List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

| {{EGY}}

| data-sort-value="-3272" |c. 3273 BC

| Settlement served as the capital of the first Pharaoh of Egypt, Narmer (c. 3273–2987 BC){{cite book |last1=Bagnall |first1=Roger S. |title=Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide |date=2004 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-796-2 |page=127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ig4uQC20_IC&dq=SHEDET&pg=PA127 |access-date=21 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405051134/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ig4uQC20_IC&dq=SHEDET&pg=PA127 |url-status=live }}

| {{EGY}}

| data-sort-value="-2181" |c. 2181 BC

| Settlement established by the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC)

| {{EGY}}

| data-sort-value="-2150" | c. 2150 BC

| First established as capital of Upper Egypt, Thebes later became the religious capital of the nation until its decline in the Roman period.

| {{EGY}}

| data-sort-value="-650" | c. 650 BC

| Gained prominence in the Late Period (664–332 BC).{{cite book|last1 = Baines|first1 = John|last2 = Malek|first2 = Jaromir|title = Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Cultural Atlas)|publisher = Facts On File Inc|date = March 1983|location = New York, NY|page = [https://archive.org/details/atlasofancienteg00bain/page/240 240]|isbn = 9780871963345|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofancienteg00bain/page/240}}

| Cyrenaica

| {{LBY}}

| data-sort-value="-525" | c. 525 BC

| Founded in the 5th century BC, by the Greeks.{{cite journal|author=Economou, Maria|date=August 1993|url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V1N4/economou.html|title=Euesperides: A Devastated Site|journal=Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics|volume=1|issue=4|publisher=Digital Library and Archives, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University|access-date=6 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604190142/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V1N4/economou.html|archive-date=4 June 2017|url-status=live}}

| Ancient Egypt

| {{EGY}}

| data-sort-value="-332" | 332 BC

|Founded by Alexander the Great on the town of Rhacotis, which dates back to the Old Kingdom{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/2006GL025824|title=Pollutant lead reveals the pre-Hellenistic occupation and ancient growth of Alexandria, Egypt|year=2006|last1=Véron|first1=A.|last2=Goiran|first2=J. P.|last3=Morhange|first3=C.|last4=Marriner|first4=N.|last5=Empereur|first5=J. Y.|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=6|bibcode=2006GeoRL..33.6409V|s2cid=131190587|doi-access=free}}Jean-Daniel Stanley et al., "Alexandria, Egypt, before Alexander the Great: A multidisciplinary approach yields rich discoveries"; GSA Today 17 (8), August 2007; doi:10.1130/GSAT01708A.1.

|Kingdom of Axum

|{{ETH}}

|c. 400 BC

|Ancient capital of the Kingdom of Axum.S.C. Munro-Hay, Excavations at Aksum (London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1989), pp. 12-25 {{ISBN|0500970084}}

|Bilad al-Barbar

|{{SOM}}

|c. 100 AD

|Major trading city in the Horn of Africa.Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75.

| Merina Kingdom

| {{MAD}}

| 1610 AD{{Cite book | last = Desmonts | title = Madagascar | publisher = Editions Olizane |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x57t6B-wo6kC | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-2-88086-387-6 | language = fr |pages=114–115}} or 1625 ADRoman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 15

| Founded by the Merina King Andrianjaka, it is the oldest city in Madagascar.

|Gao Empire, Songhai Empire

|{{MLI}}

| data-sort-value="600" | c. 600 AD

| Gao-Saney called al-kawkaw, Gaw-Gaw{{citation |last1=Cissé |first1=M. |title=Excavations at Gao Saney: new evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=9–37 |year=2013 |doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10233 |last2=McIntosh |first2=S.K. |last3=Dussubieux |first3=L. |last4=Fenn |first4=T. |last5=Gallagher |first5=D. |last6=Chipps Smith |first6=A.}} by ancient Arab chroniclers is the first site of Gao, founded in the 7th century, it was the capital of the Gao Empire of Za Dynasty.Bethwell A. Ogot, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303. A marble palace, stelae, houses and cemeteries dating from this period were discovered by archaeologists.{{citation |last=Sauvaget |first=J. |title=Les épitaphes royales de Gao |journal=Bulletin de l'Ifan |volume=XII |issue=2 |pages=418–440 |year=1950}}{{citation |last=Moraes Farias |first=Paulo F. de |title=The oldest extant writing of West Africa: medieval epigraphs from Essuk, Saney, and Egef-n-Tawaqqast (Mali) |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=65–113 |year=1990 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1990.2452}}{{citation |last=Lange |first=Dierk |title=Les rois de Gao-Sané et les Almoravides |journal=Journal of African History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=251–275 |year=1991 |language=fr |doi=10.1017/s002185370002572x |jstor=182617 |s2cid=162674956}} The current Gao built on a site near Gao-Saney, was the capital of the Songhai Empire (1464–1591),{{citation |last=Kâti |first=Mahmoûd Kâti ben el-Hâdj el-Motaouakkel |title=Tarikh el-fettach ou Chronique du chercheur, pour servir à l'histoire des villes, des armées et des principaux personnages du Tekrour |page=[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439466q/f289.image.pagination 262] |year=1913 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439466q |others=Houdas, O., Delafosse, M. ed. and trans. |place=Paris |publisher=Ernest Leroux |language=fr}} destroyed during the invasion of Songhai by the Saadians. It is today the regional capital of the Gao regions in Mali.

| Kingdom of Benin

| {{NGA}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | c. 1000 AD

| City of Benin, the oldest city in Nigeria.

| Songhai Empire

| {{NIG}}

| data-sort-value="1099.8" | 11th century AD

| Founded in the 11th century, Agadez was an important stop for caravans crossing the Saharan Desert for centuries. Agadez was captured by the Songhai empire in 1515, and controlled by Bornu in the 17th century.{{Cite book |last1=Idrissa |first1=Abdourahmane |title=Historical Dictionary of Niger |last2=Decalo |first2=Samuel |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780810860940 |edition=2nd |location=Lanham, Maryland}}

| Kingdom of Kano

| {{NGA}}

| data-sort-value="1099.9" | 11th century AD

| The foundation for the construction of Kano City Walls was laid by Sakri Gijimasu at some point between 1095 and 1134, and was completed in the middle of the 14th century during the reign of Usman Zamnagawa.{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Ancient Kano City Walls and Associated Sites – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913221507/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/ |archive-date=2019-09-13 |access-date=2019-12-26 |website=whc.unesco.org}}

| Mali Empire, Songhai Empire

| {{MLI}}

| data-sort-value="1099.9" | 11th century AD

| Settled by Tuareg traders as an outpost, its incorporation into the Mali Empire and Songhai, Mande, and Soninke settlement from the 13th century rapidly developed the town.Saad, Elias. "Social history of Timbuktu: 1400–1900. The role of Muslim scholars and notables. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1980)

| Santiago Island

| {{CPV}}

| 1462 AD

| The first European settlement in West Africa.{{cite web |last=RTP Ensina |first=in Portuguese |title=Cidade Velha de Santiago Em Cabo Verde |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/cidade-velha-santiago-cabo-verde/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629132532/https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/cidade-velha-santiago-cabo-verde/ |archive-date=2022-06-29 |access-date=2022-03-19}}

| Kingdom of Benin

| {{NGA}}

| data-sort-value="1599.9" | 16th century AD

| Initially established as a war camp for soldiers from the Kingdom of Benin.{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Kristin |title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2007}}

| Kingdom of Whydah

| {{BEN}}

| data-sort-value="1599.9" | 16th century AD

| The primary port of the Kingdom of Whydah, originally called Glehue by the Fon inhabitants. The town was conquered by the Kingdom of Dahomey in the 18th century.Anderson, David and Rathbone, Richard. "Africa's Urban Past." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) pp. 85–87

| Kongo Empire

| {{ANG}}

| data-sort-value="1099.9" | c. 1390 AD

| Capital of the Kongo Empire, founded by the Kongo people in current day Angola.{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1511/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}

| Portuguese Empire

| {{ANG}}

| 1576 AD

| Founded by Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais on 25 January 1576 as "São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda".{{cite book |last=Ruela Pombo |first=Manuel |title=Paulo Dias de Novais e a Fundação de Luanda |publisher=Imprensa Nacional de Angola |year=1926}}

| Dutch East India Company

| {{ZAF}}

| 1652 AD

| Founded by Dutch colonists from Dutch East India Company and is the oldest recorded city in South Africa.

|Old Cholula

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="-1000" |{{circa|1000}}{{Cite journal |last=McCafferty |first=Geoffrey G. |date=1996 |title=The Ceramics and Chronology of Cholula, Mexico |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/abs/ceramics-and-chronology-of-cholula-mexico/944FF05ED8545767EC662379B8C1F8F6 |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=299–323 |doi=10.1017/S0956536100001486 |issn=1469-1787 |quote=Cholula is one of the oldest continuously occupied centers in Mesoamerica, with settlement dating back at least into the Middle Formative period (ca. 1000 B.C.).|url-access=subscription }}{{snd}}{{circa|500 BC}}{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Florencia |date=1973 |title=La extensión arqueológica de Cholula a través del tiempo |journal=Comunicaciones, Proyecto Puebla-Tlaxcala |volume=8 |pages=19–22}}{{Request quotation|date=March 2024}}

|Pre-Columbian Cholula grew from a small village to a regional center during the 7th century. The city was the site of the Massacre of Cholula during the military campaign of Hernán Cortés.

