2019 in paleontology

{{Main|2019 in paleobotany}}

• Fossil sporocarps indistinguishable from sporocarps of members of the extant genus Stemonitis are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Rikkinen, Grimaldi & Schmidt (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Jouko Rikkinen |author2=David A. Grimaldi |author3=Alexander R. Schmidt |year=2019 |title=Morphological stasis in the first myxomycete from the Mesozoic, and the likely role of cryptobiosis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 19730 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55622-9 |pmid=31874965 |pmc=6930221 |bibcode=2019NatSR...919730R }}
• A study on the impact of major historical events such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on the evolution of two major subclasses of lichen-forming fungi (Lecanoromycetidae and Ostropomycetidae) is published by Huang et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Jen-Pan Huang |author2=Ekaphan Kraichak |author3=Steven D. Leavitt |author4=Matthew P. Nelsen |author5=H. Thorsten Lumbsch |year=2019 |title=Accelerated diversifications in three diverse families of morphologically complex lichen-forming fungi link to major historical events |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 8518 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44881-1 |pmid=31253825 |pmc=6599062 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8518H }}
• Description of crustose lichens from European Paleogene amber is published by Kaasalainen et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Ulla Kaasalainen |author2=Martin Kukwa |author3=Jouko Rikkinen |author4=Alexander R. Schmidt |year=2019 |title=Crustose lichens with lichenicolous fungi from Paleogene amber |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 10360 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-46692-w |pmid=31316089 |pmc=6637111 |bibcode=2019NatSR...910360K }}
• Fungi belonging to the genera Periconia, Penicillium and Scopulariopsis, representing the first and the oldest known fossil record of these taxa, are described from the Eocene Baltic amber by Tischer et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Marta Tischer |author2=Michał Gorczak |author3=Błażej Bojarski |author4=Julia Pawłowska |author5=Christel Hoffeins |author6=Hans Werner Hoffeins |author7=Marta Wrzosek |year=2019 |title=New fossils of ascomycetous anamorphic fungi from Baltic amber |journal=Fungal Biology |volume=123 |issue=11 |pages=804–810 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2019.08.003 |pmid=31627856 |bibcode=2019FunB..123..804T |s2cid=202008839 }}

• Sponge spicules and spicule-like structures that probably represent sponge fossils are described from four sections of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval in the Yangtze Gorges (China) by Chang et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Shan Chang |author2=Lei Zhang |author3=Sébastien Clausen |author4=David J. Bottjer |author5=Qinglai Feng |year=2019 |title=The Ediacaran-Cambrian rise of siliceous sponges and development of modern oceanic ecosystems |journal=Precambrian Research |volume=333 |pages=Article 105438 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105438 |bibcode=2019PreR..33305438C |s2cid=202174665 |doi-access=free }}
• A study evaluating how distribution patterns of non-lithistid spiculate sponges changed during the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event is published by Botting & Muir (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Joseph P. Botting |author2=Lucy A. Muir |year=2019 |title=Dispersal and endemic diversification: Differences in non-lithistid spiculate sponge faunas between the Cambrian Explosion and the GOBE |journal=Palaeoworld |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |pages=24–36 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2018.03.002 |s2cid=135439485 }}

• A study on the growth characteristics of three species of Ordovician corals belonging to the genus Agetolites from the Xiazhen Formation (China), and on their implications for inferring phylogenetic relationships of this genus, is published by Sun, Elias & Lee (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Ning Sun |author2=Robert J. Elias |author3=Dong-Jin Lee |year=2019 |title=Corallite increase in the Late Ordovician coral Agetolites, and its taxonomic implication |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=5 |pages=839–855 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.14 |bibcode=2019JPal...93..839S |s2cid=133656532 }}
• A study on a large colonial rugose coral from the Ordovician Kope Formation (Kentucky, United States) is published by Harris et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Felicia Harris |author2=Heather Alley |author3=Ron Fine |author4=Bradley Deline |year=2019 |title=Rare colonial corals from the Upper Ordovician Kope Formation of Kentucky and their role in ephemeral invasions in the Edenian |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=533 |pages=Article 109279 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109279 |bibcode=2019PPP...53309279H |s2cid=200064214 }}
• A study on the morphology, growth characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the Silurian tabulate coral Halysites catenularius is published by Liang, Elias & Lee (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Kun Liang |author2=Robert J. Elias |author3=Dong-Jin Lee |year=2019 |title=Morphometrics, growth characteristics, and phylogenetic implications of Halysites catenularius (Tabulata, Silurian, Estonia) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=215–231 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.73 |bibcode=2019JPal...93..215L |s2cid=135341052 }}
• Fossils of tabulate corals without septa, representing the first evidence that unmetamorphosed, slightly indurated Paleozoic sandstones crop out amidst the deposits of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province of the United States, are reported from South Carolina by Landmeyer et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=James E. Landmeyer |author2=Francis Tourneur |author3=Julien Denayer |author4=Mikołaj K. Zapalski |year=2019 |title=Fossil tabulate corals reveal outcrops of Paleozoic sandstones in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, Southeastern USA |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e0224248 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224248 |pmid=31648249 |pmc=6812764 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424248L |doi-access=free }} This finding is strongly disputed because all other rocks of Paleozoic age in the study area are greatly metamorphosed, the rocks where the fossils were found are traditionally mapped as the Cretaceous Middendorf Formation, and it is suggested that the fossils in question are the bark of Cretaceous conifers in Cretaceous sandstone, instead of Paleozoic corals in Paleozoic sandstone.{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0224248|title=Fossil tabulate corals reveal outcrops of Paleozoic sandstones in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, Southeastern USA|journal=PLOS ONE|date=24 October 2019|volume=14|issue=10|pages=e0224248|last1=Landmeyer|first1=James E.|last2=Tourneur|first2=Francis|last3=Denayer|first3=Julien|last4=Zapalski|first4=Mikołaj K.|pmid=31648249|pmc=6812764|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1424248L|doi-access=free}}
• A study aiming to determine whether ecological selection based on physiology, behavior, habitat, etc. played a role in the long-term survival of corals during the late Paleocene and early Eocene is published by Weiss & Martindale (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Anna M. Weiss |author2=Rowan C. Martindale |year=2019 |title=Paleobiological traits that determined scleractinian coral survival and proliferation during the late Paleocene and early Eocene hyperthermals |journal=Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=252–274 |doi=10.1029/2018PA003398 |bibcode=2019PaPa...34..252W |s2cid=92040247 }}
