Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations and changes

The ROC government participated in the 1943 Moscow Conference, the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, and the United Nations Conference on International Organization and was a charter member of the United Nations after participating in the alliance that won World War II. In 1949, the Nationalists lost the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and retreated to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, forming a rump state. Despite the major loss of territory, the ROC continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of China by the UN and by many non-Communist states.Jonathan Manthorpe, Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan (2008) pp. When 94–200. St. Martin's Griffin, [https://www.amazon.com/Forbidden-Nation-History-Jonathan-Manthorpe/dp/0230614248 Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413163352/https://www.amazon.com/Forbidden-Nation-History-Jonathan-Manthorpe/dp/0230614248 |date=13 April 2020 }}

American foreign policy 1950–1971 called for full recognition and support of the government of China in Taiwan. As the Korean War (1950–1953) broke out, Taiwan was not allowed to send military support to South Korea. However, the Truman Administration resumed economic and military aid to the ROC on Taiwan and neutralized the Taiwan Strait by United States Seventh Fleet to stop a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) invasion and a potential ROC counter-invasion of the mainland.{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=history.state.gov |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601001511/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/taiwan-strait-crises |url-status=live }} In December 1954 a US-Taiwan military alliance was signed as part of the American Cold War strategy in the Far East, in the determination not to allow Chiang Kai-shek's forces on Taiwan to attack China,{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Hsiao-Ting |year=2013 |title=U.S.-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376504 |journal=Diplomatic History |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=971–994 |doi=10.1093/dh/dht047 |access-date=2025-04-03 |jstor=26376504}} thereby setting off another even larger war between the United States and China.{{Cite web |title=Avalon Project – Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954 |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=avalon.law.yale.edu |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529044608/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |url-status=live }}Hsiao-ting Lin, "US-Taiwan Military Diplomacy Revisited: Chiang Kai-shek, Baituan, and the 1954 Mutual Defense Pact." Diplomatic History 37.5 (2013): 971–994.

The American military presence in Taiwan consisted of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) and the United States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC). Other notable units included the 327th Air Division. Until the US formally recognized the People's Republic of China in 1979, Washington provided the ROC with financial grants based on the Foreign Assistance Act,{{cite web |url=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |title=The Economic Cooperation Authority |access-date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217121005/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |archive-date=17 February 2007}} Mutual Security Act, and Act for International Development enacted by the US Congress. A separate Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty was signed between the two governments of US and ROC in 1954 and lasted until 1979.Richard C. Bush, At Cross Purposes : U.S.-Taiwan Relations Since 1942 (M.E. Sharpe, 2004).

The US State Department's official position in 1959 was:

:That the provisional capital of the Republic of China has been at Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) since December 1949; that the Government of the Republic of China exercises authority over the island; that the sovereignty of Formosa has not been transferred to China; and that Formosa is not a part of China as a country, at least not as yet, and not until and unless appropriate treaties are hereafter entered into. Formosa may be said to be a territory or an area occupied and administered by the Government of the Republic of China, but is not officially recognized as being a part of the Republic of China.{{cite book|author=Frank Chiang|title=The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi9HDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|year=2017|publisher=Elsevier|location=New York|page=229|isbn=978-0081023150}}

In the past decades, the US had maintained a position to not support Taiwanese independence, and instead to have a One China policy that's guided by the Taiwan Relations Act, the three U.S.-China Joint Communiques, and the Six Assurances, and to expect cross-Strait differences to be handled peacefully, and oppose any unilateral changes to the status quo from either side.{{Cite web |title=U.S. Relations With Taiwan |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-taiwan/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=United States Department of State |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311230117/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}

In 1971, the UN expelled the ROC and transferred China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC).{{cite news |last1=Hale |first1=Erin |title=Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190345/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |url-status=live }} In addition to the {{Langx|la|{{linktext|ad tempus}}|label=none}} recognition of the ROC by a majority of countries before UN Resolution 2758, the ROC lost its membership in all intergovernmental organisations related to the UN. As the UN and related organizations like the International Court of Justice are the most common venues for effective execution of international law and serve as the international community for sovereign states, a majority of the countries aligned with the West in the Cold War terminated diplomatic relations with the ROC and opened diplomatic relations with the PRC.

The United Nations Charter's Articles 23 and 110, in its Chapter II, explicitly refer to the ROC, but the seat of "China" is currently occupied by the PRC. The ROC continues to maintain substantial relations,{{cite web |author=Wei-chin Lee |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |title=Diplomatic Impetus and Altruistic Impulse: NGOs and the Expansion of Taiwan's International Space |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409022628/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |title=Taiwan NGOs |publisher=Taiwanngo.tw |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513025007/http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}} including with most of the non-governmental organisations{{cite web|url=http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|title=The United Nations in the Heart of Europe | The United Nations & Civil Society|publisher=Unog.ch|access-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501204846/http://unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|archive-date=1 May 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://csonet.org/ |title=Welcome to csonet.org | Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service |publisher=Csonet.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081308/http://www.csonet.org/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |title=Non-governmental organizations |publisher=Unrol.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511064926/http://unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |archive-date=11 May 2013}}{{cite web |author=kouraich jaouahdou |url=http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |title=UN – NGO Relations |publisher=Un-ngls.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329174700/http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |title=NGO/DPI Executive Committee | The Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations Associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information |publisher=Ngodpiexecom.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415121002/http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |title=Non-Governmental Organizations |publisher=Lib.berkeley.edu |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222113803/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |title=Non-Governmental Organizations at the United Nations |publisher=Habitat.igc.org |date=25 July 1996 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083128/http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |archive-date=22 June 2013}} at the United Nations, in addition with the concern from UNESCO.{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board; 188th; Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 188th session; 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112023/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |url-status=live }} The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations was signed and ratified by the ROC on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969,{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4 |title=UNTC |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en |archive-date=19 May 2013}} including Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |title=Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1961 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061941/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |url-status=live }} It is entitled by the founding of the United Nations as the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the Vienna Congress, Article 35 of 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties also applies to the ROC since 1971.{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-I-18232-English.pdf |title=Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130151302/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf |url-status=live }} Due to the ROC's insecurity and intolerance in the 1970s and 1980s after it was expelled by the UN as well as American influence,{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |title=Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress |author=Shirley A. Kan |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234655/https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}} the ROC gradually democratized and adopted universal suffrage, ending under the one-party leadership of President Chiang Ching-kuo by lifting 38 years of martial law on the Communist rebellion on mainland China and establishing the new self-identity of Republic of China (system) on Taiwan in the international community, enacting Two Chinas states in the world. UN Resolution 2758 is non-binding on the international law regarding the international status of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the ROC continues to seek opportunities to join UN Specialized agencies to become a Permanent Observer{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |title=About Permanent Observers | United Nations |publisher=Un.org |date=2002-09-10 |access-date=2020-05-29 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025911/https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |url-status=live }} under the auspices of UN Resolution 396,{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/670567|title = Recognition by the United Nations of the representation of a Member State|date = 14 December 1950}} which duly recommended the questions of debate on Chinese representation in the United Nations.

The first direct presidential election was held in 1996, and the incumbent President Lee Teng-hui was elected.{{cite news |last1=Ben Blanchard |last2=Yimou Lee |title=Taiwan's 'Mr Democracy' Lee Teng-hui championed island, defied China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-lee-obituary/taiwans-mr-democracy-lee-teng-hui-championed-island-defied-china-idUKKCN24V29C |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Reuters |date=30 July 2020 |language=en |quote=Lee's greatest act of defiance was becoming Taiwan's first democratically elected president in March 1996}} As of 4 May 2015, ROC nationals are eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=5E78429C5CBD5E3A|title=ROC nationals now eligible for preferential visa treatment from 142 countries and areas – News and Events|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101450/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=5E78429C5CBD5E3A|url-status=live}} In the context of superpower and influential diplomacy, the ROC's traditional and stable allies include United States of America, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |title=UN told to drop 'Taiwan is part of China': cable |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322023458/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/09/06/2003512568 |url-status=live }} The ROC's cultural diplomacy includes the establishment of the Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies in 2012 in major universities around the world.

In the 2024 Taiwanese presidential election, Vice President Lai Ching-te, also known as William Lai, was elected as the new President of Taiwan, winning with 40.05% of the popular vote in Taiwan's most recent election that took place on January 13, 2024. Set to be sworn in on May 20, 2024, this election effectively underscores Taiwan's ongoing commitment to democratic governance amid escalating geopolitical tensions, particularly concerning its large neighbor, China. The election of President Lai, backed by his party, the Democratic Progressive Party, reflects a strong commitment to maintaining Taiwan's sovereignty and actively engaging in international diplomacy and regional security.

This electoral outcome was characterized by a notably high voter turnout, demonstrating deep public engagement in the face of both external threats and internal debates about Taiwan's strategic future. Central to the election debates were issues such as the enhancement of economic independence, military upgrades, and the strengthening of international alliances. Lai's victory not only validates his policy platform but also signals Taiwan's determination to maintain an independent course of action amidst ongoing regional tensions.

Under President Lai's administration, Taiwan is poised to enhance its international standing and forge stronger diplomatic relationships. Since taking office, Lai has pursued an expansion of Taiwan's strategic global partnerships, particularly with nations involved in the Indo-Pacific strategy, to counter China's regional influence. His efforts include advocating for new trade agreements and enhancing Taiwan's participation in international forums{{snd}}areas where Taiwan has often faced marginalization due to diplomatic pressures from China.{{cite web |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/543#:~:text=Lai%20served%20as%20Taiwan's%20premier,%2C%20and%20national%20well%2Dbeing. |title=President Lai's Administration Goals |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101120823/https://english.president.gov.tw/Page/543#:~:text=Lai%20served%20as%20Taiwan's%20premier,%2C%20and%20national%20well%2Dbeing |url-status=live }}

The results of the 2024 election and the ensuing policies under President Lai's leadership are expected to significantly impact Taiwan's international relations and its role on the world stage. As Taiwan continues to assert its sovereignty and democratic values, the international community's response will be pivotal in shaping the political and economic future of the region.

Since 1950 Taiwan has given high priority to international aid, making its representatives welcome even in states without formal diplomatic relations. The policies provide generous aid without strict accountability conditions, especially in developing nations in Africa, Latin America, and the South Pacific. Building a reputation as a responsible and generous donor has earned it prestige, especially in contrast to the role of foreign aid in China's policies, such as the Belt and Road Initiative.{{Cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Joel|date=2014-05-27|title=Aid in Taiwan's foreign policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou's aid reforms in historical perspective|journal=The Pacific Review|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=409–431|doi=10.1080/09512748.2014.909524|s2cid=153611281|issn=0951-2748}}{{Cite journal|last=Atkinson|first=Joel|date=May 2018|title=The real East Asian Aid model: Development assistance as an instrument of comprehensive security in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan|journal=Development Policy Review|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=265–284|doi=10.1111/dpr.12283|s2cid=157964933}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tubilewicz|first1=Czeslaw|last2=Guilloux|first2=Alain|date=June 2011|title=Does size matter? Foreign aid in Taiwan's diplomatic strategy, 2000–8|journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs|language=en|volume=65|issue=3|pages=322–339|doi=10.1080/10357718.2011.563777|s2cid=153638926|issn=1035-7718}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=None of the three sources mention BRI in their abstracts, a couple of them don't even mention the PRC}}

The ROC is one of the main supporters of official development assistance,{{cite journal |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2011/notes-on-non-oecd-providers-of-development-co-operation_dcr-2011-44-en |title=Notes on non-OECD providers of development co-operation – Development Co-operation Report 2011 |pages=211–218 |publisher=OECD iLibrary |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |doi=10.1787/dcr-2011-44-en |doi-access=free |journal=Development Co-operation Report 2011 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064716/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2011/notes-on-non-oecd-providers-of-development-co-operation_dcr-2011-44-en |url-status=live }} with the International Cooperation and Development Fund managing ROC's Foreign Assistance and International Cooperation projects.{{cite web|url=http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5293&CtNode=29880&mp=2|title=Taiwan ICDF Homepage |website=Icdf.org.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227024029/https://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=5293&CtNode=29880&mp=2 |archive-date=27 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial/FileList/DownLoadPage/?opno=67c9cebc-c85e-4713-9b1f-be189ae1d4bf|script-title=zh:中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429153747/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnOfficial/FileList/DownLoadPage/?opno=67c9cebc-c85e-4713-9b1f-be189ae1d4bf|archive-date=29 April 2014|title= }} As of 2010, along with other US security allies including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea in the Asia-Pacific region with Taiwan Relations Act, officials of the ROC have gained quasi-official level visits to the United States both in the governmental and political level, including the Taiwanese–US cooperative military guidance{{cite news |last=McDermott |first=Roger |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&cHash=8ea655c34e |title=The Jamestown Foundation: Operational Changes in Taiwan's Han Kuang Military Exercises 2008–2010 |newspaper=Jamestown |publisher=Jamestown.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064804/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=36432&cHash=8ea655c34e |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/04/22/2003357691 |title=Joint 'Han Kuang' cyber war exercise concludes |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330064723/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/04/22/2003357691 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.defencereviewasia.com/articles/105/EXERCISE-HAN-KUANG-27-IN-TAIWAN |title=Exercise Han Kuang 27 in Taiwan | Asian Defence News Articles |publisher=Defence Review Asia |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016152934/http://www.defencereviewasia.com/articles/105/EXERCISE-HAN-KUANG-27-IN-TAIWAN |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }} in the annual Han Kuang joint-force exercises.{{cite web |author=Dr. Alexander Chieh-cheng Huang |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/02/taiwan-defense-huang |title=The United States and Taiwan's Defense Transformation | Brookings Institution |publisher=Brookings.edu |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110627/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/02/taiwan-defense-huang |url-status=live }}

Taiwan's political system has evolved in terms of increasing political liberalization. By the 1990s, Taiwan had a democratic system with multiparty competition, factionalism, a vigorous civil society, and many interest groups. Think tanks emerged because of the high prestige of expertise and the heavy demand for unofficial diplomacy necessitated by the loss of formal diplomatic recognition. Think tanks have played a major role in planning and operationalizing relations with countries around the world.Pascal Abb and Alan Hao Yang, "The impact of democratization, political culture, and diplomatic isolation on think-tank development in Taiwan." Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. 91.1 (2018): 73–94.

European universities, research centers, and think tanks have developed a new academic field of Taiwan studies, especially in Europe, because of the unique status of Taiwan in the world's diplomatic system. The scholars involved have a deep commitment to Taiwan studies and have developed a Europe-wide network of scholars.Hardina Ohlendorf, "Building a New Academic Field: The Institutionalisation of Taiwan Studies in Europe" International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. (2017) 13#2 pp. 115–140 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardina_Ohlendorf/publication/318446597_Building_a_New_Academic_Field_The_Institutionalisation_of_Taiwan_Studies_in_Europe/links/5a538eafa6fdccf3e2df832e/Building-a-New-Academic-Field-The-Institutionalisation-of-Taiwan-Studies-in-Europe.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407023958/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardina_Ohlendorf/publication/318446597_Building_a_New_Academic_Field_The_Institutionalisation_of_Taiwan_Studies_in_Europe/links/5a538eafa6fdccf3e2df832e/Building-a-New-Academic-Field-The-Institutionalisation-of-Taiwan-Studies-in-Europe.pdf |date=7 April 2020 }}

The ROC's GDP was ahead of several G20 economies before 2012.{{cite web |url=http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/04/19/boot_argentina_from_the_g20 |title=Who would replace Argentina on the G20? | The Multilateralist |work=Foreign Policy |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522235137/http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/04/19/boot_argentina_from_the_g20 |url-status=dead }}

As a non-member state of the United Nations, by participating as members in one or more United Nations Specialised Agencies{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html|title=About Permanent Observers|publisher=United Nations|date=7 August 2015|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025911/https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html|url-status=live}} and operating in a parallel political system with the CCP{{cite web|url=http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=4539|title=Bidding High|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|date=1 December 1994|website=Taiwan Today|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415202634/http://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4,29,31,45&post=4539|url-status=live}} as in the case of Germany and Korea, the ROC may be granted a Permanent Observer status in organisations such as the IMF and World Bank.{{cite web|url=http://commons.allard.ubc.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1302&context=fac_pubs|title=Research study|year=2009|website=commons.allard.ubc.ca|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-date=24 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424001043/http://commons.allard.ubc.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1302&context=fac_pubs|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/WorkWithOthers.aspx|title=OHCHR – How we work with others|website=ohchr.org|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154711/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/WorkWithOthers.aspx|url-status=live}}

Involvement and participation in the Asia Pacific Innovation Conference allows interaction with the Director of Economics and Statistics Division of WIPO, who directly reports to the Director-General.{{cite web|url=http://ap-ic.org/apic-board-members/|title=APIC Board Members|website=Asia Pacific Innovation Conference|access-date=13 January 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021118/http://ap-ic.org/apic-board-members/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/activities_by_unit/units/econ_stat/index.html|title=Economics and Statistics Division|website=wipo.int|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807112329/http://www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/activities_by_unit/units/econ_stat/index.html|url-status=live}}

Due to "the absence of a cross-strait understanding" (1992 consensus),{{cite news |title=What Does the 1992 Consensus Mean to Citizens in Taiwan? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/what-does-the-1992-consensus-mean-to-citizens-in-taiwan/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=thediplomat.com |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129122852/https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/what-does-the-1992-consensus-mean-to-citizens-in-taiwan/ |url-status=live }} the ROC has encountered international isolation due to political and economic pressure from the PRC since the 1970s, and it has continued under the pro-Taiwan independence administration of the Democratic Progressive Party.{{Cite journal |title=Implications of a Coercive Quarantine of Taiwan by the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1279-1.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=RAND Corporation |date=23 May 2022 |last1=Martin |first1=Bradley |last2=Gunness |first2=Kristen |last3=Deluca |first3=Paul |last4=Shostak |first4=Melissa |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008034257/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1279-1.html |url-status=live }} Taiwan is not allowed to attend World Health Assembly, Interpol, International Civil Aviation Organization, or the United Nations' Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. Other forms of international isolation include measures against the activities of Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee, Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards (boycotted), and a ban on Taiwan journalists to acquire passes to United Nations and as well as UNFCCC meetings.{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/who-deja-vu-taiwan-not-invited-to-world-health-assembly/|title=WHO Déjà Vu: Taiwan Not Invited to World Health Assembly|first=DD|last=Wu|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304215343/https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/who-deja-vu-taiwan-not-invited-to-world-health-assembly/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3296537|title=China blocks Taiwan EPA head from attending UNFCCC COP 23|publisher=Taiwan News|date=13 November 2017|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042827/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3296537|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aspt/201811180135.aspx |script-title=zh:國際奧會再度來函 強調禁止外力干預體育 | 運動 | 新聞專題 | 中央社 CNA|website=Central News Agency (Taiwan)|date=18 November 2018 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rivals-step-out-of-shadow-to-win-golden-horse-awards|title=Rivals step out of Shadow to win Golden Horse Awards|date=18 November 2018|website=The Straits Times|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060432/https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/rivals-step-out-of-shadow-to-win-golden-horse-awards|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-calls-un-accredit-taiwanese-journalists|title=RSF calls on the UN to accredit Taiwanese journalists | Reporters without borders|date=18 September 2018|publisher=Reports Without Borders|access-date=19 November 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092044/https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-calls-un-accredit-taiwanese-journalists|url-status=live}}

Analysts argue that PRC's coercive strategy might have proven counterproductive as it has further united US allies (including Australia and the UK) in their response which in turn makes it more challenging for Beijing to achieve its intended geostrategic objectives.{{Cite web |last=Christ |first=Kiernan |date=2022-07-05 |title=China's Efforts to Isolate and Intimidate Taiwan Are Pushing U.S. Allies Closer |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/07/05/chinas-efforts-to-isolate-and-intimidate-taiwan-are-pushing-u-s-allies-closer/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |language=en-US |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001060218/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2022/07/05/chinas-efforts-to-isolate-and-intimidate-taiwan-are-pushing-u-s-allies-closer/ |url-status=live }}

The ROC's (multi-sector) civil society{{cite web|url=https://legal.un.org/repertory/art71.shtml|title=Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications|website=legal.un.org}} currently participates in 11 projects of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.{{cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/search/?menu=1629&str=taiwan|title=Search – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform|publisher=United Nations|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022145835/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/search/?menu=1629&str=taiwan|url-status=live}} ROC ranks 31st of 176 countries and territories in the 2016 Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index.{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125040730/http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|url-status=dead}}

{{See also|China and the United Nations}}

File:Voting res 2758.svg (1971) recognizing the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China".
Green = In favour, Red = Against, Blue = Abstention, Yellow = Non-voting, Grey = Non-UN-members or dependencies.{{Cite journal|publisher=United Nations Digital Library|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|page=41|title=General Assembly, 26th session : 1976th plenary meeting, Monday, 25 October 1971, New York (A/PV.1976)|journal=United Nations Digital Library System|quote="In favour: Ceylon, Chile, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Libyan Arab Republic, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania Mexico Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen People's, Republic of the Congo, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Republic of Tanzania, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada. Against: Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Democratic republic of), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Dominican Republic, EI Salvador, Gabon, Gambia, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Japan, Khmer Republic, Lesotho, Libena, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, New Zealand Nicaragua, Niger, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi Arabia South Africa, Swaziland, United States of America, Upper Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil. Abstentions: Colombia, Cyprus, Fiji, Greece, Indonesia, Jamaica, Jordan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Panama, Qatar, Spain, Thailand, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados."|year=1974|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090149/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/735611?ln=en|url-status=live}}]]

In the 1970s many countries switched diplomatic recognition from the ROC to the PRC, including the United States, Japan and Canada. In October 1971, Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly, expelling "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" and transferring China's seat on the Security Council to the PRC. The resolution declared that "the representatives of the Government of the PRC are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations." However, the eo ipso nature of Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction remained a contentious issue.{{clarify|date=May 2018}}

Many attempts by the ROC to rejoin the UN have not made it past the committee, due to PRC opposition and threats of veto. President Chen Shui-bian argued that Resolution 2758, replacing the ROC with the PRC in 1971, addressed only the question of who should have China's seat in the UN rather than whether an additional seat for the Taiwan Area could be created to represent the 23 million people residing in the Taiwanese mainland and other islands.

Since the 1970s, the PRC and ROC have competed for diplomatic recognition from nations across the world, often by offering financial aid to poorer countries as an inducement.{{cite journal|surname=Hu|given=Shaohua|title=Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan|journal=China: An International Journal|volume=13|number=2|year=2015|pages=1–23|doi=10.1353/chn.2015.0013|s2cid=251640214}}{{cite journal|surname=Rich|given=Timothy S.|title=Status for Sale: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition|journal=Issues & Studies|volume=45|number=4|year=2009|pages=159–188|url=http://www.timothysrich.com/documents/Status_for_Sale_Taiwan_Recognition.pdf|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220100047/http://www.timothysrich.com/documents/Status_for_Sale_Taiwan_Recognition.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}} As a precondition for diplomatic relations, the PRC requires that the other country renounce any recognition of the ROC. Since the introduction of the "pragmatic diplomacy" ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=務實外交 |p=Wùshí wàijiāo}}) policy in 1991, the ROC has not insisted on consideration as the sole representative of China, and does not require nations that recognise it to end their relations with the PRC.{{cite book|chapter=Chinese approaches to international law|given=Keyuan|surname=Zou|pages=171–194 [179]|title=China's International Relations in the 21st Century: Dynamics of Paradigm Shifts|editor-given1=Weixing R.|editor-surname1=Hu|editor-given2=Gerald|editor-surname2=Chan|editor-given3=Daojiong|editor-surname3=Zha|publisher=University Press of America|year=2000|isbn=978-1461678588}} For example, when Saint Lucia chose to recognise the ROC in 2007, Foreign Minister Rufus Bousquet said the decision "should not be construed as a severance of our relationship with the PRC".{{cite web|title=St Lucia chooses Taiwan|date=25 April 2007|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/04/070425_stluciataiwan.shtml|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114121849/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/04/printable/070425_stluciataiwan.shtml}} However, the PRC responds to foreign recognitions of the ROC by suspending relations with the other country.

On less official terms, the ROC is involved in South China Sea disputes over control of the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Brunei; and over the Paracel Islands, occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and by the ROC.{{cite web|url=https://en.mofa.gov.tw/theme.aspx?n=1462&s=40&sms=294|title=South China Sea|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|date=18 March 2022|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109080154/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/theme.aspx?n=1462&s=40&sms=294|url-status=live}} The ROC government also claims the Senkaku Islands.{{cite web|url=https://en.mofa.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?n=2641&sms=294&s=122|title=Diaoyutai Islands|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109080157/https://en.mofa.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?n=2641&sms=294&s=122|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/taiwan-president-asserts-sovereignty-over-disputed-islands-claimed-by-japan-and-china/|title=Taiwan President Asserts Sovereignty Over Disputed Islands Claimed by Japan and China|work=The Diplomat|date=6 June 2020|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205806/https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/taiwan-president-asserts-sovereignty-over-disputed-islands-claimed-by-japan-and-china/|url-status=live}}

On October 14, 2024, China launched extensive military exercises near Taiwan in response to President Lai Ching-te's recent speech. Taiwan strongly criticized the move, and the U.S. raised concerns over rising tensions, with the drills marking part of China's broader pressure strategy.{{Cite news |date=13 October 2024 |title=China launches large military drills as 'stern warning' to Taiwan| newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/13/china-military-drills-taiwan-joint-sword/ |access-date= 13 October 2024}}

[[File:Misiones Diplomaticas de Taiwan.PNG|thumb|center|500px|

{{legend|#FF0000|Republic of China area of actual control}}

{{legend|#000099|Countries with Republic of China embassies}}

{{legend|#6699cc|Countries and regions with representative offices of the Republic of China}}

{{legend|#ADD8E6|Countries and regions with representative offices abolished}}

]]

The Republic of China (Taiwan) maintains full diplomatic relations with 11 member states of the United Nations and the Holy See (Vatican City), which is a United Nations General Assembly observer state.

File:Taiwanese Embassy in Mbabane.JPG in Mbabane, Eswatini]]

File:ROC Holy See Embassy.jpg are located in Rome, outside the borders of Vatican City. Hence, the ROC's embassy to the Holy See is located in Italy, a country that does not officially recognise, but still maintains close unofficial links with, the ROC.]]

File:Pope johnpaul funeral politics.jpeg (far left) attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II, and as the Holy See's recognised head of state of China, was seated in the first row in alphabetical order beside the first lady and president of Brazil.|190x190px]]

{{Main|Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office}}

{{Further|List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan|List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan}}

File:LX-VCK (33158057950).jpg

A certain number of countries have official diplomatic relations with the PRC but also maintain some form of unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan. This number includes 59 sovereign states, 3 dependent or quasi-dependent territories, and the European Union.

Unofficial diplomatic relations typically involve an "Economic, Trade and Cultural Office" in Taiwan for the partner country, as well as a corresponding "Taipei/Taiwan/ROC Representative Office" representing Taiwan within the partner country. These unofficial offices generally function as embassies despite not being officially named as such. For example, the American Institute in Taiwan functions as the United States' de facto embassy, with the chairman and staff acting as unofficial government consulate officers who nevertheless perform duties that official embassies would undertake.

Various countries host Taiwanese representative offices within themselves but don't have representative offices in Taiwan. One country, Luxembourg, has a representative office in Taiwan but does not host a Taiwanese representative office within itself; Taiwan's interests in Luxembourg are served by the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium. Taiwan also regards the European Union, with which it also has unofficial relations via the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium, as a state entity in the context of international relations; the EU is a supranational union with a high level of integration between its member states, though each member state retains its national sovereignty.

Taiwan has unofficial diplomatic relations with Hong Kong and Macao, both of which are Special Administrative Regions of the PRC, though Taiwan does not have similar such relations with Mainland China (the PRC). Technically, Hong Kong and Macau are integral territories of the PRC, governed under the "One Country, Two Systems" framework. This means that Taiwan effectively has unofficial relations with parts of the PRC but not with the national government of the PRC itself. Taiwan maintains hostile relations with the PRC through the Mainland Affairs Council, whose counterpart is the Taiwan Affairs Office; neither office is considered to be an embassy by either Taiwan or the PRC, and both offices are operated within the home country rather than within the host country.

Taiwan has strong unofficial relations with Somaliland, which is a self-declared state in the Horn of Africa that is claimed as the territory of neighbouring Somalia, in a state of affairs that displays strong parallels to Taiwan's own sovereignty dispute with China.

Taiwan maintains a "Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office" in Guam, which is an unincorporated organized territory of the United States located in Oceania.

In 2021, Lithuania announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Taiwan, and Taiwan likewise announced that it would open an unofficial representative office in Lithuania. The Lithuania office was due to open by fall (autumn) of 2021 in the Northern Hemisphere, which is essentially September to November inclusive.{{Cite news|last1=Tai|first1=Ya-chen|last2=Mazzetta|first2=Matthew|date=July 20, 2021|title=Lithuania to open trade office in Taiwan this fall|work=Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202107200030|access-date=November 14, 2021|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114125338/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202107200030|url-status=live}} Relations between Lithuania and the PRC have simultaneously soured.{{Cite news|last=Galbraith|first=Andrew|date=October 30, 2021|title=China warns Lithuania, European officials over Taiwan row|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china-warns-lithuania-european-officials-over-taiwan-row-2021-10-30/|access-date=November 14, 2021|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114125336/https://www.reuters.com/world/china-warns-lithuania-european-officials-over-taiwan-row-2021-10-30/|url-status=live}}

A certain number of countries have indirect unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan via third-party proxy countries. For example, the Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa serves the interests of Taiwan throughout a great number of countries in Africa that otherwise don't have any channels of communication with Taiwan.

