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=2 November 2015|access-date=22 August 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.process-worldwide.com/poeyry-awarded-contract-for-gas-fired-combined-cycle-power-plant-in-malaysia-a-674625/|title=Pöyry Awarded Contract for Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant in Malaysia|author=Alexander Stark|publisher=Process Worldwide|date=6 January 2018|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822064415/https://www.process-worldwide.com/poeyry-awarded-contract-for-gas-fired-combined-cycle-power-plant-in-malaysia-a-674625/|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=dead}} A new combined cycle power plant was constructed on a greenfield site near the old decommissioned power plants in Pasir Gudang, named the Sultan Ibrahim Power Plant.{{cite news|url=http://energy.bernama.com/news.php?id=2064430|title=Johor Sultan officiates world's first commercial power plant with most efficient gas turbine technology|agency=Bernama|date=22 March 2021|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122001235/http://energy.bernama.com/news.php?id=2064430|archive-date=22 January 2025|url-status=live}}

All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.{{cite web|url=http://www.jba.gov.my/index.php/empangan-air-negeri-johor|title=Empangan Air Negeri Johor|trans-title=Johor State Water Dam|language=ms|publisher=Water Supply Department of Malaysia|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822070635/http://www.jba.gov.my/index.php/empangan-air-negeri-johor|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.johor.gov.my/en/bakaj#1516083972002-1b13899b-05c8|title=Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor|language=ms|publisher=State Government of Johor|access-date=22 August 2018}} The state also supplies raw water to Singapore for RM0.03 for every {{convert|3.8|m3|USgal}} drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/Profile_segments/MYS-IntIss_eng.stm|title=Malaysia [International water issues]|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822071939/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/Profile_segments/MYS-IntIss_eng.stm|archive-date=22 August 2018|url-status=dead}}

As of August 2022, Johor had the largest 5G internet coverage in Malaysia, Johor Bahru's internet speed is also the fastest in Malaysia and second in Southeast Asia, after Singapore.{{Cite web |last=Iskandarian |first=The |date=2022-12-05 |title=5 Things to Know About the 5G Roll-Out in Johor Before the Year Ends |url=https://theiskandarian.com/5-things-to-know-about-the-5g-roll-out-in-johor-before-the-year-ends/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Iskandarian |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last=Zuhair |first=Qalif |title=Johor Bahru speeds ahead as Malaysia’s fastest mobile internet city |url=https://thesun.my/malaysia-news/johor-bahru-surges-ahead-as-malaysia-s-fastest-city-DF12243000#:~:text=Among%20the%20cities%20globally,%20Johor,position%20in%20the%20global%20rankings. |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=thesun.my |language=en-MY}} Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British Cable & Wireless Communications, which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.{{cite web|url=http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf|title=Chapter 2: An Overview of the Telecommunications Industry in Malaysia|publisher=University of Malaya|access-date=8 September 2018|page=2/21 (7)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702120800/http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/983/3/CHAPT2.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19970517&id=6PxOAAAAIBAJ&pg=5076,2413004|title=Changing role of the Telecoms Department|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=17 May 1997|access-date=8 September 2018}} During this time, a troposcatter system was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between British Malaya and British Borneo, the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11794445.pdf|title=History of Communication in Malaysia (1940–2008)|author1=Sevia Mahdaliza|author2=Khairil Amree Zainol|via=CORE|access-date=8 September 2018|page=6/13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908061819/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11794445.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=dead}} In 1968, following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia, which later became Telekom Malaysia (TM). Early in 1964, Ericsson –a Nordic telecommunication company– began operating in the country. Following the first AXE telephone exchange in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.{{cite web|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/malaysia|title=Ericson History [Malaysia]|publisher=Ericson|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908075512/https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/places/asia/malaysia|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Since then, the Malaysia's cellular network has expanded rapidly.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/03/01/evolution-of-the--malaysian-cellular-sector/|title=Evolution of the Malaysian cellular sector|author=Abdul Majid Abdullah|work=The Star|date=1 March 2003|access-date=8 September 2018}} From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.{{cite journal|url=https://www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/HPUS2017.pdf|title=Hand Phone Users Survey [Statistical Brief Number 22]|journal=Statistical Brief|publisher=Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission|access-date=8 September 2018|page=42/61 [43]|issn=1823-2523|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908064627/https://www.skmm.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/HPUS2017.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|url=https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/MCMC-Internet-Users-Survey-2017.pdf|title=Internet Users Survey [Statistical Brief Number 21]|journal=Statistical Brief|publisher=Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission|access-date=8 September 2018|page=32/53 [31]|issn=1823-2523|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065058/https://www.mcmc.gov.my/skmmgovmy/media/General/pdf/MCMC-Internet-Users-Survey-2017.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

In 2018, the state internet speed was 10 Mbps with the government urging the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission to develop high-speed Internet infrastructure to reach 100 Mbit/s to match the state's current rapid development.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/04/07/urgent-need-for-highspeed-internet-mcmc-urged-to-develop-infrastructure-for-johor-to-embrace-digital/|title=Urgent need for high-speed Internet|work=Bernama|publisher=The Star|date=7 April 2018|access-date=10 September 2018}} The Malaysian federal government operates one radio channel – Johor FM through its Department of Broadcasting, officially known as Radio Televisyen Malaysia.{{cite web|url=http://johorfm.rtm.gov.my/|title=Johor FM official website|publisher=RTM|access-date=10 September 2018}} There is one independent radio station, Best FM, which launched in 1988.{{cite web|url=https://bestlah.my/|title=Best FM|publisher=Best FM Official Website|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910103256/https://bestlah.my/|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Television broadcasting in the state is divided into terrestrial and satellite television. There are two types of free-to-air television providers, MYTV Broadcasting (digital terrestrial) and Astro NJOI (satellite), while IPTV is accessed via Unifi TV through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription.{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/bisnes/tm-perluas-liputan-unifi-di-johor-1.389630|title=TM perluas liputan UniFI di Johor|trans-title=TM expands UniFI coverage in Johor|language=ms|work=Bernama|publisher=Sinar Harian|date=13 May 2015|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912033514/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/bisnes/tm-perluas-liputan-unifi-di-johor-1.389630|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{see also|List of bus routes in Johor Bahru}}

File:Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway 20240318 154901.jpg, a major expressway leading to the city centre, from the rest of Malaysia.]]