• Fossils of Acropora prolifera dating back to the Pleistocene are reported by Precht et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=William F. Precht |author2=Stephen V. Vollmer |author3=Alexander B. Modys |author4=Les Kaufman |year=2019 |title=Fossil Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816) reveals coral hybridization is not only a recent phenomenon |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=40–55 |doi=10.2988/18-D-18-00011 |s2cid=146062712 }}
• A study on the distribution of reef corals during the last interglacial is published by Jones et al. (2019), who also evaluate the utility of fossil reef coral data for predictions of impact of future climate changes on reef corals.{{Cite journal|author1=Lewis A. Jones |author2=Philip D. Mannion |author3=Alexander Farnsworth |author4=Paul J. Valdes |author5=Sarah-Jane Kelland |author6=Peter A. Allison |year=2019 |title=Coupling of palaeontological and neontological reef coral data improves forecasts of biodiversity responses under global climatic change |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=Article ID 182111 |doi=10.1098/rsos.182111 |pmid=31183138 |pmc=6502368 |bibcode=2019RSOS....682111J }}
• A study on a problematic fossil specimen from the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation (Brazil), assigned by different authors to the species Serpulites sica or Euzebiola clarkei, is published by Van Iten et al. (2019), who interpret this fossil as a medusozoan capable of clonal budding, and transfer it to the genus Sphenothallus.{{Cite journal|author1=Heyo Van Iten |author2=Juliana De Moraes Leme |author3=Marcello G. Simões |author4=Mario Cournoyer |year=2019 |title=Clonal colony in the Early Devonian cnidarian Sphenothallus from Brazil |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=409–416 |doi=10.4202/app.00576.2018 |s2cid=134452962 |doi-access=free }}
• The oldest mesophotic coral ecosystems, dating back to middle Silurian, from the Lower Visby Beds on Gotland have been described by Zapalski & Berkowski.{{Cite journal|last1=Zapalski|first1=Mikołaj K.|last2=Berkowski|first2=Błażej|date=2019-02-01|title=The Silurian mesophotic coral ecosystems: 430 million years of photosymbiosis|journal=Coral Reefs|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=137–147|doi=10.1007/s00338-018-01761-w|issn=1432-0975|bibcode=2019CorRe..38..137Z|s2cid=56895138|doi-access=free}} These communities, dominated by platy corals give also clues about the onset of coral-algal symbiosis.
• Mihaljević (2019) describes new fossil coral collections from the Oligocene and Miocene of Sarawak (Malaysia), Negros Island and Cebu (the Philippines).{{cite journal |author=Morana Mihaljević |year=2019 |title=Oligocene‑Miocene Scleractinians from the Central Indo-Pacific: Malaysian Borneo and the Philippines |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=Article number 22.3.61 |doi=10.26879/978 |s2cid=207819249 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the anatomy, ontogeny and taxonomy of the Norian hydrozoan Heterastridium, based on data from fossil specimens from central Iran and south Turkey, is published by Senowbari-Daryan & Link (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Baba Senowbari-Daryan |author2=Michael Link |year=2019 |title=Heterastridium (Hydrozoa) from the Norian of Iran and Turkey |journal=Palaeontographica Abteilung A |volume=314 |issue=4–6 |pages=81–159 |doi=10.1127/pala/2019/0097 |bibcode=2019PalAA.314...81S |s2cid=213352982 }}

{{Main|2019 in arthropod paleontology|2019 in insect paleontology}}

{{main|2019 in brachiopod paleontology}}

{{Main|2019 in paleomalacology}}

• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the putative stem-echinoderm Yanjiahella biscarpa is published by Topper et al. (2019);{{Cite journal|author1=Timothy P. Topper |author2=Junfeng Guo |author3=Sébastien Clausen |author4=Christian B. Skovsted |author5=Zhifei Zhang |year=2019 |title=A stem group echinoderm from the basal Cambrian of China and the origins of Ambulacraria |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 1366 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09059-3 |pmid=30911013 |pmc=6433856 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1366T }} the study is subsequently criticized by Zamora et al. (2020).{{Cite journal|author1=Samuel Zamora |author2=David F. Wright |author3=Rich Mooi |author4=Bertrand Lefebvre |author5=Thomas E. Guensburg |author6=Przemysław Gorzelak |author7=Bruno David |author8=Colin D. Sumrall |author9=Selina R. Cole |author10=Aaron W. Hunter |author11=James Sprinkle |author12=Jeffrey R. Thompson |author13=Timothy A. M. Ewin |author14=Oldřich Fatka |author15=Elise Nardin |author16=Mike Reich |author17=Martina Nohejlová |author18=Imran A. Rahman |year=2020 |title=Re-evaluating the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic early Cambrian deuterostome Yanjiahella |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 1286 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14920-x |pmid=32152310 |pmc=7063041 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1286Z }}{{Cite journal|author1=Timothy P. Topper |author2=Junfeng Guo |author3=Sébastien Clausen |author4=Christian B. Skovsted |author5=Zhifei Zhang |year=2020 |title=Reply to "Re-evaluating the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic early Cambrian deuterostome Yanjiahella" |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 1287 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14922-9 |pmid=32152290 |pmc=7062690 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.1287T }}
• Soft tissue traces found in conjunction with skeletal molds are described in stylophorans by Lefebvre et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting echinoderm and not hemichordate-like affinities of stylophorans.{{cite journal |author1=Bertrand Lefebvre |author2=Thomas E. Guensburg |author3=Emmanuel L.O. Martin |author4=Rich Mooi |author5=Elise Nardin |author6=Martina Nohejlova |author7=Farid Saleh |author8=Khaoula Kouraïss |author9=Khadija El Hariri |author10=Bruno David |year=2019 |title=Exceptionally preserved soft parts in fossils from the Lower Ordovician of Morocco clarify stylophoran affinities within basal deuterostomes |journal=Geobios |volume=52 |pages=27–36 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2018.11.001 |bibcode=2019Geobi..52...27L |s2cid=135417114 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02014812/file/GEOBIO_2018_75_Original_V0.pdf |access-date=2021-02-21 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429040317/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02014812/file/GEOBIO_2018_75_Original_V0.pdf |url-status=live }}
• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the lepidocystoid echinoderm Vyscystis is published by Nohejlová et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Martina Nohejlová |author2=Elise Nardin |author3=Oldřich Fatka |author4=Libor Kašička |author5=Michal Szabad |year=2019 |title=Morphology, palaeoecology and phylogenetic interpretation of the Cambrian echinoderm Vyscystis (Barrandian area, Czech Republic) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=17 |issue=19 |pages=1619–1634 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1541485 |bibcode=2019JSPal..17.1619N |s2cid=92231073 }}
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diploporitan blastozoans is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Sarah L. Sheffield |author2=Colin D. Sumrall |year=2019 |title=The phylogeny of the Diploporita: a polyphyletic assemblage of blastozoan echinoderms |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=740–752 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.2 |bibcode=2019JPal...93..740S |s2cid=133798442 }}