| Maya civilization, then New Spain

| {{GUA}}

| data-sort-value="-900" | 900–600 BC{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía) |pages=259–260, 269 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |access-date=2016-11-29 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074136/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 }}

|Formerly Nojpetén, the capital of the Itza kingdom, it has been occupied continuously since prehispanic times.{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=258–259 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |access-date=2016-11-29 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074136/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 }} Earliest archaeological traces date back to 900–600 BC, with major expansion of the settlement occurring around 250–400 AD.{{cite journal |author1=Gámez, Laura |year=2007 |title=Salvamento arqueológico en el área central de Petén: Nuevos resultados sobre la conformación y evolución del asentamiento prehispánico en la isla de Flores |volume=XX, 2006 |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía) |page=261 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |access-date=2016-11-29 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205074136/http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/18_-_Gamez.06_-_www.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-05 }} Ethnohistoric documents claim the founding of Nojpetén in the mid-15th century AD.{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M. |year=2009 |chapter=The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice|title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |page=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n65 43]|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

|Maya civilization, then New Spain

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="-700" |700–450{{nbsp}}BC{{Cite journal |last=Millet Cámara |first=Luis |date=2009 |title=Notes on Izamal City of Three Cultures |url=https://ru.micisan.unam.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/19053/VOM_2009_0084_0045.pdf |journal=Voices of Mexico}}

|Also known as the Yellow City. Small city in the Mexican state of Yucatán, 72 kilometres east of state capital Mérida. Izamal is an important archaeological site of the Pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Continuously occupied until the Spanish Conquest. The most important pre-Hispanic constructive activity occurred during the early and late classical periods. It was partially abandoned with the rise of a group that hailed from Chichen Itza, probably around the final classical period (800–1000{{nbsp}}AD).

|Zapotec civilisation (Otomí people), Mixtec civilisation (Otomí people)

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="-500" |{{circa|500 BC|sortable=yes}}{{Cite web |title=Oaxaca {{!}} Mexico, Population, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oaxaca-Mexico |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Oaxaca, city, capital of Oaxaca estado (state), southern Mexico, lying in the fertile Oaxaca Valley, 5,085 feet (1,550 metres) above sea level. The city site, which has been inhabited for thousands of years, was important to numerous pre-Columbian civilizations, as evidenced by the Zapotec ruins at Monte Albán,}}{{Better source needed|date=March 2024|reason=Encyclopædia Britannica is a tertiary source, and the claim that it was "inhabited for thousands of years" doesn't necessarily mean continuously.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Charles S. |last2=Redmond |first2=Elsa M. |date=2001-06-01 |title=Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100 B.C. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416500903714 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=195–229 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0371 |issn=0278-4165|url-access=subscription }}{{Failed verification|date=March 2024|reason=The source doesn't claim continuous habitation since 500 BC. Even worse, this is being combined with the reference to Encyclopædia Britannica in violation of WP:SYNTHESIS.}}

|The valley of modern Oaxaca City, founded by the Spanish in 1532, has been continuously inhabited by the Oto-Manguean peoples of Mesoamerica since ancient times. The outskirts of Oaxaca City host the ruins of Monte Albán, once the capital of the Zapotecs for around 1000 years. Although Monte Albán proper was abandoned around 1000 AD, the city of Zaachila next to it rose in its place and was continuously inhabited until the arrival of Europeans.

|Mixtec civilization

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="-400" |{{Circa|400 BCE}}{{Cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Arthur A. |last2=Workinger |first2=Andrew G. |last3=Hamann |first3=Byron |last4=Kroefges |first4=Peter |last5=Oland |first5=Maxine |last6=King |first6=Stacie M. |date=2004-09-01 |title=Lord 8 Deer "Jaguar Claw" and the Land of the Sky: The Archaeology and History of Tututepec |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/abs/lord-8-deer-jaguar-claw-and-the-land-of-the-sky-the-archaeology-and-history-of-tututepec/7B1E15F2E04F42BC7B1B618DC380BAA9 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=273–297 |doi=10.2307/4141575 |jstor=4141575 |issn=1045-6635|url-access=subscription }}{{Page range too broad|date=January 2025}}

|First Tututepec settlements date to 400 BCE, the site was nearly abandoned by 800 CE until Eight Deer brought a migration of Mixtecs to the site and made the location the capital of a new empire in 1083 CE, the city persists beyond Spanish conquest in 1522 into present day.

|Otomí peoples

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="-400" |{{circa|400|200 BC|sortable=yes}}{{Cite journal |last=Carbajal Correa |first=María del Carmen |date=2018 |title=Four Archaeological Sites in the State of Mexico |url=https://ru.micisan.unam.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/18356/VOM_2003_0064_0089.pdf |journal=Voices of Mexico |pages=92–94 |quote=From the late pre-classical period (400 B.C. to A.D. 200) on, there were organized settlements with Olmec influence in the Valley of Toluca.}}{{Cite web |title=Calixtlahuaca |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/calixtlahuaca |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}

|Toluca, in the State of Mexico, has been continuously inhabited at least since the 8th century BC.{{Cite journal |last1=Huster |first1=Angela C. |last2=Smith |first2=Michael E. |date=March 2015 |title=A New Archaeological Chronology for Aztec-Period Calixtlahuaca, Mexico |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/new-archaeological-chronology-for-aztecperiod-calixtlahuaca-mexico/44EC67EF74FC5FD376173AD56C6A6B14 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=3–25 |doi=10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.3 |issn=1045-6635|url-access=subscription }}{{Dubious|date=March 2024|reason=This contradicts the claim of c. 400 – c. 200 BC.}} The oldest sedentary remains (Calixtlahuaca) date from around the 600 BC to 400 BC.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

|Totonac people

|{{MEX}}

| data-sort-value="100" | c. 1st century AD{{Cite book |last=Zaleta |first=Leonardo |title=Tajín: Misterio y belleza |publisher=Artes Impresas Eón SA de CV |year=2007 |page=23}}{{Request quotation|date=February 2024}}

|The town of Papantla in the state of Veracruz was founded by the Totonac people around the 13th century AD.{{Cite web |title=Historia de la Ciudad de Papantla |url=http://www.mty.itesm.mx/dhcs/deptos/co/co95-832/Proy_2002_S1/VoladoresPapantla/html/c-Historia.htm |access-date=2024-02-05 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510150033/http://www.mty.itesm.mx/dhcs/deptos/co/co95-832/Proy_2002_S1/VoladoresPapantla/html/c-Historia.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }} The neighboring monumental city of El Tajín was settled around the 1st century AD{{Cite book |last=Wilkerson |first=S. Jeffrey K. |url=http://archive.org/details/eltajin0000unse |title=El Tajín : a guide for visitors |date=1987 |publisher=Veracruz Universidad Veracruzana |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-968-499-293-1 |pages=20–21 |quote="100 D.C: Subestructura del edificio 4 (100 A.D: Substructure of building 4)". "Ciudades mesoamericanas. 100 D.C: El Tajín (Mesoamerican cities. 100 D.C: El Tajín)"}} until it was destroyed around the same time Papantla was founded.

| Puebloan peoples

|{{USA}}

| data-sort-value="1100" | c. 1100 AD{{cite web|url=http://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/indigenous_voices/hopi/places.html|title=Hopi Places|publisher=Cline Library, Northern Arizona University|access-date=2022-08-20|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006071629/http://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/indigenous_voices/hopi/places.html|url-status=live}}

|

|Nahuan peoples

|{{MEX}}

|{{circa|1200 AD|sortable=yes}}{{Cite web |last=Valencia Valera |first=Víctor Hugo |date=2022 |title=Zona Arqueológica Teopanzolco |url=https://www.inah.gob.mx/zonas/zona-arqueologica-teopanzolco |language=es |quote=Teopanzolco es una zona arqueológica del Valle de Morelos, cuyas evidencias más tempranas de ocupación se remontan al Posclásico Medio. Las excavaciones arqueológicas confirman que hubo por lo menos tres etapas constructivas de este asentamiento; en cada una de ellas se destruían parcialmente los edificios antiguos y sobre sus restos, se levantaban nuevos, a veces con una distribución distinta. Bajo el piso de la gran plaza se encuentran sepultados restos de los desplantes de los viejos muros y al interior de los basamentos, hay evidencias de la presencia de otros, más antiguos. Los primeros pobladores de Teopanzolco posiblemente eran los Tlahuicas, como lo mencionan las fuentes escritas del siglo XVI. A la llegada de los mexicas que conquistaron esta región y lo incluyeran a su imperio, Teopanzolco estaba en apogeo de su desarrollo. Los renovados templos, basamentos, casas y palacio, tuvieron que impresionar a los mexicas, sobre todo el imponente basamento de los templos de Tlaloc y Huitzilopochtli. En su interior estaban ocultos todavía dos templos más antiguos, que vieron luz hasta los años 1921 y 2018, respectivamente. Desafortunadamente el crecimiento de la moderna ciudad de Cuernavaca, borro muchas evidencias sobre la extensión original de este asentamiento y de la magnitud de sus construcciones durante el apogeo de su desarrollo. En los predios colindantes con la zona arqueológica se han detectado huellas de muros y materiales arqueológicos que nos amplían información sobre la historia de este lugar en época prehispánica. Ubicación cronológica principal: Posclásico Medio y Tardío, 1200 a 1521 d.C.}}

|Founded by the Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico with the name Cuauhnahuac. The ruins of Teopanzolco, now in downtown Cuernavaca, are thought to be the downtown of Cuauhnahuac, which was sieged and occupied by the Spanish in 1521, who renamed it to Cuernavaca.

