Timeline of women in science

File:Uruk period administrative tablet.jpg

• 1900 BCE: Aganice, also known as Athyrta, was an Egyptian princess during the Middle Kingdom (about 2000–1700 BCE) working on astronomy and natural philosophy.{{Citation |last=Bernardi |first=Gabriella |title=Aganice (XX bc) |date=2016 |work=The Unforgotten Sisters: Female Astronomers and Scientists before Caroline Herschel |pages=9–15 |editor-last=Bernardi |editor-first=Gabriella |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-26127-0_2 |access-date=2025-04-10 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-26127-0_2 |isbn=978-3-319-26127-0}}
• {{Circa|1505–1458 BCE}}: Hatshepsut, also known as the Queen Doctor, promoted a botanical expedition searching for officinal plants.{{Cite book |last=Nadig |first=Peter |title=Hatszepsut |publisher=Prószyński i S-ka |year=2016 |isbn=978-83-8069-417-0 |page=89, 104 |language=pl}}
• 1200 BCE: The Mesopotamian perfume-maker Tapputi-Belatekallim was referenced in the text of a cuneiform tablet. She is often considered the world's first recorded chemist.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass|url-access=registration|quote=tapputi.|title=Women of Science: Righting the Record|last1=Kass-Simon|first1=Gabriele|last2=Farnes|first2=Patricia|last3=Nash|first3=Deborah|date=1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253208132|page=[https://archive.org/details/womenofsciencer000kass/page/301 301]|language=en}}
• 500 BCE: Theano was a Pythagorean philosopher.
• {{Circa|150 BCE}}: Aglaonice became the first female astronomer to be recorded in Ancient Greece.{{cite book |last = Ogilvie |first = Marilyn Bailey |date = 1986 |title = Women in Science |publisher = The MIT Press |isbn = 978-0-262-15031-6 |url = https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari }}{{citation | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aganice | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = 1 | page = 59 | place = Boston | date = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0068.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 2018-08-27 | archive-date = 2010-06-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100616135039/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0068.html | url-status = dead }}

• 1st century CE: Mary the Jewess was among the world's first alchemists.{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=F. Sherwood |year=1930 |title=A Survey of Greek Alchemy |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=109–139 |doi=10.2307/626167 |issn=0075-4269 |jstor=626167}}{{cite book |last=French |first=Marilyn |url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A9781552782682 |title=From Eve to Dawn, a history of women - volume 1: Origins |date=2002 |publisher=McArthur |isbn=978-1-55278-268-2 |publication-place=Toronto |page=221}} {{Open access}}
• 1st century BCE: A woman known only as Fang became the earliest recorded Chinese female alchemist. She is credited with "the discovery of how to turn mercury into silver" – possibly the chemical process of boiling off mercury in order to extract pure silver residue from ores.
• {{Circa|300}}–350 CE: Greek mathematician Pandrosion develops a numerical approximation for cube roots.{{cite book|last=Knorr|first=Wilbur Richard|author-link=Wilbur Knorr|contribution=Pappus' texts on cube duplication|doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-3690-0_5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/textualstudiesin0000knor/page/63 63–76]|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Boston|title=Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/textualstudiesin0000knor|url-access=registration|year=1989|isbn=9780817633875 }}
• c. 350–415 CE: Greek astronomer, mathematician and philosopher Hypatia became renowned as a respected academic teacher, commentator on mathematics, and head of her own science academy.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hypatia|title=Hypatia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en}}{{cite podcast |host=Birchak, Gabrielle|title=Math Science History Ep. 15 - Hypatia of Alexandria|url=https://mathsciencehistory.com/2020/01/11/hypatia-of-alexandria/|access-date=5 August 2021}}
• 3rd century CE: Cleopatra the Alchemist, an early figure in chemistry and practical alchemy, is credited as inventing the alembic.Stanton J. Linden. The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.44

File:Hildegard of bingen and nuns.jpg and her nuns]]

• c. 620: Rufaida Al-Aslamia, Muslim nurse.{{cite journal |last1=Miller-Rosser |first1=K. |last2=Chapman |first2=Y. |last3=Francis |first3=K. |year=2006 |title=Historical, Cultural, and Contemporary Influences on the Status of Women in Nursing in Saudi Arabia |journal=Online Journal of Issues in Nursing |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.3912/OJIN.VOL11NO03PPT02 |pmid=17279862 |s2cid=26991626}}
• c. 975: Chinese alchemist Keng Hsien-Seng was employed by the Royal Court. She distilled perfumes, utilized an early form of the Soxhlet process to extract camphor into alcohol, and gained recognition for her skill in using mercury to extract silver from ores.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWeQI0AT6p0C&q=Keng+Hsien-Seng&pg=PA13|title=The Chemical Choir: A History of Alchemy|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P. G.|date=2012-03-01|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441132970|page=13|language=en}}
• 10th century: Al-ʻIjliyyah manufactured astrolabes for the court of Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo.{{cite web |title = 7060 Al-'Ijliya (1990 SF11) |work= Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=7060 |access-date = 21 November 2016}}{{cite web |title=Extraordinary Women from the Golden Age of Muslim Civilisation |url=http://www.1001inventions.com/womensday |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310082302/http://www.1001inventions.com/womensday |archive-date=2019-03-10 |access-date=2018-11-18 |publisher=1001 Inventions}}
• 11th century: Li Shao Yun, Chinese chemist
• 11th century: Zhang Xiaoniang, Chinese physician.Zheng Jin-Sheng. “Female Medical Workers in Ancient China.”
• c. 1098–1179: Hildegard of Bingen was a founder of scientific natural history in Germany.{{Cite book |author=Walsh, James J. |title=Old-time makers of medicine : the story of the students & teachers of the medieval medicine |date=2008 |publisher=Lethe Press |isbn=9781590210956 |oclc=671253405}}
• fl. 1119–1182: Sun Bu'er, Chinese chemist.{{cite thesis |last1=Hershkovitz |first1=Tali Dina |title=The Gendered Image of Sun Bu'er in Yuan Hagiographies |date=2018 |access-date=2024-08-19 |degree=MA |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1282/ |doi=10.7936/K7XS5TT4}}
• fl. 1122–1131: Dobrodeia of Kiev, a Rus' princess and Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire, was the first woman to write a treatise on medicine.{{cite book |last1=Pushkareva |first1=Natalia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrYYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 |title=Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century |last2=Levin |first2=Eve |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-48043-5 |pages=27–}}
• 1159: The Alsatian nun Herrad of Landsberg (1130–1195) compiled the scientific compendium Hortus deliciarum.{{cite web |title=Herrad of Landsberg |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07294a.htm |access-date=7 September 2018 |website=New Advent}}
• fl. 1176: Helvidis, French physician
• fl. 1200: Rebecca Guarna, Italian physician and was known as one of the "Women of Salerno".
• Early 12th century: The Italian medical practitioner Trota of Salerno compiled medical works on women's ailments and skin diseases.{{cite web |url=https://womenshistorymonth.wordpress.com/resources/women-and-series/women-and-the-sciences/women-and-science/ |title=Early female scientists |last=Drew |first=Jennifer |publisher=Women's History Month |date=October 2010 |access-date=8 September 2018}}{{Cite journal |last1=Longobardi |first1=Ugo |last2=Mitaritonno |first2=Michele |last3=Cervellin |first3=Gianfranco |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Salernitan Medical School or Langobardic Medical School? |journal=Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=e2021015 |doi=10.23750/abm.v92i2.9109 |pmc=8182603 |pmid=33988182}}
• 12th century: Adelle of the Saracens taught at the Salerno School of Medicine.{{cite journal|last1=Ferraris|first1=Z. A.|last2=Ferraris|first2=V. A.|date=December 1997|title=The women of Salerno: contribution to the origins of surgery from medieval Italy|journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery|volume=64|issue=6|pages=1855–1857|issn=0003-4975|pmid=9436596|doi=10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01079-5|doi-access=free}}
• fl. 1249–1259: Magistra Hersend, French surgeon.{{cite book |last=Blumenfeld-Kosinski |first=Renate |url=https://archive.org/details/notofwomanbornre0000blum/page/100 |title=Not of woman born : representations of caesarean birth in medieval and Renaissance culture |date=1990 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801422928 |edition=1. publ. |location=Ithaca |page=[https://archive.org/details/notofwomanbornre0000blum/page/100 100] |url-access=registration}}
• fl. 1265 Stephanie de Lyon, French physician
• fl. 1291 Théophanie, French barber surgeon
• fl. 1292 Denice, French barber-surgeon
• fl. 1292 Isabiau la Mergesse, French-Jewish physician
• fl. ca. 13th century Demud, German physician
• fl. 1292–1319: Dame Péronelle, French herbalist.{{Cite book |last=Ogilvie |first=Marilyn Bailey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&dq=Marie+Pasteur+assistant&pg=PA986 |title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z |last2=Harvey |first2=Joy Dorothy |date=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-92040-7 |language=en}}
• 13th century Shen Yu Hsiu, Chinese chemist
• fl. 1300 Gilette de Narbonne, French physician
• f. 1307 Trotta da Toya , Napolitan physician
• fl. 1308 Francisca di Vestis , Napolian physician
• fl. 1309 Maria Gallicia , licensed surgeon
• fl. 1313–1325: Ameline la Miresse, French physician
• fl. 1318–1324: Adelmota of Carrara was a physician in Padua, Italy.{{cite book |last1=Ogilvie |first1=Marilyn |author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlxsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2830 |title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century |last2=Harvey |first2=Joy |author2-link=Joy Harvey |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-135-96342-2 |pages=2830 ff}}{{Cite book |last=Baudouin |first=Marcel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgIIAAAAIAAJ&dq=Adelmota+Carrara++medica&pg=PA120 |title=Les Femmes médecins |date=1901 |publisher=Institut International Bibliographie |pages=120 |language=fr |access-date=2023-10-07}}
• fl. 1318: Alessandra Giliani, Italian anatomist
• 1320: Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon
• fl. 1322: Fava of Manosque, French-Jewish physician
• fl. 1322: Jacobina Félicie, Italian physician
• fl. 1326: Sara de Sancto Aegidio, French physician.{{cite book |last=Tallan |first=Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry, Cheryl |url=https://archive.org/details/jpsguidetojewish00tait/page/86 |title=The JPS guide to Jewish women : 600 B.C.E.-1900 C.E. |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |year=2003 |isbn=0827607520 |edition=1st |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/jpsguidetojewish00tait/page/86 86] |url-access=registration}}
• fl. 1326: Sarah de St Giles , French-Jewish physician and medical teacher
• fl. 1333: Constanza, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RiJ-DAAAQBAJ | title=Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800 | isbn=978-0-230-29517-9 | last1=Whaley | first1=L. | date=8 February 2011 | publisher=Springer }}
• fl. 1333: Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician.
• fl. 1333: Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon.
• fl. 1333: Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician.
• fl. 1333: Margarita da Venosa, licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the University of Salerno She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.
• fl. 1333: Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
• fl. 1333: Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes
• fl. 1333: Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
• fl. 1335: Polisena da Troya, licensed Napolitan surgeon
• d. 1366: Jeanne d'Ausshure, French surgeon
• fl. 1374: Floreta La-Noga, Aragonese physician
• fl. 1376: Virdimura of Catania, Jewish-Sicilian physician
• fl. 1380: Bellayne Gallipapa , Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
• fl. 1384: Dolcich Gallipapa , Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician
• fl. 1384: Juana Sarrovia , Barcelona, Spanish physician
• fl. 1387: Na Pla Gallipapa , Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
• late 13th century: Margherita di Napoli, Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main
• fl. 1390: Dorotea Bucca , Italian professor of medicine
• 1386–1408: Maesta Antonia, Florentine physician
• 14th century: Abella, Italian physician
• 14th century: Mercuriade, Italian physician and surgeon
• fl. 1400: Antonia Daniello , Florentine-Jewish physician
• fl. 13th century: Brunetta de Siena , Italian-Jewish physician
• fl. 13th century: Caterina of Florence , Florentine physician
• fl. 1411: Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone , French surgeon
• fl. 1415: Constance Calenda, Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye.
• fl. 1438: Jeanne de Cusey, French barber-surgeon
• fl. 1460: Marguerite Saluzzi, Napolitan licensed herbalist physician
• fl. 1479: Guillemette du Luys, French royal surgeon
• d. 1498: Gentile Budrioli (or Gentile Cimieri),{{Cite book |last=Dolfo |first=Floriano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05eufby9XLkC |title=Lettere ai Gonzaga |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento |year=2002 |isbn=978-8887114522 |location=Rome |pages=589 |language=Italian |trans-title=Letters to the Gonzagas}} Italian astrologer and herbalist
• 15th century: Clarice di Durisio, Italian physician.
• 15th century Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra , Catalan physician
• c. 1494–1526: Katherine Briçonnet French architect.{{Cite web |title=francofiles chateau chenonceau |url=https://www.caloundracity.asn.au/Francofiles/chateaux/chenonceau.htm |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.caloundracity.asn.au}}

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• 1561: Italian alchemist Isabella Cortese published her popular book The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese. The work included recipes for medicines, distilled oils and cosmetics, and was the only book published by a female alchemist in the 16th century.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ8mdTjxungC&q=Isabella+Cortese&pg=PA5|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England|last1=Robin|first1=Diana Maury|last2=Larsen|first2=Anne R.|last3=Levin|first3=Carole|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851097722|page=5|language=en}}
• 1572: Italian botanist Loredana Marcello died from the plague – but not before developing several effective palliative formulas for plague sufferers, which were used by many physicians.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&q=Loredana+Marcello+plague&pg=PA101|title=Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology|last=Stanley|first=Autumn|date=1995|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813521978|page=101|language=en}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6blJDwAAQBAJ&q=Loredana+Marcello+plague&pg=PA249|title=Woman as a Force in History: A Study in Traditions and Realities|last=Beard|first=Mary|date=1987|publisher=Persea Books|isbn=9789352290031|page=249|language=en}}
• 1572: Danish scientist Sophia Brahe (1556–1643) assisted her brother Tycho Brahe with his astronomical observations.{{cite web|url=https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/careers/astronomy/astrowomen/Brahe|title=Sophia Brahe|publisher=National Schools' Observatory|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614095105/https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/careers/astronomy/astrowomen/Brahe|url-status=dead}}
• 1590: After her husband's death, Caterina Vitale took over his position as chief pharmacist to the Order of St John, becoming the first female chemist and pharmacist in Malta.{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20151013/local/remarkable-women-in-the-history-of-malta.588010|title=Remarkable women in the history of Malta|author=|publisher=Allied Newspapers|work=Times of Malta|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en-GB}}{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007-03-25/news/sex-in-the-city-tour-the-knights-and-their-ladies-of-the-night-171028/|title='Sex In the City' tour: The knights and their ladies of the night |work=The Malta Independent|access-date=2018-08-28}}

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• 1609: French midwife Louise Bourgeois Boursier became the first woman to write a book on childbirth practices.{{cite book|last1=Goodell|first1=William|title=A sketch of the life and writings of Louyse Bourgeois, midwife to Marie de' Medicine, the queen of Henry IV. of France. The annual address of the retiring president before the Philadelphia County Medical Society|date=5 June 1876|publisher=Collins, printer|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sketchoflifewrit00goodrich/page/1 1]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchoflifewrit00goodrich|access-date=18 December 2016}}
• 1636: Anna Maria van Schurman is the first woman ever to attend university lectures.{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0399.xml|title= Oxford Bibliography Anna Maria van Schurman}} She had to sit behind a screen so that her male fellow students would not see her.
• 1642: Martine Bertereau, the first recorded female mineralogist, was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft. Bertereau had published two written works on the science of mining and metallurgy before being arrested.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_NJ7AubQIcC&q=Martine+Bertereau+mineralogist&pg=PA7|title=Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century|last1=Rayner-Canham|first1=Marelene F.|last2=Rayner-Canham|first2=Marelene|last3=Rayner-Canham|first3=Geoffrey|date=2001|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|isbn=9780941901277|language=en}}
• 1650: Silesian astronomer Maria Cunitz published Urania Propitia, a work that both simplified and substantially improved Johannes Kepler's mathematical methods for locating planets. The book was published in both Latin and German, an unconventional decision that made the scientific text more accessible for non-university educated readers.{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lady-astronomer-who-took-on-most-advanced-science-180962142/|title=The 17th-Century Lady Astronomer Who Took Measure of the Stars|last=McNeill|first=Leila|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en}}
• 1656: French chemist and alchemist Marie Meurdrac published her book La Chymie Charitable et Facile, en Faveur des Dames (Useful and Easy Chemistry, for the Benefit of Ladies).{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imWkBgAAQBAJ&q=Marie+Meurdrac+1656&pg=PA53|title=Dominant Culture and the Education of Women|last=Paulk|first=Julia C.|date=2009-05-05|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443810630|pages=53–67|language=en}}
• 1667: Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1623 – 15 December 1673) was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright during the 17th century. She was the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London, in 1667, and she criticised and engaged with members and philosophers Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and Robert Boyle.{{cite book|last=O'Neill|first=Eileen|title=Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0521776752|page=xi}}
• 1668: After separating from her husband, French polymath Marguerite de la Sablière established a popular salon in Paris. Scientists and scholars from different countries visited the salon regularly to discuss ideas and share knowledge, and Sablière studied physics, astronomy and natural history with her guests.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUCUAgAAQBAJ&q=Marguerite+de+la+Sabli%C3%A8re&pg=PT440|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135963439|page=1142|language=en}}
• 1680: French astronomer Jeanne Dumée published a summary of arguments supporting the Copernican theory of heliocentrism. She wrote "between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference".{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036|url-access=registration|quote=Jeanne Dumée 1680.|title=Chronology of Women's History|last=Olsen|first=Kirstin|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313288036|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036/page/81 81]|language=en}}
• 1685: Frisian poet and archaeologist Titia Brongersma supervised the first excavation of a dolmen in Borger, Netherlands. The excavation produced new evidence that the stone structures were graves constructed by prehistoric humans – rather than structures built by giants, which had been the prior common belief.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MQiK5ATCL1wC|quote=Titia Brongersma .|title=Megalithic Research in the Netherlands, 1547–1911: From "giant's Beds" and "pillars of Hercules" to Accurate Investigations|last=Bakker|first=Jan Albert|date=2010|publisher=Sidestone Press|isbn=9789088900341|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MQiK5ATCL1wC/page/n314 54]–55|language=en}}
• 1690: German-Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius, widow of Johannes Hevelius, whom she had assisted with his observations (and, probably, computations) for over twenty years, published in his name Prodromus Astronomiae, the largest and most accurate star catalog to that date.{{cite journal|last1=Cook |first1=Alan |title=Johann and Elizabeth Hevelius, astronomers of Danzig |journal=Endeavour |date=March 2000 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=8–12|doi=10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01263-6 |pmid=10824438 }}
• 1693–1698: German astronomer and illustrator Maria Clara Eimmart created more than 350 detailed drawings of the moon phases.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs7p6GNWFF8C&q=Maria+Clara+Eimmart+1693|title=Watchers of the Skies|last=Ley|first=Willy|date=1969|language=en}}
• 1699: German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian, the first scientist to document the life cycle of insects for the public, embarked on a scientific expedition to Suriname, South America. She subsequently published Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium, a groundbreaking illustrated work on South American plants, animals and insects.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/grrlscientist/2013/apr/02/maria-sibylla-merian-artist-insects-science|title=Maria Sibylla Merian: artist whose passion for insects changed science |author=GrrlScientist|date=2013-04-02|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-28}}