• A study on the morphology of the feeding ambulacral system in the Ordovician diploporitan Eumorphocystis, as indicated by data from well-preserved specimens from the Bromide Formation (Oklahoma, United States), is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that Eumorphocystis was closely related to crinoids and that crinoids are nested within blastozoans;{{Cite journal|author1=Sarah L. Sheffield |author2=Colin D. Sumrall |year=2019 |title=A re-interpretation of the ambulacral system of Eumorphocystis (Blastozoa, Echinodermata) and its bearing on the evolution of early crinoids |journal=Palaeontology |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1111/pala.12396 |bibcode=2019Palgy..62..163S |s2cid=134585363 |url=http://osf.io/w4myr/ }} their conclusions about the relationship between Eumorphocystis and crinoids are subsequently contested by Guensburg et al. (2020).{{cite journal |author1=Thomas E. Guensburg |author2=James Sprinkle |author3=Rich Mooi |author4=Bertrand Lefebvre |year=2020 |title=Evolutionary significance of the blastozoan Eumorphocystis and its pseudo-arms |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=327–343 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.84 |issn=0022-3360 |s2cid=228841638 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03004489/file/MS%20R1_%232_TG.pdf |access-date=2021-01-21 |archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429133433/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03004489/file/MS%20R1_%232_TG.pdf |url-status=live }}
• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Macurdablastus uniplicatus is published by Bauer, Waters & Sumrall (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Jennifer E. Bauer |author2=Johnny A. Waters |author3=Colin D. Sumrall |year=2019 |title=Redescription of Macurdablastus and redefinition of Eublastoidea as a clade of Blastoidea (Echinodermata) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=1003–1013 |doi=10.1111/pala.12439 |bibcode=2019Palgy..62.1003B |s2cid=200031342 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hexedriocystis is published online by Zamora & Sumrall (2019), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.{{cite book |author1=Samuel Zamora |author2=Colin Sumrall |year=2019 |chapter=Hexedriocystis, an aberrant echinoderm from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco |editor1=A. W. Hunter |editor2=J. J. Álvaro |editor3=B. Lefebvre |editor4=P. van Roy |editor5=S. Zamora |title=The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco |series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=485 |publisher=The Geological Society of London |pages= SP485–2017–213|doi=10.1144/SP485-2017-213 |s2cid=134603420 }}
• A study on the paleoecology of the specimens of the edrioasteroid Neoisorophusella lanei preserved in limestone slabs from the Carboniferous (Chesterian) Kinkaid Formation (Illinois, United States) is published by Shroat-Lewis, Greenwood & Sumrall (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=René A. Shroat-Lewis |author2=Emily N. Greenwood |author3=Colin D. Sumrall |year=2019 |title=Paleoecologic analysis of edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) encrusted slabs from the Chesterian (upper Mississippian) Kinkaid Limestone of southern Illinois |journal=PALAIOS |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=146–158 |doi=10.2110/palo.2018.061 |bibcode=2019Palai..34..146S |s2cid=133886514 }}
• A study on the morphology of Cupulocrinus and on its implications for inferring the origin of the flexible crinoids is published by Peter (2019).{{cite journal |author=M.E.Peter |year=2019 |title=Aberrations in the infrabasal circlet of the cladid crinoid genus Cupulocrinus (Echinodermata) and implications for the origin of flexible crinoids |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=522 |pages=52–61 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.002 |bibcode=2019PPP...522...52P |s2cid=134102417 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diplobathrid crinoids is published by Cole (2019).{{Cite journal|author=Selina R. Cole |year=2019 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=357–373 |doi=10.1111/pala.12401 |bibcode=2019Palgy..62..357C |s2cid=135180540 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the biological and ecological controls on duration of diplobathrid crinoid genera is published online by Cole (2019).{{Cite journal|author=Selina R. Cole |year=2019 |title=Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny |journal=Paleobiology |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=251–270 |doi=10.1017/pab.2019.37 |s2cid=209592152 }}
• A study on the macro-evolutionary patterns of body-size trends of cyrtocrinid crinoids is published by Brom (2019).{{Cite journal|author=Krzysztof R. Brom |year=2019 |title=Body-size trends of cyrtocrinids (Crinoidea, Cyrtocrinida) |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=105 |issue= 2|pages= 109–118|doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2018.12.002 |bibcode=2019AnPal.105..109B |s2cid=134427588 }}
• A study on patterns of paleocommunity structure and niche partitioning in crinoids from the Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte (Ontario, Canada) is published by Cole, Wright & Ausich (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Selina R. Cole |author2=David F. Wright |author3=William I. Ausich |year=2019 |title=Phylogenetic community paleoecology of one of the earliest complex crinoid faunas (Brechin Lagerstätte, Ordovician) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=521 |pages=82–98 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.006 |bibcode=2019PPP...521...82C |s2cid=135129430 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the anatomy of the nervous and circulatory systems of the Cretaceous crinoid Decameros ricordeanus and on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Saulsbury & Zamora (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=James Saulsbury |author2=Samuel Zamora |year=2019 |title=The nervous and circulatory systems of a Cretaceous crinoid: preservation, palaeobiology and evolutionary significance |journal=Palaeontology |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=243–253 |doi=10.1111/pala.12452 |hdl=2027.42/154347 |s2cid=210622230 |hdl-access=free }}
• A study on the substrate preference in stem group sea urchins during the Carboniferous Period will be published by Thompson & Bottjer (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Jeffrey R. Thompson |author2=David J. Bottjer |year=2019 |title=Quantitative analysis of substrate preference in Carboniferous stem group echinoids |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=513 |pages=35–51 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.018 |bibcode=2019PPP...513...35T |s2cid=133856254 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on Early Triassic recovery of sea urchins after the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Pietsch et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Carlie Pietsch |author2=Kathleen A. Ritterbush |author3=Jeffrey R. Thompson |author4=Elizabeth Petsios |author5=David J. Bottjer |year=2019 |title=Evolutionary models in the Early Triassic marine realm |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=513 |pages=65–85 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.016 |bibcode=2019PPP...513...65P |s2cid=134281291 }}