|Hohokam

|{{USA}}

|data-sort-value="1300" | c. 1300 AD{{Cite book|title=Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area|last=Thiel|first=J. Homer|pages=7–11}}

|Hohokam village founded at the base of Sentinel Peak, later Tohono O'odam. Afterwards, became a Spanish presidio.{{Cite book|title=Between Desert and River|last=Downum|first=Charles E.|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=1993|isbn=9780816518128|location=Tucson, AZ|pages=1–30}}

| Mexica culture (Nahuan peoples)

| {{MEX}}

| 1325 AD

| Founded as twin cities Tenōchtitlān (1325) and Tlāltelōlco (1337) by the Mexica. Name changed to Ciudad de México (Mexico City) after the Spanish conquest of the city in 1521. Several other pre-Columbian towns such as Azcapotzalco, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco and Coyoacán have been engulfed by the still growing metropolis and are now part of modern Mexico City. Oldest capital city in the Americas.

| New Spain

| {{DOM}}

| 1496 AD

| Oldest European settlement in the New World.

| New Spain

| {{PRI}}

| 1508 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited city in a U.S. territory.

| New Spain

| {{PAN}}

| 1510 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in continental America.

| New Spain

| {{CUB}}

| 1511 AD

| Oldest European settlement in Cuba.

| New Spain

|{{CUB}}

| 1519 AD

| Oldest major city in Cuba, established 1515, granted city status in 1592 by Philip II of Spain as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies".

| New Spain

| {{MEX}}

| 1519{{nbsp}}AD{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Joseph M. H. |date=19 January 2023 |title=Veracruz and the Caribbean in the Seventeenth Century |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Chapter 1: Veracruz Before the Caribbean |doi=10.1017/9781009180337.002 |pages=23–48}}

| The actual location of the settlement known as Veracruz changed multiple times. Originally established by Hernán Cortés in April 1519 – near where he made landfall{{efn|It is salient to the discussion of continuous habitation that Cortés's initial founding of Veracruz was symbolic, rather than because he was actually establishing a permanent settlement. Founding a town allowed Cortés and his men to portray the land as not part of the Caribbean, thereby removing them from under the authority of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. Velázquez had revoked permission for the expedition before Cortés departed Cuba.}} – as the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz,{{efn|{{lit}} Rich Town of the New Cross.}} it was moved within a month to Totonac Quiahuiztlan. This location lay further inland and required a long overland trek from the port at San Juan de Ulúa to unload cargo, due to which the settlement was again moved in 1525, this time to the present-day location of La Antigua. Veracruz remained there until 1599, when pressure from mercantile elites in Seville, Mexico City, and Puebla de los Ángeles to relocate the settlement closer to the port to speed and secure trade caused it to be refounded at its present location as Nuevo Veracruz.

| Cueva Civilisation. After European colonisation: New Spain

| {{PAN}}

| 1519 ADArango, J.; Durán, F.; Martín, J.G.; Arroyo, S. (Eds.). Panamá Viejo. De la aldea a la urbe. Patronato Panamá Viejo, Panamá, 2007.

|Oldest European settlement on the Pacific.

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1529 AD{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=A Brief History of Taxco De Alarcon |url=https://santapriscasilver.com/a-brief-history-of-taxco-de-alarcon/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Santa Prisca Silver |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205052530/https://santapriscasilver.com/a-brief-history-of-taxco-de-alarcon/ |url-status=dead }}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1530 AD{{Cite web |last=CZ |first=Joel |date=2021-09-30 |title=Compostela Nayarit: A Magical Town to Discover » Savoteur |url=https://savoteur.com/compostela-nayarit/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en-US}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain, Otomi people, Purépecha people

|{{MEX}}

|1531 AD{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Ginger |date=2002-01-27 |title=Querétaro, Witness To History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/travel/queretaro-witness-to-history.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1531 AD{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Historic Centre of Puebla |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/416/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1531 AD{{Cite web |last=visit-mexico.mx |date=2023-01-12 |title=Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico - Tourist Guide - |url=https://www.visit-mexico.mx/nayarit/tepic/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=visit-mexico.mx |language=en-US}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1531 AD{{Cite web |last=México |first=Travel By |title=La Historia de Culiacán (The History of Culiacan), Culiacán |url=https://en.travelbymexico.com/culiacan/articles/?nom=kculhistoculiacrep |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Travel By Mexico |language=en}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1540 AD{{Citation |title=The Fortified Town of Campeche |date=2009-03-16 |url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-180 |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1541 AD{{Cite news |last=Snyder |first=Michael |date=2022-10-07 |title=The Central Mexican City of Morelia Is Home to Historic Monuments and Heritage Crafts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/t-magazine/wanderlust-morelia-mexico.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

|

| New Spain

| {{MEX}}

| 1542 AD{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=History - In Guadalajara |url=https://inguadalajara.com/history/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=inguadalajara.com |language=es-MX}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|Maya civilization, New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1542 AD (as the Spanish city){{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Merida {{!}} Map, Mexico, Population, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Merida-Mexico |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

|It was previously known as T'ho by the Maya.

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1548 AD{{Cite web |last=Soudip |date=2015-04-01 |title=Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historical Facts and Pictures |url=https://www.thehistoryhub.com/historic-centre-of-zacatecas-facts-pictures.htm |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=The History Hub |language=en-US}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1548 AD{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=5 Brief Legends from Guanajuato – Mexico Unexplained |url=https://mexicounexplained.com/5-brief-legends-guanajuato/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en-US}}{{Better source needed|date=February 2024}}

|

|New Spain

|{{MEX}}

|1550 AD{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Acapulco {{!}} Mexico, Map, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Acapulco |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

|

| New Spain

| {{CRI}}

| 1563 AD

|Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Costa Rica.

| New Spain

| {{USA}}

| 1565 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city of the current 50 U.S. states.

| New Spain

| {{USA}}

| 1607 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited state or territorial capital in the continental United States.

| New France

| {{CAN}}

| 1608 AD

| Oldest city in Canada and oldest French-speaking city in the Americas.

| Newfoundland

| {{CAN}}

| data-sort-value="1610" | c. 1610 AD

| On 5 August 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as England's first overseas colony under a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I.{{cite DCB |title=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey |first=David B. |last=Quinn |volume=1 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/gilbert_humphrey_1E.html}} Some claim{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} to being the oldest city in Canada. Incorporated in 1883; inhabited continuously since sometime after 1610.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

| Virginia Company

| {{USA}}

| 1613 AD

| Founded as Bermuda City in 1613 and later known as City Point, Virginia, this location has undergone several name changes but has remained continuously inhabited.

| New Netherlands

| {{USA}}

| 1614 AD

| Followed by Jersey City, New Jersey (Communipaw) in 1617 and New York City (as New Amsterdam) in 1624. (Note: While there was an abandonment in 1617 or 1618 of the Albany settlement, it was re-established within a few years; also, the Jersey City settlement was a factorij or trading post in the 1610s and did not become a "homestead" (bouwerij) until the 1630s. Settlements in New Netherlands sometimes moved around in the early years.)

| Plymouth Colony

| {{USA}}

| 1620 AD

| Fourth-oldest continuously inhabited European-founded city in the United StatesSanta Fe, New Mexico, which is sometimes cited for this, was abandoned due to Indian raiding from 1680 to 1692, and its inhabitants did not succeed in living in the area continuously until after 1692.

| New Amsterdam

| {{USA}}

| 1624 AD

| Founded in 1624 as New Amsterdam. Was renamed New York City in 1667. Is the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States{{cite web|last=Briney|first=Amanda|title=15 Oldest Cities in the United States|url=http://geography.about.com/od/unitedstatesofamerica/a/oldest-cities-united-states.htm|access-date=April 5, 2021|publisher=About.com|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228133939/http://geography.about.com/od/unitedstatesofamerica/a/oldest-cities-united-states.htm|url-status=dead}}

| Massachusetts Bay Colony

| {{USA}}

| 1625 AD

| Settled in 1625 and established in 1630, the city of Boston, Massachusetts, was established as the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Shawmut Peninsula. It is one of the oldest major cities of the United States. Boston was a key city in the early American Revolution against the British Empire, eventually becoming the first city free of British rule in the United States. Boston is still one of the wealthiest and most important cities in the United States.

|New France

|{{CAN}}

|1629 AD{{Cite web |title=Annapolis Royal Historic District |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=825 |publisher=Directory of Federal Heritage Designations{{snd}}Parks Canada |language=en}}

|Oldest continuously inhabited settlement incorporated as a Town in North America. Initial settlement was 1605, with confirmed continuous settlement since at least 1629.

| New France

| {{CAN}}

| 1631 AD

| Oldest incorporated city in Canada.

| New France

| {{CAN}}

| 1634 AD

| Fourth-oldest city in Canada.

| New France

| {{CAN}}

| 1642 AD

| Fifth-oldest city in Canada.

| New France

| {{CAN}} and {{USA}}

| 1668 AD

| A single settlement until 1817, when it was divided into Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States. The latter is the oldest European-founded city in the Midwestern United States and third-oldest US city west of the Appalachian Mountains.

| New Spain

| {{USA}}

| 1680 AD

| In 1680, the small village of El Paso became the temporary base for Spanish governance of the territory of New Mexico as a result of the Pueblo Revolt, until 1692, when Santa Fe was reconquered and once again became the capital.Ramón A. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500–1846 (Stanford University Press, 1991) p. 145

| Province of Pennsylvania

| {{USA}}

| 1681 AD

| In 1681, King Charles II gave William Penn a large piece of his newly acquired American land holdings to repay a debt the king owed to Admiral Sir William Penn, Penn's father. Afterwards, Penn founded Philadelphia with a core group of accompanying Quakers and others seeking religious freedom on lands he purchased from the local chieftains of the Lenape or Delaware nation.{{cite book|author-link=Bruce Trigger|author=Trigger, Bruce C.|title=Handbook of North American Indians|editor= Sturtevant, William C.|year=1978|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, DC|title-link=Handbook of North American Indians}}

|New France

|{{USA}}

|1699 AD

|Natchitoches was established in 1714 by French explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis. It is the oldest permanent European settlement within the borders of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase.{{cite web|title = City of Natchitoches|url = http://www.natchitochesla.gov/|website = www.natchitochesla.gov|access-date = 2016-01-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160108183839/http://www.natchitochesla.gov/|archive-date = 2016-01-08|url-status = live}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/912906221 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/908593045 cite #4 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. User:GreenC bot/Job 18}} Natchitoches was founded as a French outpost on the Red River for trade with Spanish-controlled Mexico; French traders settled there as early as 1699.

