List of ethnic slurs#Y
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The following is a list of ethnic slurs, ethnophaulisms, or ethnic epithets that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnic, national, or racial group or to refer to them in a derogatory, pejorative, or otherwise insulting manner.
Some of the terms listed below (such as "gringo", "yank", etc.) can be used in casual speech without any intention of causing offense. The connotation of a term and prevalence of its use as a pejorative or neutral descriptor varies over time and by geography.
For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term.
Ethnic slurs may also be produced as a racial epithet by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "dirty Jew" or "Russian pig". Other common insulting modifiers include "dog" and "filthy"; such terms are not included in this list.
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E
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Eight ball, 8ball
| |Black people |Referring to the black ball in pool. Slang, usually used disparagingly. |
| Engelsman
|South Africa |White South Africans of British descent whose first language is English |Afrikaans: Englishman. A derogatory term used to refer to white South Africans of British descent whose first language is English. This is due to historical and cultural tensions between English-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans, which were fueled by British colonialism and apartheid policies. Some Afrikaans-speaking people view the English-speaking minority as elitist and condescending, and the use of the term "Engelsman" reflects these attitudes. |
| Eyetie
|United States, United Kingdom |Italian people |Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian". Slang usually used disparagingly (especially during World War II). |{{cite web |url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861814296/eyetie.html |title=Eyetie definition – Dictionaries – ninemsn Encarta |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524181433/https://www.webcitation.org/5kx52Sjkb?url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861814296/eyetie.html |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=1 November 2013}}{{harvp|Green|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA481 p. 481]}}{{sfnp|Dalzell|2018 |loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qX5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA10-PA1925 "Eyetie"]}} |
F
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H
I
J
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Jackeen
|Ireland |Dublin people |Believed to be in reference to the Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom. By adding the Irish diminutive suffix -een meaning little to Jack thereby ¨meaning "Little Jack" and implying "little Englishmen". It was more commonly used to separate those of Anglo-Irish heritage from those of Gaelic heritage. While the term is applied to Dublin people alone; today, it was applied in the past as a pejorative term against all city dwellers and not just those in Dublin. |{{cite dictionary |last1=McMahon |first1=Seán |title=Jackeen |dictionary=Brewer's dictionary of Irish phrase & fable |date=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar0000mcma/mode/1up?q=%22Jackeen+a%22 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson}}{{cite news |last1=Fallon |first1=Donal |title=Jackeen: 'A fellow who does very little for a living, and wants to do less' |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/jackeens-a-fellow-who-does-very-little-for-a-living-and-wants-to-do-less-3747789-Dec2017/ |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=The Journal |date=17 December 2017 |language=en}} |
| Jakun
|Malaysia |Unsophisticated people, from the Malay name of an indigenous ethnic group. | |
| Jamet, Jamet kuproy
|Indonesia |Jamet stands for Jawa metal (a metalhead Javanese), while kuproy stands for kuli proyek (construction workers). |
| Japa
| Brazil |Usually an affectionate way of referring to Japanese people (or, more generally, East Asian people), although it may be considered a slur. This term is never censored (as a slur typically would be) when it appears in mass media. |
| rowspan="2"|Jap
|rowspan="2"|United States |Mostly found use during World War II, post-WWII. |
| Jewish women
| Usually written in all capital letters as an acronym for "Jewish-American princess," a stereotype of Jewish American women as materialistic or pampered. |{{cite thesis |last= Starkman |first= Rebecca |date= 2010 |title= Revisiting the Jewish American Princess: Jewish Girls, The J.A.P. Discursive Stereotype, and Negotiated Identity |chapter-url= https://dr.library.brocku.ca/bitstream/handle/10464/3374/Brock_Starkman_Rebecca_2011.pdf?sequence=1 |chapter= 2 |publisher= Brock University |access-date= 13 December 2022}} |
| Japie, yarpie
| |White, rural South Africans |Derived from plaasjapie, "farm boy". |
| Jawir
|Indonesia |Javanese people, especially Javanese people with darker skin |Comes from the words "Jawa" and "Ireng" from a Javanese word means black |
| Jerry