• A fossil brittle star belonging to the genus Ophiopetra, representing the first record of articulated brittle star from the Mesozoic of South America reported so far, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation (Argentina) by Fernández et al. (2019), who transfer the genus Ophiopetra to the family Ophionereididae within the order Amphilepidida.{{cite journal |author1=Diana Fernández |author2=Luciana Giachetti |author3=Sabine Stöhr |author4=Ben Thuy |author5=Damián Perez |author6=Marcos Comerio |author7=Pablo Pazos |year=2019 |title=Brittle stars from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia: first ophiuroid articulated remains for the Mesozoic of South America |journal=Andean Geology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3157 |s2cid=198429041 |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n2-3157/ |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/97700 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2020-03-04 |archive-date=2020-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602034344/http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n2-3157 |url-status=live }}

• A study on the feeding habits of conodonts, as indicated by data from calcium stable isotopes, is published by Balter et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=V. Balter |author2=J.E. Martin |author3=T. Tacail |author4=G. Suan |author5=S. Renaud |author6=C. Girard |year=2019 |title=Calcium stable isotopes place Devonian conodonts as first level consumers |journal=Geochemical Perspectives Letters |volume=10 |pages=36–39 |doi=10.7185/geochemlet.1912 |s2cid=150154587 |doi-access=free |hdl=1983/cdaaa2aa-9641-4658-bcfb-58d0664c6259 |hdl-access=free }}
• A study on the variation of conodont element crystal structure throughout their evolutionary history is published online by Medici et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Luca Medici |author2=Daniele Malferrari |author3=Martina Savioli |author4=Annalisa Ferretti |year=2019 |title=Mineralogy and crystallization patterns in conodont bioapatite from first occurrence (Cambrian) to extinction (end-Triassic) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=549 |pages=Article 109098 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.024 |hdl=11380/1171775 |s2cid=134950999 |hdl-access=free }}
• A study on the evolution of platform-like P₁ elements in conodonts, evaluating its possible link to ecology of conodonts, is published by Ginot & Goudemand (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Samuel Ginot |author2=Nicolas Goudemand |year=2019 |title=Conodont size, trophic level, and the evolution of platform elements |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=458–468 |doi=10.1017/pab.2019.19 |bibcode=2019Pbio...45..458G |s2cid=196680606 }}
• A study on the impact of early Paleozoic environmental changes on evolution and paleoecology of conodonts from the Canadian part of Laurentia is published online by Barnes (2019).{{cite journal |author=Christopher R. Barnes |year=2019 |title=Impacts of climate-ocean-tectonic changes on early Paleozoic conodont ecology and evolution evidenced by the Canadian part of Laurentia |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=549 |pages=Article 109092 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.018 |s2cid=133789941 }}
• A study on the morphology, occurrences and biostratigraphical value of Paroistodus horridus is published online by Mestre & Heredia (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Ana Mestre |author2=Susana Heredia |year=2019 |title=The conodont Paroistodus horridus (Barnes and Poplawski) as a new biostratigraphical tool for the middle Darriwilian (Ordovician) |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=549 |pages=Article 109114 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.015 |hdl=11336/150549 |s2cid=133879757 |hdl-access=free }}
• A revision of the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of the Late Ordovician genera Tasmanognathus and Yaoxianognathus is published by Yang et al. (2019).{{Cite journal |author1=Zhihua Yang |author2=Xiuchun Jing |author3=Xunlian Wang |author4=Hongrui Zhou |author5=Hui Ren |year=2019 |title=New recognitions on the Late Ordovician conodont genera Tasmanognathus Burrett and Yaoxianognathus An |journal=Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=115–129 |doi=10.16087/j.cnki.1000-0674.2019.02.002 |url=http://eng.oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=WSGT201902002&DBName=cjfqtotal&dbcode=cjfq |access-date=2019-08-30 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724182729/http://eng.oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=WSGT201902002&DBName=cjfqtotal&dbcode=cjfq |url-status=dead }}
• A study on the composition and architecture of the apparatus of Erismodus quadridactylus is published by Dhanda et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Rosie Dhanda |author2=Duncan J. E. Murdock |author3=John E. Repetski |author4=Philip C. J. Donoghue |author5=M. Paul Smith |year=2019 |title=The apparatus composition and architecture of Erismodus quadridactylus and the implications for element homology in prioniodinin conodonts |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=657–677 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1257 |bibcode=2019PPal....5..657D |hdl=1983/49f0aa70-34e3-48e4-9c00-deadd8689d6b |s2cid=146204818 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/the-apparatus-composition-and-architecture-of-erismodus-quadridactylus-and-the-implications-for-element-homology-in-prioniodinin-conodonts(49f0aa70-34e3-48e4-9c00-deadd8689d6b).html |hdl-access=free }}
• A study on the ontogeny of the Lochkovian conodont species Ancyrodelloides carlsi is published by Corriga & Corradini (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Maria G. Corriga |author2=Carlo Corradini |year=2019 |title=Ontogeny of Ancyrodelloides carlsi (Boersma) and comments on its generic attribution (Conodonta, Lower Devonian) |journal=Geobios |volume=57 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2019.10.002 |bibcode=2019Geobi..57...25C |s2cid=213372488 }}
• A study on fossils of members of the genus Alternognathus from the Upper Devonian of the Kowala quarry (central Poland), attempting to calibrate the course of their ontogeny in days and documenting cyclic mortality events, is published by Świś (2019).{{cite journal |author=Przemysław Świś |year=2019 |title=Population dynamics of the Late Devonian conodont Alternognathus calibrated in days |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1161–1169 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1427088 |s2cid=89835464 }}
• The apparatus of Vogelgnathus simplicatus is reconstructed from discrete elements from a sample of limited diversity from the Carboniferous strata from Ireland by Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Javier Sanz-López |author2=Silvia Blanco-Ferrera |author3=C. Giles Miller |year=2019 |title=The apparatus of the Carboniferous conodont Vogelgnathus simplicatus and the early evolution of the genus |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=126–136 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.66 |bibcode=2019JPal...93..126S |s2cid=134343300 }}
• Neospathodid conodont elements with partly preserved basal body (one of two main parts of conodont elements, besides the crown) are reported from the Lower Triassic of Oman by Souquet & Goudemand (2019), who interpret their finding as indicating that the absence of basal bodies in post-Devonian conodonts was due to a preservational bias only.{{Cite journal|author1=Louise Souquet |author2=Nicolas Goudemand |year=2019 |title=Exceptional basal-body preservation in some Early Triassic conodont elements from Oman |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=549 |pages=Article 109066 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.028 |s2cid=133865209 }}
• Natural assemblages of conodonts, preserving possible impressions of "eyes", are described from the Lower Triassic pelagic black claystones of the North Kitakami Belt (Japan) by Takahashi, Yamakita & Suzuki (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Satoshi Takahashi |author2=Satoshi Yamakita |author3=Noritoshi Suzuki |year=2019 |title=Natural assemblages of the conodont Clarkina in lowermost Triassic deep-sea black claystone from northeastern Japan, with probable soft-tissue impressions |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=524 |pages=212–229 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.034 |bibcode=2019PPP...524..212T |s2cid=134664744 }}