| New France

| {{USA}}

| 1701 AD

| First European settlement above tidewater in North America.

|New Spain

|{{USA}}

|1718 AD

|Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718, the city in 1731 became the first chartered civil settlement in what is now present-day Texas.

|New France

|{{USA}}

|1718 AD

|Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1718 upon the slightly elevated banks of the Mississippi River approximately {{convert|95|mi}} above its mouth.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

| British America

| {{CAN}}

| 1738 AD

| Founded as Fort Rouge. Oldest city in the Canadian Prairies.

|Province of North Carolina

|{{USA}}

|1768 AD

|Area said to have been pre-colonially settled by the Catawba tribe with records dating back to 1567.

| New Spain

| {{USA}}

| 1769 AD

| Birthplace of California and oldest city on the West Coast of the United States.

| Upper Canada

| {{CAN}}

| 1793 AD

| Founded as York, Upper Canada.

| Colony of Vancouver Island

| {{CAN}}

| 1843 AD

| Oldest city on the West Coast of Canada.

| Inca Empire

| {{PER}}

|data-sort-value=1100|c. 1100 AD {{dubious|date=September 2015|reason=reference does not address continuity}}

|The Killke occupied the region from 900 to 1200, prior to the arrival of the Incas in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of Sacsayhuamán, the walled complex outside Cusco, has demonstrated that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100.[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080331-inca-temple.html Kelly Hearn, "Ancient Temple Discovered Among Inca Ruins"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721154828/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080331-inca-temple.html |date=2017-07-21 }}, National Geographic News, 31 March 2008, accessed 12 January 2010

| New Granada

| {{VEN}}

| 1515 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited, European-established settlement in the continent.

| New Granada

| {{COL}}

| 1525 AD

| Oldest still-inhabited city founded by Spaniards in Colombia.

| Governorate General of Brazil

| {{BRA}}

| 1532 AD

| First Portuguese city in the Americas.{{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Marc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLXoHh1nArAC |title=Wege durchs Küstengebirge: Zwischen Vergangenheit und Zukunft |date=2010 |publisher=Books on Demand |isbn=978-3842336612 |edition=2nd |publication-date=2010 |pages=51 |language=de, pt |trans-title=Paths through the coastal mountains: between the past and the future}}

| Peru

| {{PER}}

| 1532 AD

| Oldest European-founded city in Peru.Marzal, M. (1996). Historia de la antropología indigenista: México y Perú. Ed. Anthropos, Extremadura

| Peru

| {{PER}}

| 1535 AD

| Second-oldest continuously inhabited European-settled capital city in South America. The oldest being Quito.

| Governorate General of Brazil

| {{BRA}}

| 1535 AD

| Second-oldest continuously inhabited Portuguese-settled village in South America. The oldest being São Vicente.

| New Granada

| {{COL}}

| 1536 AD

| On 25 July 1536 Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali, first established a few kilometres north of the present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío.

|Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata

|{{PAR}}

|1537 AD

| Juan de Salazar y Espinoza, traversing the Paraguay River on his way from Buenos Aires, stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there in August 1537. He named it Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption – the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15).

| New Granada

| {{COL}}

| 1540 AD

| The name of Bogotá, is derived from Bacatá, an indigenous area inhabitanted by the native Muisca encompassing what is presently the Colombian capital.

| Captaincy General of Chile

| {{CHI}}

| 1541 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited European established settlement in Chile.

| Governorate General of Brazil

| {{BRA}}

| 1549 AD

| First planned city founded by Portuguese, and first capital of Brazil.

| Río de la Plata

| {{ARG}}

| 1553 AD

| Oldest continuously inhabited city in Argentina.

|Governorate General of Brazil

|{{BRA}}

|1554 AD

|On January 25, 1554, a group of Jesuit missionaries, led by Father Manuel da Nóbrega, settled on a plateau then called Piratininga, where they founded a college dedicated to the evangelization of the Amerindian populations. The name São Paulo, initially São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, was given to it because it was the day dedicated to the apostle with that name.{{Cite book |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Sao%20Paulo%20A%20tale%20of%20two%20cities.pdf |title=São Paulo - A Tale of Two Cities |publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-1-132214-9 |publication-date=2010 |pages=13 |language=en}}

| Levant

| {{SYR}}

|data-sort-value="-5000 to -6000 BC" | c. 5000{{nbsp}}BC{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Blakemore |first2=Erin |title=Five Times Aleppo Was the Center of the World's Attention |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/five-times-aleppo-was-center-worlds-attention-180960390/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Mansel |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddOLDwAAQBAJ&dq=Aleppo+is+one+of+the+oldest+continuously+inhabited+cities+in+the+world.+Humans+have+lived+in+or+near+Aleppo+since+at+least+the+fifth+millennium+bc&pg=PT13 |title=Aleppo: The Rise and Fall of Syria's Great Merchant City |date=2016-02-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-924-8 |page=15 |language=en}}

| The site of Aleppo may have been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC.{{Cite book |last=Research |first=United Nations Institute for Training and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbqbDwAAQBAJ |title=Five years of conflict: the state of cultural heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo; A comprehensive multi-temporal satellite imagery-based damage analysis for the Ancient City of Aleppo |page=20 |date=2019-05-30 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-100284-7 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Versaci |first1=Antonella |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-h1iEAAAQBAJ |title=Conservation of Architectural Heritage |page=190 |last2=Bougdah |first2=Hocine |last3=Akagawa |first3=Natsuko |last4=Cavalagli |first4=Nicola |date=2022-03-01 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-74482-3 |language=en}}

| Levant

|{{LIB}}

| data-sort-value="-5000" | {{circa|5000 BC}}{{cite book |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |last1=Dumper |first1=Michael |last2=Stanley |first2=Bruce E. |last3=Abu-Lughod |first3=Janet L. |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=1-57607-919-8 |page=104 |quote=Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=byblos+continually+inhabited&pg=PA104 |access-date=2009-07-22 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091024/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=byblos+continually+inhabited&pg=PA104 |url-status=live }}

|Inhabited since Neolithic times, it has been closely linked to the legends and history of the Mediterranean region for thousands of years. Byblos is also directly associated with the history and diffusion of the Phoenician alphabet.

| Levant

| {{SYR}}

| data-sort-value="-3000" | {{circa|3000 BC}}{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=Wolfgang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dFttVkr2uwC&dq=damascus+exist+continuously+since+5000+years&pg=PA68 |title=Groundwater in the Arab Middle East |page=68 |date=2011-07-16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-19351-4 |language=en |quote=The towns of Aleppo and Damascus exist continuously since 5,000 years}}{{cite web |title=Ancient City of Damascus |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329204440/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |access-date=2023-04-05 |quote=Historical and archaeological sources testify to origins in the third millennium BC, and Damascus is widely known as among the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world.}}

|Excavations on the outskirts of the city have revealed evidence of inhabitation as early as 8000 to 10,000 BC.{{cite book |last=Burns |first=Ross |title=Damascus: A History |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41317-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTs77Ft6FXQC&q=continuously |page=2 |access-date=2020-11-15 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091525/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTs77Ft6FXQC&q=continuously |url-status=live |quote=It has long been a self-fulfilling assumption that Damascus is a city older than time. The belief that this was one of the first urban centres appears a little fanciful as we have no evidence of any large-scale settlement on the site of the present walled city at least until the second millennium BC. There is certainly evidence of earlier settlement in the wider Barada basin going back to 9000 BC but there is so far no consistent picture of how the Damascus area was exploited though it seems to have been only lightly populated.}}

| Levant

|
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Israel.svg}} Israel and {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine

|data-sort-value="-3000"| {{circa|3000}}{{nbsp}}BC{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |title=Jerusalem |first1=Avraham |last1=Negev |first2=Shimon |last2=Gibson |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |pages=260–61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091525/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-2400-5 |date=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/694 694–95] |quote=1. Ceramic evidence indicates some occupation of Ophel as early as early as the Chalcolithic period. 2. Remains of a building witness to a permanent settlement on Ophel during the early centuries (ca. 3000–2800 B.C.E.) of the Early Bronze Age |url=https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/694}}

|The Execration Texts (c. 19th century BC), which refer to a city called rwš3lmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum/Urušalimum/Rôsh-ramen{{cite book |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |last=Freedman |first=David Noel |publisher=Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=0-8028-2400-5 |date=2000-01-01 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/694 694–695] |url=https://archive.org/details/eerdmansdictiona0000unse/page/694 }}Nadav Na'aman, op.cit pp. 178–179. and the Amarna letters (c. 14th century BC) may be the earliest mention of the city.{{Cite book |title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: the First Temple Period |author1=Vaughn, Andrew G.|author2=Ann E. Killebrew |date=1 August 2003 |contribution=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |isbn=1-58983-066-0 |pages=32–33 |publisher=Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta |access-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703151117/https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C |archive-date=3 July 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |publisher=Bar-Ilan University, Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies |title=History of Jerusalem from its Beginning to David |work=Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City |access-date=18 January 2007 |last=Shalem |first=Yisrael |date=3 March 1997 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070117203409/http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_2.html |archive-date=17 January 2007 |url-status= live }} Nadav Na'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BC.Nadav Naʼaman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., p. 180.