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• 1702: Pioneering English entomologist Eleanor Glanville captured a butterfly specimen in Lincolnshire, which was subsequently named the Glanville fritillary in her honour. Her extensive butterfly collection impressed fellow entomologist William Vernon, who called Glanville's work "the noblest collection of butterflies, all English, which has sham'd us". Her butterfly specimens became part of early collections in the Natural History Museum.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUTW-ax-SgC&q=Eleanor+Glanville+butterfly+collection&pg=PA107|title=The Aurelian Legacy: British Butterflies and Their Collectors|last1=Salmon|first1=Michael A.|last2=Marren|first2=Peter|last3=Harley|first3=Basil|date=2000|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520229631|pages=106–107|language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/blogs/lady-eleanor-and-her-elusive-butterfly/11106908.blog|title=Lady Eleanor and her elusive butterfly|work=Pharmaceutical Journal|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035732/https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/opinion/blogs/lady-eleanor-and-her-elusive-butterfly/11106908.blog|url-status=dead}}
• 1702: German astronomer Maria Kirch became the first woman to discover a comet.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Kirch|title=Maria Kirch|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-28|language=en}}
• c. 1702–1744: In Montreal, Canada, French botanist Catherine Jérémie collected plant specimens and studied their properties, sending the specimens and her detailed notes back to scientists in France.{{cite news|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jeremie_catherine_3E.html|title=Biography – Jérémie, Lamontagne, Catherine |volume=III (1741–1770) |work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|access-date=2018-08-31}}
• 1732: At the age of 20, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first female member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences. One month later, she publicly defended her academic theses and received a PhD. Bassi was awarded an honorary position as professor of physics at the University of Bologna. She was the first female physics professor in the world.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Laura-Bassi|title=Laura Bassi |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en}}
• 1738: French polymath Émilie du Châtelet became the first woman to have a paper published by the Paris Academy, following a contest on the nature of fire.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/women-pioneers-of-science/|title=Women Pioneers of Science|author=Yanes, Javier|publisher=OpenMind|date=7 March 2016|access-date=8 September 2018 }}
• 1740: French polymath Émilie du Châtelet published Institutions de Physique (Foundations of Physics) providing a metaphysical basis for Newtonian physics.{{citation|last=Detlefsen|first=Karen|title=Émilie du Châtelet|date=2017|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/emilie-du-chatelet/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2017|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2018-09-01}}
• 1748: Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad became the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Two years earlier, she had developed a new process of using potatoes to make flour and alcohol, which subsequently lessened Sweden's reliance on wheat crops and decreased the risk of famine.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eva-Ekeblad|title=Eva Ekeblad|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en}}
• 1751: 19-year-old Italian physicist Cristina Roccati received her PhD from the University of Bologna.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttGgd6mec1MC&q=Cristina+Roccati&pg=PA320|title=The Sciences in Enlightened Europe|last1=Clark|first1=William|last2=Golinski|first2=Jan|last3=Schaffer|first3=Simon|date=1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226109404|pages=313–349|language=en}}
• 1753: Jane Colden, an American, was the only female biologist mentioned by Carl Linnaeus in his masterwork Species Plantarum.Oakes, Elizabeth H. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 147
• 1754: Dorothea Erxleben was the first female to be awarded a doctor in medicine in Germany (University of Halle, then Kingdom of Prussia). She practiced medicine from 1747 to 1762 in Quedlinburg.
• 1755: After the death of her husband, Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini took his place at the University of Bologna, becoming a professor of anatomy and establishing an internationally known laboratory for anatomical research.{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/03/the-lady-anatomist-18th-century-wax-sculptures-by-anna-manzolini/254515/|title='The Lady Anatomist': 18th-Century Wax Sculptures by Anna Manzolini|last=Legro|first=Michelle|date=2012-03-19|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en-US}}
• 1757: French astronomer Nicole-Reine Lepaute worked with mathematicians Alexis Clairaut and Joseph Lalande to calculate the next arrival of Halley's Comet.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&q=Lepaute+calculated+the+exact+time+of+a+solar+eclipse&pg=PA772|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L–Z|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn Bailey|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy Dorothy|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415920407|pages=772–773|language=en}}
• 1760: American horticulturalist Martha Daniell Logan began corresponding with botanic specialist and collector John Bartram, regularly exchanging seeds, plants and botanical knowledge with him.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCwmcBD1XLAC&q=Martha+Daniell+Logan&pg=PA15|title=Such News of the Land: U.S. Women Nature Writers|last1=Edwards|first1=Thomas S.|last2=de Wolfe|first2=Elizabeth A.|date=2001|publisher=UPNE|isbn=9781584650980|page=16|language=en}}
• 1762: French astronomer Nicole-Reine Lepaute calculated the time and percentage of a solar eclipse that had been predicted to occur in two years time. She created a map to show the phases, and published a table of her calculations in the 1763 edition of Connaissance des Temps.
• 1766: French chemist Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville published her study on putrefaction. The book presented her observations from more than 300 experiments over the span of five years, during which she attempted to discover factors necessary for the preservation of beef, eggs, and other foods. Her work was recommended for royal privilege by fellow chemist Pierre-Joseph Macquer.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUPbOznDfmoC&pg=PA178|title=Putrefaction in the Laboratory: How an eighteenth-century experimentalist refashioned herself as an Homme de Lettres|last=Sparling|first=Andrew|date=2005|work=Vom Individuum zur Person: neue Konzepte im Spannungsfeld von Autobiographietheorie und Selbstzeugnisforschung|publisher=Wallstein Verlag|isbn=9783892448990|pages=173–188}}
• c. 1775: Herbalist/botanist Jeanne Baret becomes the first woman to circumnavigate the globe.
• c. 1775: French chemist, scientific artist and translator, Marie-Anne Paulze Lavoisier began working with her husband chemist Antoine Lavoisier. She was instrumental in the 1789 publication of her husband’s groundbreaking Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, which presented a unified view of chemistry as a field, as she drew diagrams of all the equipment used, and kept strict records that lended validity to the findings. She also translated and critiqued Richard Kirwan's 'Essay on Phlogiston and the Constitution of Acids' which led to the discovery of oxygen gas.Bret, Patrice; Kawashima, Keiko (2019). "Madame Lavoisier's Diffusion and Defense of Oxygen Against Phlogiston: Her Translations of Richard Kirwan's Essays". In Lykknes, Annette; Van Tiggelen, Brigitte (eds.). Women in Their Element: Selected Women's Contributions To The Periodic System. Singapore: World Scientific.
• 1776: At the University of Bologna, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first woman appointed as chair of physics at a university.
• 1776: Christine Kirch received a respectable salary of 400 Thaler for calendar-making. See also her sister Margaretha Kirch
• 1782–1791: French chemist and mineralogist Claudine Picardet translated more than 800 pages of Swedish, German, English and Italian scientific papers into French, enabling French scientists to better discuss and utilize international research in chemistry, mineralogy and astronomy.{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/picardet-claudine|title=Picardet, Claudine|website=Encyclopedia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}
• c. 1787–1797: Self-taught Chinese astronomer Wang Zhenyi published at least twelve books and multiple articles on astronomy and mathematics. Using a lamp, a mirror and a table, she once created a famous scientific exhibit designed to accurately simulate a lunar eclipse.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_4vCgAAQBAJ&q=Wang+Zhenyi&pg=PA231|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women |volume=v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644–1911|last1=Lee|first1=Lily Xiao Hong|last2=Lau|first2=Clara|last3=Stefanowska|first3=A. D.|date=2015-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317475880|language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://massivesci.com/articles/wang-zhenyi-poetry-venus-math/|title=The prolific life of Wang Zhenyi, autodidact, astronomer, and poet|last=Mehta|first=Devang|work=Massive|access-date=2018-08-31}}
• 1786–1797: German astronomer Caroline Herschel discovered eight new comets,{{cite journal|last=Brock|first= Claire|title=Public Experiments|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume= 58|date= 2004|jstor=25472768|publisher=Oxford University Press|issue=58|pages= 306–312|doi= 10.1093/hwj/58.1.306|s2cid= 201783390}} along with numerous other discoveries.
• 1789: French astronomer Louise du Pierry, the first Parisian woman to become an astronomy professor, taught the first astronomy courses specifically open to female students.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tNlvK-_t9IC&q=Louise+du+Pierry+bio&pg=PA136|title=Women's History as Scientists: A Guide to the Debates|last=Whaley|first=Leigh Ann|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576072301|pages=136–137|language=en}}
• 1794: British chemist Elizabeth Fulhame invented the concept of catalysis and published a book on her findings.{{cite magazine |url=https://eic.rsc.org/opinion/elizabeth-fulhame-the-scientist-the-world-forgot/3008111.article|title=Elizabeth Fulhame: the scientist the world forgot|magazine=Education in Chemistry|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831212014/https://eic.rsc.org/opinion/elizabeth-fulhame-the-scientist-the-world-forgot/3008111.article|archive-date=2018-08-31|date=2017-10-10|author=Ida Emilie Steinmark}}
• c. 1796–1820: During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor, astronomer Huang Lü became the first Chinese woman to work with optics and photographic images. She developed a telescope that could take simple photographic images using photosensitive paper.
• 1797: English science writer and schoolmistress Margaret Bryan published A Compendious System of Astronomy, including an engraving of herself and her two daughters. She dedicated the book to her students.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access=registration|quote=Margaret Bryan 1815.|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|last1=Haines|first1=Catharine M. C.|last2=Stevens|first2=Helen M.|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070901|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain/page/46 46]|language=en}}

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• 1808: Anna Sundström began assisting Jacob Berzelius in his laboratory, becoming one of the first Swedish women chemists.{{cite web|url=https://gustavianum.uu.se/gustavianum-eng/exhibitions/temporary-exhibitions/aspiring-to-precision/the-exhibition/anna-sundstrom/|title=Anna Sundström|work=Gustavianum|publisher=Uppsala University, Sweden|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604094038/https://gustavianum.uu.se/gustavianum-eng/exhibitions/temporary-exhibitions/aspiring-to-precision/the-exhibition/anna-sundstrom/|url-status=dead}}
• 1809: Sabina Baldoncelli earned her university degree in pharmacy but was allowed to work only in the Italian orphanage where she resided.{{Cite web|title=Baldoncelli Sabina, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/68-baldoncelli-sabina|access-date=2022-02-14|website=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}
• 1815: English archaeologist Lady Hester Stanhope used a medieval Italian manuscript to locate a promising archaeological site in Ashkelon, becoming the first archaeologist to begin an excavation in the Palestinian region. It was one of the earliest examples of the use of textual sources in field archaeology.{{cite news|url=http://cojs.org/restoring_the_reputation_of_lady_hester_lucy_stanhope-_neil_asher_silberman-_bar_10-04-_jul-aug_1984/|title=Restoring the Reputation of Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope|date=2008-07-27|work=Center for Online Judaic Studies|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en-US}}
• 1816: French mathematician and physicist Sophie Germain became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her work on elasticity theory.{{cite web|url=https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain.htm|title=Sophie Germain|last=Swift |first=Amanda|publisher=Agnes Scott College|date=July 2001|access-date=8 September 2018 }}
• 1823: English palaeontologist and fossil collector Mary Anning discovered the first complete Plesiosaurus.
• 1831: Italian botanist Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti published her best-known work Specimen Bryologiae Romanae.{{cite web|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/52-fiorini-mazzanti-elisabetta|title=Fiorini Mazzanti Elisabetta — Scienza a due voci|website=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it|access-date=2019-12-09}}
• 1830–1837: Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert published her four-volume Plantae cryptogamicae des Ardennes, a collection of 400 species of mosses, ferns, lichen, algae and fungi from the Ardennes region. Her contributions to systemic cryptogamic studies were formally recognized by Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III, and Libert received a gold medal of merit.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhNl22fb5xIC&pg=PA101|title=Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800–1900: a Survey of Their Contributions to Research|last1=Creese|first1=Mary R. S.|last2=Creese|first2=Thomas M.|date=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810849792|pages=101–104|language=en}}
• 1832: French marine biologist Jeanne Villepreux-Power invented the first glass aquarium, using it to assist in her scientific observations of Argonauta argo.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jeanne-Villepreux-Power|title=Jeanne Villepreux-Power |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-23|language=en}}
• 1833: English phycologists Amelia Griffiths and Mary Wyatt published two books on local British seaweeds. Griffiths had an internationally respected reputation as a skilled seaweed collector and scholar, and Swedish botanist Carl Agardh had earlier named the seaweed genus Griffithsia in her honour.{{cite news|url=https://www.rammuseum.org.uk/collections/collectors/amelia-warren-griffiths/|title=Amelia Warren Griffiths (1768-1858) |work=Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-GB}}
• 1833: Orra White Hitchcock (March 8, 1796 – May 26, 1863) was one of America's earliest women botanical and scientific illustrators and artists, best known for illustrating the scientific works of her husband, geologist Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864), but also notable for her own artistic and scientific work. The most well known appear in her husband's seminal works, the 1833 Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts and its successor, the 1841 Final Report produced when he was State Geologist. For the 1833 edition, Pendleton's Lithography (Boston) lithographed nine of Hitchcock's Connecticut River Valley drawings and printed them as plates for the work. In 1841, B. W. Thayer and Co., Lithographers (Boston) printed revised lithographs and an additional plate. The hand-colored plate "Autumnal Scenery. View in Amherst" is Hitchcock's most frequently seen work.Eugene C. Worman Jr., "The Watercolors and Prints of Orra White Hitchcock," AB Bookman's Weekly 83:7 (February 13, 1989), p. 646.
• 1835: Scottish polymath Mary Somerville and German astronomer Caroline Herschel were elected the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Astronomical-Society|title=Royal Astronomical Society|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Somerville|title=Mary Somerville |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}
• 1836: Early English geologist and paleontologist Etheldred Benett, known for her extensive collection of several thousand fossils, was appointed a member of the Imperial Natural History Society of Moscow. The society – which only admitted men at the time – initially mistook Benett for a man due to her reputation as a scientist and her unusual first name, addressing her diploma of admission to "Dominum" (Master) Benett.{{cite web|url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Library-and-Information-Services/Exhibitions/Women-and-Geology/Etheldred-Benett|publisher=The Geological Society of London |title=Etheldred Benett (1775–1845) |access-date=2018-09-08}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/benett-etheldred-1776-1845|title=Benett, Etheldred (1776-1845) |encyclopedia= Encyclopedia.com |language=en|access-date=2018-09-08}}
• 1840: Scottish fossil collector and illustrator Lady Eliza Maria Gordon-Cumming invited geologists Louis Agassiz, William Buckland and Roderick Murchison to examine her collection of fish fossils. Agassiz confirmed several of Gordon-Cumming's discoveries as new species.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Pc-KlQ3I54C&q=Eliza+Maria+Gordon-Cumming++%22fossil%22&pg=PA40|title=The Role of Women in the History of Geology|last1=Burek|first1=Cynthia V.|last2=Higgs|first2=Bettie|last3=London|first3=Geological Society of|date=2007|publisher=Geological Society of London|isbn=9781862392274|page=40|language=en}}
• 1843: During a nine-month period in 1842–43, English mathematician Ada Lovelace translated Luigi Menabrea's article on Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes.{{cite book |last1=Menabrea |first1=Luigi Federico |last2=Lovelace |first2=Ada |editor=Richard Taylor |title=Scientific Memoirs |date=1843 |volume=3 |pages=666–731 |chapter=Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada Lovelace |chapter-url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html |location=London |publisher=Richard and John E. Taylor}} Her notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. It is considered the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.{{cite web|last=Simonite|first=Tom|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/ada-lovelace-day.html|title=Short Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'| website= New Scientist|date=24 March 2009|access-date=14 April 2012}}{{cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Matt|title=Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension|date=2014|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|isbn=978-0374275655|page=261}} The engine was never completed, so her program was never tested.{{cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = Eugene | last2 = Toole | first2 = Betty Alexandra | title = Ada and the First Computer | journal = Scientific American | volume = 280 | issue = 5 | pages = 76–81 | date=1999 | bibcode = 1999SciAm.280e..76E | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76}}
• 1843: British botanist and pioneering photographer Anna Atkins self-published her book Photographs of British Algae, illustrating the work with cyanotypes. Her book was the first book on any subject to be illustrated by photographs.{{cite journal|url=https://frieze.com/article/first-female-photographer|title=The First Female Photographer|last=Castle|first=Terry|journal=Frieze|date=10 October 2015|issue=4|language=en|access-date=2018-09-02}}
• 1846: British zoologist Anna Thynne built the first stable, self-sustaining marine aquarium.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxcuAAAAMAAJ&q=anne+thynne+marine&pg=PR2|title=Aquaria: Their Past, Present, and Future|date=1876|publisher=Essex Institute|editor-last=Packard|editor-first=A. S.|series=The American Naturalist|volume=10|page=615|language=en}}
• 1848: American astronomer Maria Mitchell became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; she had discovered a new comet the year before.{{cite book|author=Mary Wyer|title=Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_omcYIJx_8C&pg=PA3|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92606-5|page=3}}
• 1848–1849: English scientist Mary Anne Whitby, a pioneer in western silkworm cultivation, collaborated with Charles Darwin in researching the hereditary qualities of silkworms.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr7_AwAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Anne+Whitby+silkworms&pg=PA537|title=The Darwinian Heritage|last=Kohn|first=David|date=2014-07-14|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400854714|page=537|language=en}}{{cite news|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-1194.xml|title=To M. A. T. Whitby 12 August [1849]|work=Darwin Correspondence Project|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}
• 1850: The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences accepted its first women members: astronomer Maria Mitchell, entomologist Margaretta Morris, and science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJr6ZfkDbE4C&q=Margaretta+Morris+entomologist&pg=PA76|title=Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940|last=Rossiter|first=Margaret W.|date=1984|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801825095|page=76|language=en}}