• A study on the composition of the apparatus of Nicoraella, based on data from clusters from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota (Yunnan, China), is published by Huang et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Jin-Yuan Huang |author2=Carlos Martínez-Pérez |author3=Shi-Xue Hu |author4=Philip C.J. Donoghue |author5=Qi-Yue Zhang |author6=Chang-Yong Zhou |author7=Wen Wen |author8=Michael J. Benton |author9=Mao Luo |author10=Hua-Zhou Yao |author11=Ke-Xin Zhang |year=2019 |title=Middle Triassic conodont apparatus architecture revealed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography |journal=Palaeoworld |volume=28 |issue= 4|pages= 429–440|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2018.08.003 |hdl=1983/6c42767e-ca94-44ea-a651-b5a5fc596eb4 |s2cid=133860596 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/middle-triassic-conodont-apparatus-architecture-revealed-by-synchrotron-xray-microtomography(6c42767e-ca94-44ea-a651-b5a5fc596eb4).html |hdl-access=free }}
• The architecture of apparatus of Nicoraella kockeli is reconstructed by Huang et al. (2019), who also evaluate proposed functional interpretations of the conodont feeding apparatus.{{Cite journal |author1=Jinyuan Huang |author2=Carlos Martínez-Pérez |author3=Shixue Hu |author4=Qiyue Zhang |author5=Kexin Zhang |author6=Changyong Zhou |author7=Wen Wen |author8=Tao Xie |author9=Michael J. Benton |author10=Zhong-Qiang Chen |author11=Mao Luo |author12=Philip C. J. Donoghue |year=2019 |title=Apparatus architecture of the conodont Nicoraella kockeli (Gondolelloidea, Prioniodinina) constrains functional interpretations |journal=Palaeontology |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=823–835 |doi=10.1111/pala.12429 |bibcode=2019Palgy..62..823H |hdl=1983/0b506cea-36b5-4656-8d1a-035cedce151c |s2cid=134405654 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184956592/Author_Final.pdf |access-date=2020-06-03 |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724174909/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184956592/Author_Final.pdf |url-status=live }}
• A study on Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from Jenzig section of the Jena Formation and Troistedt section of the Meissner Formation (Germany) is published by Chen et al. (2019), who also study the morphology of the apparatuses of Neogondolella haslachensis and Nicoraella germanica, and review and revise the species Neogondolella mombergensis.{{Cite journal|author1=Yanlong Chen |author2=Frank Scholze |author3=Sylvain Richoz |author4=Zhifei Zhang |year=2019 |title=Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from the Germanic Basin: implications for multi-element taxonomy and biogeography |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=359–377 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1424260 |bibcode=2019JSPal..17..359C |s2cid=89794841 }}
• A study evaluating the quantitative morphological variation of P₁ conodont elements within and between seven conodont morphospecies from the Pizzo Mondello section (Sicily, Italy) and their evolution within 7 million years around the Carnian/Norian boundary is published by Guenser et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Pauline Guenser |author2=Louise Souquet |author3=Sylvain Dolédec |author4=Michele Mazza |author5=Manuel Rigo |author6=Nicolas Goudemand |year=2019 |title=Deciphering the roles of environment and development in the evolution of a Late Triassic assemblage of conodont elements |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=440–457 |doi=10.1017/pab.2019.14 |bibcode=2019Pbio...45..440G |hdl=11577/3307206 |s2cid=181539675 }}
• A study on the taphonomy of basal tissue of conodont elements is published online by Suttner & Kido (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Thomas J. Suttner |author2=Erika Kido |year=2019 |title=Euconodont hard tissue: preservation patterns of the basal body |journal=Palaeontology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=29–49 |doi=10.1111/pala.12438 |s2cid=201292631 |doi-access=free }}

{{Main|2019 in paleoichthyology}}

{{main|2019 in amphibian paleontology}}

{{main|2019 in reptile paleontology|2019 in archosaur paleontology}}

• A study on the morphological diversity and morphological changes of the humeri of Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids through time is published by Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Jacqueline K. Lungmus |author2=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |year=2019 |title=Antiquity of forelimb ecomorphological diversity in the mammalian stem lineage (Synapsida) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=116 |issue=14 |pages=6903–6907 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1802543116 |pmid=30886085 |pmc=6452662 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.6903L |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the diversity of patterns of skull shape (focusing on the relative lengths of the face and braincase regions of the skull) in non-mammalian synapsids is published by Krone, Kammerer & Angielczyk (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Isaac W. Krone |author2=Christian F. Kammerer |author3=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |year=2019 |title=The many faces of synapsid cranial allometry |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=531–545 |doi=10.1017/pab.2019.26 |bibcode=2019Pbio...45..531K |s2cid=203409804 |doi-access=free }}
• Two pathologically fused tail vertebrae of a varanopid, likely affected by a metabolic bone disease closely resembling Paget's disease of bone, are described from the early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) by Haridy et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Yara Haridy |author2=Florian Witzmann |author3=Patrick Asbach |author4=Robert R. Reisz |year=2019 |title=Permian metabolic bone disease revealed by microCT: Paget's disease-like pathology in vertebrae of an early amniote |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e0219662 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0219662 |pmid=31390345 |pmc=6685605 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1419662H |doi-access=free }}
• Description of new skull remains of Echinerpeton intermedium and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Mann & Paterson (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Arjan Mann |author2=Ryan S. Paterson |year=2019 |title=Cranial osteology and systematics of the enigmatic early 'sail-backed' synapsid Echinerpeton intermedium Reisz, 1972, and a review of the earliest 'pelycosaurs' |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=529–539 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2019.1648323 |s2cid=202847907 }}
• Fossil material of a large carnivorous synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae is described from the Torre del Porticciolo locality (Italy) by Romano et al. (2019), representing the first carnivorous non-therapsid synapsid from the Permian of Italy reported so far, and one of the few known from Europe.{{cite journal |author1=Marco Romano |author2=Paolo Citton |author3=Simone Maganuco |author4=Eva Sacchi |author5=Martina Caratelli |author6=Ausonio Ronchi |author7=Umberto Nicosia |year=2019 |title=New basal synapsid discovery at the Permian outcrop of Torre del Porticciolo (Alghero, Italy) |journal=Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=1554–1566 |doi=10.1002/gj.3250 |bibcode=2019GeolJ..54.1554R |s2cid=133755506 }}