| Levant

| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine

|data-sort-value="-2450"|c. 2450 BC{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

|Jenin's history goes back to 2450 BC, when it was built by the Canaanites. After 1244, Jenin flourished economically because of its location on the trade route, until a major earthquake completely destroyed the city.

| Levant

| {{SYR}}

| data-sort-value="-2400"|c. 2400 BC{{Cite journal |last1=Bartl |first1=Karin |last2=al-Maqdissi |first2=Michel |date=2016-12-01 |title=Archaeological Survey in the Hama Region 2003–2005 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/syria/5107 |journal=Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire |language=en |issue=IV |pages=303–320 |doi=10.4000/syria.5107 |issn=0039-7946|url-access=subscription }}

|

| Mesopotamia

| {{IRQ}}

|data-sort-value="-2300"|c. 2300{{nbsp}}BC{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/culture/erbil-citadel/|title=Revitalization Project of Erbil Citadel|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=UNESCO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201305/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/culture/erbil-citadel|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=live}}

|The Citadel of Erbil is a fortified settlement in Erbil, Iraq. The city corresponds to the ancient Assyrian city of Arbela. Settlement at Erbil can be dated back to possibly 6000 BC, but not urban life until c. 2300.{{Cite web |title=Erbil {{!}} Geography, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Erbil |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Features - Erbil Revealed - Archaeology Magazine - September/October 2014 |url=https://archaeology.org/issues/september-october-2014/features/kurdistan-erbil-excavations-2/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Archaeology Magazine |language=en-US}}

| Anatolia

| {{TUR}}

|data-sort-value="-2000"|{{circa|2000}}{{nbsp}}BC{{Cite book |last=Vale |first=Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLtCtAEACAAJ |title=Architecture, Power and National Identity |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-72921-0 |edition=2nd |publication-date=2008 |page=115 |language=en |quote=When the decision to designate Ankara as the capital of a modern nation-state was taken in the 1920s, it represented the reinvigoration of a small town that had been inhabited continuously since the twentieth century B.C. |orig-date=1992}}

|The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age.

| Levant

| {{ISR}}

|data-sort-value="-2000"|c. 2000 BC

|Archaeological evidence shows habitation from 7500 BC.Excavations at Ancient Jaffa (Joppa). Tel Aviv University.

| Levant

| {{ISR}}

|data-sort-value="-2000"|c. 2000 BC

|There were initial settlements in the Acre area dated around 3000 BC.{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Negev |editor-first=Avraham |editor-link=Avraham Negev |editor-last2=Gibson |editor-first2=Shimon |editor-link2=Shimon Gibson |title=Akko (Tel) |encyclopedia=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land |year=2001 |location=New York and London |publisher=Continuum |page=27 |isbn=0-8264-1316-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091525/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} (Snippet view).

| Levant

| {{SYR}}

| data-sort-value="-2000"|2nd millennium BC{{Cite web |title=Small historical coastal cities: Urban development and freshwater resources |url=https://librarysearch.chemeketa.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma99158081310001451&context=L&vid=01ALLIANCE_CHEMEK:CHEMEK&lang=en&search_scope=Everything&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Everything&query=sub,equals,urban%20development,AND&mode=advanced&offset=20 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=librarysearch.chemeketa.edu |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2002-06-16 |title=Small Historical Coastal Cities: Urban Development and Freshwater Resources |url=https://www.unesco.org/most/csi_jableh.htm |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020616055654/https://www.unesco.org/most/csi_jableh.htm |archive-date=2002-06-16 }}

| There were initial settlements in the area of Jableh, such as Tell Sukas, dated between the 6th-7th millennium BC, and Tell Tweini.

|Levant

|{{LIB}}

|data-sort-value="-2000"| {{circa|2000|1800 BC}}{{Cite web |last=Nassif |first=Rawane |date=Fall 2011 |title=The politics of memory in the reconstruction of Downtown Beirut |url=https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/052c6420-e78f-4853-a29c-7a5222be85e4 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=ERA |page=2 |doi=10.7939/R36W3T |language=en}}{{Better source needed|date=September 2024}}

| Syria

| {{SYR}}

| data-sort-value="-1200"|2nd millennium BC{{Cite news |date=August 15, 2011 |title=Factbox: Syria's ancient city of Latakia bombarded |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/factbox-syrias-ancient-city-of-latakia-bombarded-idUSTRE77E2F8/}}{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Akhil |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImiDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258 |title=EURODASH79: The Quest (Inspired and Relentless Search for the True Knowledge, Culture & Values) |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-88134-59-0 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 10 (Damascus to Tartus – Latakia – Antakya: Unfolding Dream of Ibn Battuta) |quote=Though the site has been inhabited since the second millennium BC, the modern-day city was first founded in the 4th century BC under the rule of the Seleucid empire.}}{{Better source needed|date=October 2024}}

| In the 2nd millennium BC, the city was the Canaanite port of Ramitha; it was part of the Kingdom of Ugarit, only a few miles further north.{{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Warwick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&dq=latakia+2nd+millennium&pg=PA157 |title=Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire |date=2002-01-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-82387-1 |language=en}}

| Al-Jawf

| {{KSA}}

| data-sort-value="-1000" | {{circa|1000}}{{nbsp}}BC

| It was named after Dumah, son of Ishmael and was the capital city of the Qedarite Kingdom.

| Anatolia

| {{TUR}}

|data-sort-value="-1000"|c. 1000 BC

|The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4,000 years old. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum.

| Levant

| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine

|data-sort-value="-1000"|c. 1000 BC

|While evidence of habitation dates back at least 5,000 years, it is said to be continuously inhabited for a little more than 3,000 years.{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn= 9781576079195|page=155}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rimalbooks.com/life-the-crossroads-new-edition-p-559.html|title=Life at the Crossroads [New Edition]: A History of Gaza|publisher=Rimal Books|access-date=2009-01-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184919/https://www.rimalbooks.com/life-the-crossroads-new-edition-p-559.html|archive-date=2011-07-15}}

| Levant

| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine

|data-sort-value="-1000" | Iron Age{{cite book |last1=Lemche |first1=Niels Peter |title=The A to Z of Ancient Israel |date=9 April 2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4616-7172-5 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfwUPrERBxEC&dq=Hebron+rebuilt%7Creoccupied+middle+bronze+age&pg=PA145 |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041812/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfwUPrERBxEC&dq=Hebron+rebuilt%7Creoccupied+middle+bronze+age&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}

|

| Levant

| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Palestine

| data-sort-value="-1000" | early 1st millennium BC{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

|Traces of habitation from c. 9000{{nbsp}}BC.{{cite book |last=Gates |first=Charles |title=Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-01895-1 |page=18 |chapter=Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities |quote=Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in Palestine, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.}}{{cite book |last=Martell |first=Hazel Mary |title=The Kingfisher Book of the Ancient World: From the Ice Age to the Fall of Rome |year=2001 |publisher=Kingfisher Publications |isbn=0-7534-5397-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/kingfisherbookof00mart/page/18 18] |chapter=The Fertile Crescent |quote=People first settled there from around 9000 B.C., and by 8000 B.C., the community was organised enough to build a stone wall to defend the city. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/kingfisherbookof00mart/page/18 }} Fortifications date to 6800 BC (or earlier), making Jericho the earliest known walled city.Michal Strutin, Discovering Natural Israel (2001), p. 4.

Archaeological evidence indicates that the city was destroyed and abandoned several times (sometimes remaining uninhabited for hundreds of years at a time), with later rebuilding and expansion.{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Donald P. |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Lost Civilizations |year=1999 |publisher=Alpha Books |isbn=0-02-862954-X |page=[https://community.plu.edu/~ryandp/archybook.html] |chapter=Digging up the Bible |quote=The city was walled during much of its history and the evidence indicates that it was abandoned several times, and later expanded and rebuilt several times. |chapter-url=https://community.plu.edu/~ryandp/archybook.html |access-date=2020-04-23 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517010349/https://community.plu.edu/~ryandp/archybook.html |url-status=live }}Kenneth Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Eerdmans 2003), p. 187

|Hejaz

|{{KSA}}

|data-sort-value="-900" | 9th century BC{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.al-madinah.org|title=Medina|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141654/http://al-madinah.org/madina/sections.php?sid=7362|url-status=usurped}}

|Medina has been inhabited at least 1500 years before the Hijra.

| Colchis

|{{GEO}}

| data-sort-value="-800.1" | before 8th century BC{{Cite web|url=http://www.great-adventures.com/destinations/rep_georgia/colchis.html|title=COLCHIS, THE LAND OF THE GOLDEN FLEEAD, REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA|website=www.great-adventures.com|access-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324022922/http://www.great-adventures.com/destinations/rep_georgia/colchis.html|archive-date=2017-03-24|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://eurasia.travel/georgia/places/western_georgia/kutaisi/vani/|title=Vani|website=eurasia.travel|access-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112946/http://eurasia.travel/georgia/places/western_georgia/kutaisi/vani/|archive-date=2017-03-19|url-status=live}}

| Media

|{{IRN}}

|data-sort-value="-800"|c. 800 BCInternational dictionary of historic places By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, K. A. Berney, Paul E. Schellinger

| The capital city of the Median Empire.