{{div col}}

Africa (3 states and 1 de facto state)

• {{CIV|name=Côte d'Ivoire}}{{cite web | url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/11/13/2003788816 | title=Taipei to reopen representative office in Ivory Coast – Taipei Times | date=13 November 2022 | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=20 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120093015/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/11/13/2003788816 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202211130004 | title=Taiwan reopens rep office in Ivory Coast to boost bilateral trade: MOFA – Focus Taiwan | date=13 November 2022 | access-date=20 January 2023 | archive-date=6 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206065213/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202211130004 | url-status=live }}
• {{NGA}}{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170112/50563110_0.shtml|title=台湾官方回应"驻尼日利亚代表处被摘牌"|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=18 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118180048/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170112/50563110_0.shtml|url-status=live}}
• {{RSA}}
• {{Flag|Somaliland}}{{cite web |last1=Shattuck |first1=Thomas |title=Taiwan Finds an Unexpected New Friend in Somaliland |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/07/taiwan-finds-an-unexpected-new-friend-in-somaliland/ |website=www.fpri.org |publisher=FPRI |access-date=4 July 2020}} (de facto state)

Asia (20 states and 2 territories)

• {{BHR}}
• {{BRN}}
• {{PRC|name=China, People's Republic of}} (no direct relations with Mainland China)
• {{HKG}} (SAR of the PRC)
• {{MAC|name=Macao}} (SAR of the PRC)
• {{IND}}
• {{IDN}}
• {{ISR}}
• {{JPN}}
• {{JOR}}
• {{KOR|name=Korea, Republic of (South Korea)}}
• {{KWT}}
• {{MYS}}
• {{MNG}}
• {{MMR}}
• {{OMN}}
• {{PHL}}
• {{KSA}}
• {{SGP}}
• {{THA}}
• {{TUR}}
• {{UAE}}
• {{VIE}}

Europe (23 states and 1 supranational union)

• {{EU}} (supranational union)
• {{AUT}}
• {{BEL}}
• {{CZE|name=Czechia}}
• {{DEN}}
• {{FIN}}
• {{FRA}}{{cite web |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3994524 |title=Taiwan to open representative office in Aix-en-Provence in Southern France |website=Taiwan News |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229155049/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3994524 |url-status=live }}
• {{GER}}
• {{Flag|Greece}}{{Cite web|title=首頁 – Taipei Representative Office in Greece 駐希臘台北代表處|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/gr_en/index.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=www.roc-taiwan.org|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204210044/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/gr_en/index.html|url-status=live}}
• {{HUN}}
• {{IRL}}
• {{ITA}}
• {{LVA}}
• {{LTU}} (Taiwanese office opened in November 2021, first one in the world to adopt the name "Taiwanese").{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Taiwan representation opens in Vilnius |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1545282/taiwan-representation-opens-in-vilnius |access-date=2022-04-22 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131154149/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1545282/taiwan-representation-opens-in-vilnius |url-status=live }}
• {{LUX}} (has an office in Taipei, Taipei does not have an office in Luxembourg; representation through Belgium and the EU)[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= Relations with the EU, Belgium and Luxembourg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031180607/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= |date=2014-10-31 }}, Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium
• {{NLD}}
• {{POL}}
• {{PRT}}
• {{SVK}} (has an Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei, Taiwan has Representative Office in Bratislava)
• {{ESP}}
• {{SWE}}
• {{RUS}}
• {{SUI}}
• {{GBR}}

North America (3 states)

• {{CAN}}
• {{MEX}}
• {{USA}}

Oceania (4 states and 1 territory)

• {{AUS}}
• {{FIJ}}
• {{GUM}} (unincorporated organized territory of the United States)
• {{NZL}}
• {{PNG}}

South America (6 states)

• {{ARG}}
• {{BRA}}
• {{CHL}}
• {{COL}}
• {{ECU}}
• {{PER}}

{{div col end}}

The following states recognise Beijing and have no representation in Taiwan (including any non-political, non-diplomatic, non-intergovernmental representation):

{{div col}}

Africa (50 states)

• {{Flag|Algeria}}
• {{Flag|Angola}}
• {{Flag|Benin}}
• {{Flag|Botswana}}
• {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
• {{Flag|Burundi}}
• {{Flag|Cabo Verde}}
• {{Flag|Cameroon}}
• {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
• {{Flag|Chad}}
• {{Flag|Comoros}}
• {{Flag|Congo}}
• {{Flag|Djibouti}}
• {{Flag|DR Congo}}
• {{Flag|Egypt}}
• {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
• {{Flag|Eritrea}}
• {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
• {{Flag|Gabon}}
• {{Flag|Gambia}}
• {{Flag|Ghana}}
• {{Flag|Guinea}}
• {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
• {{Flag|Kenya}}
• {{Flag|Lesotho}}
• {{Flag|Liberia}}
• {{Flag|Libya}}
• {{Flag|Madagascar}}
• {{Flag|Malawi}}
• {{Flag|Mali}}
• {{Flag|Mauritania}}
• {{Flag|Mauritius}}
• {{Flag|Morocco}}
• {{Flag|Mozambique}}
• {{Flag|Namibia}}
• {{Flag|Niger}}
• {{Flag|Rwanda}}
• {{Flag|Sao Tome and Principe}}
• {{Flag|Senegal}}
• {{Flag|Seychelles}}
• {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
• {{Flag|Somalia}}
• {{Flag|South Sudan}}
• {{Flag|Sudan}}
• {{Flag|Tanzania}}
• {{Flag|Togo}}
• {{Flag|Tunisia}}
• {{Flag|Uganda}}
• {{Flag|Zambia}}
• {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

Asia (24 states)

• {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
• {{Flag|Armenia}}
• {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
• {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
• {{Flag|Cambodia}}
• {{Flag|Cyprus}}
• {{Flag|Georgia}}
• {{Flag|Iran}}
• {{Flag|Iraq}}
• {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
• {{Flag|North Korea|name=Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea)}}
• {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
• {{Flag|Laos}}
• {{Flag|Lebanon}}
• {{Flag|Maldives}}
• {{Flag|Nepal}}
• {{Flag|Pakistan}}
• {{Flag|Palestine}}
• {{Flag|Qatar}}
• {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
• {{Flag|Syria}}
• {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
• {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}
• {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
• {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
• {{Flag|Yemen}}

Europe (22 states)

• {{Flag|Albania}}
• {{Flag|Andorra}}
• {{Flag|Belarus}}
• {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
• {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
• {{Flag|Croatia}}
• {{Flag|Estonia}}
• {{Flag|Iceland}}
• {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
• {{Flag|Malta}}
• {{Flag|Moldova}}
• {{Flag|Monaco}}
• {{Flag|Montenegro}}
• {{Flag|North Macedonia}}
• {{Flag|Norway}}
• {{Flag|Romania}}
• {{Flag|San Marino}}
• {{Flag|Serbia}}
• {{Flag|Slovenia}}
• {{Flag|Ukraine}}

North America (13 states)

• {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
• {{Flag|Bahamas}}
• {{Flag|Barbados}}
• {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
• {{Flag|Cuba}}
• {{Flag|Dominica}}
• {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
• {{Flag|El Salvador}}
• {{Flag|Grenada}}
• {{Flag|Honduras}}
• {{Flag|Jamaica}}
• {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
• {{Flag|Panama}}
• {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

Oceania (9 states)

• {{Flag|Cook Islands}} (state in free association with New Zealand)
• {{Flag|Kiribati}}
• {{Flag|Micronesia}}
• {{Flag|Nauru}}
• {{Flag|Niue}} (state in free association with New Zealand)
• {{Flag|Samoa}}
• {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
• {{Flag|Tonga}}
• {{Flag|Vanuatu}}

South America (5 states)

• {{Flag|Bolivia}}
• {{Flag|Guyana}}
• {{Flag|Suriname}}
• {{Flag|Uruguay}}
• {{Flag|Venezuela}}

{{div col end}}

A certain number of countries and a sovereign entity do not possess full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. This includes one member state of the United Nations, seven de facto states, and one non-territorial sovereign entity (Sovereign Military Order of Malta).

Out of the seven de facto states that do not possess full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, one of them, Somaliland, has strong unofficial relations with Taiwan, while another, Kosovo, has been unilaterally recognized by Taiwan but does not recognize Taiwan in return. The other five de facto states have not been recognized by Taiwan diplomatically.

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a non-territorial sovereign entity; it claims and controls no territory, it does not consider itself to be a state, and yet it considers itself to be sovereign.{{Cite web|title=About the Order of Malta / FAQ|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/sovereign-order-of-malta/frequently-asked-questions/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114194307/https://www.orderofmalta.int/sovereign-order-of-malta/frequently-asked-questions/|url-status=dead}} The Order of Malta maintains full diplomatic relations with 110 sovereign states (including the Holy See), official relations with five other sovereign states, and ambassador-level relations with the European Union and the State of Palestine.{{Cite web|title=Multilateral relations|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/multilateral-relations/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009093650/http://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-relations/755/multilateral-relations/?lang=en|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Bilateral relations|url=https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/|access-date=November 14, 2021|website=Order of Malta (government website)|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/|url-status=live}} The Order of Malta does not maintain full diplomatic relations with either Taiwan or the PRC. Even though the Order of Malta doesn't maintain full diplomatic relations with Taiwan, it has been involved in supporting Taiwan's participation in the UN-affiliated World Health Assembly during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite news|date=May 28, 2021|title=MOFA thanks global partners for backing Taiwan at WHA|work=Leave No One Behind (Taiwan MOHW & MOFA)|url=https://leavenoonebehind.com.tw/en/article.php?content=201096&unit=451|access-date=November 14, 2021|quote=In a tweet on its official Twitter account, the MOFA said: "The strong showing of support for #Taiwan's meaningful participation in #WHA74 is greatly appreciated by the government & people. Sincere thanks to the country's allies, as well as like-minded partners including the #US, #Japan, #UKF, #Canada, #Australia, #Germany, #NewZealand, #CzechRepublic, #Lithuania & @orderofmalta, for urging @DrTedros to put politics aside & bring #Taiwan into the @WHO fold. Disease is blind to borders, & it takes #AllHandsOnDeck to combat #COVID19 & achieve #HealthForAll."}}

Bhutan is the only member state of the United Nations that does not have full diplomatic relations with either the ROC or the PRC. The ROC has unilaterally recognized Bhutan as a sovereign state.

{{Further|Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China|Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China}}

{{See also|One China|Two Chinas}}

File:Former Consulate of France in Nanjing 2012-03.JPG]]

File:Former Consulate of Mexico in Nanjing 2012-11.JPG

File:Soviet embassy burned down.PNG

File:Former Consulate of UK in Nanjing 02 2011-10.jpg

File:Former Consulate of the United States in Nanjing 2011-11.JPG

Taiwanese academics stated that if any one state switches its diplomatic relations to the PRC, it would create a domino effect, encouraging other states to do so as well.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729917.stm |title=Taiwan alarm at Costa Rica move |work=BBC News |date=7 June 2007 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615063812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6729917.stm |url-status=live }} The Holy See (Vatican), the only European state that has diplomatic relations with Taiwan, made efforts in 2007 to create formal ties with the PRC.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282767.stm |title=Pope offers olive branch to China |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6282767.stm |url-status=live }} High-ranking bishops in the Catholic Church have implied that such a diplomatic move was possible,{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4411931.stm |title=HK bishop hints at Vatican switch |work=BBC News |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4411931.stm |url-status=live }} predicated on the PRC's granting more freedom of religion{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286353.stm |title=China welcomes Vatican initiative |work=BBC News |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051619/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6286353.stm |url-status=live }} and interfering less in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in China.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6158769.stm |title=China ordains new Catholic bishop |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=7 June 2007 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6158769.stm |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China|Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Algeria}}

| {{daterange|1962|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Andorra}}

| {{daterange|1994|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Angola}}

| {{daterange|1982|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}

| {{daterange|1983|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Armenia}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bahrain}}

| {{daterange|1989|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}

| {{daterange|1975|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Belarus}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

| {{daterange|1995|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Brunei}}

| {{daterange|1991|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Burundi}}

| {{daterange|1963|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cabo Verde}}

| {{daterange|1976|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Comoros}}

| {{daterange|1975|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Cook Islands}}

| {{daterange|1997|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Croatia}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Djibouti}}

| {{daterange|1979|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|East Germany}}

| {{daterange|1949|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}

| {{daterange|1970|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Eritrea}}

| {{daterange|1993|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ethiopia}}

| {{daterange|1970|}}China–Ethiopia relations

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Fiji}}

| {{daterange|1975|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Georgia}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ghana}}

| {{daterange|1957|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Guyana}}

| {{daterange|1972|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Hungary}}

| {{daterange|1949|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Iceland}}

| {{daterange|1971|}}{{Clarify|date=July 2023}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Indonesia}}

| {{daterange|1950|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ireland}}

| {{daterange|1979|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Israel}}

| {{daterange|1950|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kenya}}

| {{daterange|1963|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}

| {{daterange|1950|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mali}}

| {{daterange|1960|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mauritius}}

| {{daterange|1972|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Micronesia}}

| {{daterange|1989|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Moldova}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mongolia}}

| {{daterange|1949|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Monaco}}

| {{daterange|1995|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Montenegro}}

| {{daterange|2006|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Morocco}}

| {{daterange|1958|}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Mozambique}}

| {{daterange|1975|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Namibia}}

| {{daterange|1990|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Nepal}}

| {{daterange|1955|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Nigeria}}

| {{daterange|1971|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Niue}}

| {{daterange|2007|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|North Korea}}

| {{daterange|1949|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Oman}}

| {{daterange|1978|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Palestine}}

| {{daterange|1988|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Qatar}}

| {{daterange|1988|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|San Marino}}

| {{daterange|1971|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Seychelles}}

| {{daterange|1976|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Singapore}}

| {{daterange|1990|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Slovenia}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Somalia}}

| {{daterange|1960|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Sudan}}

| {{daterange|1958|}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Sudan}}

| {{daterange|2011|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|South Yemen}}

| {{daterange|1968|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Suriname}}

| {{daterange|1976|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Syria}}

| {{daterange|1956|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tanzania}}

| {{daterange|1961|}} (Tanganyika)
{{daterange|1963|}} (Zanzibar)

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Timor-Leste}}

| {{daterange|2002|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}

| {{daterange|1974|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Tunisia}}

| {{daterange|1964|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Uganda}}

| {{daterange|1962|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}

| {{daterange|1984|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Ukraine}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}

| {{daterange|1992|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Vietnam}}

| {{daterange|1950|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Yemen}}

| {{daterange|1956|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Zambia}}

| {{daterange|1964|}}

|-

|scope="row"| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}

| {{daterange|1980|}}China–Zimbabwe relations

|}

Taiwan has been accused on multiple occasions of bribing foreign politicians to commence or maintain diplomatic relations.{{cite web|title=China and Taiwan offered us huge bribes, say Solomon Islands MPs|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/08/china-and-taiwan-offered-us-huge-bribes-say-solomon-islands-mps|access-date=2 April 2021|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221185709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/08/china-and-taiwan-offered-us-huge-bribes-say-solomon-islands-mps|url-status=live}} The ex-president of Guatemala admitted in a U.S. court taking $2.5m from Taiwan in exchange for continuing to recognize it diplomatically.{{cite news|title=Ex-Guatemalan leader admits taking Taiwan bribes in U.S. court|date=18 March 2014|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-portillo-idUSBREA2H1QD20140318|access-date=2 April 2021|last1=Raymond|first1=Nate|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316183713/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guatemala-portillo-idUSBREA2H1QD20140318|url-status=live}} Regarding Taiwanese "dollar diplomacy" in Vanuatu an observer said: "the methods Taiwan uses, bribing countries and politicians, are unjust, violate international law and disturb the global community. Bribery diplomacy won't last."{{cite news|title=China, Taiwan Wooing Vanuatu in Dollar Dance|date=13 November 2004|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-13-fg-vanuatu13-story.html|access-date=2 June 2022|last1=Magnier|first1=Mark|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601190554/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-nov-13-fg-vanuatu13-story.html|url-status=live}} Prior to Nauru choosing to recognize the government of the People's Republic of China, Taiwan had provided Nauruan government ministers with a monthly stipend of $5,000 in exchange for continuation of the Pacific island country's diplomatic relations with Taipei. Nauruan politicians, including President Marcus Stephen received secret funds. Other MPs received $2,500 a month in what was described as project funding that requires minimal accounting.{{cite news|title=Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'|date=29 August 2011|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html|access-date=2 June 2022|last1=Dorling|first1=Philip|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601190556/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html|url-status=live}}

{{See also|History of the Republic of China|History of foreign relations of China}}

File:China vs Taiwan, global struggle for recognition.png

Taiwan was annexed by Japan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. In the Northern Expedition, the Nationalists defeated the warlords of the Beiyang clique and established a unified government for China in Nanjing. The United States recognised Republic of China (ROC) on 25 July 1928, the first government to do so.{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=HuB6gPHeP_cC|page=12}}|title=The China White Paper, August 1949 – United States. Dept. of State|page=12|access-date=22 December 2016}} The Japanese occupied parts of China during World War II. After Japan's defeat in 1945, Taiwan was placed under the temporary administration of the ROC to handle the surrender of Japanese administration. The Chinese Civil War broke out again between the Nationalists and the CCP. The CCP gained control of the mainland in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC), while the Nationalists fled to Taiwan, taking the ROC government with them. In 1952, Japan renounced Taiwan in the Treaty of San Francisco without specifying to whom Taiwan is ceded.

In 2016, A. P. Winston, the author of Chinese Finance under the Republic, said, "chief sources of information on those matters of discussion which have been subjects of diplomacy" were official publications from the United Kingdom.{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3rIHAQAAMAAJ|page=739}}|title=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|page=739|access-date=22 December 2016}} Winston explained that only a few official reports from the Chinese government aside from the maritime customs sector had appeared at that point, and that the government of the ROC was "too poor, perhaps still too secretive, to make regular and full publication of statistics."

During the Cold War the ROC generally maintained an anti-communist stance, however during the late 1960s and early 1970s the government of Chiang Kai-shek undertook secret negotiations with Moscow. Even going so far as having the foreign minister suggest that the ROC would have their own "Warsaw talk" with the Soviets.{{cite journal |last1=Tubilewicz |first1=Czeslaw |title=From Ideological Foe to Uncertain Friend: Soviet Relations with Taiwan, 1943–82 |journal=Cold War History |year=2005 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.1080/713999981 |s2cid=154822714 }} Throughout the Cold War Wang Sheng was a driving force in diplomacy between the ROC and the anti-communist world.{{cite web |last1=Lin |first1=Hsiao-ting |title=Taiwan's Cold War in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia#_ftn1 |website=wilsoncenter.org |publisher=The Wilson Center |access-date=21 July 2019 |date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721163834/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/taiwans-cold-war-southeast-asia#_ftn1 |url-status=live }}

After retreating there in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek never again left Taiwan, this required leaders who wanted to meet with Chiang to travel to Taiwan. The first head of state during the KMT era to make a state visit abroad was Yen Chia-kan in 1977 when he visited Saudi Arabia.{{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Han |title=Taiwan in Time: The last great friend |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/04/2003760252 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |date=4 July 2021 |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704083720/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/07/04/2003760252 |url-status=live }}

In September 2016, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs planned to disband fewer than ten of its embassies to allocate for a "New Southbound Policy".{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/09/17/2003655308|title=Ministry to shut overseas offices, go 'southbound'|date=15 December 2016|newspaper=Taipei Times|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919120812/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/09/17/2003655308|url-status=live}}

{{Expand section|Second World War operations in Burma, Yalta Conference, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Nationalists fleeing into exile in Taiwan in 1949, the 1952 San Francisco Peace Treaty and Treaty of Taipei, UN, Taiwan Strait Incidents, Korean War, Tachen retreat|date=August 2008}}

Since 1990, the ROC has witnessed a net of 16 countries switch recognition to the PRC.

In January 2021, the European Parliament passed two Taiwan related resolutions. The first resolution contained statements of support for Taiwan's democracy. The second encouraged member states to work to "revisit their engagement policies with Taiwan" as well as to work together with international partners to "protect democratic Taiwan from foreign threats."{{cite web |author= |title=MOFA lauds pro-Taiwan EU bills |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/22/2003751027 |website=www.taipeitimes.com |publisher=Taipei Times |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213231/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2021/01/22/2003751027 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Yeh |first1=Joseph |title=EU passes resolutions containing pro-Taiwan clauses |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202101210006 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121041655/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202101210006 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Cross-strait relations}}

File:2015 Ma–Xi Meeting 08.jpg in 2015]]

The Double Tenth Agreement signed on 10 October 1945 is the only legal document between the two parties. The following Political Consultative Conference (Republic of China),{{cite web|url=http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |script-title=zh:{中華百科全書•典藏版} |website=Ap6.pccu.edu.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010341/https://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=3783 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |title= }} was engulfed by Cold War history and the American foreign policy of containment in East Asia after the Korean War.{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8Jf32GR7t3IC|page=217}} |title=Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created The American World |author=James Chace |page=217 |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=22 December 2016}} Before the Korean War broke out, the US was preparing for a coup d'état in mid-1950 to replace Chiang Kai-shek with Hu Shih and Sun Li-jen and neutralize the ROC's legal status under UN Trusteeship to block any legal claim of the PRC on Taiwan, as proposed by United States Department of State official Dean Rusk.{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=vz42rDYmf3wC|page=423}} |title=Blacklisted by History|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DNqasVI-gWMC|page=110}} |title=Taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FRY0v7AH2ngC|page=326}} |title=Madame Chiang Kai-shek|access-date=21 February 2015}} The Formosa Resolution of 1955{{cite web|url=http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal71-1253311 |title=CQ Almanac Online Edition |website=Library.cqpress.com |access-date=22 December 2016 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} was passed unanimously by the United States Congress. Resolving the cross-strait relationship required both sides to rethink definitions of basic concepts such as sovereignty, "one China" and unification.{{cite web |url=http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |title=CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook |website=Cscap.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211436/http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2014.pdf |url-status=live }}

The two polities of accession{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|title=UNTC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=19 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4|url-status=dead}} resulted in the PRC's Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, the lifting of its martial law{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|title=Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 1987|archive-date=8 February 2023|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208221908/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html|url-status=live}} on PRC territory, and more recently the enactment of the PRC's Anti-Secession Law towards the ROC. The two sides have no cross-strait military confidence-building measures (CBM) "to improve military-to-military relations in ways that reduce fears of attack and the potential for military miscalculation".{{cite web|author=Bonnie S. Glaser|url=http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|title=Building Trust Across the Taiwan Strait|date=January 2010|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|access-date=8 June 2013|archive-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622190306/http://csis.org/files/publication/100107_Glaser_BuildingTrust_Web.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|author=Joseph Cirincione|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf |title=No. 10: A Global Assessment of Nuclear Proliferation Threats |publisher=Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013143858/http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/wmdcommission/files/No10.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2013 |author-link=Joseph Cirincione }} Nuclear tensions have risen since the PRC promulgated the Anti-Secession Law.{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|title=Association for Asia Research- Chinese military threatens nuclear war against the United States over Taiwan|work=Chinascope|date=20 September 2005|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175336/http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2718.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/28cfe55a-f4a7-11d9-9dd1-00000e2511c8.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Top Chinese general warns US over attack|work=Financial Times|access-date=21 February 2015|date=14 July 2005}}{{cite magazine|author=Charles Glaser|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|title=Will China's Rise Lead to War?|magazine=Foreign Affairs|date=March–April 2011|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120104/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 July 2005|author=Joseph Kahn|title=Chinese General Threatens Use of A-Bombs if U.S. Intrudes|archive-date=11 May 2015|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511185847/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/15/international/asia/15china.html|url-status=live}}

The government position that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the same state is not universally accepted among the people of Taiwan. In particular, the pro-independence Pan-Green Coalition considers Taiwan and China to be different countries. By contrast, the pro-unification Pan-Blue Coalition take the view that both Taiwan and mainland China are parts of the ROC. Former president Lee Tung-hui described these relations as "Special state-to-state relations".[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023430/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_/ai_62170616Taiwan "Taiwan won't broach state-to-state concept again"]. "The press reports quoted Taiwan's incoming top China policy-maker Tsai Ing-wen as saying Thursday that the special state-to-state label was an adequate description of Taiwan's current ties with China." "'The two-states theory is a good thing. It is a way to describe the current (cross-strait) situation,'" "Tsai said on local television. 'We can refrain from using it as a description, although we cannot deny the existence of the situation described by it,' Tsai said on local television." The Chen administrations described Taiwan and China by saying "...with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country.". Former President Ma Ying-jeou returned to the government position of the early 1990s, calling relations with Beijing special relations between two areas within one state. That state, according to Taiwan is the ROC, and due to constitutional reasons, neither Taipei nor Beijing recognises each other as a legitimate government.{{cite news|title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|archive-date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320|url-status=live}}{{cite news |script-title=zh:馬總統: 兩岸關係是現實關係 |trans-title=President Ma: Cross-strait relations are relations based on current reality|publisher=Central News Agency of the Republic of China|date=8 October 2008|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212234058/http://www.cna.com.tw/CNA/TodayTopicNews/TodayTopicNews.aspx?NewsID=200810070260|archive-date=12 February 2009|title= }}{{cite news|script-title=zh:馬: 大陸是中華民國領土 |trans-title=Ma: the mainland is the territory of the Republic of China|work=Liberty Times|date=8 October 2008|url=https://www.libertytimes.com/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|language=zh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010072015/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/oct/8/today-fo3.htm|archive-date=10 October 2008}}

The term preferred by Taiwanese and Chinese governments is "cross-strait relations", referring to the geographical separator, the Taiwan Strait. The constitutional position of Taipei is that the territory of the ROC is divided into the "Mainland Area" and the "Free Area" (also known as "Taiwan Area"). Administratively, cross-strait relations are not conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan, but by the Mainland Affairs Council, an instrument of the Executive Yuan. The relations with Hong Kong and Macau are also conducted by the Mainland Affairs Council, although not all regulations applicable to mainland China automatically apply to those territories.

Taiwanese and Chinese governments do not directly interact. Talks are conducted by China's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) and Taiwan's Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF), privately constituted bodies that are controlled and directly answerable to the executive branches of their respective governments.

Until the late 1990s, Hong Kong and Macau were British and Portuguese colonies respectively. They provided neutral detour points for people and goods crossing the strait. They and Singapore served as venues for talks between the two sides at that time. One modus vivendi outcome of such talks was the 1992 Consensus, arising from a 1992 meeting in Hong Kong. Under this consensus, the two sides agree that both Taiwan and mainland China are under the same single sovereignty of China, but the two sides agree to disagree on which side is the legitimate representative of that sovereignty. Setting aside that disagreement, the two sides agreed to co-operate on practical matters, such as recognising certifications authenticated by the other side.{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |title=Kuomintang News Network |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419103952/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=113&anum=9607 |archive-date=19 April 2012}}

Relations between Taipei and Beijing warmed during the Ma government with the promotion of cross-strait links and increased economic and social interchanges between the two sides, but the 2014 local elections cooled them again.{{cite web |url=http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |title=Taiwan's 2014 Local Elections: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations |website=Origin.www.uscc.gov |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103514/http://origin.www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Staff%20Report_Taiwan%27s%20Local%20Elections--Implications%20for%20Cross-Strait%20Relations%20_12%2030%202014.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2016}} A high-level meeting was held on 11 February 2014 in Nanjing that marked the first time China recognised Taiwan's top government officials on matters across the Taiwan Strait.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|title=Taiwan, China Talks End Cordially|author=Jenny W. Hsu|date=26 February 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023431/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648?KEYWORDS=taiwan&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303874504579375943230344648.html%3FKEYWORDS%3Dtaiwan|url-status=live}} The thawed tensions were not welcomed by the Pan-Green Coalition for the Taiwan independence movement after the 2000 presidential election and to the ex injuria jus non oritur basis{{cite web|url=http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |title=ex injuria jus non-oritur |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227171130/http://unterm.un.org/DGAACS/unterm.nsf/8fa942046ff7601c85256983007ca4d8/c40ed8ccd326321a85256a0000075d40?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 December 2014}} of the Anti-Secession Law. A meeting was held on 7 November 2015 between presidents Xi and Ma to affirm the 1992 Consensus before the ROC 2016 general election and in the midst of US Navy tests of area sea claims.{{cite web |last=Lubold |first=Gordon |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |title=U.S. Navy Tests China Over Sea Claims |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115174326/http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-says-it-warned-u-s-warship-in-south-china-sea-1445928223 |url-status=live }} Following the election, Beijing cut off contact with the main Taiwan liaison body because of President Tsai Ing-wen's refusal to endorse the concept of a single Chinese nation.{{cite web |last=Bodeen |first=Christopher |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |title=China cuts contact with Taiwan liaison body over Tsai |agency=Associated Press |date=25 June 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918224507/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/a9482a5d03d14ab3a134bff857eaaf4b/beijing-cuts-contacts-between-china-taiwan-liaison-bodies |url-status=dead }}

{{Further|Burkina Faso–Taiwan relations|Chad–Taiwan relations|Malawi–Taiwan relations|São Tomé and Príncipe–Taiwan relations|South Africa–Taiwan relations}}

File:總統接見史瓦濟蘭王國國母恩彤碧陛下訪問團 (27459709821).jpg Queen Mother Ntombi Tfwala and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan]]

South Africa switched in 1998. Liberia recognised the ROC in 1989, and switched back to the PRC in October 2003.