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• 1854: Mary Horner Lyell was a conchologist and geologist. She is most well known for her scientific work in 1854, where she studied her collection of land snails from the Canary Islands. She was married to the notable British geologist Charles Lyell and assisted him in his scientific work. It is believed by historians that she likely made major contributions to her husband's work.{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Ellen|title=Women's Work: A Survey of Scholarship By and About Women|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136376276 |pages=55–56}}
• 1854–1855: Florence Nightingale organized care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. She was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Her pie charts clearly showed that most deaths resulted from disease rather than battle wounds or "other causes," which led the general public to demand improved sanitation at field hospitals.{{Cite book|last=Katz|first=Victor|title=A History of Mathematics: An Introduction|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2009|isbn=978-0-321-38700-4|pages=828–30|chapter=Chapter 23: Probability and Statistics in the Nineteenth Century}}
• 1855: Working with her father, Welsh astronomer and photographer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn produced some of the earliest photographs of the moon.{{cite journal|title=The Penllergare Observatory|journal = The Antiquarian Astronomer|volume = 2|last=Birks|first=J. L.|date=2005|pages=3–8|bibcode = 2005AntAs...2....3B}}
• 1856: American atmospheric scientist Eunice Newton Foote presented her paper "Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays" at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. She was an early researcher of the greenhouse effect.{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lady-scientist-helped-revolutionize-climate-science-didnt-get-credit-180961291/|title=This Lady Scientist Defined the Greenhouse Effect But Didn't Get the Credit, Because Sexism|last=McNeill|first=Leila|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en}}
• 1862: Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert became the first woman to join the Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. She was named an honorary member.
• 1863: German naturalist Amalie Dietrich arrived in Australia to collect plant, animal and anthropological specimens for the German Godeffroy Museum. She remained in Australia for the next decade, discovering a number of new plant and animal species in the process, but also became notorious in later years for her removal of Aboriginal skeletons – and the possible incitement of violence against Aboriginal people – for anthropological research purposes.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P000366b.htm|title=Dietrich, Koncordie Amalie |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|publisher=The University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-09-21}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGFG2QNgqFgC&q=%22Amalie+Dietrich%22+%22bones%22&pg=PA46|title=Performing Hybridity|last1=Joseph|first1=May|last2=Fink|first2=Jennifer|date=1999|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816630103|page=46|language=en}}
• 1865: English geologist Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.{{cite journal|last=Hardie-Budden|first=Melissa|title=Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne: A 19th century Hypatia|url=https://www.academia.edu/6703449|language=en}}

• 1869/1870: American beekeeper Ellen Smith Tupper became the first female editor of an entomological journal.{{cite journal |last1=Mielewczik |first1=Michael |last2=Jowett |first2=Kelly |last3=Moll |first3=Janine |title=Beehives, Booze and Suffragettes: The "Sad Case" of Ellen S. Tupper (1822–1888), the "Bee Woman" and "Iowa Queen Bee" |journal=Entomologie Heute |volume=31 |pages=113–227 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340082985 |access-date=22 March 2020}}
• 1870: Katharine Murray Lyell was a British botanist, author of an early book on the worldwide distribution of ferns, and editor of volumes of the correspondence of several of the era's notable scientists.{{cite book|title=A Geographical Handbook of All the Known Ferns: With Tables to Show Their Distribution|author= Katharine Lyell|publisher=John Murray|year=1870}}
• 1870: Ellen Swallow Richards became the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry.{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and American Politics |title=Ellen Swallow Richards | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVtFJ5tvINsC&q=%22first+woman+to+earn+a+degree+in+chemistry%22&pg=PA387 |isbn= 9781438110325|last1=Ford |first1=Lynne E. |date=2010-05-12 }}
• 1870: Russian chemist Anna Volkova became the first female member of the Russian Chemical Society.{{cite journal|date=1998|title=Early Women Chemists in Russia: Anna Volkova, Iuliia Lermontova, and Nadezhda Ziber-Shumova|url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/num21/num21%20p19-24.pdf|journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry|volume=21}}
• 1874: Julia Lermontova became the first Russian woman to receive a PhD in chemistry.
• 1875: Hungarian archaeologist Zsófia Torma excavated the site of Turdaș-Luncă in Hunedoara County, today in Romania. The site, which uncovered valuable prehistoric artifacts, became one of the most important archaeological discoveries in Europe.{{cite journal |last=Coltofean |first=Laura|quote=2017. Zsófia Torma: A pioneer of prehistoric archaeology in nineteenth-century Transylvania|url=https://www.academia.edu/35514614|editor1-first=Cs. |editor1-last=Szabó |editor2-first=V. |editor2-last=Rusu-Bolindeț |editor3-first=G. T. |editor3-last=Rustoiu |editor4-first=M. |editor4-last=Gligor |title=Adalbert Cserni and His Contemporaries. The Pioneers of Alba Iulia and Beyond |journal=In: Cs. Szabó, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, G. T. Rustoiu, M. Gligor (Eds.): Adalbert Cserni and His Contemporaries. The Pioneers of Alba Iulia and Beyond. Mega Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca, 2017, P. 327-354|date=January 2017|publisher=Mega Publishing House |location=Cluj-Napoca | pages=327–354|language=en}}
• 1876–1878: American naturalist Mary Treat studied insectivorous plants in Florida. Her contributions to the scientific understanding of how these plants caught and digested prey were acknowledged by Charles Darwin and Asa Gray.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amtGAwAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Treat|title=Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research|last=Creese|first=Mary R. S.|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780585276847|pages=4–5|language=en}}
• 1878: English entomologist Eleanor Anne Ormerod became the first female Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society. A few years afterwards, she was appointed as Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society.{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Mick|date=1999|title=Meteorologist's profile – Eleanor Anne Ormerod|journal=Weather|volume=54|issue=11|pages=365–369|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1999.tb05536.x|issn=0043-1656|bibcode=1999Wthr...54..365W|doi-access=free}}{{citation|last1=Heppner|first1=John B.|title=Ormerod, Eleanor Anne|date=2008|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology|pages=2693–2694|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1886|isbn=9781402062421|last2=Heppner|first2=John B.|last3=Tzanakakis|first3=Minos E.|last4=Tzanakakis|first4=Minos E.|last5=Tzanakakis|first5=Minos E.|last6=Lawrence|first6=Pauline O.|last7=Capinera|first7=John L.|last8=Nagoshi|first8=Rod|last9=Gerlach|first9=Günter}}

• 1880: Self-taught German chemist Agnes Pockels began investigating surface tension, becoming a pioneering figure in the field of surface science. The measurement equipment she developed provided the basic foundation for modern quantitative analyses of surface films.{{cite web|url=https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/agnes-pockels-labor/agnes|title=Who was Agnes Pockels?|publisher=TU Braunschweig|language=en|access-date=2018-09-21|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063515/https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/agnes-pockels-labor/agnes|url-status=dead}}
• 1883: American ethnologist Erminnie A. Smith, the first female field ethnographer, published her collection of Iroquois legends Myths of the Iroquois.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036|url-access=registration|quote=Erminnie A. Smith.|title=Chronology of Women's History|last=Olsen|first=Kirstin|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313288036|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036/page/153 153]|language=en}}
• 1884: English zoologist Alice Johnson's paper on newt embryos became the first paper authored by a woman to appear in the Proceedings of the Royal Society.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amtGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|title=Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research|last=Creese|first=Mary R. S.|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780585276847|page=109|language=en}}
• 1885: British naturalist Marian Farquharson became the first female Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society.{{cite ODNB|title=Farquharson [née Ridley], Marian Sarah (1846–1912), naturalist and campaigner for women's interests |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-55777|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/55777|year=2004}}
• 1886: Botanist Emily Lovira Gregory became the first female member of the American Society of Naturalists.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036|url-access=registration|quote=Emily Gregory American Society of Naturalists.|title=Chronology of Women's History|last=Olsen|first=Kirstin|date=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313288036|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313288036/page/157 157]|language=en}}
• 1887: Rachel Lloyd became the first American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry, completing her research at the Swiss University of Zurich.{{cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/rachel-holloway-lloyd/rachel-lloyd-chemist-commemorative-booklet.pdf|title=Rachel Lloyd, PhD – Pioneering Woman in Chemistry|last=University of Nebraska–Lincoln|website=American Chemical Society|access-date=September 9, 2018}}
• 1888: Russian scientist Sofia Kovalevskaya discovered the Kovalevskaya top, one of a brief list of known rigid body motion examples that are tractable by manipulating equations by hand.S. Kovalevskaya, "Sur le problème de la rotation d'un corps solide autour d'un point fixe". Acta Mathematica 12 (1889) 177–232.E. T. Whittaker, A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, Cambridge University Press (1952).
• 1888: American chemist Josephine Silone Yates was appointed head of the Department of Natural Sciences at Lincoln Institute (later Lincoln University), becoming the first black woman to head a college science department.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr|url-access=registration|quote=Josephine Silone Yates.|title=Black Women Scientists in the United States|last=Warren|first=Wini|date=1999|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253336033|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackwomenscient00warr/page/285 285]|language=en}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP5Nm-XbEaEC&q=Josephine+Silone+Yates|title=African American Women Chemists|last=Brown|first=Jeannette|date=2012-01-05|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780199742882|page=15|language=en}}
• 1889: Geologist Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.{{cite book|author=Edwin Butt Eckel|title=The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society|journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association|volume=19|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BTpRE_p1xnwC&pg=PR9|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8137-1155-3|page=36|bibcode=1983JAWRA..19..512M|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1983.tb04617.x}}

• 1890: Austrian-born chemist Ida Freund became the first woman to work as a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom. She was promoted to full lecturer at Newnham College, Cambridge.{{cite news|url=http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/|title=Significant contributors in the history of Newnham College|work=Newnham College|access-date=2018-09-21|language=en-GB}}
• 1890: Popular science educator and author Agnes Giberne co-founded the British Astronomical Association.{{cite journal|last=Daw|first=Gillian|date=2014-03-06|title='On the Wings of Imagination': Agnes Giberne and women as the Storytellers of Victorian Astronomy|url=https://journals.sfu.ca/vict/index.php/vict/article/view/78|journal=The Victorian|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|issn=2309-091X}} Subsequently, English astronomer Elizabeth Brown was appointed the Director of the association's Solar Section, well known for her studies in sunspots and other solar phenomena.{{cite web|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-journal_query?volume=22&plate_select=NO&page=171&plate=&cover=&journal=Obs..|title=Obituary - Miss E. Brown|last=A. S. D. M.|date=April 1889|website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu|series=The Observatory|pages=171–172|access-date=2018-09-23}}
• 1890: Mathematician Philippa Fawcett became the first woman to obtain the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos examinations, a score "above the Senior Wrangler".Series, Caroline. "And what became of the women?", Mathematical Spectrum, Vol. 30 (1997/8), 49h52 (At the time, women were ineligible to be named Senior Wrangler.)
• 1891: American-born astronomer Dorothea Klumpke was appointed as Head of the Bureau of Measurements at the Paris Observatory. For the next decade, in addition to completing her doctorate of science, she worked on the Carte du Ciel mapping project. She was recognized for her work with the first Prix de Dames award from the Société astronomique de France and named an Officier of the Paris Academy of Sciences.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&q=Dorothea+Klumpke+bio&pg=PA646|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|last1=Trimble|first1=Virginia|last2=Williams|first2=Thomas R.|last3=Bracher|first3=Katherine|last4=Jarrell|first4=Richard|last5=Marché|first5=Jordan D.|last6=Ragep|first6=F. Jamil|date=2007-09-18|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387304007|page=646|language=en}}
• 1892: American psychologist Christine Ladd-Franklin presented her evolutionary theory on the development of colour vision to the International Congress of Psychology. Her theory was the first to emphasize colour vision as an evolutionary trait.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
• 1893: Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her PhD in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a PhD from Johns Hopkins University.{{cite web |url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_BMC_USPBmBMC198001 |title=Florence Bascom papers, 1883–1938 |website=Dla.library.upenn.edu |access-date=2018-07-28 |archive-date=2019-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903050810/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html%3Fid%3DPACSCL_BMC_USPBmBMC198001 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |last1=Clary |first1=R. M. |title=Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |year=2007 |volume=281 |issue=1 |doi=10.1144/SP281.8 |bibcode=2007GSLSP.281..123C |s2cid=128838892 |pages=123–135}} Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country (America)".{{cite web|url=http://www.gsahist.org/gsat/gt98feb8_9.pdf|title=A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom|last=Schneidermann|first=Jill|date=July 1997|website=GSA Today|publisher=Geological Society of America}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}}
• 1893: American botanist Elizabeth Gertrude Britton became a charter member of the Botanical Society of America.{{cite web|url=http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/libr/finding_guide/egbweb.asp|title=Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton Records|website=sciweb.nybg.org|access-date=2018-09-22}}
• 1894: American astronomer Margaretta Palmer becomes the first woman to earn a doctorate in astronomy.{{cite journal|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/women/reports/gazette/upload/fall83.pdf|journal=CSWP Gazette|publisher=Committee on the Status of Women in Physics of the American Physical Society|volume=3|issue=4|date=December 1983|title=Maria Mitchell's famous students|pages=1–4|first=Dorrit|last=Hoffleit|author-link=Dorrit Hoffleit}}
• 1895: English physiologist Marion Bidder became the first woman to speak and present her own paper at a meeting of the Royal Society.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access=registration|quote=Marion Bidder the royal society.|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|last1=Haines|first1=Catharine M. C.|last2=Stevens|first2=Helen M.|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070901|pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain/page/31 31]–32|language=en}}
• 1896: Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey.{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/the-stone-lady-florence-bascom.htm |title=The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=1945-06-18 |access-date=2018-07-28}}{{cite web|url=https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/8/7/pdf/i1052-5173-8-7-8.pdf|title=A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom|last=Schneidermann|first=Jill|date=July 1997|website=GSA Today|publisher=Geological Society of America}}
• 1896: English mycologist and lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith became a founding member of the British Mycological Society. She later served as president twice.{{cite ODNB|title=Smith, Annie Lorrain (1854–1937), mycologist and lichenologist |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-46420|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46420|year= 2004|last1= Creese|first1= Mary R. S.}}{{cite web|url=http://www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/society/history|title=The British Mycological Society|website=www.britmycolsoc.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-09-09}}
• 1897: American cytologists and zoologists Katharine Foot and Ella Church Strobell started working as research partners. Together, they pioneered the practice of photographing microscopic research samples and invented a new technique for creating thin material samples in colder temperatures.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amtGAwAAQBAJ&q=Katharine+Foot+photomicrographs&pg=PA104|title=Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800–1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research|last=Creese|first=Mary R. S.|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780585276847|page=104|language=en}}
• 1897: American physicist Isabelle Stone became the first woman to receive a PhD in physics in the United States. She wrote her dissertation "On the Electrical Resistance of Thin Films" at the University of Chicago.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&q=isabelle+stone+physics&pg=PA1241|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science|last1=Ogilvie|first1=Marilyn Bailey|last2=Harvey|first2=Joy Dorothy|author-link=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie|author2-link=Joy Harvey|date=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415920407|page=1241|language=en}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J5_iXvkD6EC&q=isabelle+stone+physics&pg=PA168|title=Einstein's Generation: The Origins of the Relativity Revolution|last=Staley|first=Richard|date=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226770574|page=168|language=en}}
• 1898: Danish physicist Kirstine Meyer was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpb1GaDPoq0C&q=%22Kirstine+Meyer%22+%22Gold+Medal%22&pg=PA122|title=Niels Bohr: Collected Works|date=2013-10-22|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080466873|editor-last=Aaserud|editor-first=Finn|volume=12|page=122|language=en}}
• 1898: Italian malacologist Marianna Paulucci donated her collection of specimens to the Royal Museum of Natural History in Florence, Italy (Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze). Paulucci was the first scientist to compile and publish a species list of Italian malacofauna.{{cite web|url=http://www.msn.unifi.it/en/collezioni/zoologia-2/collezionisti/marianna-paulucci/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419192443/http://www.msn.unifi.it/en/collezioni/zoologia-2/collezionisti/marianna-paulucci/|archive-date=2016-04-19|title=Marianna Paulucci |publisher=Museum of Natural History, University of Florence|date=2016-04-19|access-date=2018-09-20}}
• 1899: American physicists Marcia Keith and Isabelle Stone became charter members of the American Physical Society.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari|url-access=registration|quote=Marcia Keith physicist.|title=Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|date=1986|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262650380|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari/page/107 107]–108|language=en}}
• 1899: Irish physicist Edith Anne Stoney was appointed a physics lecturer at the London School of Medicine for Women, becoming the first female medical physicist. She later became a pioneering figure in the use of X-ray machines on the front lines of World War I.{{cite journal|last=Duck|first=Francis|date=December 2013|title=Edith Stoney MA, the first woman medical physicist|url=https://www.ipem.ac.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Publications/SCOPE/SCOPE_DEC2013_LR.pdf|journal=SCOPE|volume=22|issue=4|pages=49–54|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328141849/https://www.ipem.ac.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Publications/SCOPE/SCOPE_DEC2013_LR.pdf|url-status=dead}}

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File:Maria Montessori (portrait).jpg]]