The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the North–South Expressway and on the eastern coast through Malaysia Federal Route 3. Since British colonial times, there has been a road system linking Johor's capital in the southern Malay Peninsula to Kangar in the north and Kota Bharu on the east coast.{{cite web|url=https://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/1216,road-network-in-malaysia-v2.pdf|title=Malaysian Roads [General Information]|publisher=World Road Association|access-date=12 September 2018|page=2/6–3/6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912045049/https://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/1216,road-network-in-malaysia-v2.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2018|url-status=dead}} The roads in Johor are classified into two categories; {{convert|2369|km}} are federal roads while {{convert|19329|km}} are state roads, as of 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202016.pdf|title=Statistik Jalan|trans-title=Road Statistics|language=ms|publisher=Malaysian Public Works Department|year=2016|access-date=12 September 2018|page=10/148 [6]|issn=1985-9619|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915154940/https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202016.pdf|url-status=dead}} Johor uses a dual carriageway with the left-hand traffic rule, and towns in the state provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with Grab services. The Sungai Johor Bridge is in Johor, which is the longest central span river-crossing bridge in Malaysia and connects Johor Bahru and Kota Tinggi District. There are various expressways in the state capital city, including Tebrau Highway, Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway, Pasir Gudang Highway, and others. In 2018, construction of the Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit was announced to be completed before 2021.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/01/19/first-phase-of-iskandar-malaysia-brt-to-be-ready-by-2021/|title=First phase of Iskandar Malaysia BRT to be ready by 2021|author=Zazali Musa|work=The Star|date=19 January 2018|access-date=15 September 2018}}

The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/02/26/johor-roads-and-bridges-to-be-upgraded-new-technology-using-natural-rubber-expected-to-reduce-cost-o/|title=Johor roads and bridges to be upgraded|author=Mohd Farhaan Shah|work=The Star|date=26 February 2018|access-date=12 September 2018}} The state government also spends over RM600 million on road maintenance annually.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/05/05/rm600mil-a-year-to-maintain-johor-roads-jkr-ronda-patrol-teams-drive-hundreds-of-kilometres-daily-to/|title=RM600mil a year to maintain Johor roads|author=Nelson Benjamin|work=The Star|date=5 May 2018|access-date=12 September 2018}}

File:JB Sentral sign and entrance.jpg in Johor Bahru.]]

Rail transport in the state is operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu, which consists of Batu Anam, Bekok, Chamek, Genuang, Johor Bahru Sentral, Kempas Baru, Kluang, Kulai, Labis, Layang-Layang, Mengkibol, Paloh, Rengam, Senai and Tenang railway stations.{{cite journal |last1=Rizzo |first1=Agatino |last2=Khan |first2=Shahed |title=Johor Bahru's response to transnational and national influences in the emerging Straits Mega-City Region |journal=Habitat International |date=1 October 2013 |volume=40 |pages=154–162 |doi=10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.03.003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197397513000350 |access-date=31 January 2024 |issn=0197-3975}} The railway line is connected to all of the states in western Peninsular Malaysia. It is also connected to stations in Singapore and Thailand.{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/decision-on-singapore-and-malaysia-rail-projects-out-soon|title=Decision on Singapore and Malaysia rail projects out soon|publisher=The Business Times|date=31 August 2018|access-date=13 September 2018}} {{subscription required}} The upcoming Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System linking Johor Bahru to Singapore, is the first LRT system outside the Klang Valley.

File:Senai International Airport.jpg]]

The Senai International Airport is the largest and the only international airport in Johor, which acts as the main gateway to the state. The airport is located in Senai Town, Kulai District. In 2016, the Malaysian federal government approved a total of RM7 million in upgrades for the airport.{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/malaysias-fastest-growing-airport-senai-in-johor-poised-for-more-rapid-growth-driven-by-airasia-278673|title=Malaysia's fastest-growing airport, Senai in Johor, poised for more rapid growth driven by AirAsia|publisher=Centre for Aviation (CAPA)|date=2 May 2016|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913045521/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/malaysias-fastest-growing-airport-senai-in-johor-poised-for-more-rapid-growth-driven-by-airasia-278673|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/senai-international-airport-upgrade-80-percent-completed-148479|title=Senai International Airport upgrade 80 percent completed|work=Bernama|publisher=Astro Awani|date=6 July 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913045249/http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/senai-international-airport-upgrade-80-percent-completed-148479|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Four airlines fly to Johor: AirAsia, Malaysia Airlines, Firefly and Batik Air Malaysia.{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/bki/airlines-that-fly-to-kota-kinabalu-airport.html|title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Johor Bahru|publisher=Sky Scanner|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913045029/https://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/jhb/airlines-that-fly-to-johor-bahru-airport.html|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Other minor airports including Kluang Airport, Mersing Airport, Segamat Airstrip and Batu Pahat Airstrip in Kluang District, Mersing District, Segamat District and Batu Pahat District, respectively.{{cite web|url=https://ourairports.com/countries/MY/01/airports.html|title=Airports in Johor, Malaysia|publisher=OurAirports|access-date=22 August 2019}}

File:Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal.jpg.]]

Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The Port of Tanjung Pelepas in western Iskandar Malaysia is currently the 15th busiest port in the world, and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.{{cite web|url=http://www.mot.gov.my/en/maritime/ports-in-malaysia|title=Ports in Malaysia|publisher=Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913055029/http://www.mot.gov.my/en/maritime/ports-in-malaysia|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Johor also has two other container ports, the Integrated Container Terminal in Tanjung Langsat and Johor Port in Pasir Gudang.{{cite web|url=http://www.ictdepot.com/v1/#about|title=About|publisher=Integrated Container Terminal|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913060215/http://www.ictdepot.com/v1/|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.johorport.com.my/facilities/container-terminal|title=Container Terminal|publisher=Johor Port|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913060523/http://www.johorport.com.my/facilities/container-terminal|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} The Tanjung Langsat Terminal serves as the state's regional oil and gas hub and supports offshore petroleum exploration and production, while Johor Port is the world's largest palm oil terminal.{{cite web|url=http://www.jcorp.com.my/tanjung-langsat-port-sdn-bhd-105.aspx|title=TLP Terminal|publisher=Johor Corporation|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913061042/http://www.jcorp.com.my/tanjung-langsat-port-sdn-bhd-105.aspx|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tlpterminal.com.my/usr/page.aspx?pgid=2|title=About TLP Terminal|publisher=TLP Terminal|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913061605/http://www.tlpterminal.com.my/usr/page.aspx?pgid=2|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} There are boat services to ports in Batam and Tanjung Pinang of the Bintan Islands in Indonesia and to port in Changi in Singapore.{{cite book|author1=Simon Richmond|author2=Damian Harper|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a02sRJKFhMC&pg=PA247|date=December 2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-708-1|pages=247–253}}{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/894409/more-ferry-services-between-johor-and-singapore|title=More ferry services between Johor and Singapore|work=Today Online|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=11 May 2015|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913063822/https://www.malaymail.com/s/894409/more-ferry-services-between-johor-and-singapore|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{*}} {{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/07/26/johor-proposes-ferry-services-to-singapore/|title=Johor proposes ferry services to Singapore|author=Yee Xiang Yun|work=The Star|date=26 July 2016|access-date=13 September 2018}}
{{*}} {{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/06/21/firms-keen-ferry-service-between-johor-and-singapore|title=Firms keen on ferry service between Johor and Singapore|author=Low Sock Ken|work=The Sun|date=21 June 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913064206/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/06/21/firms-keen-ferry-service-between-johor-and-singapore|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{see also|List of hospitals in Malaysia}}

File:Sultanah Aminah Hospital.JPG, the main government hospital in the state.]]

Health-related matters in Johor are administered by the Johor State Health Office ({{langx|ms|Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor}}). The state has two major government hospitals, Sultanah Aminah Hospital and Sultan Ismail Hospital, nine government district hospitals Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital, and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics, 1Malaysia clinics and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital, Columbia Asia, Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.{{cite web|url=http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=50|title=Senarai Hospital Swasta|trans-title=List of Private Hospitals|language=ms|publisher=Johor State Health Department|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913084230/http://jknjohor.moh.gov.my/bmv/modules/mastop_publish/?tac=50|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=dead}} In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.{{cite web|url=http://www.crc.gov.my/nhsi/wp-content/uploads/publications/NHEWS_PrimaryCare/chapter3.pdf|title=Workforce in Primary Care in Malaysia [Table 3.1 Number and Density of Primary Care Doctors in Malaysia by State and Sector]|author1=Kamaliah MN|author2=Teng CL|author3=Nordin S|author4=Noraziah AB|author5=Salmiah MS|author6=Fauzia AM|author7=Normimiroslina CO|author8=Nadia FMG|author9=Farah A|author10=Mohd AY|publisher=National Healthcare Establishment and Workforce Statistics, Malaysia|year=2008–2009|access-date=13 September 2018|page=2/6 [8]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914031909/http://www.crc.gov.my/nhsi/wp-content/uploads/publications/NHEWS_PrimaryCare/chapter3.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{main|List of schools in Johor|List of universities in Malaysia}}

File:Sultan Ibrahim Chancellor Building.jpg]]

All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national Ministry of Education.{{cite web|url=http://jpnjohor.moe.gov.my/|title=Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Johor (Johor State Education Department)|publisher=Johor State Education Department|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=26 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226144856/http://jpnjohor.moe.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} The oldest school in Johor is the English College Johor Bahru (1914).{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/news/old-school-sekolah-menengahs-that-are-over-100-years-old-and-still-going-strong|title=14 SMKs That Are Over 100 Years Old And Still Going Strong|author=Anabelle Ong|publisher=Says.com|date=8 April 2015|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914003938/https://says.com/my/news/old-school-sekolah-menengahs-that-are-over-100-years-old-and-still-going-strong|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}} As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,{{cite web|url=http://emisportal.moe.gov.my/emis/emis2/emisportal2/doc/fckeditor/File/senarai_sek_09/menengah/JohorM.pdf|title=Senarai Sekolah Menengah di Negeri Johor (List of Secondary Schools in Johor)|publisher=Educational Management Information System|access-date=13 September 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://anzdoc.com/senarai-sekolah-menengah-di-negeri-johor-darul-takzim.html Alt URL] fifteen international schools (Austin Heights Private and International Schools,{{cite web|url=http://www.austinheights.edu.my/en/|title=Home|publisher=Austin Heights Private and International Schools|access-date=13 September 2018}} Crescendo-HELP International School,{{cite web|url=http://www.chis.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=Crescendo-HELP International School|access-date=13 September 2018}} Crescendo International College,{{cite web|url=http://www.crescendo.edu.my/site/|title=Home|publisher=Crescendo International College|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100530/http://www.crescendo.edu.my/site/|url-status=dead}} Excelsior International School,{{cite web|url=https://www.eis.edu.my/index.php/en/|title=Home|publisher=Excelsior International School|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915130608/https://www.eis.edu.my/index.php/en/|url-status=dead}} Paragon Private and International School,{{cite web|url=https://www.paragon.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=Paragon Private and International School|access-date=13 September 2018}} Seri Omega Private and International School,{{cite web|url=https://www.seriomega.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=Seri Omega Private and International School|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914233530/http://www.seriomega.edu.my/|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Sri Ara International Schools,{{cite web|url=http://araschools.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=Sri Ara International Schools|access-date=13 September 2018}} StarClub Education,{{cite web|url=http://edustarclub.com/|title=Home|publisher=StarClub Education|access-date=13 September 2018}} Sunway International School,{{cite web|url=http://sis.sunway.edu.my/iskandar/|title=Home|publisher=Sunway International School|access-date=13 September 2018}} Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens,{{cite web|url=https://www.tenby.edu.my/main-structure.php?school=setia-eco-gardens|title=Home|publisher=Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122204/https://www.tenby.edu.my/main-structure.php?school=setia-eco-gardens|url-status=dead}} UniWorld International School,{{cite web|url=http://uniworld.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=UniWorld International School|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122219/http://uniworld.edu.my/|url-status=dead}} and the American School of Iskandar Puteri{{cite web|url=http://www.raffles-american-school.edu.my/usr/page.aspx?pgid=2|title=Home|publisher=Raffles American School|access-date=13 September 2018}} and three international campuses of British Marlborough College,{{cite web|url=http://www.marlboroughcollegemalaysia.org/|title=About|publisher=Marlborough College Malaysia|access-date=13 September 2018}} R.E.A.L Schools{{cite web|url=http://realschools.edu.my/contact/|title=Contact|publisher=R.E.A.L Schools|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122144/http://realschools.edu.my/contact/|url-status=dead}} and Utama Schools),{{cite web|url=http://www.utama.edu.my/johor-bahru-campus/|title=Home|publisher=Utama Schools|access-date=13 September 2018}} and nine Chinese independent schools. Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077|title=55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools|work=Bernama|publisher=The Sun|date=17 December 2010|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626080230/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077|archive-date=26 June 2016|url-status=dead}} There is also an Indonesian school in the state capital mainly for the children of Indonesian migrants.{{cite web|url=https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2015/08/mendikbud-resmikan-gedung-sekolah-indonesia-johor-bahru-4489-4489-4489|title=Mendikbud Resmikan Gedung Sekolah Indonesia Johor Bahru|trans-title=Minister of Education and Culture Opens Indonesian School Building in Johor Bahru|author=Rahmadi Diliawan|date=12 August 2015 |language=id|publisher=Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|access-date=13 September 2018}} There are two Japanese learning centres in Johor Bahru.{{cite web|url=https://www.jfkl.org.my/language/learners/list-of-japanese-language-school-in-malaysia/|title=List of Japanese Language School in Malaysia [Johor]|publisher=Japan Foundation Kuala Lumpur|access-date=22 October 2019}} The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several kindergartens such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,{{cite web|url=https://www.nuri.com.my/|title=About|publisher=Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare|access-date=13 September 2018}} Stellar Preschool{{cite web|url=http://stellar.edu.my/|title=Home|publisher=Stellar Preschool|access-date=13 September 2018}} and Tadika Kastil.{{cite web|url=http://www.tadikakastil.com/contact-us-kindergarten-preschool|title=Contact Us|publisher=Tadika Kastil|access-date=13 September 2018}}