In December 2016, the government of São Tomé and Príncipe switched.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-saotome-idUSKBN1492SO|title=Taiwan loses another ally, says won't help China ties|author=J.R. Wu and Ben Blanchard|work=Reuters|date=20 December 2016|archive-date=24 June 2017|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624142914/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-saotome-idUSKBN1492SO|url-status=live}}

Burkina Faso has recognised the ROC since 1994, but cut diplomatic ties in May 2018, establishing relations with the PRC. Earlier, Burkina Faso had rejected US$50 billion from China to break ties with Taiwan.{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3081895|title=Burkina Faso rejects US$50 billion from China...|website=Taiwan News|date=25 January 2017|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219193639/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3081895|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/burkina-faso-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan-10274736|title=Taiwan loses second ally in a month amid China pressure|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|date=24 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Main|Eswatini–Taiwan relations}}

After Burkina Faso cut relations with Taiwan in 2018, Eswatini became Taiwan's sole ally in Africa.{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Salem |title=Once Influential in Africa, Taiwan Loses All But One Ally |url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/once-influential-africa-taiwan-loses-all-one-ally |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Voice of America |date=26 May 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805225925/https://www.voanews.com/africa/once-influential-africa-taiwan-loses-all-one-ally |url-status=dead }} Taiwan has an embassy in Mbabane, Eswatini. On 7 June 2016, the National Police Agency and Royal Eswatini Police Service signed a joint, cross-border, crime fighting pact, which included exchanges, probes, personnel visits, professional skills enhancement, law enforcement and technical assistance.{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201606070025.aspx |title=Taiwan, Swaziland sign pact on joint crime-fighting | Focus Taiwan – CNA English News |website=Focustaiwan.tw |date=2 January 2016 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012034332/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201606070025.aspx |url-status=live }} King Mswati III has visited Taiwan seventeen times as of June 2018, and has promised to continue recognising Taiwan instead of the PRC.{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/09/2003694584 |newspaper=Taipei Times |title=Swazi king promises loyalty to Taiwan |first=Stacy |last=Hsu |date=9 June 2018 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023012358/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/09/2003694584 |url-status=live }} As of June 2018, the Taiwanese Ambassador is Thomas Chen ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳經銓}}).{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/27/2003695627 |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=27 June 2018 |title=Ambassador to Eswatini hospitalized: ministry |quote=Ambassador to Eswatini Thomas Chen ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳經銓}}) has been hospitalized in South Africa after he was found seriously ill in his office on 22 June, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said yesterday. |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=27 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202115/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2018/06/27/2003695627 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Gambia–Taiwan relations}}

The Gambia recognised the ROC from 1968 until 1974, and then again from 1995 until 14 November 2013, when President Yahya Jammeh's office announced it had cut diplomatic ties with immediate effect.{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/335541/news/world/gambia-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan|title=Gambia cuts diplomatic ties with Taiwan|work=GMA News Online|date=15 November 2013|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221164119/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/335541/news/world/gambia-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan|url-status=live}} During this era Taiwan gave hundreds of millions of dollars in aid and loans to The Gambia, much of which was diverted by President Yahya Jammeh and those close to him. The PRC recognised The Gambia on 17 March 2016.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/asia/china-gambia-taiwan-diplomatic-relations.html|title=Chinese Gambia and Taiwan Diplomatic Relations|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 March 2016|access-date=22 December 2016|last1=Ramzy|first1=Austin|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224902/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/19/world/asia/china-gambia-taiwan-diplomatic-relations.html|url-status=live}} Upon Gambian recognition the PRC immediately began to furnish them with aid. The repeated switch off between PRC and ROC recognition is seen as an example of checkbook diplomacy.{{cite web |last1=Khadija Sharife, and Daniela Lepiz |first1=Mark Anderson |title=Jammeh's Taiwanese Alliance and the Hezbollah Laundromat |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/greatgambiaheist/the-alliance-and-the-laundromat |website=occrp.org |publisher=OCCRP |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040110/https://www.occrp.org/en/greatgambiaheist/the-alliance-and-the-laundromat |url-status=live }}

File:Ma Bufang and Muhammad Naguib.jpg with Chinese Muslim Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army General Ma Bufang]]

File:1955 Ma Bufang with KMT ambassador to Saudi Arabia.jpg General Ma Bufang with the Kuomintang ambassador to Saudi Arabia in 1955]]

File:Ma Bufang and Family in Egypt 1954.jpg

Egypt maintained relations until 1956, when Gamal Abdel Nasser cut off relations and recognised the PRC. Ma Bufang, who was then living in Egypt, was ordered to move to Saudi Arabia, and became the ROC ambassador to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia ended its diplomatic relations with the ROC in 1990. Ambassador Wang Shi-ming was a Chinese Muslim, and the ROC ambassador to Kuwait.{{cite news|author=Peter G. Gowing|date=July–August 1970|title=Islam in Taiwan|newspaper=Saudi Aramco World|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911170917/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm|archive-date=11 September 2014}} The ROC also maintained relations with Libya and Saudi Arabia.

{{Main|Bangladesh–Taiwan relations}}

Bangladesh has had limited bilateral exchanges with the ROC since it declared independence in 1971. Bangladesh is the ROC's second largest South Asian trading partner in spite of a global slump. Bangladesh mainly exports garments, knitwear, jutes, leathers and handicrafts to the ROC and imports an assortment of textiles, machines, electronics, steels, and plastic.

{{Main|India–Taiwan relations}}

Leadership meetings between ROC and India were carried out in the early 1940s before Indian independence from Great Britain.{{cite web|url=http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |title=Shaping the Future of Asia |access-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065601/http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2014}} The ROC is included in India's Look East policy. Bilateral relations between India and the ROC improved starting from the 1990s, despite the absence of official diplomatic relations.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/taiwan/taiwan.pdfIndia|title=Taiwan Commercial Relations}}{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222171729/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 February 2006 |title=For the ROC, India's in the slightly-less-hard basket |work=Asia Times|date=15 February 2006 |access-date=25 April 2013}} India recognises only the PRC. However, economic and commercial links as well as people-to-people contacts have expanded. Like the PRC, the ROC disputes the Chinese border with India over Arunachal Pradesh. The ROC Constitution declares this area a part of South Tibet, and disputes the validity of the McMahon Line.

{{Main|China–Iran relations}}

On 1 June 1920, a friendship agreement was signed between the ROC and Iran. Ratifications were exchanged on 6 February 1922, with effect on the same day.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/LNTSer/1922/42.html |title=Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 9, pp. 18–21 |publisher=Worldlii.org |date=1 June 1920 |access-date=25 April 2013}} These relations came to an end in 1971 as Iran recognised Beijing. During the Iran–Iraq War, Taiwan was one of the only few countries that solely supported Iran. The two countries have a significant relationship in commerce and Taiwan imports a significant amount of its oil from Iran. An Iranian newspaper wrote on its front-page in December 2022 that Taiwan has a "legal right" to independence.{{cite news|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/12/15/2003790744|title=Taiwan has right to independence: Iranian newspaper|first=Jonathan|last=Chin|date=15 December 2022|work=Taipei Times|archive-date=29 December 2022|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229082127/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/12/15/2003790744|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Israel–Taiwan relations}}

Due to the One China policy, Israel and Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic relations but each has a representative office in the other country and in practice the two countries have friendly relations.{{cite news|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202404150018|title=Israeli parliamentary delegation calls for support after Iran's attack|date=15 April 2024|agency=Central News Agency|website=Focus Taiwan|quote=The delegation, composed of four members from the Israeli Knesset (parliament), thanked Taiwan for its support following the attack...[Tsai] said she looked forward to the two countries leveraging their own industrial strengths and continuing to deepen their partnership based on the shared values of freedom and democracy.|archive-date=16 June 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202404150018|url-status=live}} There is considerable contact in the areas of science and technology, including military technology.{{cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=3,7,11,16,19&post=205473|access-date=2022-04-08|date=2021-08-06|title=Taiwan, Israel deepen friendship, expand exchanges|publisher=Taiwan Today|first=Meron|last=Medzini|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004709/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=3,7,11,16,19&post=205473|url-status=live}}

As relations between Israel and the PRC have worsened due to the Gaza war, ties between Israel and Taiwan continue to warm and are driven by assertions that the two are both isolated democracies.{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3258086/israels-foreign-ties-falter-amid-war-gaza-taiwan-sees-chance-cosy|title=As Israel's foreign ties falter amid war in Gaza, Taiwan sees chance to cosy up|first=Jordyn|last=Haime|date=7 April 2024|work=SCMP|quote=Taiwan's desire for warmer ties with Israel began long before the October 7 attack. Bilateral trade between the two has grown steadily in recent years, rising to over US$3.2 billion in 2022 from US$2.4 billion the previous year. Taiwanese media and officials often speak with admiration for Israel's strong military and make comparisons between Taiwan and Israel as two isolated democracies with strong tech sectors.|archive-date=16 June 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3258086/israels-foreign-ties-falter-amid-war-gaza-taiwan-sees-chance-cosy|url-status=live}} Members of the Legislative Yuan set up the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association on 23 February 2024 to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits.{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2024/02/24/2003814008|date=2024-02-24|title=72 DPP, KMT lawmakers establish joint US caucus|publisher=Taipei Times|quote=Separately, the Taiwan-Israel Congressional Association was established yesterday to promote people-to-people exchanges; cooperation in agriculture, technology and education; and bilateral visits, association chair DPP Legislator Chung Chia-pin (鍾佳濱) said. Israeli Representative to Taiwan Maya Yaron thanked Taiwan for supporting Israel and said that a parliamentary delegation is to visit the nation in the next few weeks.|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616080544/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2024/02/24/2003814008|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Japan–Taiwan relations}}

File:2016年5月20日總統就職 10.jpg Keiji Furuya and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan on 20 May 2016]]

Japan–Taiwan relations are guided by the 1972 Japan–China Joint Communiqué. Japan has maintained non-governmental, working-level relations with Taiwan ever since.

{{Main|North Korea–Taiwan relations|South Korea–Taiwan relations}}

The ROC recognised the establishment of the First Republic of Korea in 1948 and considers the ROK government as the sole legitimate representative of the Korean Peninsula. Due to its anti-communist stance, the ROC does not recognise the Democratic People's Republic of Korea as a state.

On 4 January 1949, the ROC set up an embassy in Myeongdong in Seoul. On 23 August 1992 the ROK severed diplomatic relations with the ROC and then established diplomatic relations with the PRC as part of its Nordpolitik, the last Asian country to switch. In 1991 in the last months of the Cold War, Beijing and Seoul have established ROK and PRC liaisons prior to this and later turned embassies.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/world/chinese-and-south-koreans-formally-establish-relations.html|title=Chinese and South Koreans Formally Establish Relations|date=24 August 1992|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=3 May 2015|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113034/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/world/chinese-and-south-koreans-formally-establish-relations.html|url-status=live}}

ROC Premier Lai Ching-te approved a total ban on trade between the ROC and the DPRK in September 2017.{{cite news |newspaper=Financial Times |title=Taiwanese suspected of shipping coal from the DPRK to Vietnam |url=https://www.ft.com/content/315503b0-0559-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 |first=Edward |last=White |date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180130015923/https://www.ft.com/content/315503b0-0559-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 |archive-date=30 January 2018}} Taiwanese businessmen have been accused of selling coal, oil and gas to North Korea, as well as importing North Korean textiles and employing North Koreans in Taiwanese fishing vessels.

{{Main|Malaysia–Taiwan relations}}

Malaysia operates a trade centre office in Taipei,{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/twn_taipei/home|title=Official Website of Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre, Taipei|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506103938/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/twn_taipei/home|url-status=live}} and the ROC has an economic and cultural office in Kuala Lumpur.{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/MY/mp.asp?mp=297|title=Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia|publisher=Taiwan Embassy|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522110248/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/MY/mp.asp?mp=297|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Mongolia–Taiwan relations}}

Until 1945, Nationalist China claimed sovereignty over Mongolia, but under Soviet pressure and as part of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of August 1945, it recognised Mongolian independence. In 1953, due to the deterioration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, it revoked this recognition and resumed considering it a part of China.{{cite web|url=http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=798&CtNode=128 |title=Onward to Mongolia |last=Green |first=Robert |date=1 January 2003 |access-date=3 August 2009 |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041810/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=798&CtNode=128 |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/08/20/164873Taipei Times, MOI rethinks Mongolia, 20 August 2002, p. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231416/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/08/20/164873Taipei |date=29 June 2013 }}. Retrieved 2 June 2009

On 3 October 2002, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs recognised Mongolia as an independent country,{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237|title=Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=11 October 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|quote=In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC territory.|archive-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210192036/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/archives/2002/10/11/0000175237|url-status=dead}} although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|title=Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=26 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|url-status=live}} A Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office was opened in Ulaanbaatar, and Taipei excluded Mongolia from the definition of the "mainland area" for administrative purposes. In 2006, old laws regulating the formation of banners and monasteries in Outer Mongolia were repealed. Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission,{{cite web|url=http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|title=The History of MTAC|publisher=Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission|access-date=7 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508080715/http://www.mtac.gov.tw/pages.php?lang=5|archive-date=8 May 2009|url-status=dead}} are dormant.{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Cs9yOuCZ-ekC}}|title=China Diplomacy, 1914–1918|last1=Blumenthal|first1=Tuvia|last2=Chi|first2=Madeleine|date=1970|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=978-0674118256}}{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708172345/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/09/10/167505|url-status=dead|title=Taiwan-Mongolia ties move on – Taipei Times|archive-date=8 July 2015|website=Taipei Times}} However, the official borders of the ROC have not been changed.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|title=Asia-Pacific | Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2002|access-date=28 May 2009|archive-date=26 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526084615/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1842387.stm|url-status=live}} The official status of recognition is currently ambiguous, though in practice Mongolia is treated as an ordinary foreign power.

{{Main|Philippines–Taiwan relations}}

The Philippines recognises the One China Policy, but has relations with the ROC through the Manila Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Manila. Both offices were established in 1975 and were organized as non-profit corporations. The Philippines is the focal country for the ROC's 2016–2020 Southbound Policy, where the ROC plans to push for greater ties. The push was initially welcomed by the Aquino Administration, however, the Duterte Administration was elected in May 2016, complicating the issue as President Duterte was seen as 'pro-China', and thus would prefer better ties with the mainland over Taiwan. Political analysts during a forum in Manila said that ties between the Philippines and the ROC would have been the best coalition in the Far East, if the South China Sea territorial disputes between the two nations did not exist. The Philippines supports the ROC's membership in UNESCO.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

{{Main|Singapore–Taiwan relations}}

Singapore maintained unofficial relations with both the ROC and the PRC until 1992. It was decided in the Second Ministerial Meeting of APEC as chaired by Singapore in 1990 for the inclusion of the ROC commencing with the Third Ministerial Meeting in Seoul.{{cite web|title=Second APEC Ministerial Meeting : Singapore|url=http://www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/~/~/media/Files/MinisterialStatements/Annual/1990/90_amm_jms.ashx|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Apec.org|archive-date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311215142/http://www.apec.org/Groups/SOM-Steering-Committee-on-Economic-and-Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/~/~/media/Files/MinisterialStatements/Annual/1990/90_amm_jms.ashx|url-status=dead}} After the establishment of diplomatic ties between Singapore and PRC on 3 October 1992, Singapore maintained close economic and military ties with Taiwan as part of its attempt to position itself as a neutral party. A diplomatic row broke out between China and Singapore when Lee Hsien Loong visited Taiwan one month before he was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Singapore.{{cite web|date=26 August 2004|title=China warns Singapore officials against future visits to Taiwan|url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040826a2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185655/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040826a2.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Singapore-window.org}} Singapore's Ministry of Defence moved to correct an erroneous report in the Liberty Times on a joint military exercise between the Singapore and Taiwan in March 2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw05/050322af.htm |title= Singapore denies reports of joint military exercise with Taiwan|website=www.singapore-window.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510201917/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw05/050322af.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}} Singapore is the only foreign country to maintain military training camps in Taiwan, and continues to regularly send infantry, artillery, and armoured personnel there for training. The PRC has offered to support relocating some or all of these facilities to Hainan.{{cite web|date=5 August 2004|title=A David-and-Goliath tussle: FEER|url=http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040805fe.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185735/http://www.singapore-window.org/sw04/040805fe.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Singapore-window.org}}{{cite web|title=Ruby on Rails application could not be started|url=https://data.mongabay.com/reference/country_profiles/2004-2005/Taiwan.htmlTaiwan|website=data.mongabay.com}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} On the issue of United Nations participation for Taiwan, George Yeo and Mark Chen, the two countries' Foreign Ministers at the time, engaged in a heated exchange of views in 2004 between{{cite news|date=28 September 2004|title=BBC ¤¤¤åºô | ¤¤°ê³ø¾É | ¥x¥~ªø¥H""ó"Ë"³ë·s¥[Y¤Þµo§åµû|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3690000/newsid_3696700/3696788.stm|access-date=25 April 2013|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_3690000/newsid_3696700/3696788.stm|url-status=live}} Beijing's insistence that FTA can only be concluded among sovereign states complicates matters for Taiwan. Accordingly, Singapore and Taiwan signed the "Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership (ASTEP)" in November 2013.{{cite magazine|author=The Diplomat|date=8 November 2013|title=Taiwan-Singapore FTA | Pacific Money|url=https://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2013/11/08/taiwan-singapore-fta/|magazine=The Diplomat|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113043518/http://thediplomat.com/pacific-money/2013/11/08/taiwan-singapore-fta/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=8 November 2013|title=Taiwan, Singapore sign free-trade pact|newspaper=Taipei Times|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/11/08/2003576388|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111171748/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/11/08/2003576388|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Taiwan–Vietnam relations}}

Taiwan–Vietnam relations are conducted on an unofficial level, as Hanoi adheres to a one-China policy and officially recognises the PRC only. However, this has not stopped bilateral visits and significant flows of migrants and investment capital between the ROC and Vietnam.{{cite web|title=AEC, ECFA and Vietnam-Taiwan Economic Relations|url=http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114032/https://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-06.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Aseancenter.org.tw}} The ROC is an important foreign direct investment partner to Vietnam.{{cite web|title=Two decades of Taiwan's FDI in Vietnam – An analysis and Assessment|url=http://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-05.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103003/https://www.aseancenter.org.tw/upload/files/outlook005-05.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Aseancenter.org.tw}}

Other than the PRC itself, Vietnam is the only communist country that maintains an unofficial relationship with the ROC.

In 2020, Belgium's Chamber of Representatives passed a resolution of support for Taiwan. In 2021, the Flemish Parliament did the same passing a resolution in support of Taiwan with 117 votes in favor, no votes in opposition, and four abstentions.{{cite web |last1=McCartney |first1=Micah |title=Flemish Parliament throws support behind Taiwan |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4142176 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=4 March 2021 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304111555/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4142176 |url-status=live }} Flemish wind power companies Jan De Nul and DEME are involved in offshore wind farm development in Taiwan.{{cite web |last1=Pei-chun |first1=Tang |last2=Yu-chen |first2=Chung |last3=Lim |first3=Emerson |title=Flemish parliament passes resolution to strengthen ties with Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202103040007 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=4 March 2021 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304081056/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202103040007 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Czech Republic–Taiwan relations}}

Relations between Czechia and Taiwan are significant. Jaroslav Kubera, President of the Senate of the Czech Republic, planned a visit to Taipei prior to his death, prompting threats of retaliation from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-czech-taiwan/china-threatened-to-harm-czech-companies-over-taiwan-visit-letter-idUSKBN20D0G3 |publisher=Reuters |title=China threatened to harm Czech companies over Taiwan visit: letter |date=February 19, 2020 |first1=Raphael |last1=Satter |first2=Nick |last2=Carey |editor-first=Raju |editor-last=Gopalakrishnan |editor2-first=Helen |editor2-last=Popper |access-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219194743/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-czech-taiwan/china-threatened-to-harm-czech-companies-over-taiwan-visit-letter-idUSKBN20D0G3 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |url-status=live }} Kubera's successor, Miloš Vystrčil, however, led a delegation to Taiwan that arrived in Taipei on August 31, 2020.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-taiwan/czech-president-tries-to-tamp-down-china-anger-after-speakers-taiwan-trip-idUSKBN25X0I2 |publisher=Reuters |title=Czech president tries to tamp down China anger after speaker's Taiwan trip |date=2020-09-06 |access-date=2020-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908134622/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-china-taiwan/czech-president-tries-to-tamp-down-china-anger-after-speakers-taiwan-trip-idUSKBN25X0I2 |archive-date=2020-09-08 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Denmark–Taiwan relations}}

On 9 January 1950, Denmark became one of the first European countries to recognize the PRC.{{cite news|author=Christopher Bo Bramsen|title=Peace and friendship: Denmark's official relations with China, 1674–2000|year=2000|publisher=NIAS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiW-uogYXQMC&pg=PA6|isbn=8787062828|access-date=2011-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008204712/http://books.google.dk/books?id=NiW-uogYXQMC&pg=PA6&dq=&hl=da&ei=_rVBTbzHMcWAOtXa4bEB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ|archive-date=2012-10-08|url-status=live}} While Denmark has continued to maintain unofficial relations with the ROC ever since, they have primarily been related to trade, culture, science and economic affairs.{{cite news |author=Mads Kirkebæk|title=China and Denmark: relations since 1674

|quote=Trade and Economic Relations between Denmark and Taiwan 1949–1997|year=2000|publisher=NIAS Press

|isbn=8787062712}}

{{Main|Estonia–Taiwan relations}}

Estonia and Taiwan maintain informal relations, with cultural and economic exchanges despite lacking formal diplomatic ties. Taiwan is represented in Estonia through the Taipei Mission in Latvia. In recent years, Estonia has shown increasing support for Taiwan, notably through reciprocal diplomatic delegations and openness towards a possible Taiwanese representative office in Tallinn.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Estonia will let Taiwan open Tallinn office, despite China warnings |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/10/estonia-ready-to-let-taiwan-open-tallinn-office-despite-china-warnings |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Push being made for Taiwan office in Tallinn: Estonian lawmaker – Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202403070012 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Focus Taiwan – CNA English News |language=en-US}} Both nations have cooperated in areas like trade and crisis management, with notable contributions such as Taiwan's donations to Estonia during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian refugee crisis.{{Cite web |last=Meiessaar |first=Maris |date=2025-02-05 |title=Vaga: Estonia donates 1.11 million medical masks to Ukraine in cooperation with Taiwan |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/press-releases/others/vaga-estonia-donates-1-11-million-medical-masks-to-ukraine-in-cooperation-with-taiwan/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Riigikogu |language=en-US |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208092041/https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/press-releases/others/vaga-estonia-donates-1-11-million-medical-masks-to-ukraine-in-cooperation-with-taiwan/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Taiwan–European Union relations}}

The European Union has emphasized human rights in its relations with Taiwan.{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/key_eu_policies/human_rights/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | Human Rights |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429070721/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/key_eu_policies/human_rights/index_en.htm |archive-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead }} It is the largest source of foreign direct investment to Taiwan.{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/public/Attachment/391216575571.pdf |title=Trade and Investment Relations between Taiwan and the EU |access-date=28 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002123/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/public/Attachment/391216575571.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2014/05/19/407984/Europe-Taiwan-partnership.htm |title=Europe-Taiwan partnership to inspire prosperity, stability |newspaper=The China Post |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808025959/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/taiwan-issues/2014/05/19/407984/Europe-Taiwan-partnership.htm |url-status=live }} The European Union has unofficial relations{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/taiwan/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU and ROC |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510125414/http://eeas.europa.eu/taiwan/index_en.htm |url-status=live }} with Taiwan through the European Economic and Trade Office, which was opened on 10 March 2003.{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem%3D80426%26CtNode%3D460%26mp%3D102%26xp1%3D |title=Taiwan–EU relations |access-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031180607/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/BE/ct.asp?xItem=80426&CtNode=460&mp=102&xp1= |archive-date=31 October 2014}} Taipei is one of the major trading partners via the European Free Trade Association,{{cite web|url=http://www.efta.int/~/media/files/publications/this-is-efta/this-is-efta-2012.pdf |title=2469-THIS-IS-EFTA-2012-06:1897-THIS-IS-EFTA-24 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120223451/http://efta.int/~/media/Files/Publications/this-is-efta/this-is-EFTA-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2013}} and a trading partner with the Eurozone.{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.int/mopo/eaec/trade/html/index.en.html |title=ECB: External trade |publisher=European Central Bank |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311115652/http://www.ecb.int/mopo/eaec/trade/html/index.en.html |url-status=live }} Taiwanese passport holders with a listed identity card number do not require a Schengen visa to visit the Schengen Area; reciprocally, the ROC has also eliminated visa requirements for citizens of all EU countries.{{cite web|url=https://origin-www.roc-taiwan.org/portalOfDiplomaticMission_tc.html#ALL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031051536/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/NO/ct.asp?xItem=176532&ctNode=6878&mp=517&nowPage=1&pagesize=45|url-status=dead |script-title=zh:中華民國駐外單位聯合網站|archive-date=31 October 2014|website=origin-www.roc-taiwan.org| title= }}{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/content/20101110IPR93914/html/MEPs-back-visa-waiver-for-Taiwan |title=MEPs back visa waiver for Taiwan |date=11 November 2010 |publisher=European Parliament |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/documents/news/schengen_entry_press_release_en.pdf |title=Press Release : Visits to the Schengen area: reminder |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031052416/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/documents/news/schengen_entry_press_release_en.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=dead }} EU-Taiwan relations were debated in the European Parliament.{{cite web |author=cs – čeština |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&reference=20110926&secondRef=ITEM-018&format=XML&language=EN |title=Debates – Monday, 26 September 2011 – EU-Taiwan trade (debate) |publisher=European Parliament |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107155643/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&reference=20110926&secondRef=ITEM-018&format=XML&language=EN |url-status=live }} Sixteen EU member states have established offices in Taipei, along with some functional offices.{{cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/eu_taiwan/eu_in_taiwan/index_en.htm |title=European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Presence in Taiwan |publisher=Europa (web portal) |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721170208/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/eu_taiwan/eu_in_taiwan/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 July 2014 |url-status=dead }} Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium is the unofficial diplomatic representation of Taiwan in the EU.{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwanembassy.org/be/mp.asp?mp=102 |title=Portal of Republic of China (Taiwan) Diplomatic Missions |publisher=Taiwanembassy.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020033951/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/be/mp.asp?mp=102 |archive-date=20 October 2013 }} Chinese Taipei is an observer{{cite report |url=http://www.oecd.org/countries/chinesetaipei/ |title=Chinese Taipei – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |doi=10.1787/5kgcf71l188x-en |publisher=Oecd.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |series=OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers |year=2011 |archive-date=7 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607030144/http://www.oecd.org/countries/chinesetaipei/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-facilitation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508220941/http://www.oecd.org/tad/facilitation/Chinese-Taipei_OECD-Trade-Facilitation-Indicators.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Trade Facilitation – OECD|archive-date=8 May 2015|website=oecd.org}}{{cite journal |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/governance/country-review_clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |title=Country Review: Chinese Taipei | OECD READ edition |language=fr |doi=10.1787/clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |journal=OECD Journal: Competition Law and Policy |publisher=Keepeek.com |date=9 February 2006 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628044548/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/governance/country-review_clp-10-5kmjlgt6j0wj |url-status=live }} in the OECD, which is headquartered in Paris, France. ROC's Civil Service Protection and Training Commission (CSPTC) and the Belgian Training Institute of the Federal Administration (TIFA) signed Memorandum of Understanding on 7 November 2014 for workshop attendance of public servants that highlighted leadership, innovation and conflict management, as well as global competitiveness strategies in Brussels.{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8742DCE7A2A28761&s=70A55789EB0B042E |script-title=zh:中華民國國家文官學院與比利時聯邦行政訓練學院簽署文官培訓及研究瞭解備忘錄 – 最新消息 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218190647/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8742DCE7A2A28761&s=70A55789EB0B042E |url-status=live }} The EU rejects granting Mainland China market economy status.{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/eu-lawmakers-reject-granting-china-the-market-economy-status/|title=EU lawmakers reject granting China the market economy status|website=EURACTIV.com|date=12 May 2016|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524152817/http://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/eu-lawmakers-reject-granting-china-the-market-economy-status/|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Germany–Taiwan relations}}

In January 2021 the German government appealed to the Taiwanese government to help persuade Taiwanese semiconductor companies to ramp up production as a global semiconductor shortage was hampering the German economy's recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. A lack of semiconductors had caused vehicle production lines to be idled leading German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier to personally reach out to Taiwan's economics affairs minister Wang Mei-hua in an attempt to get Taiwanese semiconductor companies to increase their manufacturing capacity.{{cite news |last1=Nienaber |first1=Michael |title=Germany urges Taiwan to help ease auto chip shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-autos-chips/germany-urges-taiwan-to-help-ease-auto-chip-shortage-idUSKBN29T04V |website=www.reuters.com |date=24 January 2021 |agency=Reuters |access-date=25 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125032127/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-autos-chips/germany-urges-taiwan-to-help-ease-auto-chip-shortage-idUSKBN29T04V |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Holy See–Taiwan relations}}