• 1900: American botanist Anna Murray Vail became the first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden. A key supporter of the institution's establishment, she had earlier donated her entire collection of 3000 botanical specimens to the garden.{{cite web|url=http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/libr/finding_guide/vail.asp.html|title=Anna Murray Vail Papers|last=Fraser|first=Susan|website=sciweb.nybg.org|access-date=2018-09-21}}
• 1900: Physicists Marie Skłodowska–Curie and Isabelle Stone attended the first International Congress of Physics in Paris, France. They were the only two women out of 836 participants.
• 1901: American Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington.{{cite web|author=irishawg |url=https://irishawg.wordpress.com/2017/12/01/women-in-geoscience-part-2/ |title=Women in Geoscience Series |publisher=Irish Association for Women in Geosciences |date=2016-08-20 |access-date=2018-07-28}}
• 1901: Czech botanist and zoologist Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková became the first woman in the Czech Republic to receive a PhD.{{cite web|url=http://albina.ff.cuni.cz/index.php/Marie_Zde%C5%88ka_Baborov%C3%A1-%C4%8Cih%C3%A1kov%C3%A1|title=Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková – Ženy ve vědě do roku 1945|website=albina.ff.cuni.cz|language=cs|access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 1901: American astronomer Annie Jump Cannon published her first catalog of stellar spectra, which classified stars by temperature. This method was universally and permanently adopted by other astronomers.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Annie-Jump-Cannon|title=Annie Jump Cannon {{!}} American astronomer|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-09-10}}
• 1903: Grace Coleridge Frankland née Toynbee was an English microbiologist. Her most notable work was Bacteria in Daily Life. She was one of the nineteen female scientists who wrote the 1904 petition to the Chemical Society to request that they should create some female fellows of the society.{{Cite ODNB|id=62321|title=Frankland [née Toynbee], Grace Coleridge}}
• 1903: Polish-born physicist and chemist Marie Skłodowska–Curie became the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize when she received the Nobel Prize in Physics along with her husband, Pierre Curie, "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel", and Henri Becquerel, "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html|title=Nobel Laureates Facts - Women|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2017-10-07}}{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/|title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1903|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2008-10-16}}{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/index.html |access-date=2008-10-09}}
• 1904: American geographer, geologist and educator Zonia Baber published her article "The Scope of Geography", in which she laid out her educational theories on the teaching of geography. She argued that students required a more interdisciplinary, experiential approach to learning geography: instead of a reliance on textbooks, students needed field-trips, lab work and map-making knowledge. Baber's educational ideas transformed the way schools taught geography.{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science/woman-who-transformed-how-we-teach-geography-180967859/|title=The Woman Who Transformed How We Teach Geography|last=McNeill|first=Leila|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2018-09-02|language=en}}
• 1904: British chemists Ida Smedley, Ida Freund and Martha Whiteley organized a petition asking the Chemical Society to admit women as Fellows. A total of 19 female chemists became signatories, but their petition was denied by the society.{{cite book|title=Chemistry in Britain|last=Mason|first=Joan|year=1991|pages=233–238|chapter=A forty years' war}}
• 1904: Marie Stopes (15 October 1880 – 2 October 1958) was a British author, palaeobotanist and campaigner for women's rights. She made significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification. She held the post of Lecturer in Palaeobotany at the University of Manchester from 1904 to 1910; in this capacity she became the first female academic of that university.{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36323|title=Marie Stopes|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36323|year=2004}} In 1909 she was elected to the Linnean Society of London. She was 26 at the time of her election to Fellowship (the youngest woman admitted at that time).
• 1904: In a December meeting, the Linnean Society of London elected its first women Fellows. These initial women included horticulturalist Ellen Willmott, ornithologist Emma Turner, biologist Lilian Jane Gould, mycologists Gulielma Lister and Annie Lorrain Smith, and botanists Mary Anne Stebbing, Margaret Jane Benson and Ethel Sargant.{{cite web|url=https://www.linnean.org/news/2017/03/08/8th-march-2017-international-womens-day|title=International Women's Day|website=www.linnean.org|access-date= 5 September 2020}}{{cite journal|year=1905|title=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (One Hundred and Seventeenth Session, 1904–1905)|volume=117|pages=1–58|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1905.tb01410.x}}
• 1905: American geneticist Nettie Stevens discovered sex chromosomes.{{cite web|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nettie-stevens-a-discoverer-of-sex-chromosomes-6580266|title=Nettie Stevens: A Discoverer of Sex Chromosomes|publisher=Scitable|access-date=8 September 2018}}
• 1906: Following the San Francisco earthquake, American botanist and curator Alice Eastwood rescued almost 1500 rare plant specimens from the burning California Academy of Sciences building. Her curation system of keeping type specimens separate from other collections – unconventional at the time – allowed her to quickly find and retrieve the specimens.{{cite web|url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/library/special/findaids/eastwood.html#ref24|title=Inventory to the papers of Alice Eastwood at the California Academy of Sciences Library - MSS.142 Eastwood (Alice) Papers|website=researcharchive.calacademy.org|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1906: Russian chemist Irma Goldberg published a paper on two newly discovered chemical reactions involving the presence of copper and the creation of a nitrogen-carbon bond to an aromatic halide. These reactions were subsequently named the Goldberg reaction and the Jourdan-Ullman-Goldberg reaction.{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=Julie A.|last2=Shea|first2=Kevin M.|date=2011|title=Critical Perspective: Named Reactions Discovered and Developed by Women|url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=chm_facpubs|journal=Chemistry: Faculty Publications|volume=11}}
• 1906: English physicist, mathematician and engineer Hertha Ayrton became the first female recipient of the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society of London. She received the award for her experimental research on electric arcs and sand ripples.{{cite web|url=https://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/ayrton.htm|title=Hertha Marks Ayrton|website=www.agnesscott.edu|access-date=2018-09-03}}
• 1906: After her death, English lepidopterist Emma Hutchinson's collection of 20,000 butterflies and moths was donated to the London Natural History Museum. She had published little during her lifetime, and was barred from joining local scientific societies due to her gender, but was honoured for her work when a variant form of the comma butterfly was named hutchinsoni.{{cite news|url=https://conscicom.org/2018/03/02/emma-hutchinson-1820-1906/|title=Emma Hutchinson (1820–1906)|last=Wale|first=Matthew|date=2018-03-02|work=Constructing Scientific Communities|access-date=2018-09-12|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165902/https://conscicom.org/2018/03/02/emma-hutchinson-1820-1906/|url-status=dead}}
• 1909: Alice Wilson became the first female geologist hired by the Geological Survey of Canada.{{cite web|url=http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=274 |title=Alice Wilson |publisher=science.ca |access-date=2018-08-08}}{{cite web|url=http://www.science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/97252.html |title=66. Ottawa Geology (1946) |publisher=Science.gc.ca |date=2017-03-03 |access-date=2018-08-08}} She is widely credited as being the first Canadian female geologist.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alice-evelyn-wilson/|title=Alice Wilson|last=James-Abra|first=Erin|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}
• 1909: Danish physicist Kirstine Meyer became the first Danish woman to receive a doctorate degree in natural sciences. She wrote her dissertation on the topic of "the development of the temperature concept" within the history of physics.

File:Marie Curie c1920.jpg]]

File:Henrietta Swan Leavitt.jpg]]

File:Noether (petite image).png]]

File:Carrie Derick.jpg]]

• 1911: Polish-born physicist and chemist Marie Curie became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which she received "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2008-10-06}}{{cite news|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/beaverton/index.ssf/2011/09/beaverton_student_valerie_ding_to_compete_in_national_science_fair_competition.html|title=Beaverton student Valerie Ding to compete in national science fair competition|date=September 2011|work=OregonLive.com|access-date=2018-08-20}} This made her the first person to win the Nobel Prize twice. As of 2022, she is the only woman to win it twice and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two scientific fields.
• 1911: Norwegian biologist Kristine Bonnevie became the first woman member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.{{citation|last=Semb-Johansson|first=Arne|title=Kristine Bonnevie|date=2014-09-28|url=http://nbl.snl.no/Kristine_Bonnevie|work=Norsk biografisk leksikon|language=no|access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 1912: American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright-dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars, then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth.{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/~invent/iow/leavitt.html|website=web.mit.edu|title=Lemelson-MIT Program|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221234/http://web.mit.edu/~invent/iow/leavitt.html|url-status=dead}}
• 1912: Canadian botanist and geneticist Carrie Derick was appointed a professor of morphological botany at McGill University. She was the first woman to become a full professor in any department at a Canadian university.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/carrie-derick/|title=Carrie Derick|last=Gillett|first=Margaret|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}
• 1913: Regina Fleszarowa became the first Polish woman to receive a PhD in natural sciences.{{cite journal|last=Wójcik|first=Zbigniew|title=Regina Danysz-Fleszarowa 1888–1969|url=http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Kwartalnik_Historii_Nauki_i_Techniki/Kwartalnik_Historii_Nauki_i_Techniki-r1970-t15-n4/Kwartalnik_Historii_Nauki_i_Techniki-r1970-t15-n4-s791-796/Kwartalnik_Historii_Nauki_i_Techniki-r1970-t15-n4-s791-796.pdf|journal=Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki|volume=15|issue=4|pages=791–796}}
• 1913: Izabela Textorisová, the first Slovakian female botanist, published "Flora Data from the County of Turiec" in the journal Botanikai Közlemények. Her work uncovered more than 100 previously unknown species of plants from the Turiec area.{{cite web|url=http://www.mindop.sk/externe/znamky/1996/96089e.html|title=Izabela Textorisová – Portrait and Work|website=www.mindop.sk|access-date=2018-09-03}}
• 1913: Canadian physician and chemist Maud Menten co-authored a paper on enzyme kinetics, leading to the development of the Michaelis–Menten kinetics equation.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maud-Leonora-Menten|title=Maud Leonora Menten: Canadian biochemist and organic chemist|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}
• 1914–1918: During World War I, a team of seven British women chemists conducted pioneering research on chemical antidotes and weaponized gases. The project leader, Martha Annie Whiteley, was awarded the Order of the British Empire for her wartime contributions.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkBFDwAAQBAJ&q=Frances+Micklethwait+bio&pg=PT266|title=A Lab of One's Own: Science and Suffrage in the First World War|last=Fara|first=Patricia|date=2017-12-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192514172|language=en}}
• 1914-1918: Dame Helen Gwynne-Vaughan, {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GBE}} (née Fraser) was a prominent English botanist and mycologist. For her wartime service she was the first woman to be awarded a military DBE in January 1918. She served as Commandant of the Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) from September 1918 until December 1919.{{cite web |url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/online-exhibitions/women-of-the-air-force/commandant-dame-helen-gwynne-vaughan.cfm |title=Commandant of the WRAF September 1918-December 1919|access-date=2010-06-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805023325/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/online-exhibitions/women-of-the-air-force/commandant-dame-helen-gwynne-vaughan.cfm |archive-date=5 August 2010}}
• 1914: British-born mycologist Ethel Doidge became the first woman in South Africa to receive a doctorate in any subject, receiving her doctorate of science degree from the University of the Good Hope. She wrote her thesis on "A bacterial disease of mango".{{cite web|url=http://www.imafungus.org/Issue/72/07.pdf|title=The life and times of Ethel Mary Doidge, a pioneer of South African mycology|last=Jacobs|first=Adriaana|website=IMA Fungus|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214500/http://www.imafungus.org/Issue/72/07.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• 1916: Isabella Preston became the first female professional plant hybridist in Canada, producing the George C. Creelman trumpet lily. Her lily later received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/isabella-preston/|title=Isabella Preston|last=Raymond|first=Katrine|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en}}
• 1916: Chika Kuroda became the first Japanese woman to earn a bachelor of science degree, studying chemistry at the Tohoku Imperial University. After graduation, she was subsequently appointed an assistant professor at the university.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain|url-access=registration|title=International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950|last1=Haines|first1=Catharine M. C.|last2=Stevens|first2=Helen M.|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070901|page=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwom00hain/page/164 164]|language=en}}
• 1917: American zoologist Mary J. Rathbun received her PhD from the George Washington University. Despite never having attended college – or any formal schooling beyond high school – Rathbun had authored more than 80 scientific publications, described over 674 new species of crustacean, and developed a system for crustacean-related records at the Smithsonian Museum.{{cite journal|last=Schmitt|first=Waldo L.|url=https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/27683/27683.pdf|journal=Crustaceana|volume=24|issue=3|pages=283–296|doi=10.1163/156854073X00641|year=1973|title=Mary J. Rathbun 1860–1943}}
• 1917: Dutch biologist and phytopathologist Johanna Westerdijk became the first female university professor in the Netherlands. She was appointed an extraordinary professor of phytopathology at the University of Utrecht.{{cite journal|last=Stamhuis|first=Ida H.|date=1995|title=A Female Contribution to Early Genetics: Tine Tammes and Mendel's Laws for Continuous Characters|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=495–531|jstor=4331365|pmid=11609021|doi=10.1007/BF01059390|s2cid=42785250}}
• 1918: German physicist and mathematician Emmy Noether created Noether's theorem explaining the connection between symmetry and conservation laws.{{cite book|title=The Impact of Emmy Noether's Theorems on XXIst Century Physics in Teicher|last=Ne'eman|first=Yuval|publisher=Teicher|year=1999|pages=83–101}}
• 1919: Dutch biologist and geneticist Jantina Tammes became the university professor in the Netherlands. She was appointed an extraordinary professor of variability and heredity at the University of Groningen. She became the first person in the Netherlands to occupy a chair in genetic. Moreover, she became the second female professor in the country, and the first one at the University of Groningen. She held this position until 1937, when she resigned at the age of sixty-six.
• 1919: Justicia Espada Acuña graduates from Universidad de Chile, becoming the first woman with degree in civil engineer in South America{{Cite web |last=Sudamérica |first=Justicia Acuña: La primera mujer ingeniera de Chile y |date=2019-12-17 |title=Justicia Acuña: La primera mujer ingeniera de Chile y Sudamérica |url=https://vcm.emol.com/6393/noticias/primera-mujer-ingeniera-chile-sudamerica/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=VCM |language=es-CL}}
• 1919: Kathleen Maisey Curtis became the first New Zealand woman to earn a Doctorate of Science degree (DSc), completing her thesis on Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart disease) at the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Her research was cited as "the most outstanding result in mycological research that had been presented for ten years".{{cite web|url=http://nzsm.webcentre.co.nz/article815.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505132728/http://nzsm.webcentre.co.nz/article815.htm|archive-date=2013-05-05|title=New Zealand Science Monthly |date=2013-05-05|access-date=2018-08-23}}

File:Cecilia Helena Payne Gaposchkin (1900-1979) (3).jpg]]

File:Yasui Kono.JPG]]

• 1920: Louisa Bolus was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa for her contributions to botany. Over the course of her lifetime, Bolus identified and named more than 1,700 new South African plant species – more species than any other botanist in South Africa.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9FkFg5ogZAC&pg=PA17|title=Ladies in the Laboratory III: South African, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian Women in Science: Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries|last1=Creese|first1=Mary R. S.|last2=Creese|first2=Thomas M.|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810872899|pages=17–18|language=en}}
• 1921: Edelmira Inés Mórtola (1894–1973), the first woman to become a geologist in Argentina was awarded her PHD at the University of Buenos Aires, the first woman to received her doctorate there. The university named the Mórtola Minerology Museum in her honor.{{Cite web |title=Edelmira Mórtola, primera geóloga de la República Argentina - CONICET |url=https://bicyt.conicet.gov.ar/fichas/produccion/11981995 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=bicyt.conicet.gov.ar}}
• 1923: María Teresa Ferrari, an Argentine physician, earned the first diploma awarded to a woman by the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris for her studies of the urinary tract.{{cite book |last1=Alvarez |first1=Adriana |last2=Carbonetti |first2=Adrián |title=Saberes y prácticas médicas en la Argentina: un recorrido por historias de vida |date=2008 |publisher=H.I.S.A., Universidade Nacional de Mar del Plata |location=Mar del Plata |isbn=978-9-871-37119-8 |pages=155, 166 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4b3aJJ33M4C&pg=PA137 |language=es}}
• 1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.
• 1925: Mexican-American botanist Ynes Mexia embarked on her first botanical expedition into Mexico, collecting over 1500 plant specimens. Over the course of the next thirteen years, Mexia collected more than 145,000 specimens from Mexico, Alaska, and multiple South American countries. She discovered 500 new species.{{cite web|title=Mexia, Ynes Enriquetta Julietta (1870–1938) |work= JSTOR Global Plants|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000033443|language=en}}
• 1925: American medical scientist Florence Sabin became the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences.{{cite web|url=http://www.k-grayengineeringeducation.com/blog/index.php/2008/04/25/engineering-education-blog-first-women-elected-to-national-academy-of-science/ |title=Engineering Education Blog: First Woman Elected to National Academy of Science |publisher=K-grayengineeringeducation.com |access-date=2014-02-16}}
• 1925: British-American astronomer and astrophysicist Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin established that hydrogen is the most common element in stars, and thus the most abundant element in the universe.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecilia-Payne-Gaposchkin|title=Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}
• 1926: American scientist Katharine Burr Blodgett became the first woman to earn a PhD in physics at the University of Cambridge, under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford.{{Cite journal |date=March 1980 |title=Obituary: Katharine Burr Blodgett |url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2913969 |journal=Physics Today |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=107|doi=10.1063/1.2913969 }}
• 1927: Kono Yasui became the first Japanese woman to earn a doctorate in science, studying at the Tokyo Imperial University and completing her thesis on "Studies on the structure of lignite, brown coal, and bituminous coal in Japan".{{cite web|url=http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/en/researcher/yasui_kono.html|title=Kono Yasui|work=Ochanomizu University Digital Archives|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2015-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119003811/http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/en/researcher/yasui_kono.html|url-status=dead}}
• 1928: Alice Evans became the first woman elected president of the Society of American Bacteriologists.{{cite magazine|magazine=Time|date=January 9, 1928|title=Medicine: Bacteriologists|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881734,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020042429/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881734,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 20, 2012|access-date=2009-11-26}}
• 1928: Helen Battle became the first woman to earn a PhD in marine biology in Canada.{{cite web|url=https://www.uwo.ca/sci/publications/flashpoint/current/battle.html|title=The Science Flashpoint – Helen Battle – A Part of Our History|last=Zimmer|first=Mitchell|date=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427002950/https://www.uwo.ca/sci/publications/flashpoint/current/battle.html|archive-date=2016-04-27|access-date=2018-08-22}}
• 1928: British biologist Kathleen Carpenter published the first English-language textbook devoted to freshwater ecology: Life in Inland Waters.{{cite web|url=https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist/158-biologist/features/1968-who-was-kathleen-carpenter|title=Who was... Kathleen Carpenter?|website=thebiologist.rsb.org.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1929: American botanist Margaret Clay Ferguson became the first female president of the Botanical Society of America.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00sich|url-access=registration|quote=Margaret Clay Ferguson bio.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Biographical Dictionary|last1=Sicherman|first1=Barbara|last2=Green|first2=Carol Hurd|date=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674627338|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00sich/page/229 229]–230|language=en}}
• 1929: Scottish-Nigerian Agnes Yewande Savage became the first West African woman to graduate from medical school, obtaining her degree at the University of Edinburgh.{{cite news|url=https://centreofafricanstudies.wordpress.com/2016/11/16/cas-students-to-lead-seminar-on-universitys-african-alumni-pt-iv-agnes-yewande-savage/|title=CAS Students to Lead Seminar On University's African Alumni, Pt. IV: Agnes Yewande Savage|date=2016-11-16|work=CAS from the Edge|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-US}}{{cite journal|last=Tetty|first=Charles|s2cid=7298703|date=1985|title=Medical Practitioners of African Descent in Colonial Ghana|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=139–144|doi=10.2307/217977|jstor=217977|pmid=11617203}}{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/physicianscoloni0000patt|url-access=registration|quote=Physicians, Colonialism, and Diaspora in West Africa.|title=Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa|last=Patton|first=Adell|date=1996|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813014326|language=en}}