File:Southern University College.JPG main gate in Skudai, Iskandar Puteri.]]

Johor has three public universities, the University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) in Skudai, Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia in Parit Raja, and Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor in Jementah and the state capital. As of 2024, UTM is the second highest ranked university in Malaysia, after University of Malaya, according to Webometrics Ranking of World Universities.{{Cite web |last=Hamidi |first=Idiana |date=2024-02-08 |title=UTM Climbs in Global Rankings: Ranks 443 in Latest Webometrics Ranking, 2nd in Malaysia {{!}} UTM NewsHub |url=https://news.utm.my/2024/02/utm-climbs-in-global-rankings-ranks-443-in-latest-webometrics-ranking-2nd-in-malaysia/#:~:text=In%20a%20significant%20achievement%20for,2024%20edition%20of%20the%20ranking. |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US}} EduHub Pagoh, the largest public higher education hub area in Malaysia, is being constructed at Bandar Universiti Pagoh, a new planned education township in Muar.{{Cite news |author=Khairul Ashraf Kammed |date=16 November 2017 |title=The rise of Pagoh |url=https://www.nst.com.my/property/2017/11/303935/rise-pagoh |access-date=5 September 2019 |publisher=New Straits Times}} The state also houses a number of international university branches, including Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, Netherlands Maritime Institute of Technology, University of Southampton Malaysia, University of Reading Malaysia, Monash University Malaysia Clinical School, and others.{{Cite web |date=2019-11-05 |title=PARTNERS - EduCity Iskandar |url=https://educity.com.my/partners/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US}}

There are several polytechnics including Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic and Mersing Polytechnic; and two teaching colleges, IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim in Johor Bahru and IPG Kampus Tun Hussien Onn in Batu Pahat.{{cite web|url=http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=511|title=Institut Pendidikan Guru (IPG) (Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim)|publisher=Malaysian Qualifications Register|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914023213/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=511|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=510|title=Institut Pendidikan Guru (IPG) (Kampus Tun Hussien Onn)|publisher=Malaysian Qualifications Register|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914023520/http://www2.mqa.gov.my/mqr/english/eiptaKPListAA.cfm?IDAkrIPTS=510|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}} It has one non-profit community college, Southern University College in Skudai.{{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu.my/english/aboutsc/aschome.htm|title=Southern College Information|publisher=Southern College|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813230036/http://www.sc.edu.my/english/aboutsc/aschome.htm|archive-date=13 August 2004|url-status=dead}} There is also a proposal to establish the University of Johor that has been welcomed by the Sultan of Johor with the federal education ministry also willing to extend their co-operation.{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com/state-news/beritabm.php?id=1633121|title=Penubuhan Universiti Johor diperkenan Sultan Ibrahim – Exco|trans-title=The establishment of the University of Johor was approved by Sultan Ibrahim – Exco|language=ms|publisher=Bernama|date=16 August 2018|access-date=13 September 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/25/education-ministry-help-establish-universti-johor-dr-maszlee|title=Education ministry to help establish Universti Johor: Dr Maszlee|work=Bernama|publisher=The Sun|date=24 August 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914025017/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/08/25/education-ministry-help-establish-universti-johor-dr-maszlee|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/05/14/johor-introduces-six-measures-upgrade-state-education-quality|title=Johor introduces six measures to upgrade state education quality|work=Bernama|publisher=The Sun|date=14 May 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914033248/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/05/14/johor-introduces-six-measures-upgrade-state-education-quality|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}} In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/johor-selangor-education-malaysia-states-teacher-shortage-10711104|title=Johor, Selangor among several Malaysian states facing teacher shortage|work=Bernama|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|date=13 September 2018|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914033553/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/johor-selangor-education-malaysia-states-teacher-shortage-10711104|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

The Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.{{cite web|url=http://ppaj.johor.gov.my/|title=Laman Utama|trans-title=Main Page|language=ms|publisher=Johor State Library|access-date=14 September 2018}}

File:Johor Premium Outlet, Malaysia.jpg.]]