|Commonwealth |German people, especially soldiers |Probably an alteration of "German". Origin of Jerry can. Used especially during World War I and World War II. |
| Jewboy
|United States, United Kingdom |Jewish boys |Originally directed at young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London. |{{cite news |last1=Shalev |first1=Chemi |title=Israeli anti-Semites and American Jewboys, From Dan Shapiro to Wyatt Earp |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israeli-anti-semites-and-american-jewboys-1.5394076 |access-date=26 August 2018 |work=Haaretz.com |issue=Elul 15, 5778 |publisher=Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg |date=22 January 2016}}{{cite book|last=Stone|first=Bryan Edward|title=The Chosen Folks: Jews on the Frontiers of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68h1ej_DansC&q=Jewboy&pg=PA17|access-date=28 August 2018|date=1 May 2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-75612-0|page=17}} |
| Jidan
|Romania |Jewish person. | |{{cite web|title=jidan - definiție și paradigmă|publisher=Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române|url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/jidan|access-date=24 May 2020|language=ro}} |
| {{visible anchor|Jiggaboo}}, jiggerboo, niggerboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigger
|United States |Black people with stereotypical black features (e.g., dark skin, wide nose, and big lips). |From a Bantu verb tshikabo, meaning "they bow the head docilely," indicating meek or servile individuals. |{{cite OED|jigaboo|access-date=3 June 2018}}{{harvp|Ayto|Simpson|2010|loc="jigaboo"}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmzTyI5rfDMC&q=tshikabo&pg=PA99 |title=Africanisms in American Culture: jiggabo |date=13 July 2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21749-3 |editor=Holloway, Joseph E |access-date=1 November 2013}} |
| Jim Crow
|United States |Black people | |
| Jjangkkae
|Korea |Chinese people | |
| Jjokbari
|Korea |Japanese people | |
| Jock, jocky, jockie
|United Kingdom |Scottish people |Scots language nickname for the personal name John, cognate to the English, Jack. Occasionally used as an insult, but also in a respectful reference when discussing Scottish troops, particularly those from Highland regiments. For example, see the 9th (Scottish) Division. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as Frogs. In Ian Rankin's detective novel Tooth and Nail the protagonist – a Scottish detective loaned to the London police – suffers from prejudice by English colleagues who frequently use "Jock" and "Jockland" (Scotland) as terms of insult; the book was based on the author's own experience as a Scot living in London. |
| Jungle bunny
|United States, Commonwealth |Black people | |
| Jutku, jutsku
|Finland |Jewish people | |
K
L
M
N
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Namak Haram
| Pakistan | Derogatory term used for Afghan refugees in Pakistan translating to “traitors”. |
| Nawar
|Levant |Arab term for Romani people and other groups sharing an itinerant lifestyle. |{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} |
| Neftenya / Neftegna / Naftenya / Naftegna
|Literally means "rifle-bearer", relates to 19th century Ethiopian history. Since 1975, used as inflammatory term by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF, governing party) officials against Amharas; continued inflammatory/derogatory usage in 2020 online media two years after EPRDF loss of political power. |
| Němčour, nimchura (німчура), nemchura (немчура)
|Slavic languages |German people | |
| Nere
|Muslims | |
| Niakoué
|France |East or Southeast Asian people |A corrupted Vietnamese word with similar to "yokel", "country bumpkin", etc. |
| Niglet / Negrito
| |Black children | |{{sfnp|Doane|Bonilla-Silva|2003|pp=132, 135}} |
| {{visible anchor|Nig-nog}}, nog, or Nignog
|Commonwealth |Black people |Originally used to refer to a novice – a foolish or naive person – before being associated with black people. |{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Nig-nog|access-date=3 June 2018}}{{Cite OED|Nig-nog}} |
| Nigger / neeger (Estonian) / neekeri (Finnish) / niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggur / nigga / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress / nigette / negro / neger (Dutch & Afrikaans) / nig
|International/Worldwide |Black people, especially African-Americans |From the Spanish and Portuguese word negro ("black"), derived from the Latin niger. The Spanish or Portuguese term, or other such languages deriving the term from it such as Filipino, may vary in its connotation per country, where some countries, the connotation may range from either positive, neutral, or negative, depending on context. For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" may simply refer to the color black. Among Spanish dialects in different countries, it may have either positive or negative connotations, such as describing someone similarly to my darling or my honey in Argentina, or describing someone to be angry in Spain. In Portuguese, the term "negro" is often preferred to the more offensive preto; however, due to the influence of US-American pop culture, the "n-word" can be found in the language as an anglicism, with identical connotations as the English term. |