• Description of the morphology and histology of a small neural spine from the Early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) attributable to Dimetrodon is published by Brink, MacDougall & Reisz (2019), who also report evidence from fossil teeth indicative of presence of a derived species of Dimetrodon (otherwise typical of later, Kungurian localities of Texas and Oklahoma) at the Richards Spur locality.{{cite journal |author1=Kirstin S. Brink |author2=Mark J. MacDougall |author3=Robert R. Reisz |year=2019 |title=Dimetrodon (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the cave system at Richards Spur, OK, USA, and a comparison of Early Permian–aged vertebrate paleoassemblages |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=106 |issue=1–2 |pages=Article 2 |doi=10.1007/s00114-018-1598-1 |pmid=30610457 |bibcode=2019SciNa.106....2B |s2cid=57427089 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the histology of the skull roof of burnetiamorph biarmosuchians is published by Kulik & Sidor (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Zoe T. Kulik |author2=Christian A. Sidor |year=2019 |title=The original boneheads: histologic analysis of the pachyostotic skull roof in Permian burnetiamorphs (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=235 |issue=1 |pages=151–166 |doi=10.1111/joa.12987 |pmid=31070781 |pmc=6580075 |s2cid=148571203}}
• Femur of a specimen of the titanosuchid species Jonkeria parva affected by osteomyelitis is described from the Permian of Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Shelton, Chinsamy & Rothschild (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Christen D. Shelton |author2=Anusuya Chinsamy |author3=Bruce M. Rothschild |year=2019 |title=Osteomyelitis in a 265-million-year-old titanosuchid (Dinocephalia, Therapsida) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1093–1096 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1419348 |bibcode=2019HBio...31.1093S |s2cid=90528131 }}
• A study on the adaptations to herbivory in the teeth of members of the family Tapinocephalidae is published by Whitney & Sidor (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Megan. R. Whitney |author2=Christian A. Sidor |year=2019 |title=Histological and developmental insights into the herbivorous dentition of tapinocephalid therapsids |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e0223860 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223860 |pmid=31665173 |pmc=6821052 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423860W |doi-access=free }}
• An almost complete skeleton of Tapinocaninus pamelae, providing new information on the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of this species (including the first accurate vertebral count for a dinocephalian), is described from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa by Rubidge, Govender & Romano (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Bruce S. Rubidge |author2=Romala Govender |author3=Marco Romano |year=2019 |title=The postcranial skeleton of the basal tapinocephalid dinocephalian Tapinocaninus pamelae (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the South African Karoo Supergroup |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=17 |issue=20 |pages=1767–1789 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2018.1559244 |bibcode=2019JSPal..17.1767R |s2cid=92677126 }}
• Romano & Rubidge (2019) present body mass estimates for a well preserved and complete skeleton of Tapinocaninus pamelae from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa.{{cite journal |author1=Marco Romano |author2=Bruce Rubidge |year=2019 |title=First 3D reconstruction and volumetric body mass estimate of the tapinocephalid dinocephalian Tapinocaninus pamelae (Synapsida: Therapsida) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=498–505 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1640219 |s2cid=203881268 }}
• A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Styracocephalus platyrhynchus is published by Fraser-King et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Simon W. Fraser-King |author2=Julien Benoit |author3=Michael O. Day |author4=Bruce S. Rubidge |year=2019 |title=Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the enigmatic dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus from the Karoo Supergroup, South Africa |journal=Palaeontologia Africana |volume=54 |pages=14–29 |hdl=10539/28128 }}
• A study on the evolution of the sacral vertebrae of dicynodonts is published by Griffin & Angielczyk (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Christopher T. Griffin |author2=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |year=2019 |title=The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=201–220 |doi=10.1017/pab.2018.49 |bibcode=2019Pbio...45..201G |s2cid=91615798 }}
• A study on the diversity of dicynodonts from the Upper Permian Naobaogou Formation (China) is published by Liu (2019).{{Cite journal|author=Jun Liu |year=2019 |title=The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China— 4. the diversity of dicynodonts |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=173–180 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190522 }}
• A study on skulls of South American dicynodonts, aiming to determine whether the differences in skull morphology were related to differences in feeding function, is published by Ordonez et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Maria de los Angeles Ordonez |author2=Guillermo H. Cassini |author3=Sergio F. Vizcaíno |author4=Claudia A. Marsicano |year=2019 |title=A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of skull shape in Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from South America |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=280 |issue=12 |pages=1808–1820 |doi=10.1002/jmor.21066 |pmid=31621947 |s2cid=204755666 }}
• New fossil material of Endothiodon tolani is described from the Permian K5 Formation of the Metangula Graben (Mozambique) by Macungo et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Z. Macungo |author2=I. Loide |author3=S. Zunguza |author4=N. Nhamutole |author5=I.E.M. Maharaj |author6=J. Mugabe |author7=K.D. Angielczyk |author8=R. Araújo |year=2020 |title=Endothiodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) specimens from the middle/late Permian of the Metangula Graben (Niassa Province, Mozambique) increase complexity to the taxonomy of the genus |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=163 |pages=Article 103647 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103647 |bibcode=2020JAfES.16303647M |s2cid=210616960 }}
• A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Endothiodon bathystoma, based on data from a new specimen from the uppermost Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa), is published online by Maharaj, Chinsamy & Smith (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Iyra E. M. Maharaj |author2=Anusuya Chinsamy |author3=Roger M. H. Smith |year=2019 |title=The postcranial anatomy of Endothiodon bathystoma (Anomodontia, Therapsida) |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=1066–1088 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1679128 |s2cid=209607275 }}
• Small dicynodont skull assigned to the genus Digalodon is described from the Lopingian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) by Angielczyk (2019), expanding known geographic range of this genus.{{Cite journal|author=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |year=2019 |title=First occurrence of the dicynodont Digalodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Lopingian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia |journal=Palaeontologia Africana |volume=53 |pages=219–225 |hdl=10539/26832 }}