{{Historical populations

| 1970 |1277180

| 1980 |1580423

| 1991 |2069740

| 2000 |2584997

| 2010 |3230440

| 2020 |4009670

| source = {{my10|2020kf}}

| graph-pos = bottom

}}

The 2023 Malaysian census reported the population of Johor at 4,100,900, with a non-citizen population of 276,900, making it the second most populous state in Malaysia, after Selangor.{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archive-date=12 February 2016|url-status=dead}} Of the Malaysian residents, 2,464,640 (60.1%) are Bumiputera, 1,312,128 (32.8%) are Chinese, 246,054 (6.0%) are Indian. In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 3,348,243, with 1,972,115 (58.9%) Bumiputera, 1,292,421(38.6%) Chinese, 237,725 (7.1%) Indian. Despite the racial diversity of the population, most people in Johor identify themselves as "Bangsa Johor" (English: Johor race), which is also echoed by Johor's royal family to unite the population regardless of ancestry.{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1513841/poll-one-in-10-johoreans-identify-as-bangsa-johor-first-malaysians-second|title=Poll: One in 10 Johorians identify as 'Bangsa Johor' first, Malaysians second|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=19 November 2017|access-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914082535/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1513841/poll-one-in-10-johoreans-identify-as-bangsa-johor-first-malaysians-second|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Johor Bahru District, anchoring the state capital Johor Bahru, is currently the second most populous district in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.{{Cite web |last=Bernama |date=2023-08-29 |title=Petaling District has highest population, density in 2023 - DOSM |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/677399 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Malaysiakini}}

{{bar box

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|barwidth=100px

|title=Ethnic groups in Johor (2023)

|titlebar=#ddd

|left1=Ethnic

|right1=Percent

|float=left

|bars=

{{bar percent|Bumiputera|#DD818A|60.1}}

{{bar percent|Chinese|#FEC499|32.8}}

{{bar percent|Indian|#969696|6.6}}

{{bar percent|Non-Malaysian citizen|#FFB7C5|6.0}}

}}

File:Kampung Punjut Orang Asli girls playing.jpg of Johor]]

As Malaysia is one of the least densely populated countries in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced a 2.39% average annual population growth, with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%. The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.{{cite book|author1=Francis E Hutchinson|author2=Terence Chong|title=The SIJORI Cross-Border Region: Transnational Politics, Economics, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ck13DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=14 June 2016|publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute|isbn=978-981-4695-58-9|pages=48–}} Johor's geographical position in the southern Malay Peninsula has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and China. As of 2010, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Sabah and Selangor.{{cite web|url=https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2017-06/KNOMAD-MALAYSIA-NEW.pdf|title=Foreign Workers in Malaysia: Assessment of their Economic Effects and Review of the Policy|work=World Bank|publisher=KNOMAD|date=13 June 2013|access-date=13 September 2018|page=16/70|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914074549/https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2017-06/KNOMAD-MALAYSIA-NEW.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

{{bar box

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|title=Religion in Johor (2022){{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf|title=Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri asas demografi (Population Distribution and Basic demographic characteristics 2010)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|year=2010|access-date=15 September 2018|page=13 [26/156]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead}}{{my10|2020kf}}

|titlebar=#ddd

|left1=Religion

|right1=Percent

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|bars=

{{bar percent|Islam|Green|58.7}}

{{bar percent|Buddhism|Yellow|25.9}}

{{bar percent|Christianity|Blue|8.2}}

{{bar percent|Hinduism|Orange|6}}

{{bar percent|No religion/Unknown|Black|0.2}}

{{bar percent|Others|Gray|0.3}}

}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|align=right

| image1 = Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque.jpg

| image2 = JB Old Chinese Temple 3.JPG

| image3 = Sri Mariamman Temple, JB 2.JPG

| image4 = Church of the Immaculate Conception (Johor Bahru).jpg

| footer = Place of worship in Johor. Clockwise from top right: Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, Church of the Immaculate Conception, Sri Mariamman Temple and the Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque.

}}

Islam became the state religion upon the adoption of the 1895 Johor Constitution, although other religions can be freely practised.{{cite journal|title=Contextualizing constitutional Islam: The Malayan experience|author=Kristen Stilt|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|publisher=Oxford Academic|date=25 July 2015|volume=3|issue=2|pages=407–433|quote=Article 57 of the 1895 Constitution of Johor provided that: What is called the 'Religion of the State' for this Territory and State of Johor is the Muslim Religion, and such being the case, the Muslim Religion shall continuously and forever be, and be acknowledged to be, and spoken of as, the 'State Religion.|doi=10.1093/icon/mov031|doi-access=free}} According to the 2020 Malaysian census the religious affiliation of Johor's population was 58.7% Muslim, 25.9% Buddhist, 8.2% Christian, 6% Hindu, 0.1% followers of other religions or unknown affiliations, 0.2% Taoist or Chinese folk religion adherents, and 0.2% non-religious. The census indicated that 80.2% of the Chinese population in Johor identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (18.2%), Chinese folk religion adherents (1.6%) and Muslims (0.2%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindus (73.5%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.1%), Muslims (9.2%) and Buddhists (2.8%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly Christians (68.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (21.6%) and Buddhists (15%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslims.

File:Max Clean KT Car Wash.jpg.]]