Diplomatic relations between the Holy See (Vatican City) and the Republic of China were established on 23 October 1942{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org.tw/en/Latest/latest045Diplomatic.html|title=Thanksgiving: 70th Anniv of Diplomatic Ties|website=www.catholic.org.tw}} and, with the presentation by Archbishop Antonio Riberi of his letter of credence to the President in 1946, the Holy See's Apostolic Delegation in China gained diplomatic status.Leung (1992), p. 44Védrenne (2012), p. 42

The Holy See attempted to switch recognition to the CCP/PRC after the end of the civil war but were rebuffed and so ended up recognizing the KMT/ROC on Taiwan. The Holy See and the Republic of China have recognized each other ever since.{{Cite web |url=http://www.usccb.net/CCQ/CCQ%2076.pdf |title=China Church Quarterly, Fall 2008 |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171930/http://www.usccb.net/CCQ/CCQ%2076.pdf |url-status=dead }} The Holy See maintains negotiations with the PRC for recognition; however, the Holy See has given the ROC assurances that any negotiations with the PRC will not come at the expense of their relations with the ROC.{{cite news |title=Taiwan says it has Vatican assurances on China accord |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-china-accord-taiwan/taiwan-says-it-has-vatican-assurances-on-china-accord-idUSKBN2660ON |website=www.reuters.com |date=15 September 2020 |agency=Reuters |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104150711/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pope-china-accord-taiwan/taiwan-says-it-has-vatican-assurances-on-china-accord-idUSKBN2660ON |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Italy–Taiwan relations}}

Until 1970, Taiwan, as the Republic of China, was represented by an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.[http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=170497&ctNode=103 ROC severs relations with Italy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530233222/http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=170497&ctNode=103 |date=2016-05-30 }}, Taiwan Info, 8 November 1970 This was separate from the Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See, which, while located in Italian territory, remains accredited to Vatican City.[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/VA/mp.asp?mp=152 New ROC (Taiwan) Ambassador Lee presents his Credentials to Pope Francis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427215434/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/VA/mp.asp?mp=152 |date=27 April 2016 }} Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See This led to confusion in 1989 following the Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing, when Italians protested outside the embassy, believing it to be that of the People's Republic of China.[https://books.google.com/books?id=aBfICQAAQBAJ&dq=republic+of+china+italy+relations+taipei&pg=PA189 Taiwan's Expanding Role in the International Arena: Entering the United Nations], Maysing H. Yang, Routledge, 2015, p. 189

In 2014, Taiwan decided not to participate in Expo 2015 in Milan after the Government of Italy proposed that it be represented as a corporate entity rather than as a country.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/11/26/2003605313 Taiwan shuns Milan expo after sovereignty squabble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722003020/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/11/26/2003605313 |date=22 July 2019 }}, Taipei Times, November 26, 2014

In 2020, Taiwan donated equipment and supplies to Italy as part of its medical diplomacy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Equipment donated included 15 respirators donated to WHO hospitals in the hard-hit Lombardy region in April 2020.{{cite web |last1=Yu-li |first1=Lin |last2=Ya-shih |first2=Huang |last3=Hsu |first3=Elizabeth |title=Taiwanese donations reach Slovenia, Italy in COVID-19 fight |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202004220020 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=22 April 2020 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=22 April 2020}}

{{Main|Latvia–Taiwan relations}}

Today bilateral relations between Latvia and Taiwan are positive, with established economic ties, a visa-free travel regime in place between the two nations and the support of some Latvian parliamentarians towards the participation of the ROC in organizations such as the World Health Organization.{{Cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=154187|title=MOFA thanks Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania parliamentarians for supporting Taiwan's WHO participation|last=China (Taiwan)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of|date=2019-05-02|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-31|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214085133/https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=10&post=154187|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Lithuania–Taiwan relations}}

In November 2021, Taiwan opened its representative office in Vilnius under the name of "Taiwanese" (the first under this name in the world), with the Lithuanian office in Taipei to open in Spring 2022.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Taiwan opens representative office in Lithuania |website=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/taiwan-opens-representative-office-in-lithuania/a-59853874}}{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Lithuanian trade representational office to open in Taiwan this Spring |url=https://www.lrytas.lt/verslas/rinkos-pulsas/2022/01/11/news/lietuvos-prekybos-atstovybe-taivane-bus-atidaryte-si-pavasari-22022981 |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422074005/https://www.lrytas.lt/verslas/rinkos-pulsas/2022/01/11/news/lietuvos-prekybos-atstovybe-taivane-bus-atidaryte-si-pavasari-22022981 |url-status=live }} Subsequently, the People's Republic of China has imposed numerous unofficial economic sanctions on Lithuania, recalled its ambassador in Vilnius, Shen Zhifei, and demanded Lithuania recall its ambassador in Beijing, Diana Mickevičienė.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=EU sues China over sanctions against Lithuania |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1599277/eu-sues-china-over-sanctions-against-lithuania |access-date=22 April 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422073804/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1599277/eu-sues-china-over-sanctions-against-lithuania |url-status=live }}{{cite web|title=China recalls envoy to Lithuania over Taiwan's move to open de facto embassy|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3144503/china-recalls-envoy-lithuania-over-taiwans-move-open-de-facto?module=lead_hero_story&pgtype=homepage|website=South China Morning Post|date=10 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128105622/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3144503/china-recalls-envoy-lithuania-over-taiwans-move-open-de-facto?module=lead_hero_story&pgtype=homepage|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Netherlands–Taiwan relations}}

Netherlands–Taiwan relations go back to the 1600s when the Dutch East India Company set up a colony on Taiwan. In the modern era they are defined by the high degree of foreign direct investment which flows between the two countries and long lasting economic partnerships between Dutch and Taiwanese firms.{{cite web |last1=Kastner |first1=Jens |title=The Dutch Connection Remains Firm |url=https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2019/08/dutch-connection-remains-firm/ |website=topics.amcham.com.tw |date=29 August 2019 |publisher=Taiwan Topics |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302225205/https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2019/08/dutch-connection-remains-firm/ |url-status=live }}

In 2020 the Netherlands' House of Representatives passed a motion supporting Taiwan's participation in international organizations.{{cite web |last1=Pei-ju |first1=Teng |title=Dutch parliament passes motion supporting Taiwan's international participation |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3792841 |website=www.taiwannews.com.tw |date=9 October 2019 |publisher=Taiwan News |access-date=4 March 2021}}

North Macedonia recognized the ROC in 1999, but switched in 2001 after the PRC imposed economic sanctions and used a rare veto on the UN Security Council to block peacekeeping efforts.{{cite web|date=2 April 2012|title=Issue|url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=2284&ctNode=1902&mp=6|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927020556/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=2284&ctNode=1902&mp=6|archive-date=27 September 2011|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Mofa.gov.tw}} In addition, North Macedonia was the first European country to sign a military agreement with Taiwan.{{Cite web |title=我與馬其頓簽國防合作備忘錄 |url=https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/politics/200010/200010300050527.html |publisher=CTS |date=2000-10-30 |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=zh |archive-date=2022-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606070411/https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/politics/200010/200010300050527.html |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Russia–Taiwan relations}}

In the Chinese Civil War, the Soviet Union had a tumultuous yet strategic relationship with the Kuomintang-led Nationalist China until 1949. In the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958,{{cite news |title=Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Reuters |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143030/https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |url-status=live }} Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev recommended the internationalization of the Taiwan Question and appealed to the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to intervene. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union called for the Ten Nations Summit in New Delhi to discuss the issue on 27 September 1958 as one of the precursors of the later Sino-Soviet split.{{cite web|date=25 June 2010|script-title=zh:炮擊金門幕後揭秘: 玩弄中蘇同盟種下分裂惡果-歷史名人-文化名城-廣佛都市網|url=http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313160105/http://big5.citygf.com/cul/cul_005005/201006/t20100625_489043_2.html|archive-date=13 March 2013|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Big5.citygf.com|title= }} Since the formation of the Russian Federation, Taiwan has exported many ferric materials to Russia in 2004–2005. In 2005, the total amount of the trade between the two economies was $2,188,944,473. Russia has a representative office in Taipei,{{cite web |title=Representative office in Taipei for the Moscow-Taipei Coordination Commission on Economic and Cultural Cooperation v.2.0 |url=http://www.mtc.org.tw/english/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208061441/http://www.mtc.org.tw/english/about.html |archive-date=2012-12-08 |access-date=2023-10-20 |publisher=Mtc.org.tw}} and ROC has a representative office in Moscow.{{cite web|script-title=zh:首頁 – 台北莫斯科經濟文化協調委員會駐莫斯科代表處 ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВО В МОСКВЕ ТАЙБЭЙСКО-МОСКОВСКОЙ КООРДИНАЦИОННОЙ КОМИССИИ ПО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ И КУЛЬТУРНОМУ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВУ|url=https://www.tmeccc.org/ru/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703214706/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/RU/mp.asp?mp=237|archive-date=3 July 2015|website=tmeccc.org|title= }} Russia keeps a positive balance in its trade relations with Taiwan mainly from crude oil, cast iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemical products, ferroalloys, coking coal, timber, and chemical fertilizers. Russia imports mostly electronics and electronic parts, computers and computer parts, and home appliances. The two countries established unofficial diplomatic relations between 1993 and 1996. Taipei is targeting Russia for exporting opportunities and marketing potential.{{cite web|title=Chinese Taipei, Russia Intensify Cooperation|url=http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203045223/http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=87756&ctNode=3085&mp=4|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Taiwan.gov.tw}}

{{Main|Taiwan-Slovakia relations}}

In 2021, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Slovakia passed a resolution to support the attendance of Taiwan to the World Health Assembly.{{Cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=199941|title = Slovak parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee thanked by MOFA for resolution backing Taiwan's WHA participation|date = 12 May 2021}}

{{Main|Taiwan–United Kingdom relations}}

The United Kingdom's relations with Taiwan{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |title=UK and Taiwan – UK and the world |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050935/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |url-status=live }} are conducted unofficially through the British Office Taipei{{cite web |author=Taiwan |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-trade-cultural-office-taiwan |title=British Trade & Cultural Office Taiwan |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418183720/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-trade-cultural-office-taiwan |url-status=live }} and the British Council in Taipei.

After the Chinese Civil War and the retreat of the KMT government to Taiwan, the United Kingdom broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the People's Republic of China from 6 January 1950.Wolf, David C. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 'To Secure a Convenience': Britain Recognizes China – 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215163208/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260389 |date=15 December 2023 }}. Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 2, 1983, pp. 299–326. {{JSTOR|260389}}. In September 1962, Taiwan opened a representative office in London under the name of the Free Chinese Centre, which was later renamed the Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. from April 1992.{{cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/39.html|title=Taiwan-UK Relations|work=Taipei Representative Office in the U.K.|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421091358/https://roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/39.html|url-status=live}} The United Kingdom opened a representative office in Taipei in 1993 under the name of the British Trade and Cultural Office, which was later renamed the British Office Taipei in 2015.{{cite web|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201505270023.aspx|title=U.K. renames representative office in Taiwan, retains functions|work=focustaiwan.tw|date=27 May 2015|access-date=15 February 2021|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606184148/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201505270023.aspx|url-status=live}}

In September 2020, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office ministers stated that the UK hopes Taiwan is allowed to attend the World Health Assembly as an observer.

{{Main|Dominican Republic–Taiwan relations}}

On 1 May 2018, the Dominican Republic switched. The government initially gave no reason, although it later said in the switchover ceremony that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply to the one-China policy. It was motivated by loans and investments worth US$3.1 billion. "History and socioeconomic reality" were cited as reasons for the switchover. Flavio Darío Espinal, a government executive, said that "In the following months and years, enormous opportunities for cooperation will gradually open up, not only in the commercial area, but also in the financial, technological, tourist, educational or energy fields. To take just one example, more than 135 million Chinese tourists visit international destinations annually. The establishment of these diplomatic relations will allow part of that tourism to flow into our country in the near future. And that is just one of the things that will improve."{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1266620/the-dominican-republic-is-switching-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/|title=Taiwan now has diplomatic relations with fewer than 20 countries – Quartz|website=Quartz|date=May 2018|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040226/https://qz.com/1266620/the-dominican-republic-is-switching-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/amp/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2144115/dominican-republic-breaks-taipei-forges-ties-beijing|title=Dominican Republic breaks with Taiwan, forges diplomatic ties with Beijing|date=1 May 2018|newspaper=South China Morning Post|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501011837/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2144115/dominican-republic-breaks-taipei-forges-ties-beijing|url-status=live}}

{{Main|El Salvador–Taiwan relations}}

On 20 August 2018, El Salvador broke ties with Taiwan and established them with the PRC. El Salvador now only recognises the PRC. Just like Panama and the Dominican Republic, the event was broadcast nationwide on radio and television. Hours before the announcement, Taiwan (ROC) announced that it had broken ties with El Salvador, citing the imminent establishment of diplomatic and commercial ties with the PRC (China). El Salvador's president said that his government had decided to make the switchover due to UN Resolution 2758.{{cite web|url=https://www.tvn-2.com/mundo/centroamerica/Salvador-Taiwan-establece-relaciones-China_0_5103989696.html|title=El Salvador establece relaciones diplomáticas con China y rompe con Taiwán|date=20 August 2018|website=TVN|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=21 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821063329/https://www.tvn-2.com/mundo/centroamerica/Salvador-Taiwan-establece-relaciones-China_0_5103989696.html|url-status=live}} The Taiwanese government said that the switchover was not influenced by the Chinese government, but rather, the switchover was done in response to Taiwan refusing to fund the construction of {{ill|Puerto La Unión|es|Puerto La Unión}} and El Salvador's 2019 Salvadoran presidential election.{{cite web|url=https://www.critica.com.pa/mundo/taiwan-acusa-el-salvador-de-pedirle-suma-astronomica-de-ayuda-financiera-525954|title=Taiwán acusa a El Salvador de pedirle 'suma astronómica' de ayuda financiera|date=21 August 2018|website=Critica|language=es-PA|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133723/https://www.critica.com.pa/mundo/taiwan-acusa-el-salvador-de-pedirle-suma-astronomica-de-ayuda-financiera-525954|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Guatemala–Taiwan relations}}

On 18 March 2014, Guatemala's former president Alfonso Portillo pled guilty in the Federal District Court in Manhattan to a charge that he accepted bribes in exchange for recognising the ROC. President Pérez Molina said that Guatemala's relations with the ROC were and are strong and that the Portillo confession would not affect diplomatic relations between the two nations.[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/americas/guatemala-ex-president-admits-taking-taiwan-bribes.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 "Guatemala: Ex-President Admits Taking Taiwan Bribes" Villegas, Paulina (18 March 2014).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723190230/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/americas/guatemala-ex-president-admits-taking-taiwan-bribes.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |date=23 July 2016 }} The New York Times. Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs declined comment.{{cite news|date=19 March 2014|title=Taiwan mum on bribery claims by Guatemala's ex-president|publisher=Focus Taiwan News Channel|agency=CNA|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201403190050.aspx|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064409/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201403190050.aspx|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Haiti–Taiwan relations}}

Haiti currently recognises the Republic of China over the People's Republic of China. In 2018, Taiwan offered a US$150 Million loan for Haiti's power grid in a bid to maintain diplomatic ties with the country once its neighbour, Dominican Republic severed ties with Taiwan along with Burkina Faso. In 2018, Haiti's president visited Taiwan to discuss economic issues and diplomatic relations.

{{See also|China–Honduras relations}}

In 2021, it was reported the new Honduras Government elected in the 2021 Honduran general election led by the Liberty and Refoundation party was considering recognizing China.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/honduras-taiwan-ties-china-nicaragua-xiomara-castro-1658153|title=Honduras Likely to Follow Nicaragua in Cutting Taiwan Ties as China Courts Latin America|magazine=Newsweek|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211132136/https://www.newsweek.com/honduras-taiwan-ties-china-nicaragua-xiomara-castro-1658153|url-status=live}} This announcement came on the heels of Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Panama having recently broken relations with the ROC;{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/taiwan-president-to-visit-latin-america-us-stops |title=Taiwan president heads to Latin America after partners switch ties to China |agency=AFP |work=The Guardian |date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |language=en-GB}} Taiwan lost a total of nine diplomatic partners during Tsai Ing-wen's presidency with the switch from Honduras.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/taiwan-recalls-honduran-ambassador-as-country-establishes-diplomatic-ties-with-china |work=PBS NewsHour |publisher=PBS |agency=Associated Press |date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-03-23 |language=en-US |title=Taiwan recalls Honduran ambassador as country establishes diplomatic ties with China |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323225225/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/taiwan-recalls-honduran-ambassador-as-country-establishes-diplomatic-ties-with-china |url-status=live }} On 15 March 2023, the president Xiomara Castro said she has instructed her foreign minister to establish official relations with the PRC.{{cite news |title=Honduras says plans to open diplomatic relations with China |date=15 Mar 2023 |newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/14/honduras-says-plans-to-open-diplomatic-relations-with-china |access-date=15 March 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315000307/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/14/honduras-says-plans-to-open-diplomatic-relations-with-china |url-status=live }}

Taiwanese leadership criticized Honduras' transition by urging them not to "fall into China's debt trap". Honduras' foreign minister Eduardo Enrique Reina stated that the country had asked Taiwan to double its annual aid and renegotiate its debt to the island, which went unanswered. Taiwan's foreign ministry disputed this, stating that they were still actively engaged in bilateral talks with Honduras' government.{{cite news |author=Rhoda Kwan |title=Don't 'quench your thirst with poison', Taiwan tells Honduras after switch to China |date=16 Mar 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/dont-quench-your-thirst-with-poison-taiwan-tells-honduras-after-switch-to-china |access-date=16 March 2023 }} President Tsai Ing-wen responded to the announcement by scheduling time to visit heads of government and state in nearby Belize and Guatemala. The ROC recalled its Honduran ambassador on 23 March, as Honduras began negotiations with the PRC. A 25 March statement confirmed that Honduras had completed the switch{{Cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/26/honduras-says-there-is-only-one-china-as-it-officially-cuts-ties-with-taiwan |title=Honduras says there is 'only one China' as it officially cuts ties with Taiwan |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-03-26}} and their embassy opened in Beijing on 11 June.{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/11/1181542535/honduras-has-opened-an-embassy-in-china-after-breaking-off-ties-with-taiwan |title=Honduras has opened an embassy in China after breaking off ties with Taiwan |agency=Associated Press |publisher=NPR |language=en-US |date=2023-06-11 |access-date=2023-06-11 |department=World |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611070514/https://www.npr.org/2023/06/11/1181542535/honduras-has-opened-an-embassy-in-china-after-breaking-off-ties-with-taiwan |url-status=live }}

{{Main|China–Panama relations|Panama–Taiwan relations}}

On 13 June 2017, the government of Panama switched, breaking all ties with the ROC. Panamanians studying in Taiwan were given the choice of returning to Panama within 30 days or continuing their studies in China. Panama was motivated by promises of multibillion-dollar investments. The shift of recognition began with a letter sent in 2015 to the Chinese government that, according to Isabel Saint Malo, Panama's vice president, was titled "Panama wants to make ties with China". The contents of the letter have been kept confidential, as well as the reasons why it was sent. It has also been kept confidential who delivered the letter and assisted in the switchover process, a person described only as "a distinguished member of the Chinese community living in Panama".

The US ambassador to Panama, John D. Feeley, said that he had asked Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela about the switchover in 2016 but Varela lied to him, saying that there were no plans to make the switchover. Feeley also said that Varela didn't tell him the truth until one hour before the nationwide announcement.

Others questioned why the Panamanian government continues to use equipment donated by Taiwan. The Panamanian government initially gave no reason, later saying that one reason was because "China is the second largest user of the Panama Canal" and President Varela said it was because he "couldn't accept it anymore" and "that's what every responsible leader would do". The Panamanian government officially said that Taiwan was an inalienable part of China and that the switchover was to comply with the one-China policy. The ROC government said that Panama was its "number one ally" and that it would not participate in Beijing's checkbook diplomacy. The Taiwanese government complained that Panama maliciously hid the switchover process until the last moment.

A Panamanian government agency later said that the switchover was because of Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen's violations and lack of regard to the 1992 consensus regarding China, Taiwan and the One-china policy. Panamanian newspaper La Estrella questioned the reasons Varela initially gave for the switchover, like "China has the world's largest population and the 2nd largest economy and user of the Panama Canal"; La Estrella called Varela's actions contradictory and said that the reasons Varela gave were the reality Panama has lived under for decades, so those couldn't be regarded as valid reasons for the switchover. The same newspaper also says that China's plans in Latin America convince Latin American nations easily, with apparent benefits in the short term but with dependency on China in the long term and that China is silently invading other countries and Latin America in general.{{cite web|publisher=GESE – La Estrella de Panamá|title=Panamá, ¿una franquicia china?|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/internacional/america/180718/china-panama-franquicia|website=La Estrella de Panamá|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219224140/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/internacional/america/180718/china-panama-franquicia|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Panamá espera jugosas inversiones de China|url=http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/panama-espera-jugosas-inversiones-china/24016355|website=El Siglo|access-date=24 August 2018|archive-date=24 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034402/http://elsiglo.com.pa/panama/panama-espera-jugosas-inversiones-china/24016355|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=China, una agenda ambiciosa|url=https://m.prensa.com/opinion/China-agenda-ambiciosa_0_4812268806.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034511/https://m.prensa.com/opinion/China-agenda-ambiciosa_0_4812268806.html|archive-date=24 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2018}}

In the first year of diplomatic relations, 19 treaties were signed, including a Free Trade Treaty. Varela said that its main purpose was to allow Chinese nationals to easily invest in Panama. Controversies over the sudden switchover included lack of due process, unusually high levels of confidentiality, and the fact that a few weeks before the switchover, Taiwan had donated medical equipment to Panama. In 2018, the first flight from Beijing to Panama by Air China landed at Tocumen International Airport, with a technical stop in Houston. Varela called it a milestone in Panamanian aviation. Due to this new route, the Panamanian ministry of tourism expected at least 40,000 Chinese tourist visits per year. "History and socioeconomic reality" were later cited as reasons for the switchover. Varela said that the move was backed by diplomatic relationships dating from 1912 and that the move strengthened the existing relationships, despite the fact that those relationships were with the ROC, not the PRC. As a result, Panama City was almost immediately added to China's list of officially approved tourist destinations.{{cite web|date=5 April 2018|title=Aterriza el primer vuelo de Air China en Panamá | La Prensa Panamá|url=https://www.prensa.com/economia/Aterriza-primer-Air-China-Panama_0_5001249854.html|website=www.prensa.com|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131357/https://www.prensa.com/economia/Aterriza-primer-Air-China-Panama_0_5001249854.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=GESE-La Estrella de Panamá|title=Air China inaugura vuelo Beijing-Houston-Panamá|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/180323/air-china-vuelo-beijing-inaugura|website=La Estrella de Panamá|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219224139/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/180323/air-china-vuelo-beijing-inaugura|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Panama cuts ties with Taiwan in favour of China|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035643/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40256499|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=17 February 2018|title=Conoce la posible ruta y estaciones del tren Panamá-Chiriquí|url=https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Conoce-posible-ruta-estaciones-Panama-Chiriqui_0_4966003387.html|website=TVN|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021614/https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Conoce-posible-ruta-estaciones-Panama-Chiriqui_0_4966003387.html|url-status=live}} The CCP government has offered the Panameñista Party-led government a free feasibility study for the planned 4th set of locks in the Panama Canal to gain a competitive advantage in bids for choosing the company to build the 4th set of locks, not to mention plans for a 1,200 hectare industrial park on the Pacific coast and a 4-hectare campus in Amador near the Biomuseo to house the PRC embassy in Panama. There are also fears that Panama could turn into a conflict zone between the US and the PRC, due to Panama's strategic location.

{{Main|Taiwan–United States relations}}

{{Further|History of China–United States relations}}

File:Eisenhower visits Taiwan (June 1960).jpg and President Chiang Kai-shek of ROC in Taiwan, 1960]]

File:U.S. President Eisenhower visited TAIWAN 美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg

The ROC and the U.S. signed a formal treaty of commerce and navigation in 1948. ROC passport holders can thus be granted an E1 and E2 Visa, with indefinite renewal status, based on continued operation of their enterprise{{cite web|date=14 January 2014|title=E-2 Treaty Investors|url=https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|website=USCIS|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180246/https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors|url-status=live}} in the US.{{cite web|title=Treaty Countries|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|website=travel.state.gov|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125054336/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/fees/treaty.html|url-status=live}} In 1979 the US recognised the PRC instead of ROC.{{Citation|author=U.S. Congress|title=Taiwan Relations Act|date=1 January 1979|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|publisher=American Institute in Taiwan website|access-date=30 January 2011|archive-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815173437/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/taiwan-relations-act.html|url-status=dead}} Commercial{{cite web|title=Taiwan – United States Trade Representative|url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128140049/https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/china/taiwan|url-status=live}} (such as Trade and Investment Framework Agreement signed in 1994,{{cite web|title=Taiwan – Trade Summary|url=http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128202521/http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2008/NTE/asset_upload_file508_14610.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}} TIFA{{cite web|title=United States and Taiwan Enhance Trade Ties|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103934/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/press-releases/2014/April/United-States-and-Taiwan-Enhance-Trade-Ties|archive-date=7 April 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ustr.gov}}{{cite web|title=Agreement between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Bilaterals.org|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831225742/http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/pdf/19940919-Agreement_for_Trade_and_Investment__Trade_.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Taiwan-U.S. Relations: Developments and Policy Implications|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Fas.org|archive-date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223220032/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40493.pdf|url-status=live}}), cultural and other substantial relations are currently governed, inter alia, by the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act. The Act does not recognise the terminology of "Republic of China". United States policy does not support or oppose Taiwan's independence; instead US policy takes a neutral position of "non-support" for Taiwan's independence.{{Cite journal|last1=Kan|first1=Shirley A.|last2=Morrison|first2=Wayne M.|date=December 11, 2014|title=U.S.-Taiwan Relationship: Overview of Policy Issues|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|journal=Congressional Research Service|page=4|archive-date=9 February 2017|access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209020012/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41952.pdf|url-status=live}}

U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Alex Wong officially{{cite web|title=Wong, Alex N.|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030419/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/bureau/277461.htm|archive-date=23 March 2018}} visited the ROC in March 2018 to protest the amendment of the PRC Constitution that removed Presidential tenure restrictions.{{cite news|last=Horton|first=Chris|date=21 March 2018|title=In Taiwan, U.S. Official Says Commitment 'Has Never Been Stronger'|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|archive-date=30 March 2018|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330083429/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/21/world/asia/taiwan-china-alex-wong.html|url-status=live}} In July 2002, Minister of Justice Chen Ding-nan became the first Taiwanese government official to be invited to visit the White House after the switch.