File:Irène Joliot-Curie Harcourt.jpg]]

File:Lise Meitner (1878-1968), lecturing at Catholic University, Washington, D.C., 1946.jpg]]

• 1930: Concepción Mendizábal Mendoza became the first woman in Mexico to earn a civil engineering degree.{{cite web|url=https://institutohistorico.org/concepcion-mendizabal-mendoza/|title=Concepción Mendizábal Mendoza|date=2018-08-08|website=Instituto de investigaciones Históricas Políticas Económicas y Sociales|language=es|access-date=2020-03-27}}
• 1932: Michiyo Tsujimura became the first Japanese woman to earn a doctorate in agriculture. She studied at the Tokyo Imperial University, and her doctoral thesis was entitled "On the Chemical Components of Green Tea".{{cite web|url=http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/en/researcher/tsujimura_michiyo.html|title=Michiyo Tsujimura |work=Ochanomizu University Digital Archives |access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1933: Hungarian scientist Elizabeth Rona received the Haitinger Prize from the Austrian Academy of Sciences for her method of extracting polonium.{{cite journal|last1=Rentetzi|first1=Maria|title=Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Interwar Vienna The Case of the Institute for Radium Research|journal=Isis|date=September 2004|volume=95|issue=3|pages=359–393|jstor=10.1086/428960|doi=10.1086/428960|pmid=15747771|s2cid=6024845}}{{cite book|last=Rosner|first=Robert W.|title=Marietta Blau – Sterne der Zertrümmerung: Biographie einer Wegbereiterin der modernen Teilchenphysik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf7W_ixeBSUC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Böhlau Verlag |location=Vienna, Austria|isbn=978-3-205-77088-6|page=32}}
• 1933: American bacteriologist Ruth Ella Moore became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in the natural sciences, completing her doctorate in bacteriology at Ohio State University.{{cite web|url=https://www.edi.nih.gov/blog/communities/history-black-scientists-ruth-ella-moore-james-mccune-smith|title=History of Black Scientists: Ruth Ella Moore & James McCune Smith |publisher=National Institutes of Health Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion |language=en|access-date=2018-09-24}}
• 1935: French chemist Irène Joliot-Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Frédéric Joliot-Curie "for their synthesis of new radioactive elements".{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html|access-date=2008-10-16}}
• 1935: American plant hybridist Grace Sturtevant, the "First Lady of Iris", received the American Iris Society's gold medal for her lifetime's work.{{cite web|url=https://www.historiciris.org/articles/notable-gracesturt.html|title=HIPS – Notables: Grace Sturtevant|website=www.historiciris.org|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330064032/http://www.historiciris.org/articles/notable-gracesturt.html|url-status=dead}}
• 1936: Edith Patch became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America.{{cite book|author=Tiffany K. Wayne|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA514|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-158-9|page=514}}
• 1936: Mycologist Kathleen Maisey Curtis was elected the first female Fellow at the Royal Society of New Zealand.{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/150th-anniversary/150-women-in-150-words/1918-1967/kathleen-curtis/ |title=Royal Society Te Apārangi - Kathleen Curtis |publisher=Royalsociety.org.nz |access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1936: Danish seismologist and geophysicist Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core.{{cite book|editor=Edmond A. Mathez |title=Earth: Inside and Out |date=2000 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |url=http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_lehmann.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430105106/http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_lehmann.html |archive-date=2008-04-30 }}
• 1937: Canadian forensic pathologist Frances Gertrude McGill assisted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in establishing their first forensic detection laboratory.{{cite book|title=The Pathological Casebook of Dr. Frances McGill|last=Petersen|first=Myrna|publisher=Ideation Entertainment|year=2005|page=127}}
• 1937: Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain became the first female Haitian anthropologist and the first Haitian person to complete a PhD, receiving her doctoral degree from the University of Paris.{{cite web|url=http://www.haiticulture.ch/suzanne_comhaire-sylvain.html|title=Femmes d'Haiti: Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain|website=www.haiticulture.ch|language=fr|access-date=2018-08-28}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaiNlkzuV3cC&q=Suzanne+Comhaire-Sylvain+university+of+paris+%221937%22&pg=PP12|title=The Tale of the Kind and the Unkind Girls: AA-TH 480 and Related Titles|last=Roberts|first=Warren Everett|date=1994|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0814324905|pages=x|language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8k074wr/|title=Comhaire-Sylvain (Suzanne) papers|website=oac.cdlib.org|access-date=2018-08-28}}
• 1937: Marietta Blau and her student Hertha Wambacher, both Austrian physicists, received the Lieben Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for their work on cosmic ray observations using the technique of nuclear emulsions.{{cite web|last1=Dazinger|first1=Walter|title=Preisträger des Haitinger-Preises 1905–1936|url=http://www.i-l-g.at/texte/symposium/2004/Preistraeger.pdf|page=3|publisher=Die Ignaz-Lieben-Gesellschaft Verein zur Förderung der Wissenschaftsgeschichte|access-date=25 March 2016|location=Institut für Angewandte Synthesechemie, Vienna, Austria|language=de|date=27 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121402/http://www.i-l-g.at/texte/symposium/2004/Preistraeger.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}}{{cite web |last1=Rentetzi |first1=Maria |title=Marietta Blau (1894–1970) |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blau-marietta |website=JWA.org |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181846/http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/blau-marietta |archive-date=12 October 2016 |location=Brookline, Massachusetts |date=1 March 2009}}
• 1938: Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi became the first woman to be licensed to practise medicine in Nigeria after graduating from Trinity College Dublin and the first West African female medical officer with a license of the Royal Surgeon (Dublin).{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9k4cBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections|last=Vidal|first=Yinka|date=2015-03-04|publisher=Lara Publications Inc|isbn=9780964081888|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115332/https://books.google.com/books?id=9k4cBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-05-07|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9AuAQAAIAAJ&q=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+educated|title=A Lagosian of the 20th century: an autobiography|last=Anibaba|first=Musliu Olaiya|date=2003|publisher=Tisons Limited|isbn=9789783557116|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223230233/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9AuAQAAIAAJ&q=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+educated&dq=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+educated&hl=en|archive-date=2016-12-23|url-status=live}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oAuAQAAIAAJ&q=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+born|title=Nigerian heroes and heroines: and other issues in citizenship education|last=Ezeh|first=Godwin Chukwuemeka|date=2004|publisher=Mike Social Press|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222144857/https://books.google.com/books?id=3oAuAQAAIAAJ&q=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+born&dq=Elizabeth+Abimbola+Awoliyi+born&hl=en|archive-date=2016-12-22|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tabithamedicalcenter.com/?p=434|publisher=Tabitha Medical Center |title=Celebrating African Women in Medicine|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206140540/http://www.tabithamedicalcenter.com/?p=434|archive-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-01}}
• 1938: Geologist Alice Wilson became the first woman appointed as Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada.
• 1938: South African naturalist Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovered a living coelacanth fish caught near the Chalumna river. The species had been believed to be extinct for over 60 million years. It was named latimeria chalumnae in her honour.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/may/21/guardianobituaries|title=Obituary: Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer|last=Smith|first=Anthony|date=2004|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-26}}
• 1938: Botanists Elzada U Clover and Lois Jotter were the first women to catalog plant life in the Grand Canyon and the first to raft the entire length of the Colorado River{{Cite book |last=Sevigny |first=Melissa L. |title=Brave the wild river: the untold story of two women who mapped the botany of the Grand Canyon |date=2024 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-1-324-07611-7 |edition=First published as a Norton paperback |location=New York}}
• 1939: Austrian-Swedish physicist Lise Meitner, along with Otto Hahn, led the small group of scientists who first discovered nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron; the results were published in early 1939.Meitner, L.; Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0.. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen.Frisch, O. R. (1939). "Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment". Nature. 143 (3616): 276. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..276F. doi:10.1038/143276a0. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb pp. 263, 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).]
• 1939: French physicist Marguerite Perey discovered francium.{{cite web|last=Science |first=Live |url=https://www.livescience.com/39582-what-is-francium.html |title=What is Francium? |publisher=Livescience.com |date=2013-09-11 |access-date=2018-08-20}}

File:Hedy Lamarr Publicity Photo for The Heavenly Body 1944.jpg]]

File:Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg]]

File:Marie Maynard Daly.jpg]]

• 1940: Turkish Archaeologist, Sumerologist, Assyriologist, and writer Muazzez İlmiye Çığ. Upon receiving her degree in 1940, she began a multi-decade career at Museum of the Ancient Orient, one of three such institutions comprising Istanbul Archaeology Museums, as a resident specialist in the field of cuneiform tablets, thousands of which were being stored untranslated and unclassified in the facility's archives. In the intervening years, due to her efforts in the deciphering and publication of the tablets, the Museum became a Middle Eastern languages learning center attended by ancient history researchers from every part of the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/muazzez-cig-stands-among-the-world-s-best-sumerologists-10362169|title=Muazzez Çığ stands among the world's best Sumerologists|last=Gamm|first=Gül Demir-Niki|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=15 November 2008 |language=tr|access-date=2019-09-02}}
• 1941: American scientist Ruth Smith Lloyd became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in anatomy.{{cite journal|last1=Epps|first1=Charles H.|last2=Johnson|first2=Davis G.|last3=Vaughan|first3=Audrey L.|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=85|issue=10|pages=777–796|pmc=2568213|year=1993|pmid=8254696|title=Black medical pioneers: African-American 'firsts' in academic and organized medicine. Part three}}
• 1942: Austrian-American actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed a radio guidance system for Allied torpedoes that used spread spectrum and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers. Although the US Navy did not adopt the technology until the 1960s, the principles of their work are incorporated into Bluetooth technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi-Fi. This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.
• 1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.{{cite thesis|last=Williams|first=Marguerite|title=A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin|url=http://uolibraries.worldcat.org/title/history-of-erosion-in-the-anacostia-drainage-basin/oclc/14408300|publisher=World Cat|access-date=8 March 2014|year=1942}}{{cite web|url=https://www.udc.edu/2017/03/27/womens-history-month-marguerite-thomas-williams/|title=Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams|publisher=University of the District of Columbia|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-24}}
• 1942: Native American aerospace engineer Mary Golda Ross became employed at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, where she provided troubleshooting for military aircraft. She went on to work for NASA, developing operational requirements, flight plans, and a Planetary Flight Handbook for spacecraft missions such as the Apollo program.{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/little-known-math-genius-helped-america-reach-stars-180962700/|title=Google Doodle Honors Little-Known Math Genius Who Helped America Reach the Stars|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|work=Smithsonian|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}
• 1943: British geologist Eileen Guppy was promoted to the rank of assistant geologist, therefore becoming the first female geology graduate appointed to the scientific staff of the British Geological Survey.{{cite web|last=Bowie |first=R. |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=904|title=Freedom and Equality – Women in Geology|language=en |publisher=British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council |access-date=2018-05-23}}
• 1943: American geologist and crystallographer Elizabeth A. Wood became the first female to be hired as a Member of the Technical Staff (MTS) at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ.{{Cite journal |last1=Abrahams |first1=Sidney C. |last2=Glusker |first2=Jenny P. |date=2006 |title=Elizabeth Armstrong Wood |url=https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/59/11/75/395786/Elizabeth-Armstrong-Wood |journal=Physics Today |volume=59 |issue=11 |pages=75|doi=10.1063/1.2435658 }}
• 1944: Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee became the first Indian woman to receive a doctorate of science, completing her studies at the University of Calcutta. She went on to establish the Department of Chemistry at Lady Brabourne College.{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2017/09/23/todays-google-doodle-honors-chemist-asima-chatterjee/#484c920a48a3|title=Today's Google Doodle Honors Chemist Asima Chatterjee|last=Smith|first=K. N.|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en}}
• 1945: American physicists and mathematicians Frances Spence, Ruth Teitelbaum, Marlyn Meltzer, Betty Holberton, Jean Bartik and Kathleen Antonelli programmed the electronic general-purpose computer ENIAC, becoming some of the world's first computer programmers.{{cite news|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/53160/meet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac|title=Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC|last=Sheppard|first=Alyson|date=2013-10-13|work=Mental Floss|access-date=2018-10-09|language=en}} (The first were uncredited operators, mostly members of the Women's Royal Naval Service, of the Colossus computer in 1943–1945, but that machine was not a stored-program computer and its existence was a state secret until the 1970s.)
• 1945: Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale were elected as the first female Fellows of the Royal Society.{{Cite journal|date=1946-04-30|title=Admission of women into the Fellowship of the Royal Society|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.1946.0006|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=39–40|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1946.0006|s2cid=202575203|issn=1743-0178}}
• 1947: Austrian-American biochemist Gerty Cori became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which she received along with Carl Ferdinand Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar".{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/facts/ |title=Gerty Cori - Facts |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=1957-10-26 |access-date=2018-08-19}}{{cite web |url=http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/nobel-prize-for-medicine-2015-winners_art5613655a7d6b1.html#.W3rg7NQrK9I |title=Nobel Prize for Medicine 2015 winners |publisher=Erewise |access-date=2018-08-20 |archive-date=2018-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203451/http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/nobel-prize-for-medicine-2015-winners_art5613655a7d6b1.html#.W3rg7NQrK9I |url-status=dead }}
• 1947: American biochemist Marie Maynard Daly became the first African-American woman to complete a PhD in chemistry in the United States. She completed her dissertation, entitled "A Study of the Products Formed by the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch" at Columbia University.{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/marie-maynard-daly|title=Marie Maynard Daly|date=2016-06-01|work=Science History Institute|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en}}
• 1947: Berta Karlik, an Austrian physicist, was awarded the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for her discovery of astatine.{{cite web|title=Berta Karlik|url=http://lise.univie.ac.at/physikerinnen/historisch/berta-karlik.htm|publisher=Universität Wien Projekt Lise|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408011126/https://lise.univie.ac.at/physikerinnen/historisch/berta-karlik.htm|archive-date=8 April 2017|location=Vienna, Austria|language=de|date=2010}}
• 1947: Susan Ofori-Atta became the first Ghanaian woman to earn a medical degree when she graduated from the University of Edinburgh.
• 1948: Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist Margaret Newton became the first woman to be awarded the Flavelle Medal from the Royal Society of Canada, in recognition of her extensive research in wheat rust fungal disease. Her experiments led to the development of rust-resistant strains of wheat.{{cite web|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/newton_m.shtml|title=Memorable Manitobans: Margaret Newton (1887–1971)|last=Bumsted|first=J. M.|website=www.mhs.mb.ca|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1948: American limnologist Ruth Patrick of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia led a multidisciplinary team of scientists on an extensive pollution survey of the Conestoga River watershed in Pennsylvania.{{cite journal|date=1949|title=A Proposed Biological Measure of Stream Conditions, Based on a Survey of the Conestoga Basin, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064427|journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|language=en|volume=101|pages=277–341|last=Patrick|first=Ruth|jstor=4064427}} Patrick would become a leading authority on the ecological effects of river pollution, receiving the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1975.{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10739-020-09622-5|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|title=Redefining Boundaries: Ruth Myrtle Patrick's Ecological Program at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1947–1975|last=Hearty|first=Ryan|date=2020|volume=53|issue=4|pages=587–630|doi=10.1007/s10739-020-09622-5|pmid=33206276|s2cid=227039119}}
• 1949: Botanist {{interlanguage link|Valida Tutayug|az|Validə Tutayuq}} became the first Azerbaijani woman to receive a PhD in biological studies. She went on to write the first national Azerbaijani-language textbooks on botany and biology.{{cite web|url=http://www.adau.edu.az/view.php?lang=ru&menu=4&id=149|title=Валида Хасполад гызы Тутаюг (1914–1980)|website=www.adau.edu.az|language=az|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014930/http://www.adau.edu.az/view.php?lang=ru&menu=4&id=149|archive-date=May 28, 2015|access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 1949: Winifred Goldring (February 1, 1888 – January 30, 1971Kluessendorf, 1998, p.14), was an American paleontologist and became the first female president of the Paleontological Society, her work included a description of stromatolites, as well as the study of Devonian crinoids.Driscoll, Sally. "Winifred Goldring." Winifred Goldring (July 2006): 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition, EBSCOhost (accessed October 30, 2016).{{citation|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Petrified Sea Gardens / Ritchie Park|url={{NHLS url|id=99000631}} |format=pdf|author=Joanne Kluessendorf|date=July 14, 1998|publisher=National Park Service}} and {{NHLS url|id=99000631|title=Accompanying 2 exterior photos from 1998, plus image of Winifred Goldring, undated|photos=y}} {{small|(550 KB)}} She was the first woman in the US to be appointed as a State Paleontologist.{{cite web|last=Hernick|first=Linda|title=Women's History: Winifred Goldring|url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/womenshistory/goldring.html|publisher=New York State Museum|access-date=8 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226095708/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/womenshistory/goldring.html|archive-date=26 February 2010}}