The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual, with Malay as the official language in Johor.{{Cite web |title=Pentadbiran Johor |url=https://royal.johor.my/pentadbiran-johor/}} Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in Chinese and Tamil languages.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/08/johor-sultanuse-education-system-to-promote-unity|title=Johor Sultan: Use education system to promote unity|work=The Star|date=8 July 2019|access-date=22 August 2019}}

Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor, Riau, Riau Islands, Malacca, Selangor and Singapore, has been adopted as the basis for both the Malaysian and Indonesian national languages.{{cite book|author=Asmah Haji Omar|title=The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages and literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFkOAQAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Archipelago Press|isbn=9789813018525}}
{{*}} {{cite book|author=Cynthia Chou|title=The Orang Suku Laut of Riau, Indonesia: The Inalienable Gift of Territory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vh-DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|date=16 October 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-43033-8|pages=6–}}
{{*}} {{cite book|author=Michael Clyne|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA413|date=24 May 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-088814-0|pages=413–}} Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within Maritime Southeast Asia as well as its history as an influential empire, the dialect has spread as the region's lingua franca since the 15th century; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.{{cite book|author=Asmah Haji Omar|title=Languages in the Malaysian Education System: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=16 December 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-36421-4|pages=53–}} Several related languages are also spoken in Johor such as Orang Seletar (spoken along the Straits of Johor and in northern Singapore), Orang Kanaq (spoken in small parts of southeastern Johor), Jakun (spoken mostly in inland parts of Johor), Temuan (spoken near the border with Pahang and Negeri Sembilan) and Orang Kuala (spoken along the northwest coast of Johor). Terengganu Malay, a distinct variant of Malay, is spoken in the district of Mersing near the border with Rompin, Pahang.{{cite book|author=Cecilia Odé|title=Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22–27 August 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyGd2N1KwO4C&pg=PA36|year=1997|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-0253-1|pages=36–}}

Different dialect groups of the Chinese language are spoken among the Chinese community in the state, including Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, Cantonese, and Hainanese.

The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. There is also a significant number of Malayalee populations in parts of Segamat, Johor Bahru and Masai, who speak Malayalam as their mother tongue. Moreover, small number of other Indian language speakers such as the Telugu, and Punjabi language speakers are also present. Many Malayalees and Telugus are often categorised as Tamils by the Tamils themselves, and by other groups, as they use the Tamil language as a lingua franca among other Indian communities as in other locations in Peninsular Malaysia.{{cite journal|url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JML/article/download/42842/15988/117474|title=Language Shift and Maintenance: A Case Study of the Telugu Community in Bagan Datoh, Perak (Malaysia)|last1=Deva Babu|first1=Kathreine|last2=Nora Riget|first2=Patricia|journal=Journal of Modern Languages|via=eJournal University of Malaya|page=16/28|volume=33|number=1|year=2023|doi=10.22452/jml.vol33no1.1|format=PDF|doi-access=free}}

In 2017, the Queen of Johor, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association, called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1477147/johor-permaisuri-urges-more-effort-to-increase-english-language-proficiency|title=Johor Permaisuri urges more effort to increase English language proficiency among young people|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=1 October 2017|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915054609/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1477147/johor-permaisuri-urges-more-effort-to-increase-english-language-proficiency|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/01/raja-zarith-stem-decline-in-english-language-proficiency/|title=Raja Zarith: Stem decline in English language proficiency|author=Yee Xiang Yun|work=The Star|date=1 October 2017|access-date=28 March 2018}}

{{Main|Culture of Malaysia}}

File:Johor Heritage Foundation.jpg

Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.{{cite web|url=http://www.gojohor.my/johor-culture/|title=Johor Culture|date=5 February 2014 |publisher=GoJohor.my|access-date=22 August 2019}}

File:Zapin.jpg performance in a school in Batu Pahat]]

A strong Arab cultural influence is apparent in art performances like zapin, masri and hamdolok and in musical instruments like the gambus.{{cite web|url=http://www.ywj.gov.my/tarian-zapin/|title=Tarian zapin|trans-title=Zapin dance|language=ms|publisher=Johor Heritage Foundation|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916043941/http://www.ywj.gov.my/tarian-zapin/|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=https://seamex.co/2017/09/04/hamdolok-malaysia/|title=Hamdolok (Malaysia)|publisher=Southeast Asia Music Education Exchange (SEAMEX)|date=4 September 2017|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080804/https://seamex.co/2017/09/04/hamdolok-malaysia/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=http://mmj.upsi.edu.my/images/P_2-6-JOUNAL_MUSIC.pdf|title=Gambus: Tinjauan awal berasaskan gaya permainan di Johor|trans-title=Gambus: Early reviews based on styles of playing in Johor|author=Mohd Nizam Attan|language=ms|work=Malaysian Music Journal|publisher=Sultan Idris Education University|year=2013|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916045544/http://mmj.upsi.edu.my/images/P_2-6-JOUNAL_MUSIC.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/04/28/keeping-alive-a-dying-art/|title=Keeping alive a dying art|author=Nabilah Saleh|work=The Star|date=28 April 2008|access-date=17 September 2018}} The zapin dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from Hadhramaut, Yemen, and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/travel/malaysia/2011/06/24/zapin/|title=Zapin|author=Maf73|work=The Star|date=24 June 2011|access-date=17 September 2018}} The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely zapin tenglu and zapin pulau (Mersing), zapin lenga (Muar), zapin pekajang (Johor Bahru), zapin koris (Batu Pahat) and zapin parit mustar with zapin seri bunian (Pontian). Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with wadi (valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "wadi hana" and "wadi hassan".{{cite book|author=Mohd. Sohaimi Esa|title=Ekonomi orang Arab di Johor, 1862–1942|trans-title=Economy of the Arab people in Johor, 1862–1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9FRAQAAMAAJ|year=1999|language=ms|publisher=Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah|isbn=978-983-2188-02-5}}

Buginese and Javanese cultural influences are found in the bosara and kuda kepang dances introduced to Johor before the early 20th century by immigrants of respective communities.{{cite web|url=http://www.netralnews.com/news/rsn/read/106182/sekilas-perbedaan-suku-bugis-dan-suku-makassar|title=Sekilas Perbedaan Suku Bugis dan Suku Makassar|trans-title=A Glance at the Difference between the Bugis and Makassar tribes|author=Thomas Koten|language=id|publisher=Netral News|date=5 October 2017|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091530/http://www.netralnews.com/news/rsn/read/106182/sekilas-perbedaan-suku-bugis-dan-suku-makassar|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/travel/malaysia/2011/04/13/kuda-kepang/|title=Kuda Kepang|author=Maf73|work=The Star|date=13 April 2011|access-date=17 September 2018}} The influence of Javanese language on the local Malay dialect is also noticeable from particular vocabulary collected in recorded observations.