• Digital endocast of Rastodon procurvidens is reconstructed by de Simão-Oliveira, Kerber & Pinheiro (2019), who evaluate biological implications of the endocast morphology of this species.{{cite journal |author1=Daniel de Simão-Oliveira |author2=Leonardo Kerber |author3=Felipe L. Pinheiro |year=2019 |title=Endocranial morphology of the Brazilian Permian dicynodont Rastodon procurvidens (Therapsida: Anomodontia) |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=236 |issue=3 |pages=384–397 |doi=10.1111/joa.13107 |pmid=31670465 |pmc=7018630 |s2cid=204975400 }}
• Mancuso & Irmis (2019) describe an ulna of a member of the genus Stahleckeria from the Chañares Formation (Argentina), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the Triassic Gondwanan biostratigraphy and biogeography.{{Cite journal|author1=Adriana C. Mancuso |author2=Randall B. Irmis |year=2020 |title=A large-bodied stahleckeriine dicynodont (Synapsida, Anomodontia) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Chañares Formation (Argentina); new data for Triassic Gondwanan biogeography |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.20.12.2019.3302 |s2cid=213000821 }}
• A study on the body mass of Lisowicia bojani is published online by Romano & Manucci (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Marco Romano |author2=Fabio Manucci |year=2019 |title=Resizing Lisowicia bojani: volumetric body mass estimate and 3D reconstruction of the giant Late Triassic dicynodont |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=474–479 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1631819 |s2cid=196679837 }}
• A study on fossils of a putative Cretaceous dicynodont from Australia reported by Thulborn & Turner (2003){{cite journal|author1=Tony Thulborn |author2=Susan Turner |title=The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=270 |issue=1518 |year=2003 |pages=985–993 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2296 |jstor=3558635 |pmid=12803915 |pmc=1691326}} is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably a diprotodontid.{{cite journal |author1=Espen M. Knutsen |author2=Emma Oerlemans |year=2020 |title=The last dicynodont? Re-assessing the taxonomic and temporal relationships of a contentious Australian fossil |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=77 |pages= 184–203|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.011 |bibcode=2020GondR..77..184K |s2cid=202908716 }}
• A study aiming to determine patterns of morphological and phylogenetic diversity of therocephalians throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grunert, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Henrik Richard Grunert |author2=Neil Brocklehurst |author3=Jörg Fröbisch |year=2019 |title=Diversity and disparity of Therocephalia: macroevolutionary patterns through two mass extinctions |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 5063 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41628-w |pmid=30911058 |pmc=6433905 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.5063G }}
• A study on variation in rates of body size evolution of therocephalians is published by Brocklehurst (2019).{{Cite journal|author=Neil Brocklehurst |year=2019 |title=Morphological evolution in therocephalians breaks the hypercarnivore ratchet |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=286 |issue=1900 |pages=Article ID 20190590 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.0590 |pmid=30966993 |pmc=6501669 }}
• A study on the morphology of the manus of a new therocephalian specimen referable to the genus Tetracynodon from the Early Triassic of South Africa, and on the evolution of the manus morphology of therocephalians, is published by Fontanarrosa et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Gabriela Fontanarrosa |author2=Fernando Abdala |author3=Susanna Kümmell |author4=Robert Gess |year=2019 |title=The manus of Tetracynodon (Therapsida: Therocephalia) provides evidence for survival strategies following the Permo-Triassic extinction |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=(1)–(13) |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1491404 |hdl=11336/91246 |s2cid=109228166 |hdl-access=free }}
• A study on patterns of nonmammalian cynodont species richness and the quality of their fossil record is published by Lukic-Walther et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Marcus Lukic-Walther |author2=Neil Brocklehurst |author3=Christian F. Kammerer |author4=Jörg Fröbisch |year=2019 |title=Diversity patterns of nonmammalian cynodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) and the impact of taxonomic practice and research history on diversity estimates |journal=Paleobiology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=56–69 |doi=10.1017/pab.2018.38 |bibcode=2019Pbio...45...56L |s2cid=91197045 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/18452/22404 }}
• A study on the morphology and bone histology of the postcranial skeleton of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Butler, Abdala & Botha-Brink (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Elize Butler |author2=Fernando Abdala |author3=Jennifer Botha-Brink |year=2019 |title=Postcranial morphology of the Early Triassic epicynodont Galesaurus planiceps (Owen) from the Karoo Basin, South Africa |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1220 |s2cid=134080723 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019PPal....5....1B |hdl=11336/86180 |hdl-access=free }}
• Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Luisa C. Pusch |author2=Christian F. Kammerer |author3=Jörg Fröbisch |year=2019 |title=Cranial anatomy of the early cynodont Galesaurus planiceps and the origin of mammalian endocranial characters |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=234 |issue=5 |pages=592–621 |doi=10.1111/joa.12958 |pmid=30772942 |pmc=6481412 |s2cid=73457058 }}
• Description of teeth of all known diademodontid and trirachodontid cynodont taxa is published by Hendrickx, Abdala & Choiniere (2019), who also propose a standardized list of anatomical terms and abbreviations in the study of gomphodont teeth, assign Sinognathus and Beishanodon to the family Trirachodontidae, and consider all specimens previously referred to the species Cricodon kannemeyeri to be younger individuals of Trirachodon berryi.{{Cite journal|author1=Christophe Hendrickx |author2=Fernando Abdala |author3=Jonah N. Choiniere |year=2019 |title=A proposed terminology for the dentition of gomphodont cynodonts and dental morphology in Diademodontidae and Trirachodontidae |journal=PeerJ |volume=7 |pages=e6752 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6752 |pmid=31223521 |pmc=6571134 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the bone histology of the traversodontid cynodonts Protuberum cabralense and Exaeretodon riograndesis is published by Veiga, Botha-Brink & Soares (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Fábio Hiratsuka Veiga |author2=Jennifer Botha-Brink |author3=Marina Bento Soares |year=2019 |title=Osteohistology of the non-mammaliaform traversodontids Protuberum cabralense and Exaeretodon riograndensis from southern Brazil |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1231–1241 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1441292 |s2cid=89832937 }}
• Hypsodont postcanine teeth of Menadon besairiei are described by Melo et al. (2019), who also study patterns of dental growth and replacement in this species.{{Cite journal|author1=Tomaz P. Melo |author2=Ana Maria Ribeiro |author3=Agustín G. Martinelli |author4=Marina Bento Soares |year=2019 |title=Early evidence of molariform hypsodonty in a Triassic stem-mammal |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 2841 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-10719-7 |pmid=31253810 |pmc=6598982 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.2841M }}