| Niggeritis / Negroitis
|Caribbean |Black people |To feel sleepy after eating is referred to in and around the Caribbean as having "niggeritis", a direct allusion to the stereotype of laziness of black Africans. |{{cite news|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/141124/5-everyday-phrases-that-actually-have-racist-origins/amp|title=5 Everyday Phrases That Actually Have Racist Origins|publisher= Mic|date=18 April 2016|author=PHILIP LEWIS}} |
| Nip
|United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom |Japanese people |Someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon). |{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Nip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731025839/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nip |archive-date=31 July 2020 |title=Nip |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}} |
| Nitchie / neche / neechee / neejee / nichi / nichiwa / nidge / nitchee / nitchy
|Canada |Native Canadians |A Native American (from the Algonquian word for "friend"). |
| Non-Pri, Non-Pribumi
|Indonesia |Indonesians of foreign descent, especially Chinese Indonesians |The term pribumi was coined after Indonesian independence to replace the derogatory Dutch term Inlander ("native"). "Non-pribumi," often simply "non-pri," was then used to refer to Indonesians of foreign descent and was generally considered to suggest that they were not full citizens. Use of both "pribumi" and "non-pribumi" by government departments was banned by President B.J. Habibie in 1998 according to Inpres (Instruksi Presiden, lit. Presidential Instruction) No. 26 of 1998, along with instruction to stop discrimination by race in government. |
| Northern Monkey
|United Kingdom |Northern English people |Used in the south of England, relating to the supposed stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the north of the country. See also Southern Faerie. In some cases, this has been adopted in the north of England, with a pub in Leeds even taking the name "The Northern Monkey". |{{cite web |url=http://www.peevish.co.uk/slang/n.htm |title=Northern Monkey |access-date=1 November 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/ |title=The Northern Monkey |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103130608/http://www.northernmonkey-leeds.co.uk/ |archive-date=3 November 2013}} |
| Nusayri
|Syria and the Levant |Members of the Alawite sect of Shi'a Islam. |Once a common and neutral term derived from the name of Ibn Nusayr, the sect's founder, it fell out of favour within the community in the early decades of the 20th century due to the perception that it implied a heretical separateness from mainstream Islam. Resurgent in the context of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the term is now often employed by Sunni fundamentalist enemies of the government of Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite, to suggest that the faith is a human invention lacking divine legitimacy. |{{cite web|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2013/01/24/anti-islamism-in-an-islamic-ci |title=Anti-Islamism in an Islamic Civil War |last=al-Tamimi |first=Aymenn Jawad |date=24 January 2013 |publisher=The American Spectator |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174813/http://spectator.org/archives/2013/01/24/anti-islamism-in-an-islamic-ci |archive-date=25 September 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/zahran-alloush/|title=Zahran Alloush: His Ideology and Beliefs|last=Landis|first=Joshua|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325123621/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/zahran-alloush/}} |
O
P
Q
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V
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Vanja
|Finland |Russian people |Synonym of ryssä, referring to Russians or Slavs broadly. |
| Veneco
|South America |Venezuelans | |
| Vrindavan, Prindapan
|Indonesia |Indian people |Indonesian version of pajeet. Originated from Little Krishna animated series. |
| Vuzvuz
|Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews |Ashkenazi Jews |Onomatopoeia of the Yiddish word for "What", which Judaeo-Spanish speaking Sephardi Jews and Judaeo-Arabic speaking Mizrahi Jews did not understand. |
W
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Wagon burner
| |Native American people |A reference to when Native American tribes would attack wagon trains during the wars in the eastern American frontier. |
| Wasi'chu, Wasichu
|Lakota people, Dakota people |Non-Native white people |Word for a non-Native white person, meaning "the one who takes the best meat for himself". |{{cite news |last=McGirt |first=Ellen |url=https://fortune.com/2019/07/02/welcome-to-whitopia/ |title=Welcome to Whitopia |work=Fortune |date=2 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019 |quote="Wasichu" is the Lakota term for non-Indian white person, but it also means "the one who takes the best meat for himself." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404111544/https://fortune.com/2019/07/02/welcome-to-whitopia/ |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}} |