{{cite journal|first=James T.|last=Collins|title=Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|year=1989|volume=145|issue=2/3|pages=244|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003253 |jstor=27864031 |doi-access=free}} Indian culture inspired the ghazal. These cultural activities are normally performed at Malay weddings and religious festivals. The aboriginal culture is also unique with a diversity of traditions still practised, such as the making of traditional weapons, medicines, handicrafts and souvenirs.{{cite web|url=http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5827/1/15._Siti_Aminah.pdf|title=Practice Cultural of Orang Asli Jakun at Kampung Peta|author1=Siti Aminah Mohd Sam|author2=Seow Ta Wee|work=Faculty of Technology Management and Business|publisher=Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia|year=2013|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917101507/http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5827/1/15._Siti_Aminah.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

File:Chingay Johor 2018.jpg

The Chinese community holds the Chingay parade annually by the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka, Hoklo and Teochew.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/02/24/jb-gearing-up-in-a-big-way-for-chingay-fest/|title=JB gearing up in a big way for Chingay fest|author=Kathleen Ann Kili|work=The Star|date=24 February 2018|access-date=17 September 2018}} This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions.{{cite book|author1=Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce|author2=Evelyn Du-Dehart|title=Voluntary Organizations in the Chinese Diaspora: Illusions of Open Space in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Shanghai|date=1 February 2006|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-776-6|pages=45}} The Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant gambier and pepper in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to pineapple cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.{{cite book|author=Qinghuang Yan|title=The Ethnic Chinese in East and Southeast Asia: Business, Culture, and Politics|year=2002|publisher=Times Academic Press|isbn=978-981-210-187-7}}
{{cite book|author=Anthony Reid|title=Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521872379|pages=58}}
{{cite book|author=Leong Sze Lee|title=A Retrospect on the Dust-laden History: The Past and Present of Tekong Island in Singapore|year=2012|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4365-97-0|pages=12–}}
{{cite book|author1=Gregor Benton|author2=Hong Liu|author3=Huimei Zhang|title=The Qiaopi Trade and Transnational Networks in the Chinese Diaspora|date=3 May 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781351623841|pages=25}}

File:Haa tuu diaa mee bandung joho.jpg in Johor]]

Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Notable dishes include nasi lemak, asam pedas, Nasi Beringin, cathay laksa, cheese murtabak, Johor laksa, kway teow kia, mee bandung, mee rebus, Muar satay, pineapple pajeri, Pontian wonton noodle, san lou fried bee hoon, otak-otak, telur pindang,{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/lifestyle/food/rossham-rusli/2011/07/18/unique-johor--dishes/|title=Unique Johor dishes|author=Rossham Rusli|work=The Star|date=18 July 2011|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160456/https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/lifestyle/food/rossham-rusli/2011/07/18/unique-johor--dishes/|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/|title=Great Malaysian dishes: Johor – Laksa|author=Ivy Soon|publisher=Star2|date=22 September 2016|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918073543/https://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/22/great-malaysian-dishes-johor-laksa/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/food/2018/09/16/malaysians-start-their-day-with-some-fuyoh-breakfasts/|title=Fuyoh! Awesome Malaysian breakfasts from each state|author1=Jane F. Ragavan|author2=Abirami Durai|publisher=Star2|date=16 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080206/https://www.star2.com/food/2018/09/16/malaysians-start-their-day-with-some-fuyoh-breakfasts/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die|title=15 Johorean Dishes You Should Try Before You Die|author=Samantha Khor|publisher=Says.com|date=21 April 2016|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918072632/https://says.com/my/lifestyle/johorean-dishes-you-should-try-before-you-die|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}} and other mixed Malay dishes.{{cite web|url=https://www.star2.com/food/2018/06/13/malay-recipes-johor-hari-raya/|title=Malay recipes from Johor for Hari Raya|author1=Abirami Durai|author2=Sam Tham|publisher=Star2|date=13 June 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074622/https://www.star2.com/food/2018/06/13/malay-recipes-johor-hari-raya/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Popular desserts include burasak, kacang pool, lontong and snacks like banana cake, Kluang toasted buns and pisang goreng.{{cite web|url=https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/|title=If You Think Johor Bahru is Boring, Here are 11 Fun Things You Can Do|author=Jolene|publisher=World of Buzz|date=11 September 2017|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918075736/https://www.worldofbuzz.com/think-johor-bahru-boring-11-fun-things-can/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}} International restaurants offering Western, Filipino, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Taiwanese, Thai and Vietnamese cuisines are found throughout the state, especially in Johor Bahru and Iskandar Puteri.{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Lonely Planet Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei|date=1 August 2019|publisher=Lonely Planet Global Limited|isbn=9781788685405|pages=468}}

Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including Independence Day, Malaysia Day celebrations and the Sultan of Johor's Birthday.{{cite web|url=https://www.johor.gov.my/rakyat/cuti-umum|title=Hari Kelepasan Am|trans-title=General Public Holidays|language=ms|publisher=State Government of Johor|access-date=19 September 2018}}

File:Stadium Larkin.jpg was the home stadium of Johor Darul Ta'zim until 2019.]]

As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the Summer Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, and Southeast Asian Games. The Johor State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1957 to raise the standard of sports in the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html|title=History of Johor State Youth and Sports Department|publisher=Johor State Youth and Sports Department|access-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051521/http://www.jbsn.gov.my/en/2015-12-09-03-24-43.html|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=dead}} Johor hosted the Sukma Games in 1992. There are four sports complexes in the state,{{cite web|url=http://www.daiman.com.my/daiman-johor-jaya-sports-complex-41.aspx|title=Daiman Johor Jaya Sports Complex|publisher=Daiman Group|access-date=19 September 2018}}
{{cite web|url=http://educitysport.com/|title=EduCity Sports Complex|publisher=EduCity Sports|access-date=19 September 2018}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.impiansports.com/about-impian-sports-centre-skudai/|title=About|publisher=Impian Sports Complex|access-date=19 September 2018}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.tsgroup.com.my/tssport/|title=Home|publisher=TS Sports Complex|access-date=19 September 2018}} and the federal government also provides aid to improve sports facilities.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/12/06/sports-centre-boost-for-johor-states-new-projects-a-beneficial-investment-says-najib/|title=Sports centre boost for Johor|author1=Nelson Benjamin|author2=Mohd Farhaan Shah|author3=Kathleen Ann Kili|work=The Star|date=6 December 2016|access-date=18 September 2018}} In 2018, as part of a federal government plan to turn Muar into Johor's sports hub, around RM15 million has been allocated to build and upgrade sports facilities in the town.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1672882/sports-minister-rm15m-allocated-to-build-upgrade-sports-infrastructure-in-m|title=Sports minister: RM15m allocated to build, upgrade sports infrastructure in Muar|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=15 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060019/https://www.malaymail.com/s/1672882/sports-minister-rm15m-allocated-to-build-upgrade-sports-infrastructure-in-m|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=dead}}

File:Aerial view of Sultan Ibrahim Stadium (2).jpg since 2020.]]