• Digital endocasts of Massetognathus ochagaviae and Probelesodon kitchingi are reconstructed by Hoffmann et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Carolina A. Hoffmann |author2=P. G. Rodrigues |author3=M. B. Soares |author4=M. B. de Andrade |year=2019 |title=Brain endocast of two non-mammaliaform cynodonts from southern Brazil: an ontogenetic and evolutionary approach |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=1196–1207 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1685512 |hdl=10923/19658 |s2cid=209571873 |hdl-access=free }}
• A skull of a member of the species Massetognathus ochagaviae is described from the Carnian Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) by Schmitt et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Maurício Rodrigo Schmitt |author2=Agustín G. Martinelli |author3=Tomaz Panceri Melo |author4=Marina Bento Soares |year=2019 |title=On the occurrence of the traversodontid Massetognathus ochagaviae (Synapsida, Cynodontia) in the early late Triassic Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone (Santa Maria Supersequence, southern Brazil): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=93 |pages=36–50 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2019.04.011 |bibcode=2019JSAES..93...36S |s2cid=150326079 }}
• Description of brain endocasts of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum and Exaeretodon riograndensis, using virtual models based on computed tomography scan data, is published by Pavanatto, Kerber & Dias-da-Silva (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Ane E. B. Pavanatto |author2=Leonardo Kerber |author3=Sérgio Dias-da-Silva |year=2019 |title=Virtual reconstruction of cranial endocasts of traversodontid cynodonts (Eucynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the upper Triassic of Southern Brazil |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=280 |issue=9 |pages=1267–1281 |doi=10.1002/jmor.21029 |pmid=31241801 |s2cid=195658515 }}
• Description of new fossil material of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum from the Upper Triassic Caturrita Formation (Brazil) and a study on the age of its fossils is published online by Miron et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Lívia Roese Miron |author2=Ane Elise Branco Pavanatto |author3=Flávio Augusto Pretto |author4=Rodrigo Temp Müller |author5=Sérgio Dias-da-Silva |author6=Leonardo Kerber |year=2020 |title=Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum (Eucynodontia: Gomphodontia): The youngest South American traversodontid? |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=97 |pages=Article 102394 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102394 |bibcode=2020JSAES..9702394M |s2cid=210628164 }}
• A study on the evolution of infraorbital maxillary canal in probainognathian cynodonts and on its implications for the knowledge of evolution of mobile whiskers in non-mammalian synapsids, as indicated by data from skulls of non-mammalian probainognathian cynodonts and early mammaliaforms, is published online by Benoit et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Julien Benoit |author2=Irina Ruf |author3=Juri A. Miyamae |author4=Vincent Fernandez |author5=Pablo Gusmão Rodrigues |author6=Bruce S. Rubidge |year=2019 |title=The evolution of the maxillary canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): reassessment of the homology of the infraorbital foramen in mammalian ancestors |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=329–348 |doi=10.1007/s10914-019-09467-8 |s2cid=156055693 }}
• Digital skull endocast of a specimen of Riograndia guaibensis is reconstructed by Rodrigues et al. (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Pablo Gusmão Rodrigues |author2=Agustín G. Martinelli |author3=Cesar Leandro Schultz |author4=Ian J. Corfe |author5=Pamela G. Gill |author6=Marina B. Soares |author7=Emily J. Rayfield |year=2019 |title=Digital cranial endocast of Riograndia guaibensis (Late Triassic, Brazil) sheds light on the evolution of the brain in non-mammalian cynodonts |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1195–1212 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1427742 |hdl=1983/4f437b31-8913-4699-a3f5-b800384c68e0 |s2cid=89841123 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/digital-cranial-endocast-of-riograndia-guaibensis-late-triassic-brazil-sheds-light-on-the-evolution-of-the-brain-in-nonmammalian-cynodonts(4f437b31-8913-4699-a3f5-b800384c68e0).html |hdl-access=free }}
• Description of the anatomy of the first postcranial specimens referable to Riograndia guaibensis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Morgan L. Guignard |author2=Agustin G. Martinelli |author3=Marina B. Soares |year=2019 |title=Postcranial anatomy of Riograndia guaibensis (Cynodontia: Ictidosauria) |journal=Geobios |volume=53 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2019.02.006 |bibcode=2019Geobi..53....9G |s2cid=134305282 }}
• A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Brasilodon quadrangularis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Morgan L. Guignard |author2=Agustin G. Martinelli |author3=Marina B. Soares |year=2019 |title=The postcranial anatomy of Brasilodon quadrangularis and the acquisition of mammaliaform traits among non-mammaliaform cynodonts |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e0216672 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0216672 |pmid=31075140 |pmc=6510408 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1416672G |doi-access=free }}
• A study on tooth wear patterns of members of the family Tritylodontidae and on their possible diet is published by Kalthoff et al. (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Daniela C. Kalthoff |author2=Ellen Schulz-Kornas |author3=Ian Corfe |author4=Thomas Martin |author5=Stephen McLoughlin |author6=Julia A. Schultz |year=2019 |title=Complementary approaches to tooth wear analysis in Tritylodontidae (Synapsida, Mammaliamorpha) reveal a generalist diet |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=e0220188 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0220188 |pmid=31344085 |pmc=6658083 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1420188K |doi-access=free }}
• Possible cynodont teeth, which might be the most recent non-mammaliaform cynodont fossils from Africa reported so far, are described from the Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous locality of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco) by Lasseron (2019).{{cite journal |author=Maxime Lasseron |year=2019 |title=Enigmatic teeth from the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition of Morocco: The latest known non-mammaliaform cynodonts (Synapsida, Cynodontia) from Africa? |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=897–907 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2019.05.002 |bibcode=2019CRPal..18..897L |s2cid=199103372 |doi-access=free }}
• A study on the origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro-Díaz, Esteve-Altava & Rasskin-Gutman (2019).{{cite journal |author1=Aitor Navarro-Díaz |author2=Borja Esteve-Altava |author3=Diego Rasskin-Gutman |year=2019 |title=Disconnecting bones within the jaw-otic network modules underlies mammalian middle ear evolution |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=235 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1111/joa.12992 |pmid=30977522 |pmc=6579944 |s2cid=109941017}}
• A study on the evolution of the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column, as indicated by data from mammals and non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Jones, Angielczyk & Pierce (2019).{{Cite journal|author1=Katrina E. Jones |author2=Kenneth D. Angielczyk |author3=Stephanie E. Pierce |year=2019 |title=Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 5071 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13026-3 |pmid=31699978 |pmc=6838112 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.5071J }}

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