| Yerevan

| {{ARM}}

| data-sort-value="-782" | 782{{nbsp}}BC{{cite journal |last=Harootunian |first=N.V. |date=1959|title=К датировке основания города Еревана |trans-title=On the date of the foundation of Yerevan |language=ru |journal=Historical-Philological Journal |issue=2–3 |pages=94–96 |url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/29/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084924/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/29/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 |quote=[С]тановится вполне ясным, что время основания этого города падает на 782 год до нашей эры.{{nbsp}}... [А]рхеологический материал, происходивший из раскопок Эребуни-Еревана, с достаточной достоверностью показывает, что этот город продолжал свое существование не только в последний период урартского владычества{{nbsp}}... но и после него, т.е. в VI-V вв. до нашей еры. О дальнейшей судьбе Еревана, вплоть до начала VII века нашей эры, история, к сожалению, умалчивает. После потери своего первенствующего значения еще в эпоху Урарту, он, по всей вероятности, свыше десяти веков продолжал оставаться одним из многочисленных рядовых поселков («аван»-ов) исторической Армении. С начала же VII века нашей эры Ереван снова начинает приобретать удельный вес и фигурирует снова в «Книге посланий» а затем — в «Истоии» Себеоса. В дальнейшем название Еревана все чаще и чаще упоминается в средневековых армянских источниках{{nbsp}}... [ [I]t becomes quite clear that the founding of this city falls on 782{{nbsp}}BC.{{nbsp}}... [A]rcheological material originating from the excavations at Erebuni-Yerevan shows with sufficient credibility that this city continued to exist not only in the final period of Urartian rule{{nbsp}}... but also after it, i.e. in the 6th–5th centuries BC. Regarding the subsequent fate of Erevan, history is unfortunately silent until the beginning of the 7th century AD. After losing its foremost significance all the way back in the era of Urartu, it most likely continued to be one of the many rank-and-file villages ('avans') of historical Armenia. Then, from the beginning of the 7th century AD Erevan once again begins to acquire particular weight and appears for the first time in the Book of Messages, then in Sebeos's History. Thereafter the name of Erevan is mentioned with increasing frequency in medieval Armenian sources{{nbsp}}...]}}{{cite journal |last=Deschamps |first=Stephane |title=Erebuni in the context of Urartean fortresses in the Ararat plain: Sources and problems |journal=Quaternary International |date=22 February 2016 |orig-date=23 October 2015|volume=395 |pages=208–215 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.056 |bibcode=2016QuInt.395..208D |quote=Erebuni fortress, located on the hill of Arin Berd (Yerevan) is one of the three main Urartian fortresses erected in the Ararat plain{{nbsp}}... Built during the reign of king Argishti I in 782{{nbsp}}BC, it marks the extension of the kingdom of Urartu to the north since the reign of Menua and the control of the Ararat plain during the reign of king Argishti.}}

| Founded as Erebuni Fortress by the Urartians and most likely inhabited continuously thereafter; though, historical sources from the 5th century BC to the 7th century AD are lacking. Alternatively, it was founded in 3000{{nbsp}}BC (Shengavit Settlement).{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

| Media

|{{IRN}}

| data-sort-value="-714" | 714 B.C.{{cite web |url=http://algebra21.tabrizu.ac.ir/en/contents/AboutTabriz/Tabriz.City.html |title=Introduction to Tabriz city |language=fa |publisher=University of Tabriz |access-date=2013-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517034733/http://algebra21.tabrizu.ac.ir/en/contents/AboutTabriz/Tabriz.City.html |archive-date=2013-05-17}}

| An important and prosperous city along the silk road, it was made the capital city several times during various periods under various ruling dynasties of the region.

| Thrace, Anatolia

| {{TUR}}

| data-sort-value="-685" | 685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace{{cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PARA1-PA315|access-date=11 April 2013|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=1|quote=Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BC.|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093030/https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PARA1-PA315|url-status=live}}

|Founded as a colony of Megara. Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.

| Colchis

| {{GEO}}

| data-sort-value="-600" | 6th to 4th century BC

|Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC.Gela Gamkrelidze. RESEARCHES IN IBERIA-COLCHOLOGY. Edited by David Braiind (Prof, of University of Exeter (UK)) // Olar LORDKIPANIDZE ADNTRE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM. P. 43 "According to the data on archaeological excavations on the Gabashvili, Dateshidze and Ukimerioni hills in Kutaisi, an urban-type settlement of the 6-5 cent. BC was found to be concentrated"

| Levant

| {{SYR}}

| data-sort-value="-500" | {{circa|500 BC}}{{Cite web |title=Ancient City of Bosra |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/22/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=whc.unesco.org}}{{Better source needed|date=October 2024}}

|

|Punjab

|{{PAK}}

|3000–2800 BC{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nP1tAAAAMAAJ&q=ancient+multan|title=Multan: History and Architecture|date=1983|publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture & Civilization, Islamic University|language=en|access-date=2021-11-18|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923090518/https://books.google.com/books?id=nP1tAAAAMAAJ&q=ancient+multan|url-status=live}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2025}}

|Perhaps the oldest city in Central and South Asia. Also known as Mulasthana or Kashyapapura, this city was founded by Kashyapa, according to Hindu Puranas.{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC|year=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34055-5|page=270|access-date=2023-05-13|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923090548/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC|url-status=live}} The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation.

| Arachosia

| {{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}

| data-sort-value="-1300" | 3000–1500 BCNancy Hatch Dupree, An Historical Guide to Afghanistan, 1977, Kabul, Afghanistan{{Better source needed|date=May 2025}}

|Perhaps the oldest city in Afghanistan. Mundigak is an important archeological site and is located in the present day Kandahar Province.{{Cite book |last=Allchin |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3525 |title=The Archaeology of Afghanistan from earliest times to the Timurid period |date=1978 |publisher=London; New York : Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-050440-4 |pages=90–93 |language=en}}

|Bactria

|{{AFG}}

|data-sort-value="-1000” | 2000-1000 BC{{cite web | url=https://mediorientedintorni.com/index.php/2022/01/12/history-of-balkh-the-city-of-saints/?lang=en | title=History of Balkh, the city of saints - | date=12 January 2022 | access-date=22 October 2022 | archive-date=22 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022081106/https://mediorientedintorni.com/index.php/2022/01/12/history-of-balkh-the-city-of-saints/?lang=en | url-status=live }}

|It was considered a major stop on the Silk Road as well as the birthplace of Zoroastrianism and was a major hub for Buddhism. Arab conquerors have called it Umm-al-belad, mother of cities.

| Indraprastha

| {{IND}}

| data-sort-value="-1200" | 1200–900 BC{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IWXRDwAAQBAJ|title = Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|isbn = 9780810879607|last1 = Long|first1 = Jeffery D.|year = 2011|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|access-date = 2022-06-21|archive-date = 2023-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923090519/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWXRDwAAQBAJ|url-status = live}}{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ|title = History of Indian Nation : Ancient India|isbn = 9788178441283|last1 = Syed|first1 = Muzaffar Husain|year = 2012|access-date = 2022-06-21|archive-date = 2023-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923090519/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ|url-status = live}}{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zigfknEXEe0C|title = History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. I - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century B.C., Volume 1|isbn = 9781605204901|last1 = Dutt|first1 = Romesh C.|year = 1906|publisher = Cosimo|access-date = 2022-06-21|archive-date = 2023-09-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923090519/https://books.google.com/books?id=zigfknEXEe0C|url-status = live}}

|Established as the ancient city of Indraprastha {{Circa|1200|900 BC}}, the later capital of the Kuru empire (after Hastinapura) by the ruling Kuru dynasty, over the Upper Ganges-Yamuna doabs of Northern India.

| Kashi

| {{IND}}

| data-sort-value="-1400" | c. 1200 BC{{cite news |title=4,000-year-old crafts village unearthed near Varanasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-crafts-village-unearthed/article30900983.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=13 July 2020 |language=en-IN |date=24 February 2020 |quote=Professor Dubey "said the site gains significance because of its proximity to Varanasi, which is said to be 5,000 years old, though modern scholars believe it to be around 3,000 years old." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225160239/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-crafts-village-unearthed/article30900983.ece |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|last=Sapru|first=Gayatri|title=The Indian Cities That Are Older Than Time|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/7-indian-cities-that-are-older-than-time/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Culture Trip|date=8 April 2016|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625223330/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/7-indian-cities-that-are-older-than-time/|url-status=live}}

|Oldest continuously inhabited city in India. Finds its mention in Ancient Vedas.

|Transoxiana

|{{KAZ}}

| data-sort-value="-1000" | 1000 BC{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAu9ttUqiJoC|title = Kazakhstan: Coming of Age|isbn = 9781900988612|last1 = Fergus|first1 = Michael|last2 = Jandosova|first2 = Janar|year = 2003| publisher=Stacey International }}{{Better source needed|date=May 2025}}

| Oldest continuously inhabited city in Kazakhstan. The city of Sayram is believed by some historians to have been mentioned in the Avesta, with Sairima possibly meaning Sayram. Evidence of an early plumbing system has been found around Sayram and Transoxiana.

|Achaemenid

|{{TJK}}

| data-sort-value="-1000" | 1000 BC{{Cite book|last=Ranov, V. A. (Vadim Aleksandrovich)|url=https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf|title=Dushanbe : gorod drevniĭ|date=1993|publisher=Izd-vo "Donish"|others=Solovʹev, V. S. (Viktor Stepanovich), Masov, R. M. (Rakhim Masovich)|isbn=5-8366-0427-4|location=Dushanbe|pages=107–108|language=ru|oclc=32311792|access-date=2023-03-08|archive-date=2023-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209024302/https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/43419/1/isawdca_000960.pdf|url-status=live}}

| Bronze Age burials were discovered dating from the end of the second to the beginning of the first millennium BC. Achaemenid dishes and ceramics were found 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Dushanbe in Qiblai, as the city was controlled by the Achaemenids from the sixth century BC.{{Cite book|title=Yavan, Oxford Art Online|date=2002|publisher=Macmillan|author=Macy, Laura Williams |isbn=1-884446-05-1|location=[Basingstoke, England]|oclc=50959350}}

| Sogdia

| {{UZB}}

| data-sort-value="-750" | 800–500 BCVladimir Babak, Demian Vaisman, Aryeh Wasserman, Political organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: sources and documents, p.374

|Oldest continuously inhabited city in Uzbekistan.