File:Rosalind Franklin (retouched).jpg]]

File:Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USN (covered).jpg]]

File:Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) in 1958.jpg]]

File:Dorothy Hill, later in life, standing before a sandstone wall.jpg]]

• 1950s: Chinese-American medical scientist Tsai-Fan Yu co-founded a clinic at Mount Sinai Medical Center for the study and treatment of gout. Working with Alexander B. Gutman, Yu established that levels of uric acid were a factor in the pain experienced by gout patients, and subsequently developed multiple effective drugs for the treatment of gout.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/obituaries/12yu.html?_r=0|title=Tsai-Fan Yu, 95, Physician, Dies; Helped Alleviate Gout|last=Pearce|first=Jeremy|work=The New York Times |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}
• 1950: Chinese-American particle physicist Chien-Shiung Wu proved the validity of Quantum entanglement which counters Albert Einstein's EPR Paradox and published her work on the new year of the new decade. She also proved the validity of beta decay around this time.{{cite journal

|last1=Wu |first1=C. S.

|last2=Shaknov |first2=I.

|year=1950

|title=The Angular Correlation of Scattered Annihilation Radiation

|journal=Physical Review

|volume=77 |issue= 1|pages=136

|bibcode=1950PhRv...77..136W

|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.77.136

}}{{cite journal

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|author-link1=Maurice Pryce

|last2=Ward |first2=J. C.

|author-link2=John Clive Ward

|year=1947

|title=Angular Correlation Effects with Annihilation Radiation

|journal=Nature

|volume=160 |issue=4065 |pages=435

|bibcode=1947Natur.160..435P

|doi=10.1038/160435a0

|s2cid=4101513

|doi-access=free

}}{{cite journal

|last1=Dalitz |first1=R. H.

|author-link=Richard Dalitz

|last2=Duarte |first2=F. J.

|author-link2=F. J. Duarte

|year=2000

|title=John Clive Ward

|journal=Physics Today

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|bibcode=2000PhT....53j..99D

|doi=10.1063/1.1325207

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}}{{cite journal

|last1=Duarte |first1=F. J.

|author1-link=F. J. Duarte

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|title=The origin of quantum entanglement experiments based on polarization measurements

|journal=European Physical Journal H

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|bibcode=2012EPJH...37..311D

|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2012-20047-y

|s2cid=122007033

}}

• 1950: Ghanaian, Matilda J. Clerk became the first woman in Ghana and West Africa to attend graduate school, earning a postgraduate diploma at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
• 1950: Isabella Abbott became the first Native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in any science; hers was in botany.{{cite book|author1=Arlene B. Hirschfelder|author2=Paulette Fairbanks Molin|title=The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Un1QWo2Nx8C&pg=PA278|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7709-2|pages=278–}}{{cite news|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/20101117/seaweed-lady-isabella-abbott-dies |title='Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies |newspaper=Monterey Herald |date=2018-08-19 |access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1950: American microbiologist Esther Lederberg became the first to isolate lambda bacteriophage, a DNA virus, from Escherichia coli K-12.Lederberg, E. M., 1950, "Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12", Microbial Genetics Bulletin 1, pp. 5–9, January 1950, University of Wisconsin (Evelyn Maisel Witkin, Editor), Ohio State University, {{ISSN|0026-2579}}, call No. 33-M-4, {{OCLC|04079516}}, Accession Number: AEH8282UW" http://www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/LambdaW.html
• 1951: Ghana's Esther Afua Ocloo became the first person of African ancestry to obtain a cooking diploma from the Good Housekeeping Institute in London and to take the post-graduate Food Preservation Course at Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Horticulture, Bristol University.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/esther-afua-ocloo-inspiration-ghana-170418070124347.html|title=Esther Afua Ocloo: Ghana's inspiring businesswoman|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226181439/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/esther-afua-ocloo-inspiration-ghana-170418070124347.html|archive-date=2018-02-26|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=117|title=Dr. (Mrs.) Ester Afua Ocloo, Nkulenu Fame (RIP)|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723075441/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=117|archive-date=2017-07-23|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=21595|title=Esther Ocloo Passes Away|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 November 2001|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620064846/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=21595|archive-date=2017-06-20|url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-01}}
• 1952: American computer scientist Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use a human-readable high-level programming language instead of machine code. It was known as the A-0 compiler.{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1952|title=1952 | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum|website=computerhistory.org|access-date=2018-08-20}}
• 1952: Photograph 51, an X-ray diffraction image of crystallized DNA, was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952, working as a PhD student under the supervision of British chemist and biophysicist Rosalind Franklin;{{cite journal |title=Due credit |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7445 |page=270 |date=18 April 2013 |doi=10.1038/496270a|pmid=23607133 |doi-access=free }}{{cite web |url=http://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/dna/key-discoveries/momentum/ |title=DNA: the King's story }}{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/ |title=Secret of Photo 51 |work=Nova | publisher=PBS }}{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/genehistoricalpe0000ever |url-access=registration |quote=PHOTO 51 rosalind franklin. |title=The gene: a historical perspective |page=[https://archive.org/details/genehistoricalpe0000ever/page/85 85] |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=9780313334498 }} it was critical evidence{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/anat-flash.html |title=Anatomy of Photo 51 |last=Krock |first=Lexi |work=Nova |publisher=PBS |date=22 April 2003 }} in identifying the structure of DNA.{{cite journal |first1=James D. |last1=Watson |author-link1=James D. Watson |first2=Francis |last2=Crick |author-link2=Francis Crick |year=1953 |title=A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |journal=Nature |volume=171 |pages=737–738 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf |doi=10.1038/171737a0 |pmid=13054692 |issue=4356|bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W |s2cid=4253007 }}
• 1952: Canadian agriculturalist Mary MacArthur became the first female Fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada for her contributions to the science of food dehydration and freezing.{{cite web|url=https://ingeniumcanada.org/innovation/story/mary-macarthur-pioneer-food-dehydration|title=Mary MacArthur – Pioneer in Food Dehydration|date=2016-05-16|website=ingeniumcanada.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aic.ca/pdf/AIC_Fellows_2015.pdf|title=Fellows of the Agricultural Institute of Canada|website=The Agricultural Institute of Canada|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822181409/http://www.aic.ca/pdf/AIC_Fellows_2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• 1953: Canadian-British radiobiologist Alma Howard co-authored a paper proposing that cellular life transitions through four distinct periods. This became the first concept of the cell cycle.{{cite journal|last1=Dubrovsky|first1=Joseph G.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Victor B.|date=2003|title=Celebrating 50 years of the cell cycle|journal=Nature|volume=426|issue=6968|page=759|doi=10.1038/426759a|pmid=14685201|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2003Natur.426..759D|s2cid=52872077|doi-access=free}}
• 1954: Lucy Cranwell was the first female recipient of the Hector Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand. She was recognized for her pioneering work with pollen in the emerging field of palynology.{{cite web|url=http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/stories/blog/2018/lucy-cranwell|title=Lucy Cranwell, New Zealand's First Female Curator|last=Cameron|first=Ewen K.|date=2018|website=Auckland War Memorial Museum}}
• 1955: Moira Dunbar became the first female glaciologist to study sea ice from a Canadian icebreaker ship.{{cite journal|last=Hulbe|first=Christina L.|date=2010|title=Women in glaciology, a historical perspective|url=https://www.igsoc.org/awards/honorary/j10j211.pdf|journal=Journal of Glaciology|volume=56|issue=200|pages=944–964|bibcode=2010JGlac..56..944H|doi=10.3189/002214311796406202|doi-access=free}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/jan/12/guardianobituaries1|title=Moira Dunbar|last=Thomas|first=Campbell|date=2000-01-12|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rcgs.org/about/history/northern_exposure.asp|title=80th Anniversary: Northern Exposure|publisher=The Royal Canadian Geographical Society|access-date=2018-08-23|archive-date=2019-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161924/http://www.rcgs.org/about/history/northern_exposure.asp|url-status=dead}}
• 1955: Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi published her research on measuring carbonic acid levels in seawater. The paper included "Saruhashi's Table", a tool of measurement she had developed that focused on using water temperature, pH level, and chlorinity to determine carbonic acid levels. Her work contributed to global understanding of climate change, and Saruhashi's Table was used by oceanographers for the next 30 years.{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-was-katsuko-saruhashi-google-doodle-celebrates-pioneering-scientist-and-856373|title=Google Doodle celebrates Katsuko Saruhashi, pioneering Japanese scientist and champion of women|date=2018-03-22|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}
• 1955–1956: Soviet marine biologist Maria Klenova became the first female scientist to work in the Antarctic, conducting research and assisting in the establishment of the Mirny Antarctic station.{{cite web|url=https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/the-first-woman-and-female-scientists-in-antarctica|title=The first woman and female scientists in Antarctica|last=Brears|first=Robert C.|website=oceanwide-expeditions.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 1956: Canadian zoologist and feminist Anne Innis Dagg began pioneering behavioural research on wild giraffes in South Africa in Kruger National Park. She researched and published on feminism and anti-nepotism laws at academic institutions in North America.
• 1956: Chinese-American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu conducted a nuclear physics experiment in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards. It was an important foundation for the Standard Model in particle physics and brought the first answer to the question of the universe's existence by virtue of matter's predominance over antimatter.{{cite journal

|last1=Wu

|first1=C. S.

|last2=Ambler

|first2=E.

|last3=Hayward

|first3=R. W.

|last4=Hoppes

|first4=D. D.

|last5=Hudson

|first5=R. P.

|year=1957

|title=Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay

|journal=Physical Review

|volume=105

|issue=4

|pages=1413–1415

|bibcode=1957PhRv..105.1413W

|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413

|doi-access=free

}} The experiment, becoming known as the Wu experiment, showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction.{{cite book|author=Eberhard Zeidler|title=Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miwuxaEXvOsC&pg=PA196|date=17 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-22421-8|pages=196–}} The Nobel Prize was given only to her male colleagues soon after the headlines of the discovery were released.

• 1956: Dorothy Hill became the first Australian woman elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org.au/opportunities-scientists/recognition/honorific-awards/early-career-awards/dorothy-hill-medal|title=Dorothy Hill Medal |publisher=Australian Academy of Science |access-date=2018-08-25}}
• 1956: English zoologist and geneticist Margaret Bastock published the first evidence that a single gene could change behavior.Bastock, M. (1956). "A gene mutation which changes a behaviour pattern". Evolution, 10: p. 421–439.
• 1957–1958: Chinese scientist Lanying Lin produced China's first germanium and silicon mono-crystals, subsequently pioneering new techniques in semiconductor development.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmalDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Lanying+Lin%22&pg=PT388|title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women |volume=v. 2: Twentieth Century|last=Lee|first=Lily Xiao Hong|date=2016-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315499239|language=en}}
• 1959: Chinese astronomer Ye Shuhua led the development of the Joint Chinese Universal Time System, which became the Chinese national standard for measuring universal time.{{cite web|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/everyday/14/4026-1.htm|title=Ye Shuhua: China's Pioneering Woman Astronomer|publisher=All China Women's Federation|access-date=2018-08-25|archive-date=2018-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825074248/http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/people/everyday/14/4026-1.htm|url-status=dead}}
• 1959: Susan Ofori-Atta, the first female Ghanaian physician, became a founding member of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.{{cite web|url=http://gaas-gh.org/about-us/our-history/|title=Our History|website=gaas-gh.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-25}}{{cite web|url=http://ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=338&adate=12/10/2007&archiveid=996&page=1|title=National Commission On Culture|website=ghanaculture.gov.gh|access-date=2018-08-25|archive-date=2019-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128045109/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=338&archiveid=996&page=1&adate=12/10/2007|url-status=dead}}

File:Jane Goodall 2015.jpg ]]

File:Katherine Johnson at NASA, in 1966.jpg]]

File:Susan Jocelyn Bell (Burnell), 1967.jpg]]

• 1960: British primatologist Jane Goodall began studying chimpanzees in Tanzania; her study of them continued for over 50 years. Her observations challenged previous ideas that only humans made tools and that chimpanzees had a basically vegetarian diet.{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/jane-goodall-to-give-talk-at-cambridge |title=Jane Goodall to give talk at Cambridge |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=2007-12-04 |access-date=2018-08-24}}{{cite web|last=Gonzalez |first=Oscar |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/43996-jane-goodall-david-greybeard |title=Earth Day 2018: How Jane Goodall's Study of Chimps Changed Anthropology |publisher=Inverse |date=2018-04-22 |access-date=2018-08-24}}
• Early 1960s: German-Canadian metallurgist Ursula Franklin studied levels of radioactive isotope strontium-90 that were appearing in the teeth of children as a side effect of nuclear weapons testing fallout. Her research influenced the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ursula-franklin/|title=Ursula Franklin|last=Raymond|first=Katrine|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}
• 1960s: American mathematician Katherine Johnson calculated flight paths at NASA for crewed space flights.{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/women-who-changed-science-2017-3|title=12 incredible women you've never heard of who changed science forever|website=Business Insider|access-date=8 September 2018}}
• 1961: Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee became the first female recipient of a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. She was recognized in the Chemical Sciences category for her contributions to phytomedicine.{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/116512/asima-chatterjee-india-woman-doctorate-science/|title=Asima Chatterjee: All You Need to Know About One of India's First Woman Doctorates of Science!|date=2017-09-23|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-US}}
• 1962: Rachel Louise Carson was an American marine biologist, author, and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement.{{cite book|author= Rachel Louise Carson|title= Silent Spring|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|year= 1962|isbn= 0-618-24906-0}}
• 1962: South African botanist Margaret Levyns became the first female president of the Royal Society of South Africa.{{cite news|url=http://www.royalsocietysa.org.za/?page_id=1181|title=Margaret Levyns: The Making of a South African Botanist|date=2014-07-20|publisher=Royal Society of South Africa|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214454/http://www.royalsocietysa.org.za/?page_id=1181|url-status=dead}}
• 1962: French physicist Marguerite Perey became the first female Fellow elected to the Académie des Sciences.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJLl47ZFziQC&q=marguerite+perey+Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&pg=PT249|title=European Women in Chemistry|last1=Apotheker|first1=Jan|last2=Sarkadi|first2=Livia Simon|date=2011-04-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527636464|language=en}}
• 1963: Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir became the first female Icelandic geologist, completing her studies at Stockholm University.{{cite web|url=https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/1213707/|title=Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni A.|date=2008|website=www.mbl.is|language=is|access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 1963: Maria Goeppert Mayer became the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics; she shared the prize with J. Hans D. Jensen "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure" and Eugene Paul Wigner "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html |access-date=2008-10-09}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=2013-09-06}}{{cite book|author=Des Julie|title=The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HULGDNDSenYC&pg=PA163|year=2010|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-655-4|page=163}}
• 1964: American mathematician Irene Stegun completed the work which led to the publication of Handbook of Mathematical Functions, a widely used and widely cited reference work in applied mathematics.
• 1964: British chemist Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html|access-date=2008-10-16}}
• 1964: Scottish virologist June Almeida made the first identification of a human coronavirus.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-52278716|title=The woman who discovered the first coronavirus|date=2020-04-15|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-GB}}
• 1965: Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. in computer science.{{cite web |last=Steel |first=Martha Vickers |year=2001 |url= http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/teaching/papers/research/steel.pdf |title=Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry |publisher= Computing History Museum}} Her thesis was titled "Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns".{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.wisc.edu/includes/textfiles/phds.65-70.txt|title=UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 – August 1970|publisher=UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department|access-date=2010-11-08}}
• 1966: Japanese immunologist Teruko Ishizaka, working with Kimishige Ishizaka, discovered the antibody class Immunoglobulin E (IgE).{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV6fcnf7l7sC&q=Teruko+Ishizaka+1966&pg=PA98|title=Advances in Immunology|last=Alt|first=Frederick W.|date=2005|publisher=Gulf Professional Publishing|isbn=9780120224883|page=98|language=en}}
• 1967: British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell co-discovered the first radio pulsars.{{cite web| title = Cosmic Search Vol. 1, No. 1 – Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?

| url = http://www.bigear.org/vol1no1/burnell.htm

| ref = {{harvid|Cosmic Search Vol. 1}}

}}

• 1967: Sue Arnold became the first female British Geological Survey person to go to sea on a research vessel.
• 1967: South African radiobiologist Tikvah Alper discovered that scrapie, an infectious brain disease affecting sheep, did not spread via DNA or RNA like a viral or bacterial disease. The discovery enabled scientists to better understand diseases caused by prions.{{cite news|url=http://cshlwise.org/wise-wednesdays/tikvah-alper/|title=Tikvah Alper |date=2017-08-23|work=CSHL WiSE|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US}}{{cite journal|last1=Alper|first1=Tikvah|last2=Cramp|first2=W. A.|last3=HAIG|first3=D. A.|last4=CLARKE|first4=M. C.|date=1967|title=Does the Agent of Scrapie Replicate without Nucleic Acid ?|journal=Nature|volume=214|issue=5090|pages=764–766|doi=10.1038/214764a0|pmid=4963878|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1967Natur.214..764A|s2cid=4195902}}
• 1967: Yvonne Brill, a Canadian-American rocket and jet propulsion engineer, invented the hydrazine resistojet propulsion system.
• 1968: Japanese pioneer of molecular biology Tsuneko Okazaki studied DNA replication and discovered Okazaki fragments.{{cite journal |vauthors=Okazaki R, Okazaki T, Sakabe K, Sugimoto K, Sugino A |title=Mechanism of DNA chain growth. I. Possible discontinuity and unusual secondary structure of newly synthesized chains |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=598–605 |date=February 1968 |pmid=4967086 |pmc=224714 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.59.2.598|bibcode=1968PNAS...59..598O |doi-access=free }}
• 1969: Beris Cox became the first female paleontologist in the British Geological Survey.
• 1969: Ukrainian-born astronomer Svetlana Gerasimenko co-discovered the 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko comet.{{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/54597-svetlana-gerasimenko/|title=Svetlana Gerasimenko – co-discoverer of comet 67P|date=November 16, 2014|website=European Space Agency|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-10-09}}