While the U.S. acknowledged PRC's one-China principle in 1979,{{cite news |title=Milestones in relations between the U.S., China and Taiwan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Reuters |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |quote=The United States endorses the 'One China Policy' and switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143030/https://www.reuters.com/world/milestones-relations-between-us-china-taiwan-2022-08-02/ |url-status=live }} it did not accept the PRC's claim on Taiwan.{{cite web|title=New Challenges and Opportunities in the Taiwan Strait|url=https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|access-date=22 December 2016|website=Ncuscr.org|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062938/https://www.ncuscr.org/sites/default/files/page_attachments/New-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Taiwan-Strait.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|website=history.state.gov|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020172812/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/china-talks|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Wilson Center Digital Archive|url=http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|website=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905100421/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/74/sino-us-ambassadorial-talks-1955-1970|url-status=live}} The unofficial name "Taiwan" was mentioned in the Three Communiqués between the United States and China. Consistent with the United States' one-China policy, raising the ROC flag on an official government facility's property within U.S. territory is not approved by the United States.{{cite web|title=State Department Daily Press Briefing|url=http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113633/http://translations.state.gov/st/english/texttrans/2015/01/20150105312689.html|archive-date=28 January 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|title=Daily Press Briefing – January 7, 2015|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|access-date=21 February 2015|work=U.S. Department of State|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731174612/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/01/235660.htm|url-status=live}}

Taiwan passport holders are included in the U.S. Visa Waiver Program for a stay of 90 days.{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan – Visa Waiver Program|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Ait.org.tw|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413093113/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/vwp.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite news |title=What visitors should know about updated entry rules – Taipei Times |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=www.taipeitimes.com |date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014144050/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2022/09/30/2003786179 |url-status=live }}

After 1979, the US–Taiwan Business Council continued to facilitate commercial activity (mostly semiconductor technology related) and arms sales service.{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021139/http://us-taiwan.org/tech/index.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – U.S., Taiwan, China Technology Integration – Products|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224092053/http://www.us-taiwan.org/tech/products.html|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}}{{cite web|author=Lotta Danielsson-Murphy|title=USTaiwan Business Council – Defense & Security – Home|url=http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110557/http://www.us-taiwan.org/defense/|archive-date=24 December 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|publisher=Us-taiwan.org}} The United States House of Representatives added an amendment to the fiscal year 2016 US defense budget that includes a clause urging the ROC's participation in the biennial Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise.{{cite web|last=Phipps|first=Gavin|date=21 May 2015|title=Taiwan 'welcomes' congressional pressure over RIMPAC invitation|url=http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303142108/http://www.janes.com/article/51617/taiwan-welcomes-congressional-pressure-over-rimpac-invitation|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=21 February 2016}} The United States State Department has close bilateral cooperation with the ROC through Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs' Fulbright Program.{{cite web|title=Fulbright Visiting (Non-U.S.) Scholar Program: Participating Country List|url=http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=26 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426011231/http://www.cies.org/fulbright-visiting-non-us-scholar-program-participating-country-list|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Fulbright Commissions – Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs|url=http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101172159/http://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/funding-and-administration/fulbright-commissions|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Fulbright Taiwan, Foundation for Scholarly Exchange|url=http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235210/http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP|archive-date=9 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}

Recent disputes between the U.S. and the ROC include the ROC's ban on the import of U.S. beef and U.S. pork, which was resolved after the ROC adopted the new standard of a maximum residue limit for ractopamine in both beef and pork.{{cite news|title=Pork not a priority between Taiwan, US: official|newspaper=The China Post|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2014/09/23/417820/Pork-not.htm|access-date=22 December 2016}}

File:總統出席接見美國聯邦參議院軍事委員會馬侃（John McCain）主席訪問團 (26882360893).jpg meets with US Senate delegation led by John McCain, June 2016]]

In 2007, a measure was introduced into the United States Congress that would dramatically strengthen US ties with the ROC.{{cite web|date=19 February 2007|title=Taiwan: US Calls for Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=UNPO|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182045/http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=6316|url-status=dead}} The United States House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for the lifting of curbs on visits by high-ranking or top ROC officials. The Resolution noted that "whenever high-level visitors from the ROC, including the President, seek to come to the United States, their requests result in a period of complex, lengthy and humiliating negotiations." It further said: "Lifting these restrictions will help bring a friend and ally of the United States out of its isolation, which will be beneficial to peace and stability in the Asia–Pacific Region."{{cite web|title=Text of S.Con.Res.48 as Introduced in Senate: A concurrent resolution expressing the sense of Congress regarding... OpenCongress|url=http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102154705/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sc48/text|archive-date=2 November 2012|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Opencongress.org}}

A bill was introduced to back the ROC's request to join the UN. The bill stated that the ROC and its 23 million people "deserve membership in the United Nations" and that the United States should fulfill a commitment "to more actively support Taiwan's membership in appropriate international organizations." The bill was introduced on 8 November 2007. The move was led by New Jersey Representative Scott Garrett.{{cite web|date=20 October 2007|title=US lawmakers introduce bill backing UN membership for Taiwan |via=Yahoo! News|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071020013105/http://au.news.yahoo.com/071110/19/14w5t.html|archive-date=20 October 2007}}

Unofficial diplomatic relations are nevertheless maintained on both sides by means of de facto embassies, which are technically "private organizations" staffed and funded by the respective State Departments. The ROC's de facto embassy network is the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) with offices in Washington, D.C., 12 other US cities and many other countries without official ties. The US' analogous organization is the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT). As of 2010, officials of the ROC had made quasi-official level US visits at a governmental and political level.{{cite web|title=American Institute in Taiwan|url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171649/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1417.html|archive-date=21 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015}}

The U.S. State Department in July 2019 approved the selling of 108 M1A2T Abrams tanks and 250 Stinger missiles to Taiwan. The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency said that the arms sale serves "US national, economic, and security interests by supporting" Taiwan's "continuing efforts to modernize its armed forces and to maintain a credible defensive capability."{{cite web|title=US approves major arms sale to Taiwan amid trade tensions with Beijing|date=8 July 2019 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/08/politics/us-arms-sale-taiwan/index.html|access-date=9 July 2019|publisher=CNN}}

In August 2019, the Trump administration officially announced arms sale to Taiwan, worth USD eight billion, which includes the latest Lockheed Martin-built 66 new F-16C/D fighter jets. China immediately criticized the deal, citing it as detrimental to its sovereignty and interests.{{cite web|title=It's Official! Trump Admin Sends Taiwan F-16 Deal To Congress, Here's What's in It|date=20 August 2019|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|access-date=20 August 2019|publisher=The Drive|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821024552/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/29490/its-official-trump-admin-sends-taiwan-f-16-deal-to-congress-heres-whats-in-it|url-status=dead}}

On 9 August 2020, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan. It marked the highest-level US official visit to Taiwan since 1979.{{cite web |last1= Blanchard |first1= Ben |title= U.S. health chief arrives in Taiwan on trip condemned by China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI |work=Reuters |date=9 August 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200813043619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/u-s-health-chief-arrives-in-taiwan-on-trip-condemned-by-china-idUSKCN2550DI | archive-date=13 August 2020}} As retaliation, the Chinese force jets flew over the mid-line of the Taiwan Strait, which is in the air defense identification zone.{{cite news |title=Pelosi Taiwan visit: Beijing vows consequences if US politician travels to island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-62310576 |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=BBC News |date=27 July 2022}}{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |last3=Qin |first3=Amy |title=U.S. Officials Grow More Concerned About Potential Action by China on Taiwan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/china-taiwan-biden-pelosi.html |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=25 July 2022 |quote=as it did in 2020 in response to a visit by Alex Azar, then the U.S. secretary of health and human services. Chinese fighter jets have crossed that line and flown into the island's air defense identification zone with increasing frequency since 2020}} The visit was also the highest profile visit since the introduction of Taiwan Travel Act.{{cite news |title=US health secretary starts historic Taiwan visit |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3096660/us-health-secretary-alex-azar-starts-taiwan-visit-and-says-he |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=South China Morning Post |date=9 August 2020 |language=en |quote=US Secretary of Health Alex Azar arrived in Taiwan on Sunday, making him the highest ranking American official to visit the island since 1979. The visit is also the most high-profile since the Taiwan Travel Act}}

In August 2022, the U.S. House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi visited the island, an act that was strongly condemned by China.{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/02/politics/nancy-pelosi-visit-taipei-taiwan-trip/index.html | title=US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi lands in Taiwan amid threats of Chinese retaliation | website=CNN International | date=2 August 2022 }}

China sent fighter jets and drones near Taiwan on 27 October 2024 in response to a new $2 billion U.S. arms package for Taiwan, escalating tensions in the Taiwan Strait.{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=China held 'combat' patrol after latest US arms sales to Taiwan, says Taipei |newspaper=Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-says-china-holds-combat-patrol-after-latest-us-arms-sales|access-date=27 October 2024}}{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024|title=Taiwan reports Chinese 'combat patrol' after Beijing slams US arms deal |newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-vows-countermeasures-after-2-bln-us-arms-sale-taiwan-2024-10-27/ |access-date=27 October 2024}}

{{Main|Sino-Pacific relations}}

The ROC maintains diplomatic relations with three countries in Oceania: the Marshall Islands, Palau, and Tuvalu. The PRC has relations with 13 others (including Australia, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu). The Pacific is an area of intense and continuous diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei, with several countries (Kiribati, Nauru, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu) having switched diplomatic support from one to the other at least once. Both the PRC and the ROC provide development aid to their respective allies. In exchange, ROC's allies support its membership bid in the United Nations. The ROC is one of Tuvalu's most important economic partners.

In September 2006, the first regional summit of Taiwan's Pacific Island allies took place, hosted by Palau in Koror City. The meeting brought together President Chen and delegates from the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands and Kiribati.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/06/26/2003366902 "Marshall Islands president set to visit"], Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 26 June 2007 It was to become a regular event, known as the Taiwan–Pacific Allies Summit.[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/supplement/2007/10/10/126113/Taiwan-Pacific-Allies.htm "Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit to highlight regional issues"], China Post, 10 October 2007[http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=23510&ctNode=1349 "What Really Counts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226025905/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=23510&ctNode=1349 |date=26 February 2012 }}, Taiwan Review (government website), 30 November 2006 A second regional meeting was hosted by the Marshall Islands in October, and President Chen attended.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/10/03/2003381476 "Chen not planning any transit stops on way to Marshalls"], Ko Shu-ling, Taipei Times, 3 October 2007 This resulted in the Majuro Declaration, in which Taiwan's six Pacific allies re-stated their recognition of the ROC's sovereignty, and promised to support the ROC's attempts to join the United Nations.[http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=45435 "Taiwan signs Majuro Declaration with South Pacific allies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021222/http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=45435 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Radio Taiwan International, 12 October 2007

In June 2007, the ROC donated an aid package of €700,000, distributed among eight Pacific regional organisations.[http://www.matangitonga.to/article/taiwaan_220607_1055.shtml "Taiwan injects over US$1m into regional development"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173812/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/taiwaan_220607_1055.shtml |date=27 September 2011 }}, Matangi Tonga, 27 June 2007

In January 2008, following the victory of the Kuomintang in the ROC's elections, Kuomintang MP Yang Li-huan stated that under the new government Taiwan's interest in the Pacific could decrease.{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37668 |title=Shift expected in Taiwan's Pacific policy |date=25 January 2008 |work=Radio New Zealand International |access-date=11 November 2011}} Three days later, however, it was confirmed that ROC Vice-president Annette Lu would lead a diplomatic visit to the Marshall Islands, Nauru and Solomon Islands.[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2008/01/28/140824/Vice-president.htm "Vice president to visit three allies in South Pacific: official"], China Post, 28 January 2008

In March 2008, President-elect Ma was reported as saying that his government would put an end to Taiwanese "cheque-book diplomacy" in the Pacific (or more specifically, similar to the condition of cestui que use diplomacy).[http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200803/s2199657.htm?tab=latest "Taiwan president-elect vows to end Pacific 'cheque-book diplomacy'"], ABC Radio Australia, 26 March 2008 In May of that same year, Ma called for what he referred to as a "cease-fire" in the competition between the ROC and the PRC for diplomatic allies. This followed a scandal due to allegations that Taiwan's Foreign Minister James Huang had attempted to buy Papua New Guinea's diplomatic allegiance.[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5htsHpviQR3eUftUSDnBaZlxVeYzg "Taiwan's next leader urges truce in cash diplomacy battle"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510082054/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5htsHpviQR3eUftUSDnBaZlxVeYzg |date=10 May 2008 }}, AFP, 6 May 2008[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/asia/taiwan.php "Taiwan foreign minister resigns over diplomatic blunder"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510121305/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/06/asia/taiwan.php |date=10 May 2008 }}, Jonathan Adams,International Herald Tribune, 6 May 2008 Papua New Guinea's foreign minister Sam Abal subsequently confirmed that his country had no intention of recognising the ROC.[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200805/s2238357.htm?tab=latest "PNG dismisses Taiwan's diplomatic moves"], ABC Radio Australia, 7 May 2008

In October, Taiwan cancelled a scheduled summit with its Pacific Island allies. Although the authorities cited "preparation problems", Radio Australia commented that "the decision appears to be an attempt by the new administration of President Ma Ying-jeou to keep the island's diplomatic activities low-profile and avoid offending China".[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200810/s2385771.htm?tab=latest "Taiwan cancels Pacific islands summit"], ABC Radio Australia, 8 October 2008 In June 2009, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that President Ma would "attend a [...] leadership summit between Taiwan and its South Pacific allies" in autumn. The summit, hosted by Solomon Islands, would be attended by the "heads of state of Taiwan's six allies in the region" and would focus on "countering the current economic contraction, climate change and how to strengthen the fisheries industry". Upon announcing the summit, the Ministry added that Ma had "developed a fondness for the Pacific region during his previous visit to Solomon Islands when he saw a handful of children at a market selling betel nuts and watermelons while wearing shirts donated by the people of Taiwan".[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/06/10/2003445794 "Ma plans to visit South Pacific allies"], Taipei Times, 10 June 2009

In July 2009, the ROC donated over €40,000 in a scholarship scheme benefiting students from Pacific countries, including those, such as Fiji or Papua New Guinea, that do not grant it diplomatic recognition. It donated €288,000 for regional development assistance programmes, to be used notably on access to water, sanitation and hygiene, renewable energy, solar photovoltaic assessments, fisheries management, education and youth training.[http://solomonstarnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10118&change=71&changeown=78&Itemid=26 "Taiwan gives to the region"], Solomon Star, 14 July 2009

Taiwan has asked to be recognised as an official dialogue partner of the Pacific Islands Forum. That status is currently awarded to the PRC.{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=41647 |title=Taiwan calls on Pacific Forum to allow it to be a proper Dialogue Partner |date=25 August 2008 |work=Radio New Zealand International |access-date=11 November 2011}}

{{Main|Australia–Taiwan relations}}

In February 2008, Australia reportedly "chastised Taiwan for its renewed push for independence" and "reiterated its support for a one-China policy".{{cite news |url=http://news.theage.com.au/national/china-australia-hold-strategic-meeting-20080205-1q43.html |title=China, Australia hold strategic meeting |author=O'Malley, Sandra |date=5 February 2008 |work=The Age |access-date=11 November 2011}} Australia-Taiwan relations are growing in non-political areas including an annual Bilateral Economic Consultation and both sides also established Joint Energy, Mineral, Trade and Investment Cooperation Consultation (JEMTIC) as well as an Agriculture Working Group meeting.{{cite web|url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/Pages/taiwan-brief.aspx|title=Taiwan brief|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130013833/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/Pages/taiwan-brief.aspx|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=dead}} Australia does not object Taiwan's participation in international organizations where consensus has been achieved,{{cite web |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/pages/taiwan-country-brief.aspx |title=Taiwan country brief – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |website=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062637/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/pages/taiwan-country-brief.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead}} and Australia-Taiwan relations are commercially and unofficially-driven, such as the Australia-Taiwan Business Council,{{cite web|url=http://www.atbc.asn.au/ |title=Australia-Taiwan Business Council |publisher=Atbc.asn.au |access-date=15 November 2013}} along with contacts in education, science, sports and arts.{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/ |title=Taiwan – Countries and regions – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109040012/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/taiwan_brief.html |title=Taiwan country brief – Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Dfat.gov.au |access-date=15 November 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=136350&CtNode=1590&mp=212&xp1= |title= Organisation of TECO – Organizations – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia 駐澳大利亞代表處|website=www.roc-taiwan.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032806/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=136350&CtNode=1590&mp=212&xp1= |archive-date=22 February 2015}}{{cite web |url=http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/taiwan |title=Home – Taiwan |publisher=Study in Australia |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109035015/http://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/taiwan |url-status=dead }}

Taiwan is unofficially represented in Australia by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canberra (which has branches in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) while Australia is similarly represented by the Australian Office in Taipei. Taiwan has an official, government co-sponsored branch office of Taiwan External Trade Development Council in Sydney.{{cite web |url=http://sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw/note.jsp?id=1338&lang=en_US |title=Taiwan Trade Centre Sydney – Our Services |publisher=Sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115055319/http://sydney.taiwantrade.com.tw/note.jsp?id=1338&lang=en_US |url-status=dead }} The Australian Consulate-General in Hong Kong is responsible for Visa and Citizenship matters for applicants in Taiwan.{{cite web|url=http://www.australia.org.tw/tpei/Visas_and_Migration.html |title=Visas and migration – Australian Office |publisher=Australia.org.tw |access-date=15 November 2013}} Perth has sister city relations with Taipei City and Brisbane has sister city relations with Kaohsiung City.{{cite web|url=http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/static_files/sistercity/sc_taiwan.html|title=Sister Cities : Taipei – Taiwan |access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329001211/http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/static_files/sistercity/sc_taiwan.html|archive-date=29 March 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/economic-development/international-relations-program/list-sister-cities/brisbanes-sister-city-kaohsiung|title=Brisbane's Sister City – Kaohsiung|date=12 March 2014 |access-date=21 February 2015}}

The ROC set up a trade mission in Fiji in 1971.{{cite news|first1=Matthew|last1=Strong|date=13 July 2019|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3744304|title=Taiwan forced to change name of office in Fiji due to Chinese bullying|work=Taiwan News|access-date=16 July 2019}} In 1975, PRC established diplomatic relation with Fiji. The trade center became the Trade Mission of the ROC to the Republic of Fiji in 1988. In 1996, ROC and Fiji signed a 'mutual recognition' communique and Fiji set up its representative office named Fiji Trade and Tourism Representative Office in 1997 in Taipei. The Fiji office closed on 10 May 2017.{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/05/18/2003670817|date=18 May 2017|title=Fiji office closure not due to pressure from China: ministry|newspaper=Taipei Times|access-date=18 May 2017}}

{{Main|Kiribati–Taiwan relations}}

File:蔡英文總統與吉里巴斯共和國總統馬茂談話.jpg and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan]]

Kiribati, under the government of President Taneti Mamau, initially recognised the ROC but switched to the PRC later on.

From 1980 to 2003, Kiribati recognised the PRC. Relations between China and Kiribati then became a contentious political issue within Kiribati. President Teburoro Tito was ousted in a parliamentary vote of no confidence in 2003, over his refusal to clarify the details of a land lease that had enabled Beijing to maintain a satellite-tracking station in the country since 1997, and over Chinese ambassador Ma Shuxue's acknowledged monetary donation to "a cooperative society linked to Tito".{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,KIR,45b632e02,473c549d23,0.html |title=Refworld – Freedom in the World 2004 – Kiribati |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |work=Refworld |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008133924/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CFREEHOU%2C%2CKIR%2C45b632e02%2C473c549d23%2C0.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 }} In the ensuing election, Anote Tong won the presidency after "stirring suspicions that the station was being used to spy on US installations in the Pacific".{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/09/1068329419844.html |title=Tiny Pacific islands play China using the Taiwan card |author=McDonald, Hamish |author-link=Hamish McDonald |date=10 November 2003 |work=The Age |access-date=11 November 2011}} Tong had previously pledged to "review" the lease.{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,FREEHOU,,KIR,45b632e02,473c549d23,0.html |title=Freedom in the World – Kiribati (2004) |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008133924/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CFREEHOU%2C%2CKIR%2C45b632e02%2C473c549d23%2C0.html |archive-date=8 October 2012}}

In November 2003, Tarawa established diplomatic relations with Taipei and Beijing severed its relations with the country. For the PRC, the presence of the satellite-tracking station had made relations with Kiribati relatively important; the station had, in particular, been used to track Yang Liwei's spaceflight.[https://web.archive.org/web/20081021200500/http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3391/features/3950/currency_of_persuasion,2.html "Currency of Persuasion"], New Zealand Listerner, May 2005 Therefore, for three weeks the PRC called upon I-Kiribati President Anote Tong to break off relations with Taiwan and re-affirm his support for the "One China" policy. Only after those three weeks did the PRC sever relations,[http://ee.china-embassy.org/eng/dtxw/t111970.htm "China ceases diplomatic relations with Kiribati"], PRC embassy in Estonia, 29 November 2003 thereby losing the right to maintain its satellite-tracking base. The ROC began providing economic aid to Kiribati, while Kiribati began supporting Taiwan in the United Nations.

In 2004, President Tong said he believed the PRC was trying to influence his country.[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/09/01/kiribati-plays-the-game "Kiribati Plays The Game: Taiwan vs. China Battle Continues"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007202131/http://www.pacificmagazine.net/issue/2004/09/01/kiribati-plays-the-game |date=7 October 2008 }}, Mac William Bishop, Pacific Magazine, 1 September 2004 The comment was mainly due to the PRC's refusal to remove all its personnel from its closed embassy. Tong stated that the Chinese personnel, who remained in Kiribati against his wishes, were handing out anti-government pamphlets; he told New Zealand journalist Michael Field: "I am sure if we did this in Beijing, we would be in jail in half a second".{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130806114437/http://www.michaelfield.org/kiribati.htm "Chinese refuse to leave Kiribati"]}}, Michael Field, 26 October 2005 Tong's brother and main political opponent, Harry Tong, responded by accusing Taiwan of excessive influence on Kiribati, notably of influencing the country's clergy.

In 2008, Taiwan settled Kiribati's unpaid bills to Air Pacific, enabling the airline to maintain its services from Tarawa to Kiritimati.[http://www.pacificmagazine.net/news/2008/09/28/taiwan-3m-keeps-air-pacific-charters-going-to-kiritimati-island "Taiwan $3M Keeps Air Pacific Charters Going To Kiritimati Island"]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Pacific Magazine, 28 September 2008

In November 2010, despite their lack of diplomatic relations, the PRC was one of fifteen countries to attend the Tarawa Climate Change Conference in Kiribati, and one of twelve to sign the resulting Ambo Declaration on climate change.[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2010/nov/16/kiribati-climate-change-conference-declaration "Kiribati climate change conference calls for urgent cash and action"], The Guardian, 16 November 2010 On 20 September 2019, Kiribati switched diplomatic relation from ROC to PRC.{{cite news|date=20 September 2019|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-20/kiribati-to-switch-diplomatic-ties-from-taiwan-to-china/11532192|title=Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan in diplomatic switch to China days after Solomon Islands pivot|work=ABC News|access-date=20 September 2019}}

File:10.30 總統抵達馬紹爾群島共和國，由海妮（Hilda C. Heine）總統陪同沿紅地毯前進，接受兩側馬國國家警察儀隊致敬 (24181095838).jpg with Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen in October 2017]]

The Marshall Islands recognise the ROC and maintain an embassy in Taipei. The magazine Islands Business reported that President Litokwa Tomeing, elected in January 2008, might turn instead to the PRC.[http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=11282/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl "New Marshall Islands president elected"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002315/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle/focusModuleID%3D130/focusContentID%3D11282/tableName%3DmediaRelease/overideSkinName%3DnewsArticle-full.tpl |date=7 February 2012 }}, Islands Business, 7 January 2008 However, in office Tomeing expressed continued support for ties with Taiwan and met with ROC Vice President Annette Lu when she visited the Marshall Islands on 29 January 2008.[http://www.rmigovernment.org/news_detail.jsp?docid=225 "President Litokwa Tomeing welcomes Vice President Annette Lu of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Marshall Islands"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016002821/http://www.rmigovernment.org/news_detail.jsp?docid=225 |date=16 October 2013 }}, Office of the President of the Marshall Islands, 30 January 2008 The current Marshallese ambassador to Taiwan is Anjanette Kattil.{{cite news |script-title=zh:接受馬紹爾駐臺大使呈遞到任國書 |trans-title=Acceptance of the credentials presented by the Marshallese Ambassador to Taiwan |url=https://www.president.gov.tw/NEWS/27852 |access-date=31 October 2024 |work=Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |date=30 August 2023 |language=zh-TW}}

Micronesia recognized the Republic of China until 1989, switching its foreign recognition to the People's Republic of China. In 2023, shortly before his term as president ended, David Panuelo wrote an open letter accusing Beijing of bribing Micronesian officials for recognition and to stay out of a potential conflict, as well as spying on the Micronesian government and personally surveilling him. He furthermore advocated for returning to relations with the Republic of China and held meetings with Taiwanese foreign minister Joseph Wu to determine if it was possible.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/10/outgoing-president-of-micronesia-accuses-china-of-bribery-threats-and-interference |title=Outgoing president of Micronesia accuses China of bribery, threats and interference |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |date=2023-03-09 |access-date=2023-03-10 |first1=Ben |last1=Doherty |first2=Kate |last2=Lyons}}

{{Main|Nauru–Taiwan relations}}

File:2016年5月20日總統就職 13.jpg and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan]]

Nauru recognized the Republic of China until 2024, before switching its recognition to the People's Republic of China.

In 1980, Nauru established official relations with the ROC. In 2002, however, the government of René Harris established relations with the PRC,[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/bmdyzs/gjlb/3407/default.htm PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs], 9 December 2003 and adopted the One China Policy.[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/bmdyzs/gjlb/3407/3408/t17068.htm "Joint Communiqué of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Nauru on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"], 22 July 2002 Consequently, Taiwan severed its relations with Nauru, and accused the PRC of having bought Nauru's allegiance with financial aid of over €90,000,000.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2143749.stm |title=Taiwan cuts diplomatic ties with Nauru |date=23 July 2002 |work=BBC News |access-date=11 November 2011}} A reporter for The Age agreed, stating that "Beijing recently bought off a threat by Nauru to revert to Taiwan only six months after opening ties with the mainland, offering a large loan to Nauru's near-destitute Government".

In 2003, Nauru closed its newly established embassy in Beijing. Two years later, ROC President Chen met Nauruan President Ludwig Scotty in the Marshall Islands. In May 2005, the ROC and Nauru re-established diplomatic relations,[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/archive/detail.asp?cat=1&id=62437 "ROC restores ties with Nauru after 3 years"], China Post, 15 May 2005 and opened embassies in each other's capitals. The PRC consequently severed its relations with Nauru.

The ROC is one of Nauru's two foremost economic aid partners (with Australia). In return, Nauru uses its seat in the United Nations to support the ROC's admittance proposal. Taiwan provides regular medical assistance to Nauru, sending specialised doctors to the country's only hospital.{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=57025 |title=Nauru urges use of Taiwan medical help |date=15 November 2010 |work=Radio New Zealand International |access-date=11 November 2011}}

In 2007, Scotty was re-elected, amidst claims that his electoral campaign had been funded by Taiwan.[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/s2040205.htm "Claims Nauru election won with Taiwan money"], ABC Radio Australia, 21 September 2007 Scotty's opponents claimed that the ROC wanted to ensure that a pro-Taiwan government remained in power. Scotty was replaced by Marcus Stephen in December 2007. Following Stephen's election, President Chen telephoned him to congratulate him, assure him of the ROC's continued assistance for Nauru, request Nauru's continued support in return, and invite him to visit Taiwan.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/12/29/2003394719 "Chen calls new heads of Nauru, Solomon Islands"], Taipei Times, 29 December 2007

Nauru remains the focus of diplomatic competition between Beijing and Taipei. In 2006, according to the New Statesman, President Scotty "was allegedly accosted by a horde of screaming Chinese officials who tried to drag him on to a plane to Beijing just as he was boarding one bound for Taipei".[http://www.newstatesman.com/200709200021 "Why Beijing cares about tiny Nauru"], Lindsey Hilsum, New Statesman, 20 September 2007

In 2008, Nauru co-submitted a proposal to the United Nations, requesting that the United Nations General Assembly consider enabling "Taiwan's participation in the activities of UN specialized agencies". The proposal was rejected.[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6502602.html "Taiwan's UN bid rejected"], People's Daily, 19 September 2008

In 2011 WikiLeaks revealed that Taiwan had been paying a "monthly stipend" to Nauruan government ministers in exchange for their continued support, as well as a smaller sum to other members of parliament, as "project funding that requires minimal accounting". Reporting on the story, the Brisbane Times wrote: "One MP reportedly used his Taiwanese stipend to buy daily breakfast for all schoolchildren in his district, while others were happy to just pocket the cash". A "former Australian diplomat with close knowledge of politics in Nauru" stated that Nauruan President Marcus Stephen, Foreign Minister Kieren Keke and former President Ludwig Scotty, among others, had all accepted "under the counter" funding from Taiwan. The leaks revealed that "Chinese [PRC] agents had also sought to influence Nauru's elections through cash payments to voters, with at least $40,000 distributed in one instance in 2007".[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/nauru-officials-friendly-payoffs-20110828-1jgnu.html "Nauru officials' 'friendly payoffs'"], Brisbane Times, 29 August 2011

WikiLeaks also revealed that Australia had, at one time, been "pushing" Nauru to break its relations with Taiwan and establish relations with the PRC instead. Then President Scotty had reportedly resisted on the grounds that it was "none of Australia's business".

In late 2011, Taiwan "doubled its health aid" to Nauru, notably providing a resident medical team on a five-year appointment.[http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=64695 "Nauru gets more health aid from Taiwan"], Radio New Zealand International, 28 November 2011

From 11 June 2013 to 27 August 2019, under the government of President Baron Waqa, Nauru maintained its recognition of the Republic of China.