| West Brit
|Ireland |Irish people |Directed at Irish people perceived as being insufficiently Irish or too Anglophilic. |{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/all-kinds-of-things-can-get-you-called-a-west-brit-these-days-1.3753446|title=All kinds of things can get you called a West Brit these days|first=Donald|last=Clarke|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=10 May 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/west-brit-ok-derision-offensive-insult-2351409-Sep2015/|title=Would you take offence at being called a West Brit? The term has a muddled history|first=Michael Sheils|last=McNamee|website=TheJournal.ie|date=26 September 2015 }} |
| Wetback
|United States |Undocumented immigrants |Refers to undocumented immigrants residing in the United States. Originally applied specifically to undocumented Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the United States border via the Rio Grande river to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened to any undocumented person who enters the United States through its southern border. |
| White ears
|White people | |
| White interloper
| |White people |Refers to a white person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong. |
| Wigger / Whigger / Wigga (meaning white nigger)
|United States |Irish people |Used in 19th-century United States to refer to the Irish. Sometimes used today in reference to white people in a manner similar to white trash or redneck. Also refers to white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. Also used by radical Québécois in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book White Niggers of America. |
| White nigger, Nigger wop
|United States |Southern Italians |From the 1800s, inferring such Italians were not "white" enough to be allowed citizenship. |{{cite news |last1=Staples |first1=Brent |title=How Italians became 'white' |url=https://bdnews24.com/opinion/comment/how-italians-became-white |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 October 2019 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Jacobson |first1=Matthew Frye |title=Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race |date=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06371-6 |pages=56–57 |url=https://archive.org/details/whitenessofdiffe0000jaco/page/56/mode/1up}} |
| White trash
|United States |Poor white people |Common usage from the 1830s by black house slaves against white servants. |
| Whitey
| |White people | |
| rowspan="2"|Wog
|Commonwealth |Dark-skinned foreigners |Any swarthy or dark-skinned foreigner. Possibly derived from "golliwogg." In Western nations, it usually refers to dark-skinned people from Asia or Africa, though some use the term to refer to anyone outside the borders of their own country. |
| Australia
|Southern Europeans, Mediterraneans |Usually used to refer to Southern Europeans and Mediterraneans (Italians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Maltese, Macedonians, Turks, Lebanese). It has become reappropriated by the cultures that it is commonly used to describe, but may be considered by some as controversial. |{{cite web|title=It's Not Okay To Call Me A Wog|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/au/entry/its-not-okay-to-call-me-a-wog_a_21471575|access-date=27 January 2022|website=HuffPost|date=14 September 2016 }} |
| Wop
|United States, Canada, United Kingdom |Italian people |Derived from the Italian dialectism, "guappo", close to "dude, swaggerer" and other informal appellations, a greeting among male Neapolitans. |{{Dictionary.com|wop|access-date=1 November 2007}}{{OEtymD|wop}} |
X
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Xiǎo Rìběn
|China |Japanese people |Literally translated, it means "little Japan". It is often used with "guizi" or ghost/devil, such as "xiao Riben guizi", or "little Japanese devil". |{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} |
| Xing Ling
|Brazil |Chinese products or low-quality products in general. Sometimes used to refer to Chinese people as well. Etymologically, this term is said to be derived from Mandarin 星零 xing ling ("zero stars"). |
Y
| class="wikitable" |
| Term
!Location or origin !Targets !Meaning, origin and notes !References |
|---|
| Yam yam
|United Kingdom |Black Country residents |Term used by people from Birmingham. |
| Yanacona
|Chile |Term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, "sellout." Use of the word "yanacona" to describe people have led legal action in Chile. |
| Yank
|British English speakers |Americans |A contraction of "Yankee" below, first recorded in 1778 and employed internationally by speakers of British English in informal reference to all Americans generally. |
| Yankee
|Dutch speakers |Americans |Possibly from Janke ("Johnny") or a dialectical variant of Jan Kaas ("John Cheese"). First applied by the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam to Connecticuters and then to other residents of New England, "Yankee" remains in use in the American South in reference to Northerners, often in a mildly pejorative sense. Outside the US, especially in Spain and South America, used to describe all citizens of the US, regardless of which part of the US they come from. |