• 1970: Dorothy Hill became the first female president of the Australian Academy of Science.
• 1970: Samira Islam became the first Saudi Arabian person to earn a PhD in pharmacology.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&q=Samira+Islam+Ph.D+in+pharmacology&pg=PA410|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007–2008|last=Publications|first=Publitec|date=2011-12-22|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110930047|pages=410–411|language=en}}
• 1970: Astronomer Vera Rubin published the first evidence for dark matter.{{cite journal|last1=Rubin |first1=Vera|last2=Ford, Jr.|first2=W. Kent|title=Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=159|pages=379–403|date=February 1970|doi=10.1086/150317|bibcode=1970ApJ...159..379R|s2cid=122756867 }}
• 1970: Polish geologist Franciszka Szymakowska became widely known because of her unique and detailed geological drawings that are still used today.[https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/ts/2020/11/27/franciszka-szymakowska-05-02-1927-2007-the-woman-whose-drawings-unraveled-the-geological-history-of-the-carpathians/ "Franciszka Szymakowska (05/02/1927 – 2007): the woman whose drawings unraveled the geological history of the Carpathians"]. Tectonics and Structural Geology. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
• 1973: American physicist Anna Coble became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in biophysics, completing her dissertation at University of Illinois.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7WSzRAU_rUC&q=Anna+Coble+biophysicist&pg=PA61|title=Sisters in Science: Conversations with Black Women Scientists about Race, Gender, and Their Passion for Science|last=Jordan|first=Diann|date=2006|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=9781557534453|pages=61–72|language=en}}
• 1974: Dominican marine biologist Idelisa Bonnelly founded the Dominican Republic Academy of Science.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.ianas.org/images/women/RD_Bio.pdf|title=Women Scientists in the Americas: their inspiring stories|last=Mejía Perdomo|first=Odalis|publisher=The Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences|year=2013|pages=97–105|chapter=Idelisa Bonnelly – Dominican Republic|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061236/https://www.ianas.org/images/women/RD_Bio.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• 1975: Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee was elected the General President of the Indian Science Congress Association. She simultaneously became the first female scientist ever elected a member of the congress.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/asima-chatterjee-100-birthday-google-doodle-indian-chemist-science-phd-who-is-a7963381.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/asima-chatterjee-100-birthday-google-doodle-indian-chemist-science-phd-who-is-a7963381.html |archive-date=2022-06-21 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=First Indian woman in history to be awarded a PhD for science would be 100 today|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-GB}}
• 1975: Indian geneticist Archana Sharma received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, the first female recipient in the Biological Sciences category.{{cite journal|last=Lavania|first=U. C.|date=March 2008|title=Archana Sharma|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_094_05_0672_0672_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=94|issue=5|page=672}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Awardees|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awardees |work=Women in Science |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |language=en|access-date=2018-10-07}}
• 1975: Female officers of the British Geological Survey no longer had to resign upon getting married.
• 1975: Chien-Shiung Wu became the first female president of the American Physical Society.{{cite news|url=http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~hitlin/wuobit.htm |title=Chien-Shiung Wu |author=William Dickie |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 18, 1997 |access-date=2014-02-16|author-link=William Dickie }}
• 1976: Filipino-American microbiologist Roseli Ocampo-Friedmann traveled to the Antarctic with Imre Friedmann and discovered micro-organisms living within the porous rock of the Ross Desert. These organisms – cryptoendoliths – were observed surviving extremely low temperatures and humidity, assisting scientific research into the possibility of life on Mars.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrkuBAAAQBAJ&q=Roseli+Ocampo-Friedmann++endolithic+microorganisms&pg=PA87|title=Alien Seas: Oceans in Space|last1=Carroll|first1=Michael|author-link=Michael Carroll (space artist) |last2=Lopes|first2=Rosaly|author2-link=Rosaly Lopes |date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461474739|page=87|language=en}}
• 1976: Margaret Burbidge was named the first female president of the American Astronomical Society.{{cite book|first=Tiffany K. |last=Wayne|title=American Women of Science Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA1021|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-158-9|page=1021}}{{cite web|url=http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/burbidgem/|website=phys-astro.sonoma.edu|title=The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2018-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021103050/http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/burbidgem/|url-status=dead}}
• 1977: American medical physicist Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally who received it "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain".{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}
• 1977: Friederike Victoria Joy Adamson (née Gessner, 20 January 1910 – 3 January 1980) was a naturalist, artist and author. Her book, Born Free, an international bestseller, describes her experiences raising a lion cub named Elsa. It was made into an Academy Award-winning movie of the same name. In 1977, she was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art.{{cite web|url=http://www.thoughtco.com/famous-women-scientists-3528329|title=Famous women scientists|website=www.thoughtco.com|access-date= 5 September 2020}}
• 1977: The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded.{{cite web|url=http://findingaids.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/manuscripts/MS286.pdf |title=Iowa State University |access-date=2018-08-08}}
• 1977: Argentine-Canadian scientist Veronica Dahl became the first graduate at Université d'Aix-Marseille II (and one of the first women in the world) to earn a PhD in artificial intelligence.{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/gender-equality-eludes-groundbreaking-scientist/article8408371/|title=Gender equality eludes groundbreaking scientist|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1977: Canadian-American Elizabeth Stern published her research on the link between birth control pills – which contained high levels of estrogen at the time – and the increased risk of cervical cancer development in women. Her data helped pressure the pharmaceutical industry into providing safer contraceptive pills with lower hormone doses.{{cite web|url=https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/jax-blog/2016/september/elizabeth-stern-influenced-womens-health-initiatives#comment-3381507194|title=Elizabeth Stern's cancer research has had a lasting impact on women's health|website=The Jackson Laboratory|language=en|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1978: Anna Jane Harrison became the first female president of the American Chemical Society.{{cite web|url=http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/president/acspresidents/anna-harrison.html |title=ACS President: Anna Jane Harrison (1912–1998) |publisher=American Chemical Society |access-date=2014-02-16}}
• 1978: Mildred Cohn served as the first female president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, then called the American Society of Biological Chemists.{{cite web|url=http://www.asbmb.org/ |title=ASBMB |publisher=ASBMB |access-date=2018-12-20}}{{cite web |url=http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutUs/ASBMB_History/Past_Presidents/1970s/1978Cohn.html |title=ASBMB Presidents: 1978 – Mildred Cohn |publisher=American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |access-date=2018-12-20 |archive-date=2014-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713232601/http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutUs/ASBMB_History/Past_Presidents/1970s/1978Cohn.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/women-scientists/mildren-cohn.html |title=Mildren Cohn (1913–2009) |publisher=American Chemical Society |access-date=2018-12-20}}

File:Nci-vol-8247-300 flossie wong staal.jpg]]

• 1980: Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi became the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan.{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1235386/katsuko-saruhashi-todays-google-doodle-celebrates-the-outspoken-geochemist-and-nuclear-pacifist/|title=The first woman to earn a chemistry PhD in Japan traced the global reach of nuclear fallout|last=Foley|first=Katherine Ellen|website=Quartz|date=22 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-30}}
• 1980: Nigerian geophysicist Deborah Ajakaiye became the first woman in any West African country to be appointed a full professor of physics.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=428i2UdWRRAC&q=Deborah+Ajakaiye&pg=PA2|title=A to Z of Women in Science and Math|last=Yount|first=Lisa|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438107950|pages=2–3|language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://alternativeafrica.com/2018/05/27/list-of-prominent-nigerian-women-that-excel-in-science-and-research/|title=Prominent Nigerian Women Who Excel In Science And Research|date=2018-05-27|work=Alternative Africa|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113356/https://alternativeafrica.com/2018/05/27/list-of-prominent-nigerian-women-that-excel-in-science-and-research/|url-status=dead}} Over the course of her scientific career, she became the first female Fellow elected to the Nigerian Academy of Science, and the first female dean of science in Nigeria.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&q=Deborah+Ajakaiye&pg=PA8|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H.|date=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438118826|pages=8–9|language=en}}
• 1981: Vera Rubin was the second female astronomer elected to the National Academy of Science. Beginning her academic career as the sole undergraduate in astronomy at Vassar College, Rubin went on to graduate studies at Cornell University and Georgetown University, where she observed deviations from Hubble flow in galaxies and provided evidence for the existence of galactic superclusters.{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/51005.html|title=Vera Rubin|date=2016|publisher=National Academy of Sciences (NAS)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061125/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/51005.html|archive-date=December 27, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=December 26, 2016}}
• 1982: Nephrologist Leah Lowenstein became the first female dean of a co-educational medical school in the United States.{{cite journal|last1=Angelo|first1=Michael|last2=Varrato|first2=Matt|date=2011-10-01|title=Leah Lowenstein, MD Nation's first female Dean of a co-ed medical school (1981)|url=https://jdc.jefferson.edu/jmc_women/4|journal=50 and Forward: Posters}}
• 1982: Janet Vida Watson FRS{{Cite journal|last1=Fettes|first1=D. J.|last2=Plant|first2=J. A.|year=1995|title=Janet Watson. 1 September 1923 – 29 March 1985|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=41|pages=500–514|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1995.0030|s2cid=72513584}} FGS (1923–1985) was a British geologist. She was a professor of geology at Imperial College, London. A fellow of the Royal Society, she is well known for her contribution to the understanding of the Lewisian complex and as an author and co-author of several books. In 1982 she was elected President of the Geological Society of London, the first woman to occupy that position.{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/watson-janet-vida-1923-1985#report-ad|title=Watson, Janet Vida (1923–1985) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2019-04-09}}
• 1983: American cytogeneticist Barbara McClintock received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of genetic transposition; she was the first woman to receive that prize without sharing it, and the first American woman to receive any unshared Nobel Prize.{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52803.html |title=Barbara McClintock |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |date=2018-03-30 |access-date=2018-08-19}}{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/bibliotecabiologia/docs/bionoticias_27-02-2012/102|title=BioNoticias by Biblioteca Biología|website=Issuu|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=2017-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050747/https://issuu.com/bibliotecabiologia/docs/bionoticias_27-02-2012/102|url-status=dead}}{{citation

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/us/dr-barbara-mcclintock-90-gene-research-pioneer-dies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

| title = Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies

| newspaper = The New York Times

| date = September 4, 1992

| last = Kolata

| first = Gina

| access-date = 2012-12-28

}}{{citation

| title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983

| url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/

| work = Nobelprize.org

| publisher = Nobel Foundation

| access-date = 2010-07-08

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100706044749/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/

| archive-date = 2010-07-06

| url-status= live

| ref = {{sfnRef|Nobel Prize 1983}}

}}

• 1983: Brazilian agronomist Johanna Döbereiner became a founding Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences.{{cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory/founding-fellows|title=Founding Fellows|website=The World Academy of Sciences|language=en|access-date=2018-08-25}}
• 1983: Indian immunologist Indira Nath became the first female scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Medical Sciences category.{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=214|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Indira Nath|website=ssbprize.gov.in|access-date=2018-10-07}}
• 1983: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta and marine biologist Aditi Pant became the first Indian women to visit the Antarctic.{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-s-antarctica-station-at-par-with-world-geologist-sudipta-sengupta-interview-113122200192_1.html|title=India's Antarctica station at par with world: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta (Interview)|last=IANS|date=2013-12-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-27}}
• 1985: After identifying HIV as the cause of AIDS, Chinese-American virologist Flossie Wong-Staal became the first scientist to clone and genetically map the HIV virus, enabling the development of the first HIV blood screening tests.{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/stories/flossie-wong-staal-68-ph-d-72/|title=Flossie Wong-Staal '68, Ph.D. '72|date=May 2015|website=UCLA Alumni Association}}
• 1986: Italian neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Stanley Cohen, "for their discoveries of growth factors".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/|title=Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2008-10-16}}
• 1988: American biochemist and pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment".{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}
• 1988: American scientist and inventor Patricia Bath (born 1942) became the first African-American to patent a medical device, namely the Laserphaco Probe for improving the use of lasers to remove cataracts.{{cite web|url=https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_26.html|title=Dr. Patricia E. Bath|publisher=Changing the face of Medicine|access-date=8 September 2018 }}

File:Dr Birute Galdikas.jpg]]

File:María Teresa Ruiz, Premio Nacional de Ciencias Exactas (2).jpg]]

• 1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first female president of the Geological Society of America.{{cite book|author=Margaret W. Rossiter|title=Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_PU_TupLosC&pg=PA249|date=21 February 2012|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0233-8|pages=249 ff|author-link=Margaret W. Rossiter}}
• 1991: Indian geologist Sudipta Sengupta became the first female scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Earth Sciences category.{{cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=42|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Sudipta Sengupta |access-date=2018-10-07}}
• Helen Patricia Sharman, CMG, OBE, HonFRSC (born 30 May 1963) is a chemist who became the first British astronaut (and in particular, the first British cosmonaut) as well as the first woman to visit the Mir space station in May 1991.{{cite web

|url=http://home.bt.com/news/world-news/may-18-1991-helen-sharman-becomes-the-first-briton-in-space-11363981632095

|title=Helen Sharman becomes the first Briton in space

|work=BT.com

|publisher=BT Group

|access-date=21 September 2015}}

• 1992: Mae Carol Jemison is an American engineer, physician, and former NASA astronaut. She became the first black woman to travel into space when she served as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. Jemison joined NASA's astronaut corps in 1987 and was selected to serve for the STS-47 mission, during which she orbited the Earth for nearly eight days on September 12–20, 1992.{{cite book|title=Black women in America|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Hine, Darlene Clark.|isbn=0-19-515677-3|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackwomeninamer0000unse/page/141 141]|oclc=57506600|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwomeninamer0000unse/page/141}}
• 1992: Edith M. Flanigen became the first woman awarded the Perkin Medal (widely considered the highest honor in American industrial chemistry) for her outstanding achievements in applied chemistry.{{cite web|url=http://www.soci.org/Awards/America-Group-Awards/Perkin-Medal|title=Perkin Medal |website=soci.org|access-date=2019-10-22|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504235255/http://www.soci.org/awards/america-group-awards/perkin-medal |archive-date=2016-05-04}}{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cen-v070n010.p025 | volume=70 | issue=10 | title=Edith M. Flanigen Wins Perkin Medal | journal=Chemical & Engineering News | page=25 | author=Stinson S| year=1992 }} The medal especially recognized her syntheses of aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves as new classes of materials.
• 1995: German biologist Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/|title=Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2008-10-16}}
• 1995: British geomorphologist Marjorie Sweeting published the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst, entitled Karst in China: its Geomorphology and Environment.{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Barbara|title=OBITUARIES: Marjorie Sweeting|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-marjorie-sweeting-1568531.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-marjorie-sweeting-1568531.html |archive-date=2022-06-21 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Independent|date=18 January 1995}}{{cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783642795220 |title=Karst in China: Its Geomorphology and Environment |first=Marjorie M. |last=Sweeting |publisher=Springer |access-date=2018-08-08|isbn=9783642795220 |year=1995 |series=Springer Series in Physical Environment }}
• 1995: Israeli-Canadian mathematical biologist Leah Keshet became the first female president of the international Society for Mathematical Biology.{{cite web|url=https://www.smb.org/leah-edelstein-keshet-prize/|title=Leah Edelstein-Keshet Prize|website=www.smb.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 1995: Jane Plant became the first female deputy director of the British Geological Survey.
• 1995: Inspectors from the United Nations Special Commission discovered that Iraqi microbiologist Rihab Taha, nicknamed "Dr. Germ", had been overseeing a secret 10-year biological warfare development program in Iraq.{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3340765|title=The world's deadliest woman?|date=2004-09-23|work=MSNBC|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-11-07-ls-216-story.html|title='Dr. Germ': One of the World's Most Dangerous Women |last=Wright|first=Robin|date=1995-11-07|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-08-27|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}
• 1996: American planetary scientist Margaret G. Kivelson led a team that discovered the first subsurface, saltwater ocean on an alien world, on the Jovian moon Europa.{{cite journal|last=Kivelson |first=M. G.|s2cid=44381312|display-authors=etal|title=Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa|journal=Science|volume=289|issue=5483|date=2000|pages=1340–1343|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.289.5483.1340|pmid=10958778|bibcode = 2000Sci...289.1340K }}{{cite news |title=How Do You Find an Alien Ocean? Margaret Kivelson Figured It Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/science/margaret-kivelson-europa.html |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=October 8, 2018 |language=en}}
• 1997: Lithuanian-Canadian primatologist Birutė Galdikas received the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her research and rehabilitation work with orangutans. Her work with orangutans, eventually spanning over 30 years, was later recognized in 2014 as one of the longest continuous scientific studies of wild animals in history.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOdHrsTZ-RYC&q=Birut%C4%97+Galdikas+1997+prize&pg=PA99|title=A to Z of Biologists|last=Yount|first=Lisa|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781438109176|pages=98–99|language=en}}
• 1997: Chilean astronomer María Teresa Ruiz discovered Kelu 1, one of the first observed brown dwarfs. In recognition of her discovery, she became the first woman to receive the Chilean National Prize for Exact Sciences.{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/maria-teresa-ruiz-gonzalez|title=AQ Top 5 Latin American Academics: María Teresa Ruiz González|website=www.americasquarterly.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-07}}{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.ancefn.org.ar/biblioteca/docs/WOMEN_SCIENTISTS_IN_THE_AMERICAS_low_res.pdf|title=Women Scientists in the Americas: their inspiring stories|last=García|first=Richard|publisher=The Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences|year=2013|pages=67–80|chapter=María Teresa Ruiz – Chile|access-date=2018-10-07|archive-date=2016-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817123954/http://www.ancefn.org.ar/biblioteca/docs/WOMEN_SCIENTISTS_IN_THE_AMERICAS_low_res.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• 1998: Nurse Fannie Gaston-Johansson became the first African-American woman tenured full professor at Johns Hopkins University.{{cite web|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/gazette/2014/july-august/workplace-fannie-gaston-johansson-retires/|title=A farewell celebration for Nursing's Fannie Gaston-Johansson|last=St Angelo|first=Steven|date=2014-07-01|website=The Hub|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}
• Late 1990s: Ethiopian-American chemist Sossina M. Haile developed the first solid acid fuel cell.{{cite web|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/sossina-haile|title=Sossina Haile |work=The HistoryMakers|language=en|access-date=2018-08-25}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tadias.com/01/18/2011/outstanding-women-in-science-interview-with-professor-sossina-haile/|title=Outstanding Women in Science: Interview with Professor Sossina Haile |work=Tadias Magazine |access-date=2018-08-25}}