In 2018, a diplomatic row between the PRC and Nauru occurred at the Pacific Islands Forum when Nauruans would only stamp entry visas on personal passports of Mainland diplomats rather than diplomatic ones.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/04/china-visa-spat-almost-derailed-pacific-leaders-summit-in-nauru |title=China visa spat almost derailed Pacific leaders summit in Nauru |date=4 September 2018 |work=The Guardian}}

On 15 January 2024, Nauru chose to recognise the People's Republic of China, severing diplomatic ties with Taiwan.{{Cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |last2=Hawkins |first2=Amy |date=2024-01-15 |title=Nauru to sever diplomatic ties with Taiwan in favour of China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/15/nauru-to-sever-diplomatic-ties-with-taiwan-in-favour-of-china |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

{{Main|New Zealand–Taiwan relations}}

While New Zealand does not have formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan, the two countries still maintain informal trade, economic, and cultural relations. Taiwan has two Economic and Cultural offices in Auckland and Wellington. New Zealand also has a Commerce and Industry Office in Taipei.{{cite book |last=Hoadley |first=Stephen |date=1998 |title=New Zealand Taiwan Relations |location=Auckland |publisher=New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland and the Auckland Institute of Studies |isbn=0473055457 |pages=18–25}}{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/taiwan/ |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205124859/https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/taiwan/|archive-date=5 February 2022|url-status=live}}

On 10 July 2013, New Zealand and ROC signed a bilateral Economic Cooperation Agreement.{{cite news |last1=Craymer |first1=Lucy |last2=Liu |first2=Fanny |title=Taiwan and New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Agreement |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578597022344060966 |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517030544/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578597022344060966 |archive-date=17 May 2022|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=The Republic of China (Taiwan) signs economic cooperation agreement with New Zealand |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=399370&ctNode=2237&mp=2 |publisher=Republic of China Government |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155936/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ct.asp?xItem=399370&ctNode=2237&mp=2 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |date=10 July 2013 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Palau–Taiwan relations}}

File:總統與帛琉共和國總統雷蒙傑索(Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr.) 合影 (27163348345).jpg and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan]]

Palau recognises the ROC, and is one of the few countries to maintain an embassy in Taipei. Diplomatic relations began in 1999, five years after Palaun independence.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/sep/08/palau-against-china-the-tiny-island-defying-the-worlds-biggest-country |title= 'Palau against China!': the tiny island defying the world's biggest country |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=The Guardian}} ROC maintains an embassy in Koror City.{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=9C13959F19F93B2F |script-title=zh:Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Republic of Palau 駐帛琉共和國大使館 [Republic of Palau 帛琉共和國] – Embassies & Missions Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) Mobile – 中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網英文網 |website=Mofa.gov.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018225140/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=9C13959F19F93B2F |url-status=dead |title= }} The ROC provides scholarships to Palauan students, as well as computers for Palauan schools. In 2008, Mario Katosang, Palau's Minister of Education, stated:

{{blockquote|We were given 100 Windows-based computers by Taiwan. The education sector uses predominantly Apple Macintosh computers, so I mentioned that we may also need software. Taiwan immediately delivered 100 brand new copies of Windows XP, and offered to train our computer technicians.[http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4892 "Wooing the Islands"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910104658/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4892 |date=10 September 2009 }}, Andre Vltchek, 15 January 2008}}

Travel from the Mainland to Palau is illegal.{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-26/china-tourist-ban-leaves-palau-tourism-in-peril/10160020 |last=Beldi |first=Laura |title=China's 'tourist ban' leaves Palau struggling to fill hotels and an airline in limbo |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}

Taiwan and Palau entered into a maritime cooperation agreement in March 2019. Taiwan agreed to fund the building of an eight-ton patrol boat in Palau. The agreement also allows Taiwanese patrol boats to resupply in Palau, personnel exchanges, and joint training. The first joint exercise occurred on 23 March when the Taiwanese coast guard frigate Hsun Hu No. 7 conducted a patrol mission with Palauan vessels.{{cite web |last1=Losinio |first1=Louella |title=Taiwanese president inks coastguard agreement with Palau |url=https://www.pncguam.com/taiwan-concludes-week-long-tour-in-palau-signs-coastguard-agreement/ |website=PNC Guam |date=April 2019 |publisher=Sorensen Media Group |access-date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731190648/https://www.pncguam.com/taiwan-concludes-week-long-tour-in-palau-signs-coastguard-agreement/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=China Airlines to add a flight to Palau: Tsai |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/03/24/2003712072 |website=Taipei Times |date=24 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2020}}

Papua recognises the PRC.

In 2005, Papua New Guinea, along with Fiji, supported Taiwan's wish to join the World Health Organization.

{{Main|Solomon Islands–Taiwan relations}}

File:蔡英文總統接見索羅門群島總理蘇嘉瓦瑞伉儷訪華團.jpg meets with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen in July 2016]]

File:11.03 索國警察儀隊向總統致敬 (24279934258).jpg's state visit to Solomon Islands in November 2017]]

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1983.[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/2743-pm-hails-ties-with-taiwan "PM hails ties with Taiwan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111831/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/2743-pm-hails-ties-with-taiwan |date=24 December 2013 }}, Solomon Star, 10 February 2010 A ROC consulate general in Honiara was upgraded to an embassy two years later.[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/14214-we-got-your-back-dpm-assures-taiwan "We got your back; DPM assures Taiwan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105837/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/14214-we-got-your-back-dpm-assures-taiwan |date=24 December 2013 }}, Solomon Star, 9 April 2012 Since 2011, the Solomons' ambassador to the ROC has been Laurie Chan, a Solomon Islands national of Chinese ethnic background, and a former Solomon Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs who supported his country's continued relations with Taiwan.[http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/12679-chan-slams-wikileaks-report-vows-to-seek-legal-action "Chan slams Wikileaks report, vows to seek legal action"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094216/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/12679-chan-slams-wikileaks-report-vows-to-seek-legal-action |date=24 December 2013 }}, Solomon Star, 28 October 2011

After pro-Taiwan Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was ousted in a vote of no confidence in December 2007, and replaced by Derek Sikua, ROC President Chen telephoned Prime Minister Sikua, offering his congratulations and Taiwan's continued aid, and requested the Sikua government's continued diplomatic support. Chen also invited Sikua to visit Taiwan, which he did in March 2008. Sikua was welcomed with military honours by Chen, who stated: "Taiwan is the Solomon Islands' most loyal ally. [...] Taiwan will never forsake the people or government of the Solomon Islands."[http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=53546 "Solomon Islands Prime Minister visits Taiwan"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021241/http://english.rti.org.tw/Content/GetSingleNews.aspx?ContentID=53546 |date=17 July 2011 }}, Radio Taiwan International, 3 March 2008 Solomon Islands has continued to recognise the ROC under Sikua's leadership.

In June 2019, secret negotiations with Australia were reported that involved the Solomon Islands reassessing if they wanted to switch recognition to the PRC with an internal deadline of mid-September to make a change or leave the status quo.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/05/solomon-islands-decision-ties-with-taiwan-or-china |title=Solomon Islands to Decide Soon on Whether to Cut Ties with Taiwan |last=Lyons |first=Kate |work=The Guardian |date=5 June 2019 |access-date=5 June 2019}} In early September, they announced their intention to change recognition to the PRC.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/solomon-islands-poised-to-switch-allegiance-from-taiwan-to-china |title=Solomon Islands Poised to Switch Allegiance from Taiwan to China |work=The Guardian |date=6 September 2019 |access-date=6 September 2019}} On 16 September, it officially broke its ties with Taiwan, switching its recognition to the PRC.{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3027420/taiwan-tries-stop-solomon-islands-diplomatic-switch-beijing|title=Taiwan too late to stop Solomon Islands' diplomatic switch to Beijing|date=16 September 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=16 September 2019}}

In June 2020 the Premier of Malaita Province, a critic of the switch in recognition, accepted rice from Taiwan as state aid. This was criticised by the national government, who called on him to respect the country's foreign policy.{{cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/418746/solomons-province-chastised-for-pro-taiwan-stance |title=Solomons province chastised for pro-Taiwan stance |work=Radio NZ |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020}}

File:11.01 總統會晤吐瓦魯總督 (38093830851).jpg in November 2017]]

Tuvalu recognises the ROC; Taiwan maintains the only foreign resident embassy in Tuvalu, in Funafuti.

Tuvalu supports the ROC's bid to join the United Nations, and Taiwan has provided Tuvalu with mobile medical missions.{{cite news |url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=37244 |title=Taiwan thanks Tuvalu for its backing |date=27 December 2007 |work=Radio New Zealand International |access-date=11 November 2011}}

In 2006, Taiwan reacted to reports that the PRC was attempting to draw Tuvalu away from the ROC. Taiwan consequently strengthened its weakening diplomatic relations with Tuvalu.[http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=5582 "Taiwan: Seeking to Prevent Tuvalu from recognising China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023430/http://www.unpo.org/article.php?id=5582 |date=4 September 2015 }}, UNPO, 9 October 2006

In 2019{{snd}}shortly after Kiribati and the Solomon Islands ended their relations with the Republic of China{{snd}}Tuvalu reiterated their support for the ROC.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-50501747 |title=Tuvalu: Pacific Nation Turns Down Chinese Islands and Backs Taiwan |publisher=BBC |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=22 November 2019}}

Vanuatu recognises the PRC. In November 2004, Prime Minister Serge Vohor briefly established diplomatic relations with Taiwan, before he was ousted for that reason in a vote of no confidence.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120210143743/http://vanuatudaily.com/news/currentweek.php?misc=search&subaction=showfull&id=1142202701&archive=&cnshow=news&ucat=1&start_from=& "Chinese influence corrupting government: opposition leader"]}}, Vanuatu Daily, 12 March 2006{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4101169.stm|title=Vanuatu scraps deal with Taiwan|date=16 December 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=11 November 2011}}

{{Main|Paraguay–Taiwan relations}}

File:2016年5月20日總統就職 09.jpg and President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan]]

Paraguay recognizes Taiwan.{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tom|last2=Urdinez|first2=Francisco|year=2020|title=Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China|journal=Foreign Policy Analysis|volume=17|language=en|doi=10.1093/fpa/oraa002|doi-access=free}} Paraguayan leader General Alfredo Stroessner was a partner of Generalissimo Chiang. Many Paraguayan officers trained in Fu Hsing Kang College in the ROC.{{cite book|author=Thomas A. Marks|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=04QiOlNKQGEC}}|title=Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang|access-date=22 December 2016}}

Stroessner's 1989 ousting and his successor Andrés Rodríguez's reinventing himself as a democratically elected president, were immediately followed by invitations from Beijing to switch diplomatic recognition.Marks, p. 301 However, the Taiwanese ambassador, Wang Sheng, and his diplomats were able to convince the Paraguayans that continuing the relationship with the ROC, and thus keeping the ROC's development assistance and access to the ROC's markets, would be more advantageous for Paraguay.{{Cite book |last=Marks |first=Thomas A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34410395|publisher=Frank Cass |title=Counterrevolution in China : Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang |date=1996 |isbn=0714647004 |location=London |page=301 |oclc=34410395}} Recognition of Taiwan was a matter of debate in the 2023 Paraguayan general election, with bilateral relations maintained after the results.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/01/paraguays-taiwan-ties-safe-as-ruling-party-retains-presidency |language=en-GB |date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2023-05-01 |title=Paraguay's Taiwan ties safe as ruling party retains presidency |work=The Guardian}}

{{Main|Taiwan–Venezuela relations}}

In 2007, the Venezuelan government refused to renew visas for five members of the ROC commercial representation in Caracas.International Herald Tribune[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/18/asia/AS-GEN-Taiwan-Venezuela.phpReport: Taiwanese diplomats may have to leave Venezuela]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (18 July 2007). Retrieved 19 December 2007

Relations with Venezuela have worsened because of the increasing partnership between the socialist government of Hugo Chávez and the People's Republic of China, which has led to a more overt rejection of the Taiwan's legitimacy by Venezuela. During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, Taiwan has been supportive of Juan Guaidó and the opposition-led National Assembly.

File:The Diplomatic Quarter (使館特區) of Taiwan (中華民國), as seen from Lane 101, Tianmu West road (天母西路101巷) on 31 October 2017, around 1PM (Picture 1).jpg

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• {{Flag|Holy See}} (Vatican City)

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File:Taipei World Trade Center International Trade Building 20110709.jpg

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• {{Flag|Somaliland}} (de facto state)
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• 25px European Union Taiwan Office – European Economic and Trade Office

• Guatemala – July 2005
• Paraguay – February 2018
• Eswatini – June 2018

File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Deaf.svg flag]]

File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg in the official Olympic Games]]

File:Chinese Taipei Paralympic Flag.svg flag]]

File:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Universiade.svg flag]]

Under pressure from the PRC, the ROC has been excluded from, or downgraded in, many international organizations. In other cases, ROC may retain full participation, due to the usage of names such as "Chinese Taipei" or "Taiwan".

Notes:{{cite web |url = https://subsite.mofa.gov.tw/igo/News7igo.aspx?n=106241E966C563C0&sms=9C13959F19F93B2F|title = 出席國際會議情形}}

• Membership in 39 intergovernmental international organizations or their affiliated institutions.
• Participation in 25 intergovernmental international organizations or their affiliated institutions as observers.

• Participated in 37 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Chinese Taipei".
• Participated in 8 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Republic of China".
• Participated in 6 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Taiwan".
• Participated in 6 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Taiwan (ROC)".
• Participated in 5 intergovernmental international organizations with the name "Chinese Taipei".

Below is a list of such international organizations with the name by which Taiwan is known in each:

• Academic Council of the United Nations System (ACUNS) (participates as "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York"){{cite web |url = http://acuns.org/taipei-economic-and-cultural-office-in-new-york/ |title=ACUNS – Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York|work=ACUNS|access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170125/http://acuns.org/taipei-economic-and-cultural-office-in-new-york/ |archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• Association of Asia Pacific Airlines (AAPA) (included as Member Airlines){{cite web|url=http://www.aapairlines.org/MemberAirlines.aspx?ddlid=79&catid=4|title=Welcome to Association of Asia Pacific Airlines – Member Airlines|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182046/http://www.aapairlines.org/MemberAirlines.aspx?ddlid=79&catid=4|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=dead}}
• Afro-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) (participates as "Republic of China (Taiwan)"){{cite web|url=http://aardo.org/aardohomepage/English/organizational-structure.html#members|title=Organizational Structures|website=African-Asian Rural Development Organization|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030656/http://www.aardo.org/aardohomepage/English/organizational-structure.html#members|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=dead}}
• Agency for International Trade Information and Cooperation (AITIC) (participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu")
• Amnesty International (AI) (participates as "Taiwan",{{cite web |url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/contact/637 |title=Amnesty International in Taiwan |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501215534/http://www.amnesty.org/en/contact/637 |archive-date=1 May 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/united-nations |title=United Nations |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130501220346/http://www.amnesty.org/en/united-nations |archive-date=1 May 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/discrimination |title=Discrimination |publisher=Amnesty International |date=10 November 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529154711/http://www.amnesty.org/en/discrimination |url-status=dead }} ROC's Legislative Yuan debated and ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 31 March 2009.{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2009/04/taiwan-ratifica-normas-basicas-ddhh-20090409/ |title=Taiwan signs up for human rights |publisher=Amnesty International |date=9 April 2009 |access-date=15 November 2013}})
• Asia Council (covered as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=https://asianleadershipcentre.org/asia-council/countries/|title=Countries – Asia Council|website=asianleadershipcentre.org}}
• Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB){{cite web|url=http://www.afob.org/afob/afob01.html|title=Asian Federation of Biotechnology|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=30 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530001825/http://www.afob.org/afob/afob01.html|url-status=dead}} (participates as Biochemical Engineering Society of Taiwan (BEST)){{cite web|url=http://www.afob.org/members/member01.html|title=Asian Federation of Biotechnology|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016042513/http://www.afob.org/members/member01.html|url-status=dead}}
• Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP){{cite web|url=http://www.aippnet.org/|title=AIPP – Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact|access-date=21 February 2015}} (NGO in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, participates as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.aippnet.org/index.php/about-us/members|title=Members|author=AIPP|work=AIPP: Asia Indigineous Peoples Pact |access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Asia News Network (ANN) (participates as The China Post){{cite web|url=http://www.asianewsnet.net/members.html|title=Members ANN|access-date=14 September 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150404213053/http://www.asianewsnet.net/members.html|archive-date=4 April 2015}}
• Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI){{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/209600/apaari01report.pdf |title=A Report on Asia – Pacific Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) |website=Fao.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140557/http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/209600/apaari01report.pdf |url-status=dead }} (participates by Council of Agriculture){{cite web|url=http://www.apaari.org/about/members/|title=Members : APAARI – Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.apgml.org/members-and-observers/members/details.aspx?m=28699d47-c110-43cf-883a-e359c2081828|title=Asia / Pacific Group on Money Laundering|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT) (participates as the economy of Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.apricot.net/countries.html#eastasia|title=Countries in APRICOT's Region|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215165347/http://apricot.net/countries.html#eastasia|archive-date=15 February 2015}}
• Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation (AOSEF) (participates as "Taiwan Stock Exchange Corp."){{cite web |url=http://www.aosef.org/profile/ |title=Member Directory & Profile | Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation |publisher=AOSEF |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006053446/http://www.aosef.org/profile/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.aosef.org/activities/material/20120329_GA_PressRelease.pdf |title=Media Release : Sydney Hosts 30th AOSEF General Assembly |publisher=Aosef.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222820/http://www.aosef.org/activities/material/20120329_GA_PressRelease.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA) (participates by Taiwan Association for Human Rights){{cite web|url=http://www.forum-asia.org/?page_id=4001|title=Members|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170214/http://www.forum-asia.org/?page_id=4001|url-status=dead}}
• Asian Network of Major Cities 21 (ANMC21) (participates as Taipei City){{cite web|url=http://www.anmc21.org/english/member/taipei/index.html |title=Asian Network of Major Cities 21 |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127060951/http://www.anmc21.org/english/member/taipei/index.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 }}
• Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils{{cite web|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100058498|title=Association of Asian Social Science Research Councils (AASSREC) – UNESCO NGO – db|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102114919/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100058498|archive-date=2 November 2014}} (AASSREC)(participates as associate member of Academia Sinica – Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.aassrec.org/members|title=Members of AASSREC|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (presents the Turing Award, participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://campus.acm.org/public/chapters/geo_listing/index.cfm?country=Taiwan®ion=sig&type=prof&countries|title=Professional Chapters|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://campus.acm.org/public/chapters/geo_listing/index.cfm?country=Taiwan®ion=worldwide&type=prof&countries|title=Professional Chapters|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Association for Financial Professionals (AFP){{cite web|url=http://www.afponline.org/ |title=Treasury Management, Cash Management and Corporate Finance: Association for Financial Professionals (AFP) |publisher=Afponline.org |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=25 April 2013}} (provide country-specific information as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.afponline.org/pub/country/profiles.html?terms=taiwan |title=Country Profiles – Association for Financial Professionals |publisher=Afponline.org |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• Association of Future Markets{{cite web|url=http://www.afmorg.net/ |title=Association of Future Markets – AFM |publisher=Afmorg.net |date=3 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}} (AFM) (participates as "Taiwan Futures Exchange" (TAIFEX)){{cite web |url=http://www.afmorg.net/members/directory/TAIFEX |title=Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) – AFM |publisher=Afmorg.net |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313155824/http://www.afmorg.net/members/directory/TAIFEX |url-status=dead }}
• Association Montessori Internationale{{cite web|url=https://montessori-ami.org/|title=Association Montessori Internationale|access-date=16 April 2018}} (AMI) (officially participates as "Taiwan/China", according to UN's definition of the territory of Taiwan and Taiwan, province of China, which is separated from China){{cite web|url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100025748|title=International Montessori Association – UNESCO NGO – db|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171145/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100025748|archive-date=21 February 2015}}
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (referred to as "Taiwan (ROC)"){{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/archive/stat/Table6.2.pdf |title=Table 6.2 : Foreign direct investments in ASEAN by source country/region |publisher=Asean.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225752/http://www.asean.org/archive/stat/Table6.2.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013}}
• Asian Productivity Organization{{cite web|url=http://www.apo-tokyo.org/ |title=APO Asian Productivity Organization |publisher=Apo-tokyo.org |access-date=25 April 2013}} (APO) (participates as Republic of China){{cite web|url=http://www.apo-tokyo.org/about/member.html |title=Member Economies | APO Asian Productivity Organization |publisher=Apo-tokyo.org |date=11 May 1961 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703024031/http://www.apo-tokyo.org/about/member.html |archive-date=3 July 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.apo-tokyo.org/about/npo_china.html |title=[REPUBLIC OF CHINA] Workshop Meeting of Heads of NPOs | APO Asian Productivity Organization |publisher=Apo-tokyo.org |date=11 May 1961 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924071759/http://www.apo-tokyo.org/about/npo_china.html |archive-date=24 September 2013}}{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd/dsd_pdfs/ECOSOC_IGOs.pdf |title=List of non-member states, intergovernmental organizations and other entities having received invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the general assembly (parts I, II, III and IV) and the economic and social council (part V) |website=www.un.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922014130/http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd/dsd_pdfs/ECOSOC_IGOs.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2013}}{{cite web|author=LFW |url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/leg/agreements/apo.htm |title=Agreement – Office of the Legal Adviser |publisher=Ilo.org |date=8 February 2002 |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (on the basis of the Memorandum of Understanding of 1991{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200108/02/eng20010802_76360.html |title=Taiwan Plays Little Tricks in APEC History |work=People's Daily |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xitem=77837&CtNode=428 |title=Taiwan's roles in APEC's changing regional dynamics |publisher=Taiwantoday.tw |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231957/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xitem=77837&CtNode=428 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead }} and partaking APEC Business Travel Card scheme) (participates as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.apec.org/about-us/about-apec/member-economies.aspx |title=Member Economies – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation |publisher=Apec.org |access-date=15 November 2013 }}
• Asian Development Bank (ADB) (participates as "Taipei,China"){{cite web |url = http://www.adb.org/publications/taipei-china-fact-sheet?ref=about/members |title=Asian Development Bank and Taipei,China: Fact Sheet | Asian Development Bank |publisher=Adb.org |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{NoteTag|Joined as the {{Flag|Republic of China}} representing not only Taiwan Area, but also nominally Mainland China until 1986. However, its share of Bank capital was based on the size of Taiwan's capital, unlike the World Bank and IMF where the government in Taiwan had had a share. The representation was succeeded by the {{Flag|People's Republic of China}} in 1986. However, the ROC was allowed to retain its membership, but under the name of "Taipei,China" (space deliberately omitted after the comma){{cite web|url=http://www.amcham.com.tw/content/view/2834/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510051845/http://www.amcham.com.tw/content/view/2834/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2010|title=American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei – Book Review: Complexities of the U.S.-Taiwan Relationship|date=10 May 2010}} – a name it protests. Uniquely, this allows both sides of the Taiwan Straits to be represented at the institution.}}
• Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) (located in the Kasumigaseki Building, participates as Taipei, China){{cite web|url=http://www.adbi.org/book/2005/12/01/1568.think.tanks.directory/taipeichina/|title=Taipei, China|date=23 January 2015|publisher=Asian Development Bank Institute|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=11 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511175345/http://www.adbi.org/book/2005/12/01/1568.think.tanks.directory/taipeichina/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kasumigaseki36.com/floor/area.html|script-title=ja:霞が関ビルディング{{!}}フロアガイド |website=kasumigaseki36.com |language=ja |access-date=14 September 2015}}
• Association for Information Systems (AIS) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://aisnet.org/?AISChapters|title=Get Involved – Association for Information Systems (AIS)|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Association of Asian Election Authorities{{cite web|url=http://www.aaea-sec.org/index.do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810000904/http://www.aaea-sec.org/index.do |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2013 |title=AAEA |publisher=Aaea-sec.org |access-date=15 November 2013 }} (AAEA) (participates as Republic of China (Taiwan)){{cite web|url=http://www.aaea-sec.org/home/main.do?mainMenu=member&subMenu=member_list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809025300/http://www.aaea-sec.org/home/main.do?mainMenu=member&subMenu=member_list |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2013 |title=Aaea > Aaea Member > Member Countries |publisher=Aaea-sec.org |access-date=15 November 2013 }}
• Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) (participates as the economy of Taiwan by Taiwan Network Information Center){{cite web|url=http://www.apnic.net/about-APNIC/organization/apnics-region|title=APNIC serves the Asia Pacific region|work=APNIC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206080403/http://www.apnic.net/about-APNIC/organization/apnics-region|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.apnic.net/about-APNIC/organization/apnics-region/national-internet-registries|title=National Internet Registries|work=APNIC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221192116/http://www.apnic.net/about-APNIC/organization/apnics-region/national-internet-registries|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• Asian-Pacific Parliamentarians' Union (APPU){{cite web|url=http://www.appu-cs.org/article.php?story=20070525164257493|title=About APPU|access-date=21 February 2015}} (held the 16th and 40th plenary meeting, participates as Republic of China){{cite web|url=http://www.appu-cs.org/|title=APPU : Asian-Pacific Parliamentarians' Union – Welcome |access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ly.gov.tw/01_lyinfo/0101_lynews/lynewsView.action?id=16973&atcid=16973 |script-title=zh:立法院全球資訊網-院內資訊-新聞訊息-王院長主持亞洲太平洋國會議員聯合會第40屆年會閉幕典禮並頒贈「國會外交榮譽獎章」|publisher=Legislative Yuan |language=zh-Hant |access-date=21 February 2015|date=23 July 2013 }}
• Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (referred to as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.bis.org/publ/work431.pdf |title=Transmitting global liquidity to East Asia: policy rates, bond yields, currencies and dollar cred |access-date=22 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229174240/http://www.bis.org/publ/work431.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2014}}
• Belmont Forum{{cite web|url=https://www.belmontforum.org/|title=Belmont Forum|website=Belmont Forum}} (Belmont Forum is a member of the Science and Technology Alliance for Global Sustainability,{{cite web |url=http://www.belmontforum.org/partner-organizations |title=Belmont forum–partner organizations |access-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202180031/http://www.belmontforum.org/partner-organizations |archive-date=2 February 2017}} engaged by Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://igfagcr.org/belmont-forum-members|title=Belmont Forum Members – Belmont Forum|website=igfagcr.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420114345/http://igfagcr.org/belmont-forum-members|archive-date=20 April 2017}})
• Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.bgci.org/garden_search.php?action=Find&ftrCountry=TW&ftrKeyword=&x=69&y=13|title=Welcome to Garden Search!|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) (participates as "Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation"{{cite web|url=http://www.crossstrait.org/version3/index.html |title=Toward the Creation of a 'Cross-Strait Common Market' |publisher=Crossstrait.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901031240/http://crossstrait.org/version3/index.html |archive-date=1 September 2013}}){{cite web |url=http://english.boaoforum.org/hyhymden/3160.jhtml |title=boaoforum |publisher=boaoforum |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=20 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820210032/http://english.boaoforum.org/hyhymden/3160.jhtml |url-status=dead }}
• Banco Centralamericano de Integración Economico (BCIE or CABEI) (participates as Republic of China)
• British Council (administers international distance education exams and professional exams and on behalf of other international exam boards in Taiwan){{cite web|url=https://www.britishcouncil.org.tw/en/exam/professional-academic|title=Professional and academic exams | British Council|website=britishcouncil.org.tw|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927050709/https://www.britishcouncil.org.tw/en/exam/professional-academic|url-status=dead}}
• Caribbean Community (CARICOM) (with Member States of Belize, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines recognising Republic of China)
• Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development (CEERD){{cite web|url=http://www.ceerd.net/|title=Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development|access-date=14 September 2015}} (in contact with as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.ceerd.net/dsp_page.cfm?view%3Dpage%26select%3D108 |title=Centre for Energy Environment Resources Development / International Cooperation |access-date=29 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205057/http://www.ceerd.net/dsp_page.cfm?view=page&select=108 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Conservation International (CI) (listed in the annual Ocean Health Index){{cite web|url=http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/region-scores/scores/taiwan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111021401/http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/region-scores/scores/taiwan|archive-date=11 November 2016 |title=Taiwan : Global Settings |website=Oceanhealthindex.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• Consumers International (CI) (participates as "Consumers Foundation Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.consumersinternational.org/our-members/member-directory/Consumers%20Foundation%20Chinese%20Taipei|title=Consumers International – Our members – Member directory|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) (participates as "participant with individual capacity"{{cite web |url=http://www.aec.gov.tw/webpage/policy/cooperation/files/cooperation_02_b-9.pdf |script-title=zh:Council for Security Cooperation in The Asia Pacific, 簡稱 CSCAP |website=Aec.gov.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062605/http://www.aec.gov.tw/webpage/policy/cooperation/files/cooperation_02_b-9.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://cscaptaiwan.weebly.com/|script-title=zh:亞太安全合作理事會中華民國委員會(CSCAP Taiwan)|access-date=21 February 2015}} in this "Track Two of Asia-Pacific Diplomacy"{{cite web|url=http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/others/CSCAP%20book.pdf |title=Assessing Track 2 – Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific Region |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301010100/http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/others/CSCAP%20book.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2013}}){{cite web |url=http://iiro.nccu.edu.tw/attachments/journal/add/4/189-215.pdf |title=CL.tpf |website=Iiro.nccu.edu.tw |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221000/http://iiro.nccu.edu.tw/attachments/journal/add/4/189-215.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CRSO2013.pdf |title=CSCAP : Regional Security Outlook |website=Cscap.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) (participates as Taiwan, China){{cite web|url=http://www.ctbuh.org/AboutCTBUH/OrganizationPeople/PeopleAZ/CTBUHProfile/tabid/6314/language/en-US/Default.aspx#cathy-yang|title=CTBUH Profile|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211657/http://www.ctbuh.org/AboutCTBUH/OrganizationPeople/PeopleAZ/CTBUHProfile/tabid/6314/language/en-US/Default.aspx#cathy-yang|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/country/taiwan-china |title=Taiwan, China – the Skyscraper Center |access-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215145536/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/country/taiwan-china |archive-date=15 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipei-101/117|title=TAIPEI 101 – The Skyscraper Center|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• Citizen Cyberscience Centre (CCC){{cite web|url=http://www.citizencyberscience.net/|title=CCC|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043810/http://www.citizencyberscience.net/|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}} (founded by United Nations Institute for Training and Research, participates by Academia Sinica)
• Cumulus{{cite web|url=http://www.cumulusassociation.org/cumulus/about/aims-and-tasks |title=Aims and tasks |author=Administrator |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181522/http://www.cumulusassociation.org/cumulus/about/aims-and-tasks |archive-date=21 February 2015}} (recognised by UNESCO since 2011, participates as Taiwan(China)){{cite web|url=http://www.cumulusassociation.org/members/full-members |title=Full Members – Cumulus, International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525190935/http://www.cumulusassociation.org/members/full-members |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}
• Education International (EI) (participates as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.ei-ie.org/en/searches/display?id=Taiwan|title=Education International – Search A Member|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184406/http://www.ei-ie.org/en/searches/display?id=Taiwan|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ei-ie.org/en/websections/content_detail/3254|title=Education International – Global Unions|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184430/http://www.ei-ie.org/en/websections/content_detail/3254|url-status=dead}}
• Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web |url=http://www.egmontgroup.org/ |title=The Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units |publisher=Egmontgroup.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603083439/http://www.egmontgroup.org/ |archive-date=3 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) (has a long-standing cooperation with the EBRD as "Taipei China"){{cite web|url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/about/workwith/donors/countries/taipeichina.shtml |title=Taipei China [EBRD – About us] |publisher=Ebrd.com |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• European Patent Office (EPO) (included in the Asian Patent Information as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/searching/asian/chinese-taipei.html|title=EPO – Chinese Taipei (TW)|author=European Patent Office|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915161725/http://www.epo.org/searching/asian/chinese-taipei.html|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=dead}}
• European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (has scientific contacts as China (Taipei)){{cite web|url=http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/taipei.html |title=China (Taipei) |access-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210212433/http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/taipei.html |archive-date=10 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/|title=CERN-Non Member States|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326021015/http://international-relations.web.cern.ch/International-Relations/nms/|url-status=dead}}
• Food and Fertilizer Technology Center{{cite web |url=http://www.fftc.agnet.org/index.php |title=Food and Fertilizer Technology Center |publisher=Fftc.agnet.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519074715/http://www.fftc.agnet.org/index.php |url-status=dead }} (FFTC) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web |url=http://www.fftc.agnet.org/view.php?id=20110705103744_104108 |title=Taiwan |publisher=Fftc.agnet.org |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401035954/http://www.fftc.agnet.org/view.php?id=20110705103744_104108 |archive-date=1 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}
• Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) (participates as Taiwan Legal Information Institute){{cite web |url=http://140.123.5.6/~taiwanlii/en/index.php/component/content/frontpage |title=Taiwan LII – Taiwan Legal Information Institute |publisher=140.123.5.6 |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062032/http://140.123.5.6/~taiwanlii/en/index.php/component/content/frontpage |archive-date=27 December 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fatlm.org/members/current/ |title=Free Access to Law Movement (FALM) |website=Fatlm.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• European Pharmacopoeia (participates as an observer by Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Republic of China)){{cite web|url=http://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-membership-observership-608.html|title=Membership and Observership for the European Pharmacopoeia – EDQM|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181749/http://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-membership-observership-608.html|url-status=dead}}
• European Research Council (ERC) (a member of National Contact Points of ERC funding opportunities, participates as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://erc.europa.eu/national-contact-points|title=National Contact Points (NCPs)|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• European Southern Observatory (ESO) (participates the Atacama Large Millimeter Array/submillimeter Array (ALMA) project by Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan, and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) (now (Ministry of Science and Technology (Republic of China)))){{cite web|url=https://science.nrao.edu/about/partners|title=Partners|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://alma.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/intro_alma_taiwan.php|title=Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA – Taiwan|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041143/http://alma.asiaa.sinica.edu.tw/intro_alma_taiwan.php|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://almascience.eso.org/about-alma/alma-organization|title=Organization|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) (participates as Fairtrade Taipei City){{cite web|url=http://www.fairtrade.net/single-view+M53d8bd027b2.html |title=Fairtrade International / News / Latest News / Single View |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906072712/http://www.fairtrade.net/single-view%2BM53d8bd027b2.html |archive-date=6 September 2015}}
• Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) (in partnership with United Nations Postal Administration and Universal Postal Union, participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.f-i-p.ch/|title=F.I.P. – Fédération Internationale de Philatélie|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (due to PRC's political pressure, participates in various subsidiary organizations as "China – Taipei", including Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Asia and Pacific Seed Association){{cite web |url=http://www.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=13339 |script-title=zh:我國參與之重要國際農漁業組織及活動(農委會) |publisher=Coa.gov.tw |date=28 November 2007 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121222193709/http://www.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=13339 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}
• FIABCI{{cite web|url=http://www.fiabci.org |title=FIABCI : International Real Estate Federation Homepage |website=Fiabci.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}/ (participates as "Chinese Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.fiabci.org/search_chapters_map_more.aspx?cha_number%3D45 |title=Welcome to FIABCI – the International Real Estate Federation |access-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207192624/http://www.fiabci.org/search_chapters_map_more.aspx?cha_number=45 |archive-date=7 February 2015}}
• FreedomInfo.org{{cite web|url=http://www.freedominfo.org/ |title=Freedominfo Global Network |website=Freedominfo.org |access-date=22 December 2016}} (links the efforts of freedom of information advocates globally, included as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.freedominfo.org/regions/east-asia/taiwan/ |title=FreedomInfo | Taiwan |publisher=Freedom Info |date=25 April 2013 |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• Freemasonry (participates as Grand Lodge of China){{cite web|url=http://www.grandlodge-china.org|title=Freemason TW|website=grandlodge-china.org}}
• Institute of International Education (IIE) (participates through the Fulbright program of Council for International Exchange of Scholars{{cite web|url=http://www.iie.org/Programs/Fulbright-US-Scholar-Program|title=Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program|access-date=21 February 2015}} as Taiwan (Republic of China)){{cite web|url=http://catalog.cies.org/searchResults.aspx?wa=&dc=TW&di=#Overview|archive-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140913051745/http://catalog.cies.org/searchResults.aspx?wa=&dc=TW&di=%23Overview|url-status=dead|title=Search Results – Fulbright Scholar Catalog of Awards|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Basketball Federation (FIBA) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/nfProf.asp?nationalFederationNumber=370|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008044903/https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/nfProf.asp?nationalFederationNumber=370|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2023|title=Profile |access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=tpe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320195826/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=tpe/|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2011|title=Chinese Taipei|publisher=FIFA|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Human Rights Watch (HRW) (involved as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/asia/taiwan |title=Taiwan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• IFEX (spotlighted as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://ifex.org/taiwan/|title=Taiwan |work=IFEX|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.aiph.org/site/index_en.cfm?act=teksten.tonen&parent=4681&varpag=3952#Regio6.Chi |title=AIPH – Members |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184415/http://www.aiph.org/site/index_en.cfm?act=teksten.tonen&parent=4681&varpag=3952 |archive-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Association of Public Transport (UITP) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.uitp.org/all-members?title=&field_member_category_tid=All&field_location_term_tid=173|title=Our members|work=UITP – Advancing Public Transport|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181056/http://www.uitp.org/all-members?title=&field_member_category_tid=All&field_location_term_tid=173|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacific.uitp.org/content/members-committee|title=Members of Committee|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183707/http://www.asiapacific.uitp.org/content/members-committee|url-status=dead}}
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (signed a trilateral agreement{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/taiwan_3.pdf?_=1381971852 |title=Data |website=nti.org}} with the United States and the IAEA in 1971 stating that ROC continue to abide by the terms of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. While not a member of the IAEA, Taiwan does continue to subscribe to the IAEA's safeguards under two agreements, INFCIRC/133 and INFCIRC/158.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/CountryDetails.aspx?current=TW |title=PRIS – Country Details |publisher=Iaea.org |access-date=25 April 2013}})
• International Association of Judges{{cite web|url=http://www.iaj-uim.org/history/|title=History|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iaj-uim.org/universal-charter-of-the-judges/|title=Universal Charter of the Judge|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140104163503/http://www.iaj-uim.org/universal-charter-of-the-judges/|url-status=dead}} (IAJ) (as a professional and non-political international organization, that the association has consultative status with the United Nations (namely the International Labour Office and the U.N. Economic and Social Council) and with the Council of Europe, participates as "Republic of China (Taiwan)"){{cite web|url=http://www.iaj-uim.org/member-associations/|title=Member Associations|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Air Transport Association (IATA)(included as Taiwan/Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Benefits-of-Aviation-Taiwan-2011.pdf |title=Economic Benefits from Air Transport in Taiwan |access-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605195329/http://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Benefits-of-Aviation-Taiwan-2011.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iata.org/about/members/pages/airline-list.aspx?All=true|title=IATA – Current Airline Members|author=IATA|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• International Bar Association (IBA) (participates section-ally as "Taiwan"){{cite web |url=http://www.anti-moneylaundering.org/asiapacific/Taiwan.aspx |title=IBA Anti-Money Laundering Forum – Taiwan |publisher=Anti-moneylaundering.org |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231135/http://www.anti-moneylaundering.org/asiapacific/Taiwan.aspx |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=25752F05-97BA-4823-A751-A80DB8A7E683 |title=Taiwan Squeeze-out Guide : IBA Corporate and M&A Law Committee 2010 |publisher=Ibanet.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231738/http://www.ibanet.org/Document/Default.aspx?DocumentUid=25752F05-97BA-4823-A751-A80DB8A7E683 |url-status=dead }}
• International Baccalaureate (IB){{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100014533 |title=International Baccalaureate (IB) | UNESCO NGO – db |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033130/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100014533 |archive-date=3 December 2013}} (There are 4 IB World Schools in Taiwan offering one or more of the three IB programmes;{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/country/TW/ |title=Country information |publisher=Ibo.org |access-date=25 April 2013}} however, there currently there are no universities in Taiwan recognising IB.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/recognition/resourcesanddocumentlibrary/moreresources/documents/UniversityRecognitionMapGlobal2012.pdf |title=Global University Recognition 2012 |publisher=Ibo.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205102914/http://www.ibo.org/recognition/resourcesanddocumentlibrary/moreresources/documents/UniversityRecognitionMapGlobal2012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2013}})
• International Business Innovation Association (IBIA) (participates by Institute for Information Industry){{cite web|url=https://www.inbia.org/global/global-ambassador-network/ambassador-list |title=Global Ambassador List – INBIA |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817013127/https://www.inbia.org/global/global-ambassador-network/ambassador-list |archive-date=17 August 2016}}
• International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) (included as Taiwan CBL){{cite web|url=http://www.icbl.org/index.php//Library/News/Universal/Taiwan-declaration |title=ICBL News – International Campaign to Ban Landmines |publisher=Icbl.org |date=17 September 2007 |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC){{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/worldwide-membership/benefits/ |title=Benefits of membership | ICC – International Chamber of Commerce |publisher=Iccwbo.org |access-date=25 April 2013}} (ICC participates in the activities of UNCTAD,{{cite web|url=http://archive.unctad.org/en/docs/tdngolistd12_en.pdf |title=unctad.org | Home |publisher=Archive.unctad.org |access-date=25 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} including International Court of Arbitration,{{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/About-ICC/Organization/Dispute-Resolution-Services/ICC-International-Court-of-Arbitration/Functions-of-the-ICC-International-Court-of-Arbitration/|title=Functions of the ICC International Court of Arbitration|access-date=21 February 2015}} participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/worldwide-membership/national-committees/chinese-taipei-business-council-of-icc/ |title=Chinese Taipei Business Council of ICC details | ICC – International Chamber of Commerce |publisher=Iccwbo.org |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/About-ICC/Organization/Dispute-Resolution-Services/ICC-International-Court-of-Arbitration/List-of-Current-Court-Members/|title=List of Current Court Members|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) (affiliates by the Taipei Bar Association{{cite web|url=http://www.tba.org.tw/ |script-title=zh:台北律師公會Taipei Bar Association |publisher=Tba.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013}}){{cite web|url=http://icj.org/international-commission-of-jurists-assesses-initiatives-to-incorporate-the-bill-of-rights-in-taiwan/ |title=International Commission of Jurists assesses initiatives to incorporate the Bill of Rights in Taiwan |publisher=ICJ |date=1 September 2003 |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tba.org.tw/english/ch5.asp |script-title=zh:台北律師公會|publisher=Tba.org.tw|access-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529190338/http://www.tba.org.tw/english/ch5.asp|archive-date=29 May 2013|title= }}
• International Competition Network (ICN) (participates as Taiwan Fair Trade Commission){{cite web|url=http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/members/member-directory.aspx|title=Member Directory|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181859/http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/members/member-directory.aspx|url-status=dead}}
• International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.iccaworld.com/abouticca/chapters.cfm|title=ICCA Chapters – ICCA|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=16 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216184042/http://www.iccaworld.com/abouticca/chapters.cfm|url-status=dead}}
• International Council of Museums (ICM) (participates as Taiwan in the Board of ICM){{cite web|url=http://network.icom.museum/icr/about-icr/board/|title=Board|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060140/http://network.icom.museum/icr/about-icr/board/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://icom.museum/news/news/article/icr-conference-2014/|title=11th Museums Week in Brazil|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183305/http://icom.museum/news/news/article/icr-conference-2014/|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• International Cospas-Sarsat Programme (Cospas-Sarsat) (participates as International Telecommunication Development Company (Chinese Taipei) (ITDC)){{cite web|url=http://www.cospas-sarsat.int/en/about-us/participants|title=Participants – International COSPAS-SARSAT|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW){{cite web|url=http://www.icsw.org/|title=..:: International Council on Social Welfare ::..|access-date=21 February 2015}} (participates as "Taiwan" in the ICSW North East Asia Region){{cite web|url=http://www.icsw.org.tw/eng/nea/|title=The Council of Social Welfare, Taiwan. – ICSW North East Asia Region|author=Roca Chang|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181153/http://www.icsw.org.tw/eng/nea/|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• International Council of Women (ICW) (participates as Taiwan, Republic of China){{cite web|url=http://www.icw-cif.com/members/affiliated-members |title=international council of women, Affiliated Members |access-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816083756/http://icw-cif.com/members/affiliated-members |archive-date=16 August 2015 }}
• International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) (originally associated from the UNESCO,{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.nl/brief_history.html |title=IEA: Brief history |publisher=Iea.nl |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430215742/http://www.iea.nl/brief_history.html |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}{{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100015882 |title=International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) | UNESCO NGO – db |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111404/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100015882 |archive-date=24 December 2013}} participates as "Chinese Taipei".){{cite web |url=http://www.iea.nl/chinese_taipei.html |title=IEA: Chinese Taipei |publisher=Iea.nl |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624080436/http://www.iea.nl/chinese_taipei.html |archive-date=24 June 2013}}
• International Council for Information Technology in Government Administration (ICA){{cite web|url=http://www.ica-it.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=86 |title=ICA's Relation to other Major Organisations |author=Administrator |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184809/http://www.ica-it.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=86 |archive-date=21 February 2015}} (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.ica-it.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64:ica-national-representatives&catid=42&Itemid=96|title=ICA National Representatives 2012 – 2013|author=Administrator|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Council for Science (ICSU) (participates as China: Taipei, Academy of Sciences located in Taipei){{cite web |url=http://www.icsu.org/publicdb/frmDisplayMember?docid=14099b0f2e01e0be159766e235e303b0 |title=Detailed information – ICSU |publisher=Icsu.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412093135/http://www.icsu.org/publicdb/frmDisplayMember?docid=14099b0f2e01e0be159766e235e303b0 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}
• International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda) (with international alliances of ISO, UNESCO's Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, UNIDO and WIPO,{{cite web|url=http://www.icograda.org/about/about/articles147.htm |title=ICOGRADA | International Affiliations |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501203359/http://www.icograda.org/about/about/articles147.htm |archive-date=1 May 2014}} participates as Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)){{cite web|url=http://www.icograda.org/members/members.htm |title=ICOGRADA | Icograda Members |access-date=16 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701204348/http://www.icograda.org/members/members.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014}}
• International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) (participates as Taiwan (Chinese Taipei)){{cite web|url=http://www.icsid.org/members/listing.htm|title=Icsid Members Listing|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052110/http://www.icsid.org/members/listing.htm|archive-date=6 February 2015}}
• International Democrat Union (IDU) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|title=Member Parties|url=http://idu.org/member-parties/|website=International Democrat Union|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716031006/http://idu.org/member-parties/|archive-date=16 July 2015}}
• International Energy Agency (IEA) (included as a non-member country as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web |url=http://www.iea.org/countries/non-membercountries/chinesetaipei/ |title=Chinese Taipei |publisher=IEA |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905135732/http://www.iea.org/countries/non-membercountries/chinesetaipei/ |archive-date=5 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}
• International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organization{{cite web|url=http://www.ifrro.org/content/intergovernmental-cooperation|title=Intergovernmental Cooperation|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220143152/http://ifrro.org/content/intergovernmental-cooperation|url-status=dead}} (IFRRO) (participates as Chinese Oral & Literary Copyright Collective Management Association){{cite web|url=http://www.ifrro.org/members/chinese-oral-literary-copyright-collective-management-association |title=Chinese Oral & Literary Copyright Collective Management Association | IFRRO |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105644/http://www.ifrro.org/members/chinese-oral-literary-copyright-collective-management-association |archive-date=31 May 2014}}
• International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) (participates as "Taiwan, China"){{cite web|url=http://www.iias-iisa.org/members/asia-pacific/member-china/|title=Member: China|work=IIAS-IISA – International Institute of Administrative Sciences – Institut international des Sciences administratives|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221202055/http://www.iias-iisa.org/members/asia-pacific/member-china/|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) (listed in the voter turnout data as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.idea.int/vt/countryview.cfm?CountryCode=TW|title=Voter turnout data for Taiwan|access-date=14 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052037/http://www.idea.int/vt/countryview.cfm?CountryCode=TW|archive-date=24 September 2015}}
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA) (referred to as "Taiwan" as IREA is co-hosted in the Steering Committee in the REN21){{cite web