| Yaposhka
|Russia |Japanese people |Derived from "yaponets" (Cyrillic: японец) |{{cite web | url=https://translate.academic.ru/япошка/ru/ | title=Перевод япошка с русского на все языки }}{{cite web | url=https://ruscorpora.ru/results?search=CjwqGAoICAAQChgyIAoQBSAAQAVqBDAuOTV4ADICCAE6AQFCGQoXChUKA3JlcRIOCgzQr9C/0L7RiNC60LAwAQ== | title=Национальный корпус русского языка: поиск }} |
| rowspan="2"|Yellow
| |Asian people |An East or southeast Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color. |
| |Mixed Ethnic people
|Anyone of mixed heritage, especially black or white people; a light-skinned black person, or a dark-skinned white person. |
| Yellow bone / High yellow
|United States |A light-skin black person Equivalent of yellow (above). | |
| Yid
| |Jewish people |Derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. In the United Kingdom, "yid" is also used to refer to supporters of the Tottenham Hotspur football club, whose fans refer to themselves and players as "yids" (or the derivative form "yiddo"), regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, as part of a reclamation attempt centered around the club's significant historic Jewish following. The latter sense is common and well-established enough to be found under the word's Oxford English Dictionary entry, though its use has become controversial and a matter of debate in the 21st century, with opinions from both Jews and non-Jews, Tottenham fans and non-fans, running the gamut. |{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/yid |title=Yid |access-date=1 November 2013}}{{cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/yid-meaning-tottenham-y-word-definition-oxford-english-dictionary-explained-397359 |title=Why Tottenham have condemned the Oxford English Dictionary's new definition of the 'Y-word' |first=Evan |last=Bartlett |date=1 February 2020 |orig-date=13 February 2020 |newspaper=i |place=London}} |
| Yuon
|Cambodia |Vietnamese people |The Cambodian word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /juən/ is derived from the Indian word for Greek, Yavana". It can also be spelled as "Youn". Alternately, it may have come from the Chinese cognate of the country, "Yue" 越. |{{cite news |date=4 July 2003 |title=From Ionia to Vietnam |url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam |newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804064719/http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ionia-vietnam |archive-date=4 August 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Yuan%20and%20Mien.html |title=Pejorative Terms "Yuon" and "Mien" |date=2008 |website=University Libraries University of Washington |publisher=Vietnam Studies Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022429/http://www.lib.washington.edu/SouthEastAsia/vsg/elist_2009/Yuan%20and%20Mien.html |archive-date=21 March 2014}}{{Cite web |title=The word 'yuon' and its origins |url=https://m.phnompenhpost.com/analysis-and-op-ed/word-%E2%80%98yuon%E2%80%99-and-its-origins |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=m.phnompenhpost.com}}{{Cite news |date=29 April 2014 |title=Investors wary as anti-Vietnamese feeling grows in Cambodia |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-racism-idUSBREA3R1CN20140429 |access-date=30 June 2023}} |
Z
See also
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
- :Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs
- Fighting words
- Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
- Hate speech
- LGBT slang
- List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
- List of ethnic group names used as insults
- List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity
- List of regional nicknames
- List of religious slurs
- List of terms used for Germans
- Lists of pejorative terms for people
- Pejorative
- Xenophobia
- Xenophobia in the United States
- Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
- wikt:Category:English ethnic slurs
- Wiktionary category: English derogatory terms
- wikt:Appendix:English terms for outsiders
{{div col end}}
References
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite web | title= Ethiopia – Human Rights Developments | website= Human Rights Watch |year = 1995 | url = https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm | access-date = 29 March 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210120132141/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/WR95/AFRICA-03.htm |archive-date= 20 January 2021 |url-status=live }}
{{cite news | last1= Tesfaye | first1= Amanuel | title= Commentary:The Birth of Amhara Nationalism: Causes, Aspirations, and Potential Impacts | date= 4 May 2018 |newspaper= Addis Standard | url= https://addisstandard.com/commentarythe-birth-of-amhara-nationalism-causes-aspirations-and-potential-impacts |access-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20210328045142/https://addisstandard.com/commentarythe-birth-of-amhara-nationalism-causes-aspirations-and-potential-impacts/ |archive-date= 28 March 2021 |url-status=live}}