| Malwa

| {{IND}}

| data-sort-value="-600" | c. 600 BC{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA835 |title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places |page=835 |editor1=Trudy Ring |editor2=Noelle Watson |editor3=Paul Schellinger |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781136639791 |access-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517033654/https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA835 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |url-status=live }}

| Rose to prominence in c. 600 BC as capital of Avanti.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

| Gandhara

| {{PAK}}

| data-sort-value="-539" | 539 BC{{Cite web|date=3 July 2010|title=Peshawar: Oldest Living City in South Asia|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/880603/peshawar-oldest-living-city-in-south-asia|url-status=live|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Dawn|language=en|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508143831/https://www.dawn.com/news/880603/peshawar-oldest-living-city-in-south-asia}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2025}}

| One of the oldest cities of Pakistan.

| Sogdia

| {{UZB}}

| data-sort-value="-500" | c. 500 BC{{Cite book|chapter=Zaman-Baba|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}

|Bhukara was an important Central Asian hub on the Silk Road. The name dates back to the Sanskrit word vihāra, or Buddhist monastery. The city was known for its many madrasas and was the center of the Khanate of Bhukara, which dominated modern day Uzbekistan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

|Punjab

|{{PAK}}

|4th century BC

|The first record of Sialkot dates from the invasion of Alexander the Great, who conquered upper Punjab in 326 BCE.{{cite book|last1=Dhillon|first1=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+garrison&pg=PT102|title=Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544843|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091019/https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+garrison&pg=PT102|url-status=live}}

| Kingdom of Rajarata

| {{SRI}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | 4th century BC{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/200|title=Sacred City of Anuradhapura|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080849/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/200|archive-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live}}

|Tamralipta

|{{IND}}

|3rd century BC{{Better source needed|date=April 2025}}

|Tamluk or Tamralipta was an ancient port city in Bengal, on the Bay of Bengal.{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Santanu |date=2022-05-26 |title=Tamralipta, the ancient port city of India |url=https://www.bengalchronicle.com/2022/05/26/tamralipta-the-ancient-port-city-of-india/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Bengal Chronicle |language=en-GB}} According to ancient Jain texts, Tamralipta was the capital of the Vanga kingdom.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tamluk|title=Tamluk|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=31 March 2024}} The Chinese pilgrim Faxian visited the city in the 5th century AD, and Xuanzang visited it in the 7th century.{{Cite web |title=The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing: Sources for Cross-Cultural Encounters Between Ancient China and Ancient India |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/the-travel-records-of-chinese-pilgrims-faxian-xuanzang-and-yijing-sources-for-cross-cultural-encounters-between-ancient-china-and-ancient-india/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Association for Asian Studies |language=en-US}} Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was an independent parallel government established in the areas of Tamluk, during the Quit India Movement (1942–1944). It was the first people's government and only parallel government running independently for two years during British Raj.{{Cite news |date=2022-08-13 |title=A pocket of Bengal that formed the first non-British government in India on December 17, 1942 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-pocket-of-bengal-that-formed-the-first-non-british-government-in-india-on-december-17-1942/articleshow/93532258.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}

| Pandyan Kingdom

| {{IND}}

| data-sort-value="-300" | 3rd century BC

| Carbon dating evidences of artefacts found at Vaigai Civilisation are found to be from 3rd century BC{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-study-connects-tamil-nadu-with-indus-valley-civilisation/story-ESlR55vEIZQPvq2Q0jXeVP.html|title=New study connects Tamil Nadu with Indus Valley civilisation|work=Hindustan Times |date=20 September 2019|access-date=14 February 2022|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214180030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-study-connects-tamil-nadu-with-indus-valley-civilisation/story-ESlR55vEIZQPvq2Q0jXeVP.html|url-status=live}}Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BC, with the city referred as "Methora" in his accounts.{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William. P|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0810-2|pages=30–36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36|access-date=2017-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229110108/https://books.google.com/books?id=F_siW9T3ev4C&pg=PA36|archive-date=2016-12-29|url-status=live}} The view is contested by some scholars who believe "Methora" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire.{{cite book|title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, Ca. 150 BC-100 AD|first=Sonya Rhie|last=Quintanilla|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2|isbn=978-90-04-15537-4|page=2|access-date=2017-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312135726/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA2|archive-date=2017-03-12|url-status=live}}

| Chola

| {{IND}}

|At least from 200 BC{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

|Currently a major city in Tamil Nadu

| Bactria

| {{flag|Afghanistan|Taliban}}

| data-sort-value="100" | 1st century AD{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

|

|Punjab

|{{PAK}}

|c. 1-7th century AD

|The origin of Lahore can be traced back somewhere between 1st and 7th centuries A.D.{{Cite web |title=Historical Background {{!}} Punjab Portal |url=https://www.punjab.gov.pk/lahore_historical_background#:~:text=The%20origin%20of%20Lahore%20can,between%202nd%20and%204th%20centuries. |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.punjab.gov.pk |archive-date=2022-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024183301/https://www.punjab.gov.pk/lahore_historical_background#:~:text=The%20origin%20of%20Lahore%20can,between%202nd%20and%204th%20centuries. |url-status=live }} One of the oldest cities of South Asia. The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written by an unknown author in 982 AD.

| Nepal

| {{NEP}}

| data-sort-value="200" | 2nd century AD{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

| The epigraphically attested history of Kathmandu valley begins in the 2nd century.

| Xia dynasty

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-1900" | c. 1900 BC{{cite web |title=历史人文 |url=http://www.yanshi.gov.cn/Type_7.php?shuoming=3 |website=Yanshi City Government |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123144710/http://www.yanshi.gov.cn/Type_7.php?shuoming=3 |url-status=live }}

|

| Shang dynasty

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-1600" | c. 1600 BC{{cite web |title=Far East Kingdoms |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/ChinaCultures.htm |website=Early Chinese Cultures |access-date=24 January 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222014612/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/ChinaCultures.htm |url-status=live }}

|

| Jin, Zhao

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-1080" | c. 1080 BC{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201110/14/WS5a29f2f5a3101a51ddf8dede.html|title=City of the idiom|date=2011-10-14|language=en-US|access-date=2023-06-04|archive-date=2023-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175919/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201110/14/WS5a29f2f5a3101a51ddf8dede.html|url-status=live}}

|

| Ji, Yan

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-1045" | c. 1045 BC

| Paleolithic Homo sapiens lived in the caves from about 27,000 to 10,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm|title=Beijing|website=UNESCO|date=2019-05-17|access-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160018/http://www.unesco.org/ext/field/beijing/whc/pkm-site.htm|archive-date=2016-06-23|url-status=live}}

| Qi

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-1045" | c. 1045 BC{{cite web|title= 世界足球起源地--山东临淄以蹴鞠为媒推广齐文化|url=http://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2014-09/17/content_18612963.htm|website=中国日报网|accessdate=2018-01-25|date=2014-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626234717/http://cnews.chinadaily.com.cn/2014-09/17/content_18612963.htm|archivedate=2016-06-26}}

| The Lord of Qi, Jiang Ziya, set the capital of his manor at Yingqiu (营丘), which is today's Linzi District.

| Chu

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-689" | c. 689 BC{{cite web|title=历史沿革|url=http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwzjjz/whjz/jzls/201904/t20190403_847.shtml|website=荆州市人民政府|date=2023-06-04|access-date=2023-06-04|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927064751/http://www.jingzhou.gov.cn/zfwzjjz/whjz/jzls/201904/t20190403_847.shtml|url-status=live}}

|

| Qin

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-668" | c. 668 BC

|

| Zhou dynasty

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-650" | c. 650 BC

| The Viscount of Lu was asked to set the capital of his manor at Luyi (庐邑), which is in the north of today's downtown Hefei.

| Wu

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-514" | 514 BC

|

| Jin

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-497" | c. 497 BC

|

| Wu

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-495" | c. 495 BC

| Fu Chai, Lord of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area.

| Shu

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | c. 400 BC

| The 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.

| Chu

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-365" | c. 365 BC

|

| Wei

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-364" | c. 364 BC

| The State of Wei founded a city called Daliang (大梁) as its capital in this area.

| Ba

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-316"| c. 316 BC

|

| Yan

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-279" | c. 279 BC

|

| Qin dynasty

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-214" | 214 BC{{citation |last=Short |first=John R. |title=Human Settlement |page=212 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992}}{{citation |editor=Peter Haggett |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography |volume=20: China and Taiwan |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |page=2844}}

| Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CkYAAAAYAAJ |title=Walks in the City of Canton |first=John Henry |last=Gray |year=1875 |publisher=De Souza & Co. |location=Hong Kong |access-date=November 6, 2015 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104908/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CkYAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live |page=[https://archive.org/details/walksincitycant00graygoog/page/n9 1–2]}}{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8FRAQAAIAAJ |title=An Anglochinese Calendar for the Year 1845, Corresponding to the Year of the Chinese Cycle Æra 4482 or the 42d Year of the 75th Cycle of Sixty, being the 25th Year of the Reign of Ta'ukwa'ng, Vol. II |publisher=Office of the Chinese Repository |location=Hong Kong |ref={{harvid|ACC|1845}} |year=1845 |access-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103536/https://books.google.com/books?id=n8FRAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n8FRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA82 82]}} king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.{{harvp|Gray|1875|p=[https://archive.org/details/walksincitycant00graygoog/page/n9 1–2]}}

| Qin dynasty

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="-200" | c. 200 BC

| The city of Hangzhou was founded about 2,200 years ago during the Qin dynasty.