File:Merieme Chadid.jpg]]

File:Maria Klawe 2015.jpg]]

File:Dorothy Wanja Nyingi.jpg]]

File:May-Britt Moser 2014.jpg]]

File:Donna Strickland, OSA Holiday Party 2012.jpg]]

File:Frances Arnold 2012.png]]

• 2000: Venezuelan astrophysicist Kathy Vivas presented her discovery of approximately 100 "new and very distant" RR Lyrae stars, providing insight into the structure and history of the Milky Way galaxy.{{cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2000/01/12/yale-researcher-identifies-stars-give-clues-milky-way|title=Yale Researcher Identifies Stars That Give Clues to the Milky Way|website=YaleNews|access-date=2018-10-07|date=2000-01-12}}
• 2003: American geophysicist Claudia Alexander oversaw the final stages of Project Galileo, a space exploration mission that ended at the planet Jupiter.{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-0719-claudia-alexander-20150718-story.html|title=Claudia Alexander dies at 56; JPL researcher oversaw Galileo, Rosetta missions |work=Los Angeles Times|last=Woo|first=Elaine |access-date=2018-09-25|date=2015-07-18}}
• 2004: American biologist Linda B. Buck received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Richard Axel "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system".{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}
• 2006: Chilean biochemist Cecilia Hidalgo Tapia became the first woman to receive the Chilean National Prize for Natural Sciences.{{cite news|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2006/08/26/229365/cecilia-hidalgo-es-la-primera-mujer-en-ganar-el-premio-nacional-de-ciencias-naturales.html|title=Cecilia Hidalgo es la primera mujer en ganar el Premio Nacional de Ciencias Naturales|last=S.A.P.|first=El Mercurio|date=2006-08-26|work=Emol|access-date=2018-08-28|language=es-LA|archive-date=2018-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000319/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2006/08/26/229365/cecilia-hidalgo-es-la-primera-mujer-en-ganar-el-premio-nacional-de-ciencias-naturales.html|url-status=dead}}
• 2006: Chinese-American biochemist Yizhi Jane Tao led a team of researchers to become the first to map the atomic structure of Influenza A, contributing to antiviral research.{{cite web|url=https://sbgrid.org/tales/yizhi-jane-tao|publisher=SBGrid Consortium at Rice University |title=Tales: Yizhi Jane Tao |language=en|access-date=2018-08-24}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6213764.stm|title=Researchers find flu 'weak spot'|date=2006-12-07|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en-GB}}
• 2006: Parasitologist Susan Lim became the first Malaysian scientist elected to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.{{cite journal|last1=Gibson|first1=David I.|last2=Ng|first2=Peter K. L.|date=December 2014|title=Lim Lee Hong, Susan (1952–2014) – monogenean systematist and Commissioner 2006–2014|url=http://iczn.org/sites/iczn.org/files/Lim%20Lee%20Hong%2C%20Suan%20%281952-2014%29.pdf|journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume=71|issue=4|pages=217–220}}
• 2006: Merieme Chadid became the first Moroccan person and the first female astronomer to travel to Antarctica, leading an international team of scientists in the installation of a major observatory in the South Pole.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA54|title=Dictionary of African Biography|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|last2=Niven|first2=Mr Steven J.|date=2012-02-02|publisher=Open University Press USA|isbn=9780195382075|pages=54–55|language=en|chapter=Merieme Chadid}}
• 2006: American computer scientist Frances E. Allen won the Turing Award for "pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution". She was the first woman to win the award.{{cite journal | first = Guy | last = Steele Jr. | doi = 10.1145/1866739.1866752 | title = An interview with Frances E. Allen | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 54 | pages = 39–45 | year = 2011| doi-access = free }}
• 2006: Canadian-American computer scientist Maria Klawe became the president of Harvey Mudd College.{{cite web|last=Ezarik |first=Melissa |title=Diamond in the Mudd: the many facets of Maria Klawe, Harvey Mudd College's new leader |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=148056309 |work=The Free Library |access-date=February 23, 2015 |date=July 1, 2006}}
• 2007: Using satellite imagery, Egyptian geomorphologist Eman Ghoneim discovered traces of an 11,000-year-old mega lake in the Sahara Desert. The discovery shed light on the origins of the largest modern groundwater reservoir in the world.{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11593-ancient-mega-lake-discovered-in-darfur/|title=Ancient mega-lake discovered in Darfur|work=New Scientist|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-US}}
• 2007: Physicist Ibtesam Badhrees was the first Saudi Arabian woman to become a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).{{cite journal|date=2007-03-01|title=Faces and places|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1734040|journal=CERN Courier|language=en|volume=47}}
• 2008: French virologist Françoise Barré-Sinoussi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier, "for their discovery of HIV, human immunodeficiency virus".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/|title=Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2008-10-16}}
• 2008: American-born Australian Penny Sackett became Australia's first female Chief Scientist.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-09-30/anu-astronomer-named-new-chief-scientist/526244|title=ANU astronomer named new chief scientist|date=2008-09-30|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-AU}}
• 2008: American computer scientist Barbara Liskov won the Turing Award for "contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing".{{cite web|title=ACM Names Barbara Liskov Recipient of the 2008 ACM A. M. Turing Award|url=http://www.acm.org/membership/turing-award2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716094636/http://www.acm.org/membership/turing-award2008|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-16|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=2009-03-10}}
• 2009: American molecular biologist Carol W. Greider received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Elizabeth H. Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase".{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/index.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2007-07-28}}
• 2009: Israeli crystallographer Ada E. Yonath, along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz, received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/|title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2009-10-07}}
• 2009: Chinese geneticist Zeng Fanyi and her research team published their experiment results proving that induced pluripotent stem cells can be used to generate whole mammalian bodies – in this case, live mice.{{cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|date=2009|title=Mice made from induced stem cells|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=460|issue=7255|page=560|doi=10.1038/460560a|pmid=19641564|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}

• 2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.{{cite web | url=https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/marcia-k-mcnutt?qt-staff_profile_science_products=6#qt-staff_profile_science_products | title=Marcia K McNutt}}
• 2011: Kazakhstani neuroscience student and computer hacker Alexandra Elbakyan launched Sci-Hub, a website that provides users with pirated copies of scholarly scientific papers. Within five years, Sci-Hub grew to contain 60 million papers and recorded over 42 million annual downloads by users. Elbakyan was finally sued by major academic publishing company Elsevier, and Sci-Hub was subsequently taken down, but it reappeared under different domain names.{{cite journal|date=2016-12-19|title=Nature's 10|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=540|issue=7634|pages=507–515|doi=10.1038/540507a|pmid=30905952|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2016Natur.540..507.|doi-access=free}}
• 2011: Taiwanese-American astrophysicist Chung-Pei Ma led a team of scientists in discovering two of the largest black holes ever observed.{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/12/10/143497216/newly-discovered-black-holes-are-largest-so-far|title=Newly Discovered Black Holes Are Largest So Far|work=NPR|access-date=2018-10-08|language=en}}
• 2012: Computer scientist and cryptographer Shafi Goldwasser won the Turing award for her contributions to cryptography and complexity theory.{{Cite web|title=Shafi Goldwasser - A.M. Turing Award Laureate|url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/goldwasser_8627889.cfm|access-date=2021-12-07|website=amturing.acm.org}}
• 2013: Canadian genetic specialist Turi King identified the 500-year-old skeletal remains of King Richard III.{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/two-canadian-links-to-discovery-of-richard-iii/article8158525/|title=Two Canadian links to discovery of Richard III|access-date=2018-08-23}}
• 2013: Kenyan ichthyologist Dorothy Wanja Nyingi published the first guide to freshwater fish species of Kenya.{{cite news|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/magazines/Nyeri-girl-who-knows-her-tilapia/1248928-2465114-13m8ldm/index.html|title=Meet the Nyeri woman who knows her fish|work=Business Daily|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en-UK}}
• 2014: Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist May-Britt Moser received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe, "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain".{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=2014-10-07}}
• 2014: American paleoclimatologist and marine geologist Maureen Raymo became the first woman to be awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London.{{cite web|title=Climate Scientist Is First Woman to Win Geology's Storied Wollaston Medal|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/climate-scientist-first-woman-win-geologys-storied-wollaston-medal|access-date=16 February 2018|website=Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory|date=March 4, 2014|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624193755/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/climate-scientist-first-woman-win-geologys-storied-wollaston-medal|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/awards |title= Society awards |publisher=The Geological Society |date=2016-08-24 |access-date=2018-08-14}}
• 2014: American theoretical physicist Shirley Ann Jackson was awarded the National Medal of Science. Jackson had been the first African-American woman to receive a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) during the early 1970s, and the first woman to chair the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/shirley-ann-jackson|title=Shirley Anne Jackson – National Medal of Science, Physical Sciences, 2014|website=National Science and Technology Medals Foundation}}{{cite news|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609692/the-remarkable-career-of-shirley-ann-jackson/|title=A cool-headed leader in social justice, nuclear policy, and academia|last=Schaffer|first=Amanda|work=MIT Technology Review|access-date=2018-09-24|language=en}}
• 2014: Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman to receive the Fields Medal, for her work in "the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces".{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/13/fields-medal-mathematics-prize-woman-maryam-mirzakhani | title = Fields Medal mathematics prize won by woman for first time in its history | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 13 August 2014 | first = Ian | last = Sample | access-date = 9 June 2016 }}
• 2015: The International Day of Women and Girls in Science is an annual observance adopted by the United Nations General Assembly to promote the full and equal access and participation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields;{{Cite journal |last=Jordan |first=R |date=2016 |title=Why we need an International Day? |url=https://www.journal-jmsr.net/uploads/113/4746_pdf.pdf |journal=Journal of Medical and Surgical Research |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=197–198}} the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 70/212 on 22 December 2015,{{Cite web |title=A/RES/70/212 - E - A/RES/70/212 |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/70/212 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=undocs.org}} which proclaimed the 11th day of February as the annual commemoration of the observance.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=UNEP Chief Scientist on why we need more women and girls in science |url=http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-chief-scientist-why-we-need-more-women-and-girls-science |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=UNEP |language=en}}
• 2015: Chinese medical scientist Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura; she received it "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria".{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2015/tu/facts/ |title=Youyou Tu Facts |publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2018-10-18}}
• 2015: Asha de Vos became the first Sri Lankan person to receive a PhD in marine mammal research, completing her thesis on "Factors influencing blue whale aggregations off southern Sri Lanka" at the University of Western Australia.{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/explorers-festival/2016/emerging-explorers/asha-de-vos/|title=Asha de Vos, Marine Biologist and Ocean Educator, Information, Facts, News, Photos|publisher=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=2018-08-28|archive-date=2018-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192415/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/explorers-festival/2016/emerging-explorers/asha-de-vos/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://api.research-repository.uwa.edu.au/portalfiles/portal/5088052/De_Vos_Asha_2015.pdf|title=Factors influencing blue whale aggregations off southern Sri Lanka|last=de Vos|first=Asha|date=2015|publisher=The University of Western Australia}}
• 2016: Marcia McNutt became the first female president of the American National Academy of Sciences.{{cite news|url=https://www.aaas.org/news/science-editor-chief-marcia-mcnutt-elected-president-national-academy-sciences|title=Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2016-02-16|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |access-date=2018-08-26|language=en}}
• 2018: British astrophysicists Hiranya Peiris and Joanna Dunkley and Italian cosmologist Licia Verde were among 27 scientists awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for their contributions to "detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies".{{cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1/L3811|work=Breakthrough Prize |title=Fundamental Physics – Breakthrough Prize Laureates – Norman Jarosik and the WMAP Science Team|language=en|access-date=2018-08-28}}
• 2018: British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell received the special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her scientific achievements and "inspiring leadership", worth $3 million. She donated the entirety of the prize money towards the creation of scholarships to assist women, underrepresented minorities and refugees who are pursuing the study of physics.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/09/08/she-made-discovery-man-got-nobel-half-century-later-shes-won-million-prize/|title=She made the discovery, but a man got the Nobel. A half-century later, she's won a $3 million prize.|last1=Kaplan|first1=Sarah|last2=Farzan|first2=Antonia Noori|date=September 8, 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}
• 2018: Canadian physicist Donna Strickland received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics"; she shared it with Arthur Ashkin and Gérard Mourou.{{cite web | title = The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 | publisher = Nobel Foundation | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/|access-date=2 October 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cap.ca/publications/cap-news/2018-nobel-prize-physics/ |title=News Flash: Canadian physicist, Donna Strickland, co-recipient of 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics |publisher=Canadian Association of Physicists |access-date=2018-10-04}}
• 2018: Frances Arnold received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the directed evolution of enzymes"; she shared it with George Smith and Gregory Winter, who received it "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies".Press Release: [https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003142015/https://old.nobelprize.org/che-press.pdf?_ga=2.67876817.1135025470.1538548911-1481862404.1538548911 |date=2018-10-03 }} This made Frances the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/frances-arnold-nobel-prize-chemistry_us_5bb4d3d7e4b0876eda9a34ad |title=Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize In Chemistry |date= 2018-10-03|access-date=2018-10-04|newspaper=Huffington Post |last1=Golgowski |first1=Nina }}
• 2018: For the first time in history, women received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Physics in the same year.{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/03/women-win-nobel-prize-chemistry-physics-first-time-same-year/1516518002/ |title=Women win Nobel Prize in chemistry, physics for first time same year |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=2018-10-08}}
• 2019: Mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck became the first woman to win the Abel Prize for "her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics".{{cite web |title=Citation by the Abel Prize Committee |url=http://www.abelprize.no/c73996/binfil/download.php?tid=74095 |publisher=The Abel Prize |access-date=March 19, 2019 |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612182916/https://www.abelprize.no/c73996/binfil/download.php?tid=74095 |url-status=dead }}
• 2019: Imaging scientist Katie Bouman developed an algorithm that made the first visualization of a black hole possible using the Event Horizon Telescope. She was part of the team of over 200 people who implemented the project.{{cite web |url=https://news.mit.edu/2016/method-image-black-holes-0606 |title=A method to image black holes |website=news.mit.edu|date=6 June 2016 |publisher=MIT News|access-date=April 10, 2019}}{{cite web|author=Anon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47891902|title=The woman behind first black hole image|date=April 11, 2019|work=BBC News}}{{cite tweet |user=MIT_CSAIL|number=1116020858282180609|date=2019-04-10|title=Here's the moment when the first black hole image was processed, from the eyes of researcher Katie Bouman.}}{{cite web |first=Katie |last=Bouman |date=April 28, 2017 |work=TED |title=How to take a picture of a black hole |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIvezCVcsYs |via=YouTube }}

• 2020: The Nigerian Academy of Science elected epidemiologist/parasitologist Ekanem Braide as its first female president.{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002130021.html|title=Nigerian Academy of Science Elects First Female President|last=Odubanjo|first=M. Oladoyin|date=2020-02-13|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-16}}
• 2020: Brazilian Scientist and Researcher [http://lattes.cnpq.br/5852030355340056 Jaqueline Goes de Jesus], sequenced COVID-19 genome in 12 hours.{{Cite web|date=2020-02-28|title=First cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Brazil, South America (2 genomes, 3rd March 2020)|url=https://virological.org/t/first-cases-of-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-in-brazil-south-america-2-genomes-3rd-march-2020/409|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Virological|language=en}}
• 2020: Biochemists Jennifer Doudna (American) and Emmanuelle Charpentier (French) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on CRISPR genome editing tool.{{Cite journal|last1=Ledford|first1=Heidi|last2=Callaway|first2=Ewen|date=2020-10-07|title=Pioneers of revolutionary CRISPR gene editing win chemistry Nobel|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=586|issue=7829|pages=346–347|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02765-9|pmid=33028993|bibcode=2020Natur.586..346L|doi-access=free}}
• 2020: Andrea M. Ghez received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of a supermassive compact object.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 6, 2020|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/press-release/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Nobel Prize|language=en-US}}
• 2020: German-Turkish scientist Özlem Türeci is the co-founder and chief medical officer of BioNTech.{{Cite news|last=Gelles|first=David|date=2020-11-10|title=The Husband-and-Wife Team Behind the Leading Vaccine to Solve Covid-19|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/10/business/biontech-covid-vaccine.html|access-date=2021-02-11|issn=0362-4331}} Her team developed BNT162b2 (tozinameran (INN)), commonly known as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
• 2020: British vaccinologist Sarah Gilbert leads the development and testing of a vaccine which becomes the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.{{cite web |title=Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55280671 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=30 December 2020 |date=30 December 2020}}
• 2022: American chemist Carolyn R. Bertozzi received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her development of Bioorthogonal chemistry.{{cite web |title=Stanford's Carolyn Bertozzi wins Nobel in chemistry|url= https://news.stanford.edu/2022/10/05/carolyn-bertozzi-wins-nobel-chemistry/|website=Stanford News|publisher=Stanford |access-date=5 October 2022|date=5 October 2022}}
• 2023: Australian geomicrobiologist Jillian Banfield became the first female recipient of the van Leeuwenhoek Medal, which she received for her studies of complex microbial communities and their interaction with the environment.{{cite web |title=van Leeuwenhoek Medal 2023|url=https://www.knvm.org/activities/awards-and-grants/van-leeuwenhoek-medal/van-leeuwenhoek-medal-2023|website=Royal Dutch Microbiology society|publisher=KNVM|access-date=6 March 2023}}

• List of female scientists before the 20th century
• Lists of women in science
• Timeline of women in geology
• Timeline of women in library science
• Timeline of women in computing
• Timeline of women in mathematics
• Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States
• Timeline of women in science in the United States
• Timeline of women's education
• Women in physics

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• [http://www.thestargarden.co.uk/Women-in-science.html Famous female scientists: A timeline of pioneering women in science] from the website of Dr Helen Klus

science

Category:Science timelines

Category:Women scientists