{{cite web | title= Galla | website= Collins English Dictionary |year = 2015 | url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla | access-date = 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150915034815/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla |archive-date= 15 September 2015 |url-status=live }}
{{cite web | title= Galla | website= Merriam-Webster |year = 2021 | url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galla | access-date = 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20211016083341/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Galla |archive-date= 16 October 2021 |url-status=live }}
}}
=Bibliography=
{{Refbegin}}
- {{cite book |last1=Ayto |first1=John |first2=John |last2=Simpson |author-link2=John Simpson (lexicographer) |year=2010 |title=Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923205-5}}
- {{cite book |last=Dalzell |first=Tom |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English |date=2018 |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-76520-6}}
- {{cite book |editor-last=Doane |editor-first=Ashley W. |editor-last2=Bonilla-Silva |editor-first2=Eduardo |year=2003 |title=White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-415-93583-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/whiteoutcontinui0000unse/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
- {{cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |author-link=Jonathon Green |year=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-36636-1}}
- {{cite book |last1=Herbst |first1=Philip |title=The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Yarmouth, Maine |isbn=978-1-877864-42-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/colorofwordsency0000herb/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
- {{cite book |editor-last=Moore |editor-first=Bruce |year=2004 |title=The Australian Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-551796-5}}
- {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Eric |editor1=Dalzell, Tom |editor2=Victor, Terry |year=2006a |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume I: A–I |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25937-8}}
- {{cite book |last=Partridge |first=Eric |editor1=Dalzell, Tom |editor2=Victor, Terry |year=2006b |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume II: J–Z |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25938-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/newpartridgedict00tomd/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
- {{cite book |last=Rawson |first=Hugh |year=1989 |title=Wicked Words: A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-downs, and Other Formerly Unprintable Terms from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-517-57334-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/h00hugh/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
- South Africa Lexicon 2019. Available at: [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54257189e4b0ac0d5fca1566/t/5cc0a0682be8f70001f10300/1556127851372/SouthAfricaLexicon2019_v3.pdf ]
- {{cite book |last=Spears |first=Richard A. |title=Forbidden American English |publisher=Passport Books |location=Lincolnwood, Ill. |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8442-5152-3}}
- {{cite book |last=Spears |first=Richard A. |title=Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters |year=2001 |edition=3rd revised & abridged |publisher=Signet |location=New York |isbn=978-0-451-20371-7}}
- {{cite book |last=Wilkes |first=G. A. |year=1978 |title=A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms |location=Sydney |publisher=Fontana/Collins |isbn=978-0-00-635719-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofaust0000wilk_f2k5/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}
Further reading
- Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 [https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/c0a95c41-a983-49fc-ac1f-7720d607340d/628130.pdf].
- Burchfield, Robert. "Dictionaries and Ethnic Sensibilities." In The State of the Language, ed. Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks, University of California Press, 1980, pp. 15–23.
- Croom, Adam M. [http://philpapers.org/rec/CROREW "Racial Epithets: What We Say and Mean by Them"]. Dialogue 51 (1):34–45 (2008)
- Henderson, Anita. "What's in a Slur?" American Speech, Volume 78, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 52–74 in Project MUSE
- Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (Pantheon, 2002)
- Mencken, H. L. "Designations for Colored Folk." American Speech, 1944. 19: 161–74.
- Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)
- Wachal, Robert S. "Taboo and Not Taboo: That Is the Question." American Speech, 2002. vol. 77: 195–206.
=Dictionaries=
- Erin McKean, ed. The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. (Oxford University Press, 2005)
- Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2002)
- John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series. {{ISBN|0-19-861299-0}}
- Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (Oxford University Press, 2004)
{{Ethnic slurs}}
{{Religious slurs}}
{{Ethnicity}}
{{Profanity}}
{{Social class}}
{{Racism topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic slurs, List of}}