Located in Iskandar Puteri, the Sultan Ibrahim Stadium is the main stadium of the football club Johor Darul Ta'zim. They have won the Malaysia Cup five times, the Malaysia FA Cup four times, the Malaysia Super League for eleven consecutive seasons between 2014 and 2025,{{cite web |title=JDT power to 11th straight title with 2–0 win over Perak |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/football/2025/02/24/jdt-power-to-11th-straight-title-with-2-0-win-over-perak |website=The Star |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=24 February 2025}} and the AFC Cup in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/afc-cup-final-flashback-fc-istiklol-v-johor-darul-tazim-2015-39733|title=AFC Cup Final Flashback: FC Istiklol v Johor Darul Ta'zim (2015)|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|date=2 November 2017|access-date=18 September 2018}}{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-malaysias-jdt-beat-istiklol-to-land-breakthrough-afc-cup|title=Football: Malaysia's JDT beat Istiklol to land breakthrough AFC Cup|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=31 October 2015|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919055248/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-malaysias-jdt-beat-istiklol-to-land-breakthrough-afc-cup|archive-date=19 September 2018|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/scoreboard/2015/11/03/holiday-declared-following-teams-success-in-tajikistan/|title=Holiday declared following JDT's success in Tajikistan|author1=Mohd Farhaan Shah|author2=Norbaiti Phaharoradzi|work=The Star|date=3 November 2015|access-date=18 September 2018}} The state women's football team also won four titles in the Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup in 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1989. Another notable stadium in the state is Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium in Pasir Gudang.{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/malaysia/pasir-gudang-corporation-stadium/v3157/|title=Pasir Gudang Corporation Stadium|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=22 August 2019}} Johor also launched its own esports league, becoming the second Malaysian state to introduce the sport to the Sukma Games, with the Johor Sports Council agreeing to include it in the 2020 edition.{{cite web|url=https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/|title=Esports Johor Debut its First Ever E-sports League in Johor|author=Moazan Emran|publisher=The Iskandarian|date=2 April 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030064413/https://www.theiskandarian.com/live-play/esports-johor-debut-its-first-ever-e-sports-league-in-johor/|archive-date=30 October 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/|title=Youth And Sports Minister Announces National eSports League Will Kick Off In 2020|author=Bryan Lim|publisher=Lowyat.net|date=11 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011183305/https://www.lowyat.net/2019/196146/youth-and-sports-minister-announces-national-esports-league-will-kick-off-in-2020/|archive-date=11 October 2019|url-status=dead}}

== Notable people ==

• Yasmin Ahmad
• Hishamuddin Hussein
• Hussein Onn
• Noraniza Idris
• Onn Jaafar
• Zulhadi Omar
• Seah Jim Quee
• Syed Saddiq
• Muhyiddin Yassin

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal|title=A History of Johore (1673—ca. 1800 A.D.) / حكايت نكري جوهر|author=Richard Olof Winstedt|journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1932|volume=10|issue=1|pages=164–170|jstor=41587442}}
• {{cite journal|title=The British Advance in Johore, 1885–1914|author=Keith Sinclair|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1967|volume=40|issue=1|pages=93–110|jstor=41491908}}
• {{cite book|title=The Kingdom of Johor 1641–1728|author=Leonard Y. Andaya|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-19-580322-8}}
• {{cite journal|title=A history of Johore, 1365-1941|author1=Richard Olof Winstedt|author2=Khoo Kay Kim|author3=Ismail Hussein|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1993|volume=66|issue=1|pages=87–89|jstor=41486192}}
• {{cite journal|title=Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor|author=Patricia Lim Pui Huen|journal=Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|year=1998|volume=13|issue=1|pages=114–138|jstor=41056979}}
• {{cite journal|title=The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – {{circa|1616}})|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=31–62|volume=33|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0022463402000024|s2cid=154935503}}
• {{cite journal|title=The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'|author=Raimy Ché-Ross|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=2004|volume=77|issue=2|pages=27–58|jstor=41493524}}
• {{cite book|title=Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885|author=Carl A. Trocki|publisher=NUS Press|year=2007|isbn=978-9971-69-376-3}}
• {{cite book|title=The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|year=2010|isbn=978-9-06-718364-2}}
• {{cite book|title=Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2011|isbn=978-9-97-169467-8}}
• {{cite book|title=Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia.|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2015|isbn=978-9-97-169798-3}}
• {{cite book|title=Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-{{circa|1625}}|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2015|isbn=978-9-97-169852-2}}
• {{cite journal|title=The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, {{circa|1600}}–1620|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=414–435|volume=48|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S002246341700056X|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite book|title=Studying Singapore before 1800|author1=Kwa Chong Guan|author2=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2018|isbn=978-981-4722-74-2}}

{{sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=no|q=no|n=no|v=no|voy=Johor}}

• {{official website}}
• [http://tourism.johor.my/ Johor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072423/http://tourism.johor.my/ |date=25 September 2020 }} at Johor Tourism
• [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/johor Johor] at Lonely Planet

{{Geographic location

|Centre = Johor

|North = Tampin, {{flag|Negeri Sembilan}},
Bera / Rompin, {{flag|Pahang}}

|Northeast = Rompin, {{flag|Pahang}}

|East = South China Sea

|Southeast = South China Sea

|South = Woodlands, {{flag|Singapore}}

|Southwest = Straits of Malacca

|West = Straits of Malacca

|Northwest = Jasin, {{flag|Malacca}}

}}

{{Johor}}

{{States and Federal Territories of Malaysia}}

{{Portal bar|Asia|Geography|Malaysia}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Strait of Malacca