|url=http://www.map.ren21.net/GSR/GSR2012.pdf

|title=Renewables 2012 Global Ststus Report

|publisher=Map.ren21.net

|access-date=15 November 2013

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215616/http://www.map.ren21.net/GSR/GSR2012.pdf

|archive-date=15 December 2012

}}

• International Press Institute(IPI)(participates as Taiwan (ROC)){{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/about-us/national-commitees.html |title=International Press Institute: National Committees |publisher=International Press Institute |access-date=14 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906051926/http://www.freemedia.at/about-us/national-commitees.html |archive-date=6 September 2015}}
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE){{cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/membership-catalog/index.html?N=0|title=Memberships and Subscriptions Catalog |publisher=IEEE |date=1 December 2001 |access-date=25 April 2013}} (participates as "IEEE Taipei Section"{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org.tw/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223055332/http://www.ieee.org.tw/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2012 |title=IEEE Taipei Section |publisher=Ieee.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013}} and "IEEE Tainan Section"{{cite web |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r10/tainan/ |title=IEEE Tainan Section |publisher=IEEE |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229041513/http://ewh.ieee.org/r10/tainan/ |url-status=live }})
• Institute of International Finance (IIF) (participates as Mega International Commercial Bank, "Taiwan, China"){{cite web|url=http://www.iif.com/membership/members/memberlist4/ |title=The Institute of International Finance, Inc. | Member list by country (T-Z) |publisher=Iif.com |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) (participates as "Taiwan Provincial Farmers Association"){{cite web|url=http://www.ifap.org/members/en/ |title=Ifap |publisher=Ifap.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021511/http://www.ifap.org/members/en/ |archive-date=3 December 2013}}
• International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.fidh.org/-Taiwan- |title=Human Rights – Taiwan |publisher=FIDH |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419185434/http://fidh.org/-Taiwan- |archive-date=19 April 2013}}
• International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.ifj.org/members/asia-pacific/#c610|title=Asia & Pacific: IFJ|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Labour Organization (ILO) (referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China"){{cite web |author=Maurizio Gnot |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/lfsurvey/lfsurvey.list?p_lang=en&p_country=TW |title=Taiwan, Province of China – Labour Force Surveys |publisher=Ilo.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313155802/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/lfsurvey/lfsurvey.list?p_lang=en&p_country=TW |url-status=dead }}
• International Life Saving Federation (ILSF) (referred to as "Taiwan, China")
• International Maritime Organization (IMO) (referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China")
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China"{{cite web|url=http://datahelp.imf.org/knowledgebase/articles/528083-where-do-i-find-trade-data-for-taiwan-province-of|title=Where do I find trade data for Taiwan, Province of China, in the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) database? – IMF DATA Help|website=datahelp.imf.org}}{{cite web |url=http://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85 |title=Data|website=data.imf.org}} and enhances ROC's sovereignty by indirectly channeling IMF through the Special Exchange Rate Agreement signed with the WTO[http://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/sem/2002/cdmfl/eng/siegel.pdf "Siegel"]. IMF.org. 2002.){{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/co.htm |title=World Economic Outlook Database for April 2012 – Country information |publisher=Imf.org |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2001/ch19.pdf |title=19 : Toward Universal Membership |publisher=Imf.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education{{cite web|url=http://www.inqaahe.org/ |title=International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education |publisher=Inqaahe |date=11 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}} (INQAAHE){{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100006158 |title=International Network of Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE) | UNESCO NGO – db |publisher=Ngo-db.unesco.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113415/http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100006158 |archive-date=24 December 2013}} (participates as observer as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.inqaahe.org/main/about-inqaahe/board/board-members-126 |title=Board members |publisher=Inqaahe |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622121250/http://www.inqaahe.org/main/about-inqaahe/board/board-members-126 |archive-date=22 June 2013}}
• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")[http://www.incb.org/documents/PRECURSORS/TECHNICAL_REPORTS/2011/PARTITION/ENGLISH/PR2011E_ExtentOfLicitTradeAndLatestTrendsInTraffickingPrecursors.pdf incb.org] Extent of Licit Trade And Latest Trends in Trafficking Precursors
• International Olympic Committee (IOC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" and bid for 2019 Asian Games by the Taipei City Government{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/11/07/2003547074 |title=Taipei withdrew Asian Games bid in March: councilor |newspaper=Taipei Times |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}){{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/chinese-taipei |title=Chinese Taipei | National Olympic Committee |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) remains unofficial relations with the ICRC and referred as the "Taiwan Red Cross Organization" under the category of Public Sources.{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/annual-report/icrc-annual-report-2011.pdf |title=Annual Report 2011 : ICRC |publisher=Icrc.org |access-date=15 November 2013|page=476}}
• International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations (IFABC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.ifabc.org/members/full-member-list-alphabetically |title=Full Member List Alphabetically |publisher=IFABC |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA) (Endorsed Education Provided by Maestro Project Management Consultants Co., Ltd){{cite web|url=http://www.iiba.org/Learning-Development/Endorsed-Education-Provider-Training/EEP-Listing-M-O.aspx |title=EEP Listing (M-O) – IIBA | International Institute of Business Analysis |website=IIBA.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• International Law Association (ILA) (participates as "Chinese (Taiwan) branch"){{cite web|url=http://www.ila-hq.org/en/branches/index.cfm/bid/10|title=Chinese (Taiwan) branch – ILA|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183134/http://www.ila-hq.org/en/branches/index.cfm/bid/10|archive-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Police Association (IPA) (Invited to join as Foreign Associate Members (FAMs)){{cite web|url=http://ipa-iac.org/newsDetails.php?newsId=418|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112024/http://ipa-iac.org/newsDetails.php?newsId=418|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2017|title=International Police Association – Home Page|website=ipa-iac.org}}
• International Police Executive Symposium{{cite web|url=http://ipes.info/|title=International Police Executive Symposium|access-date=21 February 2015}} (IPES) (IPES is in special consultative status by the United Nations,{{cite web|url=http://ipes.info/organization/un-consultative-status/|title=UN Consultative Status|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181226/http://ipes.info/organization/un-consultative-status/|url-status=dead}} contains World Police Encyclopedia,{{cite web|url=http://ipes.info/publications/world-police-encyclopedia/|title=World Police Encyclopedia|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195334/http://ipes.info/publications/world-police-encyclopedia/|url-status=dead}} assigned as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://ipes.info/associate-editors-contacts-and-countries-assigned/|title=Associate Editors Contacts and Countries Assigned|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195339/http://ipes.info/associate-editors-contacts-and-countries-assigned/|url-status=dead}}
• InterAcademy Panel (IAP) (participates as Academia Sinica, Taipei, China){{cite web|url=http://www.interacademies.net/Academies/ByRegion/SouthEastAsiaPacific/11850.aspx|title=IAP – Academia Sinica|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221192205/http://www.interacademies.net/Academies/ByRegion/SouthEastAsiaPacific/11850.aspx|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• International Social Security Association (ISSA) (participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.issa.int/country-details?countryId=TW®ionId=ASI&filtered=false|title=country-details – ISSA|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016042514/https://www.issa.int/country-details?countryId=TW®ionId=ASI&filtered=false|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (included in the National Numbering Plan as "Taiwan, China"){{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/oth/T02020000EB/en |title=Taiwan, China |publisher=Itu.int |date=26 January 2007 |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• International Trade Centre (ITC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.intracen.org/country/chinese-taipei/|title=Taipei, Chinese|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) (participates as Taiwan){{cite web|url=http://www.ituc-csi.org/taiwan?lang=en|title=Taiwan|date=5 July 2010 |access-date=21 February 2015}}
• International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) (participates as Taiwan){{cite web |url=http://www.itfglobal.org/women/Womens-Committee.cfm |title=Women's Committee 2011 |work=International Transport Workers' Federation |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313161334/http://www.itfglobal.org/women/Womens-Committee.cfm |archive-date=13 March 2012 }}
• International Union of Railways (UIC) (participates as "Taiwan (China)"){{cite web |url=http://www.uic.org/apps/?sort=country_name&sorttype=asc&page=12 |title=List of UIC members |publisher=Uic.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013182442/https://uic.org/apps/?sort=country_name&sorttype=asc&page=12 |url-status=dead }}
• International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) (participates as "China -Taipei")http://www.iufro.org/download/file/8501/64/iufro-members-12-03_pdf/ {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
• Internet Society(ISoc)(participates as ISOC Taiwan Chapter){{cite web|url=http://www.internetsociety.org/history-timeline/isoc-taiwan-chapter-chartered|title=ISOC Taiwan Chapter Chartered|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325214713/http://www.internetsociety.org/history-timeline/isoc-taiwan-chapter-chartered|archive-date=25 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.internetsociety.org/past-and-future-internet-development-taiwan-wiki-approach|title=The Past and Future of Internet Development in Taiwan-A WiKi Approach|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102125846/http://www.internetsociety.org/past-and-future-internet-development-taiwan-wiki-approach|archive-date=2 November 2014}}
• International Organization of Securities Commissions(IOSCO)(works intensively with the G20 and the Financial Stability Board (FSB) on the global regulatory reform agenda,{{cite web|url=https://www.iosco.org/about/?subsection=about_iosco|title=OICV-IOSCO - Iosco.org|access-date=14 September 2015}} participates as Affiliate Members of IOSCO as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=https://www.iosco.org/about/?subsection=membership&orgID=307|title=OICV-IOSCO – Iosco.org|access-date=14 September 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.iosco.org/about/?subsection=membership&orgID=148|title=OICV-IOSCO – Iosco.org|access-date=14 September 2015}}
• International Union of Pure and Applied Physics(IUPAP)(participates as China: The Physical Society located in Taipei){{cite web|url=http://iupap.org/members-liaisons/|title=Members & Liaisons|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006094820/http://iupap.org/members-liaisons/|url-status=dead}}
• League of Historical Cities{{cite web|url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/somu/kokusai/lhcs/ |title=The League of Historical Cities |publisher=City.kyoto.jp |access-date=25 April 2013}} (participates as Tainan, "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.city.kyoto.jp/somu/kokusai/lhcs/member_cities/asia/#Nara |title=Member Cities of Asia – The League of Historical Cities |publisher=City.kyoto.jp |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• London Metal Exchange (LME) (the largest metal stock exchange in the world, approved Kaohsiung, Taiwan as a good delivery point for primary aluminium, aluminium alloy, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc and as the LME's ninth location in Asia on 17 June 2013.){{cite web |url=http://www.lme.com/news-and-events/press-releases/press-releases/2013/06/lme-lists-taiwanese-port-as-new-delivery-location/ |title=London Metal Exchange: LME lists Taiwanese port as new delivery location |publisher=Lme.com |date=17 June 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109035207/http://www.lme.com/news-and-events/press-releases/press-releases/2013/06/lme-lists-taiwanese-port-as-new-delivery-location/ |url-status=dead }}
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (participates as National Space Organization){{cite web|url=http://astronauts.nasa.gov/content/InternationalSpaceAgencies.htm|title=Astronaut Selection|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926092741/http://astronauts.nasa.gov/content/InternationalSpaceAgencies.htm|url-status=dead}}
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (referred to as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_21960.htm?selectedLocale=en |title=NATO – Opinion: Questions and answers at the press conference by NATO Secretary General, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and US President George W. Bush following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government|publisher=Nato.int |date=22 February 2005 |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_22521.htm?selectedLocale=en |title=NATO – Opinion: Statement by H.E. Mr Taro Aso, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan at the meeting with the North Atlantic Council |publisher=Nato.int |date=4 May 2006 |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_58107.htm?selectedLocale=en |title=NATO – Opinion: Speech by Prof. Dr. Rob de Wijk on NATO's new Strategic Concept, MCCS Lisbon |publisher=Nato.int |date=19 September 2009 |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" as a fishing entity){{cite news|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-community/2015/08/26/444241/Taiwan-officially.htm |title=Taiwan officially joins int'l fishery commission |newspaper=The China Post|access-date=22 December 2016}}
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (participates as "Chinese Taipei" as an observer){{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/newinfobycountry/0,3760,en_2649_201185_1_70852_1_1_1,00.html |title= OECD Home: Information by Country:Chinese Taipei|website=www.oecd.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701081523/http://www.oecd.org/newinfobycountry/0%2C3760%2Cen_2649_201185_1_70852_1_1_1%2C00.html |archive-date=1 July 2012}}
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (listed by economic cooperation as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/ASB2010_2011.pdf |title=Annual Statistical Bulletin : 2010/2011 Edition |publisher=Opec.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) (conducts regular dialogue as Taiwan/ROC Forum countries dialogue and issues diplomatic Joint Statement at each dialogue conference){{cite web |url=http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2011/joint-statement-19th-taiwan-republic-of-china-forum-countries-dialogue.html?printerfriendly=true |title=Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat : Joint statement 19th Taiwan/Republic of China-Forum Countries Dialogue – Printer Friendly Version |publisher=Forumsec.org |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530223214/http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/newsroom/press-statements/2011/joint-statement-19th-taiwan-republic-of-china-forum-countries-dialogue.html?printerfriendly=true |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}
• Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) (participates as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web |url=http://www.pecc.org/about-us/member-committees |title=The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council – Member Committees |publisher=PECC |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516175037/http://www.pecc.org/about-us/member-committees#ChineseTaipei |archive-date=16 May 2010}}
• Property Rights Alliance (PRA) (indexed as Taiwan){{cite web |url=http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country?c=TAIWAN |title=IPRI 2016 |website=Internationalpropertyrightsindex.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227062219/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country?c=TAIWAN |archive-date=27 December 2016}}
• Public Services International (PSI) (participates as Taiwan){{Cite web|url=http://www.world-psi.org/sites/default/files/attachment/page/ap_affiliates_directory_18.pdf|title=PSI Affiliates Directory – Asia & Pacific}}{{cite web|url=http://www.world-psi.org/en/issue/Trade|title=No Trade in Public Services|date=31 July 2013|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMOs) (participates as a fishing entity on the basis of United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement){{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_fish_stocks.htm |title=Overview – Convention & Related Agreements |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Organizations/Organizations/Organizations/?opno=f532b3dc-a60c-4104-a232-a35249f1426e |script-title=zh:參與國際組織 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=Mofa.gov.tw |date=10 December 1982 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524214120/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Organizations/Organizations/Organizations/?opno=f532b3dc-a60c-4104-a232-a35249f1426e |archive-date=24 May 2013 |title= }}
• Reporters Without Borders (RWB) (included as "Taiwan"{{cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/taiwan.html |title=Taiwan – Reporters Without Borders |publisher=Reports Without Borders |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031213606/http://en.rsf.org/taiwan.html |archive-date=31 October 2013}} and first Asian Bureau opened in 2017 by RWB in Taipei City{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/reporters-without-borders-rsf-opens-its-first-asia-bureau-taipei|title=Reporters Without Borders (RSF) opens its first Asia bureau in Taipei – Reporters without borders|date=6 April 2017|publisher=Reports Without Borders}})
• Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (SICA) (participates as Republic of China as the Extra-regional Observer){{cite web|url=http://www.sica.int/miembros/ch/datos.aspx?IdEnt=401 |title=Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana SICA |publisher=Sica.int |access-date=25 April 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sica.int/miembros/miembros_en.aspx |title=SICA : Member States |website=Sica.int |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (to replace the UN Millennium Development Goals once they expire at the end of 2015, included as Taiwan in the World Happiness Report of United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network){{cite web|url=http://81c27a5d9c3263e8ebcc-2da201d1ba4d5004cb235610c26ba057.r67.cf5.rackcdn.com/WHR15.pdf |title=World Happiness Report 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430230251/http://81c27a5d9c3263e8ebcc-2da201d1ba4d5004cb235610c26ba057.r67.cf5.rackcdn.com/WHR15.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2015}}
• SEACEN{{cite web|url=http://www.seacen.org/ |title=The SEACEN Centre |publisher=Seacen.org |date=24 November 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013}} (participates as Central Bank, "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.seacen.org/content.php?page=Membership&id=12&lang=1|title=The SEACEN Centre|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• Seoul Accord (participates as IEET(Chinese Taipei)){{cite web|url=http://www.seoulaccord.com/accord/contents.jsp?menu_l=85&menu_m=96|title=Seoul Accord|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• South East Asia Regional Computer Confederation (SEARCC) (SEARCC is an affiliate member of the International Federation for Information Processing,{{cite web|url=http://www.searcc.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980706213726/http://www.searcc.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 July 1998 |title=SEARCC |publisher=SEARCC |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}} participates as Taiwan-Computer Society of Republic of China){{cite web|url=http://www.searcc.org/membership/current-member-economies/|title=SEARCC|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212192523/http://www.searcc.org/membership/current-member-economies/|archive-date=12 December 2013}}
• Study Group on Asian Tax Administration and Research (SGATAR){{cite web|url=https://www.sgatar2014.org/#sgatar-members |title=Sgatar 2014 |access-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113247/https://www.sgatar2014.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2015}} (participates as Chinese Taipei)
• Summit for Democracy (participates as Taiwan){{Cite web|title=Participant List – The Summit for Democracy|url=https://www.state.gov/participant-list-the-summit-for-democracy/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}
• Transparency International (TI) (to lend impetus on the formation of United Nations Convention against Corruption and OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, participates as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/whoweare/contact/org/nc_taiwan/2/ |title=Transparency International – Contact us |publisher=Transparency.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507012741/http://www.transparency.org/whoweare/contact/org/nc_taiwan/2/ |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}
• United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) (participates as "China"){{cite web|url=http://academicimpact.org/engpage.php|title=Academic Impact|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812075954/http://academicimpact.org/engpage.php|archive-date=12 August 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://academicimpact.org/currentmemberlist.pdf |title=UNAI Members List March 2014|website=Academicimpact.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061847/http://academicimpact.org/currentmemberlist.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (referred to as "Taiwan"){{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/A_Recovery_for_All_FINAL_Web.pdf |title=A Recovery for All |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510173950/http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/A_Recovery_for_All_FINAL_Web.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Legislative_Reform_on_Selected_Issues_of_Anti-Gender_Discrimination_and_Anti-Domestic_Violence_-_the_Impact_on_Children.pdf |title=Dr. Rangita de Silva de Alwis : November 2009 : Legislative Reform on Selected Issues of Anti-Gender Discrimination and Anit-Domestic Violence |publisher=Unicef.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905141237/http://www.unicef.org/policyanalysis/files/Legislative_Reform_on_Selected_Issues_of_Anti-Gender_Discrimination_and_Anti-Domestic_Violence_-_the_Impact_on_Children.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/index_ecommunication.html |title=Social and Economic Policy |publisher=UNICEF |date=9 April 2007 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513094046/http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/index_ecommunication.html |url-status=dead }}
• United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) (to be considered separately from PRC, but has not attained neither CISG{{cite web|url=http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods.html |title=International Sale of Goods (CISG) and Related Transactions |publisher=Uncitral.org |access-date=25 April 2013}} status nor Model Law status{{cite web|url=http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/TAC/RCAP/Launch/Session_2_YANG.pdf |title=UNCITRAL Asia-Pacific centre |publisher=Uncitral.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223834/http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/TAC/RCAP/Launch/Session_2_YANG.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013}}
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web |url=http://unctad.org/Sections/dite_dir/docs/wir11_fs_tw_en.pdf |title=World Investment Report 2011 |publisher=Unctad.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232954/http://unctad.org/Sections/dite_dir/docs/wir11_fs_tw_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA) (assorted as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web|url=http://unctad.org/en/docs/wesp2012_en.pdf |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects : 2012 |publisher=Unctad.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (over-sighted as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/yearend2011/YE01-1.pdf |title=Emerging headwinds for Asia and the Pacific |publisher=Unescap.org |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406025042/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/yearend2011/YE01-1.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2013 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/yearend2011/YE01-3.pdf |title=Figure 11. Consumer price inflation of selected developing economies in the ESCAP regio, 2010–2012 |publisher=Unescap.org\access-date=2013-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406025155/http://www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/yearend2011/YE01-3.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2013 }}
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–HABITAT) (included as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=67 |title=. Taiwan Province of China |publisher=Un-Habitat. |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094509/http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=67 |archive-date=17 January 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=2 |title=. Countries |publisher=Un-Habitat. |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510045948/http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=2 |archive-date=10 May 2013}}
• United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China")[http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Research_and_statistics/Branch_publications/Research_and_Policy/Files/Working_Papers/2009/WP%2024%20Structural%20Change%20in%20the%20World%20Economy%20-%20Main%20Features%20and%20Trends.pdf Structural Change in the World Economy: Main Features and Trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116204253/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Research_and_statistics/Branch_publications/Research_and_Policy/Files/Working_Papers/2009/WP%2024%20Structural%20Change%20in%20the%20World%20Economy%20-%20Main%20Features%20and%20Trends.pdf |date=16 January 2014 }} unido.org
• United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) (researched and referred as "Taiwan"){{cite web |url=http://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/universal-compliance-report-eng-0-70.pdf |title=UnivComp_rpt_6x9_M.indd |website=Unidir.org |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192814/http://www.unidir.org/files/medias/pdfs/universal-compliance-report-eng-0-70.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/north-east-asian-security-en-339.pdf |title=Q:\VIGNARD\Archive\2005\20052~1 |website=Unidir.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (covered as Taiwan (China)){{cite web|url=http://www.unisdr.org/partners/countries/twn|title=UNISDR|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221182404/http://www.unisdr.org/partners/countries/twn|url-status=dead}}
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (referred to as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_SMART_Update_2010_Vol.3-LowRes.pdf |title=UNODC Volum 3 (March)|publisher=Unodc.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Country_Profiles_South_Asia_East_Asia_and_Pacific.pdf |title=Country Profiles : South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific |publisher=Unodc.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) (researched as "Taiwan Province of China"){{cite web|url=http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BB128/(httpAuxPages)/3FF094D9DA3D187EC125775000519715/$file/TaiwanWeb.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – Taiwan-web.doc |website=Unrisd.org |access-date=22 December 2016}}
• United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (referred to as Taiwan, province of China){{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradekb/Knowledgebase/Taiwan-Province-of-China-Trade-data?Keywords=Taiwan|title=Taiwan, Province of China Trade data|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221182103/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradekb/Knowledgebase/Taiwan-Province-of-China-Trade-data?Keywords=Taiwan|url-status=dead}}
• Universal Postal Union (UPU) (removed and excluded by UPU in 1972; "Taiwan's" Chunghwa Post continually providing the postal services as a non-recognised postal entity)
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) (participates as "Taiwan")
• Washington Accord (International Engineering Alliance) (participates as Chinese Taipei){{cite web|url=http://www.ieagreements.org/Washington-Accord/signatories.cfm|title=International Engineering Agreements|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217072646/http://www.ieagreements.org/Washington-Accord/signatories.cfm|archive-date=17 February 2015}}
• World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) (participates as "Taiwan", also note that there is no national member of WAGGGS in PRC)
• World Bank (WB) (covered separately{{cite web|url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/114933-where-are-your-data-on-taiwan|title=Where are your data on Taiwan? – World Bank Data Help Desk|publisher=World Bank}} in the Private Sector section,{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/topic/private-sector|title=Private Sector|access-date=21 February 2015}} included as the economy of Taiwan, China){{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/taiwan-china|title=Doing Business in Taiwan, China – World Bank Group|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• World Confederation of Labour (WCL) (participates as "Taiwan")
• World Economic Forum (WEF) (officially listed as "Taiwan, China"){{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf |title=World Economic Forum : The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 |author=Klaus Schwab |publisher=Weforum.org |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• World Energy Council (WEC) (participates as "Taiwan, China"){{cite web|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-network/member-committees/taiwan/|title=Taiwan, China Member Committee|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016042513/http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-network/member-committees/taiwan/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
• World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) (participates as "Taiwan Stock Exchange" and "Taiwan Futures Exchange"){{cite web|url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information |title=key information | World Federation of Exchanges |publisher=World-exchanges.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410053851/http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information |archive-date=10 April 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/taiwan-stock-exchange |title= Taiwan Stock Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges|website=www.world-exchanges.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825001613/http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/taiwan-stock-exchange |archive-date=25 August 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/taiwan-futures-exchange |title= Taiwan Futures Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges|website=www.world-exchanges.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028213836/http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/taiwan-futures-exchange |archive-date=28 October 2012}} Under the umbrella of World Federation of Exchanges, MSCI includes Taiwan as MSCI Taiwan Index.{{cite web|url=http://www.msci.com/products/indices/licensing/msci_taiwan/ |title=Taiwan – MSCI Taiwan |publisher=MSCI |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324123705/http://www.msci.com/products/indices/licensing/msci_taiwan/ |archive-date=24 March 2013}} In addition, London Metal Exchange is participated under London Stock Exchange in association with the World Federation of Exchanges in relation with Taiwan Future Exchange.{{cite web |url=http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/london-stock-exchange |title= London Stock Exchange | World Federation of Exchanges|website=www.world-exchanges.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807072614/http://www.world-exchanges.org/member-exchanges/key-information-/london-stock-exchange |archive-date=7 August 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lme.com/ |title=London Metal Exchange: Home |publisher=Lme.com |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• World Health Organization (WHO) (In the outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome and with the concern of Disease surveillance, was invited as "Chinese Taipei" on the case-by-case basis.{{cite web|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=112&anum=6180 |title=Invitation letter dated 30 April 2009 from the Director General of the WHO to the Minister for Health, Chinese Taipei |publisher=Kmt.org.tw |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222005853/http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=112&anum=6180 |archive-date=22 February 2012}} with its relations with the WHO being governed by a Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 May 2005 between the PRC and the WHO.{{cite web |url=http://www.fapa.org/who/MOU-Page1.jpg |title=Memorandum of Understanding dated 14 May 2005 between the PRC and the WHO |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123035/http://www.fapa.org/who/MOU-Page1.jpg |url-status=dead }} The health insurance scheme in Taiwan is referenced on the WHO publication.{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/protection/World_report_on_disability_eng.pdf |title=World Report on Disability |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=16 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216063449/http://www.unicef.org/protection/World_report_on_disability_eng.pdf |url-status=dead }} Chinese Taipei is invited as an observer status in the World Health Assembly on the basis of Resolution 2758 and the condition of Cross-Strait relations.{{cite web|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201605080293-1.aspx |script-title=zh:世界衛生大會邀請函全文 – 重點新聞 – 中央社即時新聞 CNA NEWS |publisher=Central News Agency |date=8 May 2016 }} On 21 May 2018, 15 out of the 18 UN member states which then recognised the ROC (thus excluding Guatemala, Honduras and Palau) voiced support for the WHA observer status.{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/05/22/2003693491|title=Fifteen allies back WHA observer status – Taipei Times|website=Taipei Times|date=22 May 2018}} This included Burkina Faso, which cut ties with the ROC only three days later, establishing ties with the PRC instead.
• Worldwatch Institute (WI) (in partnership as Taiwan Watch){{cite web|url=http://www.worldwatch.org/partner/taiwan-watch|title=Taiwan Watch|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184710/http://www.worldwatch.org/partner/taiwan-watch|archive-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (not a signatory of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, referred to as "Taiwan, Province of China"){{cite web |url=http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/texts/pdf/pct_paris_wto.pdf |title=Paris WTO and PCT States |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610223138/http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/texts/pdf/pct_paris_wto.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/ip-outreach/en/tools/practice/search.jsp?col_id=1&territory_code=TH |title=IP Outreach in Practice: Search Results |publisher=Wipo.int |access-date=15 November 2013}}
• World Medical Association (WMA){{cite web|url=http://www.wma.net/en/60about/20whatwedo/index.html |title=What Does the WMA Do? |publisher=Wma.net |date=15 June 2009 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426231455/http://www.wma.net/en/60about/20whatwedo/index.html |archive-date=26 April 2013 }} (participates as "Taiwan" by the Taiwan Medical Association){{cite web |url=http://www.wma.net/en/60about/10members/21memberlist/index.html?letter=T#Taiwan |title=Members' List |publisher=Wma.net |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522033915/http://www.wma.net/en/60about/10members/21memberlist/index.html?letter=T#Taiwan |archive-date=22 May 2013}}
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (signed and ratified the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization on 2 March 1951, cited as "Taiwan region"){{cite web|author=PWMU |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html#f_1 |title=Members | WMO |publisher=Wmo.int |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}{{cite web|author=PWMU |url=http://www.wmo.int/gsearch/gresults_en.html?q=taiwan&submit.x=3&submit.y=13 |title=Google Search Result(s) | WMO |publisher=Wmo.int |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (participates as "Taipei (Chinese)"){{cite web |url=http://www.oie.int/eng/OIE/PM/en_PM.htm |title=OIE Members and delegates' coordinates |publisher=Oie.int |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118024450/http://www.oie.int/eng/OIE/PM/en_PM.htm |url-status=dead }}
• World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) (participates as "Scouts of China")
• World Tax (founded by Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC, participates as "Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.itrworldtax.com/Stub/5317/About-us.html|title=World Tax – About us|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221181705/http://www.itrworldtax.com/Stub/5317/About-us.html|archive-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/|title=International Tax Review – Home|access-date=21 February 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.itrworldtax.com/Jurisdiction/115/Taiwan.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140524183603/http://www.itrworldtax.com/Jurisdiction/115/Taiwan.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2014|title=Taiwan – World Tax – Tax firm rankings|access-date=21 February 2015}}
• World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) (participates as World Trade Center Taipei, World Trade Center Taichung and World Trade Center Kaohsiung){{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-taipei|title=World Trade Centers Association|access-date=14 September 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-taichung|title=World Trade Centers Association|access-date=14 September 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-kaohsiung|title=World Trade Centers Association|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016042513/https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-kaohsiung|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
• World Trade Organization (WTO) (full membership as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu" (Chinese Taipei) and delegated by the Permanent Mission of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Mastu to the WTO in Geneva.{{cite web|url=https://origin-www.roc-taiwan.org/wto/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230248/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/WTO/mp.asp?mp=502|url-status=dead |script-title=zh:首頁 – 常駐世界貿易組織代表團 |trans-title=Permanent Mission of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu to the World Trade Organization|archive-date=2 December 2013|website=origin-www.roc-taiwan.org| title= }}){{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm |title=Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu – Member information |publisher=WTO |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• World Veterans Federation (WVF) (participates as "R.O.C. on Taiwan"){{cite web|url=http://www.wvf-fmac.org/index.php/members-of-the-wvf-en/41-r-o-c-on-taiwan|title=R.O.C. on Taiwan|website=World Veterans Federation|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708212443/http://www.wvf-fmac.org/index.php/members-of-the-wvf-en/41-r-o-c-on-taiwan|url-status=usurped}}

{{Incomplete list|date=March 2011}}

ROC is a party to major international treaties, including:

• Article 33{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33.shtml|title=Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs – Codification Division Publications|publisher=United Nations}}{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../repertory/art33/english/rep_orig_vol2_art33.pdf&lang=E|title=Official document of the United Nations|publisher=United Nations}} of United Nations Charter.
• Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with United States of America.{{cite web|title=Apply for a U.S. Visa Treaty Traders And Treaty Investors (E-1/E-2) – Taiwan (English)|url=http://www.ustraveldocs.com/tw/tw-niv-typee.asp|access-date=25 March 2018|website=ustraveldocs.com}}
• Metre Convention (associate as "Chinese Taipei"){{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/convention/member_states/ |title=Metre Convention Member States and Associates |publisher=Bipm.org |date=6 February 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}
• Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with PRC (signed between Straits Exchange Foundation and Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits – for ROC and PRC respectively{{cite web|url=http://www.ecfa.org.tw/EcfaAttachment/ECFADoc/ECFA.pdf |title=201057 |access-date=25 April 2013}} and included the topic of direct flights,[http://www.tsa.gov.tw/CustomerSet/tsa/tp_FlightScheduleCoast/u_fsout_v.asp?id={E3167C9C-76C7-4299-8393-75308DDB91BA}] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} and with the improving relations between mainland China and Taiwan, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong{{cite web |url=http://www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?CtNode=709&xItem=4900&mp=1 |script-title=zh:香港 – 外交部領事事務局全球資訊網 |publisher=Boca.gov.tw |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=16 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225611/http://www.boca.gov.tw/ct.asp?CtNode=709&xItem=4900&mp=1 |url-status=dead }} and Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau was officially launched in Hong Kong and Macau, also Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office{{cite web|url=http://www.hketco.hk/tc/welcome/index.html |script-title=zh:香港經濟貿易文化辦事處 – 歡迎辭 |publisher=Hketco.hk |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628103620/http://www.hketco.hk/tc/welcome/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title= }} and Macau Economic and Cultural Office was opened in Taiwan)

The ROC claims islands in the South China Sea on the same basis as its claim to historical Chinese territory retaining the borders dated prior to the establishment of the PRC including Tibet and Outer Mongolia. Unlike its claims on the Asian mainland, however, the ROC actively pursues and defends some of its claims to these islands.{{Cite web|date=2018-04-12|title=Taiwan's South China Sea Policy Evolution|url=https://amti.csis.org/taiwan-scs-policy-evolution/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative|language=en-US}} These include all of the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal. These islands are administered by a number of governments around the South China Sea. The ROC also claims the Senkaku Islands, which are administered by Japan.{{Cite web|title=Taiwan's Policy toward the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Dispute and the Implications for the US|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/taiwans-policy-toward-the-diaoyu-senkaku-islands-dispute-and-the-implications-for-the-us/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102735/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/taiwans-policy-toward-the-diaoyu-senkaku-islands-dispute-and-the-implications-for-the-us/|url-status=dead}} Because ASEAN and the People's Republic of China did not invite the Republic of China to participate in the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", the Republic of China did not recognize it.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=53456&mp=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108234158/https://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=53456&mp=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-01-08|title=中華民國外交部 – 全球資訊網|date=8 January 2021}}

The PRC, in turn, asserts itself as the sole legitimate government of China, and claims all territories administered by the ROC.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

{{main|Culinary diplomacy#Taiwan}}

Taiwan emphasizes its night markets{{cite web |last1=Rockower |first1=Paul |title=Taiwanese gastrodiplomacy 2.0 |date=3 December 2010 |url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&post=1551 |publisher=Taiwan Today |access-date=1 April 2020}} and the high rate of vegan eateries{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Ivan |title=Taiwan, Global Vegan Capital – An Eco-Friendly Lifestyle |url=https://www.taiwanembassy.org/se_en/post/1583.html |website=Taiwan Mission in Sweden |publisher=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=13 April 2020}} among other aspects of its culinary culture in an effort to promote the nation globally.

In 2010, Taiwan launched a £20m culinary diplomacy campaign.{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Taiwan launches 'gastro-diplomacy' drive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/taiwan-launches-gasto-diplomacy-drive |work=The Guardian |date=8 August 2010 |access-date=1 April 2020}}

Taiwan's medical diplomacy began in 1961 with a team of medical professionals sent to Libya. In 2018 Taiwan set up a 2 million dollar healthcare fund for its Pacific island nation allies.{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=Lawrence |title=Taiwan sets up US$2 million health care fund for Pacific island nations amid diplomatic tussle with Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2162908/taiwan-sets-us2-million-health-care-fund-pacific-island-nations |work=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2018 |access-date=1 April 2020}} Taiwan officially refers to most of its medical diplomacy as public health diplomacy.{{cite web |last1=Tseng |first1=Esther |title=The Power of Friendship |url=https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?Guid=38a9b402-d5ff-4c01-8d00-ae5ed4bd3bf9&CatId=7 |work=Taiwan Panorama |access-date=1 April 2020}}

Medical diplomacy has formed a key part of Taiwan's outreach to regional countries, especially in Southeast Asia. It is one of the five key components of the New Southbound Policy. Unlike medical diplomacy under previous programs under the NSP medical diplomacy is not focused on providing direct medical care or basic public health programs but on providing high-level professional skill transfers.{{cite web |last1=Hui Yan |first1=Ho |title=Taiwan Spreads Diplomatic Wings Through Regional Health Care |url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/taiwan-diplomatic-wings-regional-health-care |work=Asia Sentinel |access-date=1 April 2020}}

{{Further|Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan}}

Local media has referred to Taiwan's medical diplomacy related to the COVID-19 pandemic as "epidemic prevention diplomacy".{{cite news |author1=Michael Peel |author2=Kathrin Hille |title=Taiwan in talks over gift of coronavirus masks to EU |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e47a8cf4-786d-4367-a589-054a6a198840 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e47a8cf4-786d-4367-a589-054a6a198840 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |work=Financial Times|date=April 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020}} In March 2020 Australia and Taiwan agreed to exchange 1 million liters of Australian alcohol to be used in making hand sanitizer for 3 metric tons of Taiwanese nonwoven fabric to be used in making facial masks.{{cite web |first2=Joseph|last2=Yeh |first1=Wu |last1=Po-wei |title=Taiwan, Australia to exchange raw materials to fight COVID-19 |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202003300027 |website=focustaiwan.tw |date=30 March 2020 |publisher=Focus Taiwan |access-date=1 April 2020}}

File:CHINA AIRLINES B747-409 (B-162 24310 778) (4528145712).jpg Boeing 747-400 in old livery, bearing the ROC flag]]

The dispute over Taiwan's status affects the island's air links with the outside world, particularly Europe, North America and Australia.

For many years, Mandarin Airlines, a subsidiary of Taiwan's national airline, China Airlines (CAL), served many international destinations that CAL did not because of political sensitivities. However, in 1995 CAL dropped the national colours from its livery, and now flies to international destinations under its own name. Many countries' national airlines similarly set up special subsidiaries, known as "shadow airlines", to operate services to Taipei, with a different name, and livery omitting national symbols. British Airways' subsidiary, British Asia Airways, operated flights to London, KLM's subsidiary, KLM Asia, operated flights to Amsterdam, and Swissair's subsidiary, Swissair Asia, operated flights to Zürich, Air France Asie operated flights to Paris, Japan Air Lines established a subsidiary called Japan Asia Airways to operate flights to Tokyo, while Qantas had a subsidiary called Australia Asia Airlines, which operated flights to Sydney. These subsidiaries ceased operations when their parent companies were privatized or went bankrupt (in Swissair's case), with KLM Asia being the only remaining active shadow subsidiary. Other countries' flag carriers, such as Germany's Lufthansa, operated flights to Taipei using an existing subsidiary (in Lufthansa's case, Condor).

Before the completion of the second runway at New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport) in Chiba, Japan, airlines from Taiwan were required to utilize Haneda International Airport for their Tokyo routes in order not to offend the airlines from the PRC that flew to Narita. All Nippon Airways, however, used an existing subsidiary, Air Nippon. With the implementation of a new Japan-Taiwan air agreement, JAL and ANA took over flight operations between Japan and Taiwan in April 2008.{{cite web|url=https://www.jal.com/en/history/history/jal/age_04-10.html|title=History of JAL – History of JAL|website=jal.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.co.jp/eng/aboutana/press/2007/080123.html|title=Press Release|website=ana.co.jp}}

Beginning July 2008, charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan, which were traditionally only allowed on special holidays such as Chinese New Year, were significantly expanded.

China has begun compelling foreign airlines with landing privileges in the mainland to identify Taiwanese destinations as if they were part of the mainland government, e.g. T'aipei CN instead of T'aipei TW.

International dialling codes were assigned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), an agency of the United Nations, to its member states and their dependencies in the 1960s. Despite the Republic of China on Taiwan still being a member of the UN, and hence the ITU, other member states declared that "the only representatives of the people of China are the delegates to the ITU and its permanent organs appointed by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China".[https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=%22the+people+of+China+are+the+delegates+to+the+I.T.U+and+its+permanent%22 White Book], Volume 1, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, International Telecommunication Union, 1969, p. 100 This led to the People's Republic of China being assigned the country code 86.[https://books.google.com/books?id=IcVjAAAAIAAJ&q=%22China%22 White Book], Volume 2, Part 1, International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, International Telecommunication Union, 1969, p. 10 Consequently, in the early 1970s, Taiwan had to be unofficially assigned a separate code, 886, although there was pressure from China to change this to 866.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QtEsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dialing+code%22 Daily Report: People's Republic of China], Issues 91-97, United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service

National Technical Information Service, 1994, p. 54 This had to be listed as "reserved",[https://web.archive.org/web/20030423122326/http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/ob-lists/icc/e164_763.pdf List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164, Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2002)] but in 2006, the code was formally allocated to "Taiwan, China".{{Cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/ob-lists/icc/e164_763.pdf|title=List of ITU-T Recommendation E.164, Assigned Country Codes, (Position on 1 May 2005)}}[https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-OB.870-2006-OAS-PDF-E.pdf ITU Operational Bulletin], No. 870 – 4

Codes in the +86 6 number range have since been allocated to cities in mainland China; for example, the area code for Shanwei is 0660.[https://books.google.com/books?id=cge3AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Shanwei%22%20%220660%22 China Economic News], Vol. 17, Issues 26-50, p. 10 Consequently, calls from mainland China to Taiwan require the international access code and country code 00886.[https://books.google.com/books?id=7cUuAQAAIAAJ&q=%2200886%22%20taipei Beijing Review], Vol. 37, 1994, p. 33

• China and the United Nations
• Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
• Foreign relations of Hong Kong
• Foreign relations of Macau
• Freedom pineapples
• History of Cross-Strait Relations
• International rankings of Taiwan
• List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan
• Milk Tea Alliance
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)
• Visa policy of Taiwan
• Wolf warrior diplomacy

{{NoteFoot}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Library resources box}}

• Carpenter, Ted Galen. "The United States and the Taiwan Time Bomb." in Routledge Handbook of Asia in World Politics By Teh-Kuang Chang & Angelin Chang (Routledge, 2017) pp. 169–177. [https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Asia-in-World-Politics/Chang-Chang/p/book/9781138927131 contents]
• Chang, Gordon H. "To the nuclear brink: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Quemoy-Matsu crisis." International Security 12.4 (1988): 96–123.
• Chiang, F. The One-China Policy: state, sovereignty, and Taiwan's international legal status (Elsevier, 2018).
• Copper, John Franklin. Taiwan: Nation-state or province? (7th ed. Routledge, 2019).
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Category:Cross-strait relations