| Shule Kingdom

| {{CHN}}

| data-sort-value="2nd-century BC"| 2nd century BC

| The city of Kashgar was the capital of the Iranic Shule Kingdom and served as a major hub of the Silk Road.{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ|title=De Christiana expeditione apud sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu. Ex P. Matthaei Riccii eiusdem Societatis commentariis Libri V: Ad S.D.N. Paulum V. In Quibus Sinensis Regni mores, leges, atque instituta, & novae illius Ecclesiae difficillima primordia accurate & summa fide describuntur|last1=Ricci|first1=Matteo|last2=Trigault|first2=Nicolas|year=1617|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091045/https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ|url-status=live}}

| Gojoseon

| {{PRK}}

| data-sort-value="-194" | 194 BC

| Built as the capital city of Gojoseon in 194 BC.

| Silla

| {{KOR}}

| data-sort-value="-57" | 57 BC

| Built as the capital city of Silla in 57 BC.

| Baekje

|{{KOR}}

| data-sort-value="-18" | 18 BC

| Built as the capital city of Baekjae in 18 BC.

| Japan

| {{JAP}}

| data-sort-value="390" | 390 AD

| It was inhabited as early at the 6th–5th centuries BC, and became a port city during the Kofun period. It temporarily served as the capital of Japan from 645 to 655.

| Japan

|{{JAP}}

| 708 AD

| Built in 708 and became the capital city in 710 as Heijō-kyō.

| Japan

|{{JAP}}

| 710 AD

| Shimogamo Shrine was built in the 6th century, but the city was officially founded as Heian in 710 and became the capital city in 794 as Heian-kyō.

| Âu Lạc

|{{VIE}}

| 257 BC

| In 257 BC, after defeating the last Hùng king, An Dương Vương merged Văn Lang and Nam Cương in to Âu Lạc and set the capital at Cổ Loa citadel, nowadays Đông Anh district of Hanoi. It was also mentioned as Tống Bình in 454 AD and the Đại La citadel was built in 767 during the reign of Emperor Daizong of Tang. Ly Cong Uan then renamed it Thăng Long in 1010.

|Lâm Ấp

|{{VIE}}

| 192 AD

|Huế was built under the name Kandarpapura and used for about 1 century from the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 4th century (after 380) during the period when Hinayana Buddhism (Thevarada) and Hinduism heavily influenced Lâm Ấp.Cổ sử Việt Nam, Đào Duy Anh, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội 2003Văn hóa Chăm Pa, Ngô Văn Doanh, Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa Dân tộc 2002

| Tarumanagara

|{{IDN}}

| 417 AD{{Cite web |last=Dzikri |first=Abi Mu'ammar |date=24 December 2022 |title=Sejarah Jakarta Dari Masa Tarumanegara Hingga Jadi Ibu Kota RI (History of Jakarta, from Tarumanagara era to the capital of Republic of Indonesia)|url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-jakarta-dari-masa-tarumanegara-hingga-jadi-ibu-kota-ri-gzaW |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}

| The present area of Jakarta is continuously inhabited as recorded in stone inscription at least since the 5th century CE. According to the 5th century Tugu inscription, the coastal lands in present day Tugu village in North Jakarta, was settled as the capital of Tarumanagara kingdom. The city is continuously inhabited later as Sunda Kelapa, the harbour of Sunda Kingdom (7th century to 1527), as Jayakarta (1527–1619), Dutch port city of Batavia (1610–1942), and Jakarta (1942–today).{{Cite journal |last=Gultom |first=Annissa |title=Kalapa – Jacatra –Batavia - Jakarta: An old city that never gets old |url=https://www.academia.edu/49321060 |journal=SPAFA Journal|date=2018 |volume=2 |doi=10.26721/SPAFAJOURNAL.V2I0.173 }}

|Pyu city-states

|{{MYA}}

|638 AD

|Much debate surrounds the construction of Sri Ksetra. Htin Aung suggests that Pyu might have been founded in 78 CE, based on the Sanskrit / Pyu Era. D. G. E. Hall and Gordon Luce, however, claim that civilisation of the Irrawaddy Valley could not have been possible before the 4th century, thus, attributing the founding of Sri Ksetra to 638, from which the current Burmese Kawza Era begins.

| Srivijaya

|{{IDN}}

| 683 AD{{cite book|author=J. G. De Casparis|title=Indonesian Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8w3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15|year=1978|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-05752-4|pages=15–24|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308054535/https://books.google.com/books?id=O8w3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15|archive-date=2017-03-08|url-status=live}}

| Believed to be the oldest city in the Malay realm, capital of the Srivijaya empire. According to Kedukan Bukit inscription Jayanasa established Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang area.

| Muang Sua

| {{LAO}}

| 698 AD

|

| Mataram Kingdom

|{{IDN}}

| 732 AD{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}

| The historic realm of Mataram of Southern Central Java region, which corresponds to today Yogyakarta city and its surrounding has its root in 8th century Mataram Kingdom. According to Canggal inscription dated 732, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as Mdang i Bhumi Mataram established by King Sanjaya. The city reestablished again as the capital of Mataram Sultanate in 1587, and Yogyakarta Sultanate in 1755.

|Kanjuruhan Kingdom

|{{IDN}}

|740 AD

|According to Dinoyo inscription, Malang in the past known as Kanjuruhan kingdom and badut temple dated 740 AD but the city itself established older than the temple and inscription. Today Malang Raya or Malang city is the 2nd largest city and metro area in east Java.

|Tambralinga

|{{THA}}

|775 AD

|An inscription was found at Wat Sema Muang that bore: The king of Srivijaya "had established a foothold on the Malay Peninsula at Ligor" by 775, where he "built various edifices, including a sanctuary dedicated to the Buddha and to the Bodhisattvas Padmapani and Vajrapani."{{cite book|last=Coedès|first=George|title=The Indianized States of south-east Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing|year=1968|isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1|editor=Walter F. Vella|author-link=George Coedès}}{{rp|84–85,91}}

| Khmer Empire

| {{CAM}}

| 801 AD{{cite web |url=http://angkornationalmuseum.com/ |title=Angkor National Museum website |publisher=Angkornationalmuseum.com |access-date=2011-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925235431/http://www.angkornationalmuseum.com/ |archive-date=2011-09-25 |url-status=live }}

| Hariphunchai

| {{THA}}

| 896 AD

|

| Mataram

|{{IDN}}

| 907 AD

| Magelang was established on 11 April 907. Magelang was then known as a village called Mantyasih, which is now known as Meteseh.According to a local act number 6 (1989){{nonspecific|date=February 2017}}

|Tĩnh Hải quân

|{{VIE}}

|966 AD

|Set as the temporary capital of area controlled by warlord Phạm Bạch Hổ during the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords

|Đại Cồ Việt

|{{VIE}}

|968 AD

|After reunifying Vietnam and ending the anarchy of the 12 warlords, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was crowned Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt and set the capital at Hoa Lư. The city lies in a mountainous area and had a defensive position that contributed to the victory of Đại Cồ Việt against the Song dynasty of China.

| Po-ni and Bruneian Empire

| {{BRU}}

| 977 AD{{cite book |title=History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past |year=2009 |publisher=Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education |isbn=978-99917-2-372-3 |ref={{harvid|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009}}}}

| Rajahnate of Butuan

| {{PHI}}

| 1001 AD{{cite web|title=Timeline of history |url=http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm |access-date=2009-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123061819/http://valoable1.webs.com/timelineofhistory.htm |archive-date=2009-11-23 }}Scott, William Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History, p. 66

| Oldest continuously inhabited city in Mindanao.

|Đại Cồ Việt

|{{VIE}}

|1009 AD

|In 1009, Cổ Pháp village was converted into the city of Thiên Đức, nowadays Bắc Ninh city.

| Kediri Kingdom

|{{IDN}}

| 1042 AD{{cite book |last =Bullough |first =Nigel|title =Historic East Java: Remains in Stone|publisher =ADLine Communications|edition =Indonesian 50th independence day commemorative| date=1995 |location =Jakarta|page =19 |editor= Mujiyono PH}}

| Along with changes in name, it is essentially a union of the two capitals of Panjalu Kingdom and Janggala Kingdom. The settlements are always interspersed along both banks of Brantas River. Administratively, the Government of Indonesia divides Kediri into two political entities, Kediri Regency and the Town of Kediri which is located in the middle of the regency. Nevertheless, archaeological remains exist beyond administrative boundaries and settlements often spread disregarding administrative boundaries between both entities.

| Konbaung dynasty

| {{MYA}}

| 1043 ADFounded during the reign of King Pontarika, per {{cite book |title=Legendary History of Burma and Arakan |url=https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog |year=1882 |author=Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes |publisher=The Government Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog/page/n30 20] |access-date=2019-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206144552/http://www.archive.org/details/legendaryhistor00smitgoog |archive-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=live }}; the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per {{cite book |last = Harvey|first = G. E.|title = History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year = 1925|location = London |page=368}}

| Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (circa 1028–1043) by the Mon but was renamed to "Yangon" after King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon.

| Janggala Kingdom

|{{IDN}}

| 1045 AD{{Cite book

| last = Cœdès

| first = George

| author-link = Georges Coedès

| title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia

| publisher = University of Hawaii Press

| year = 1968

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC

| isbn = 9780824803681

| access-date = 2018-03-10

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170221060339/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC

| archive-date = 2017-02-21

| url-status = live

}}{{rp|147}}

|

The port city of Janggala or Hujung Galuh was one of the two Javanese capital city that was formed when Airlangga abdicated his throne in 1045 in favour of his two sons.{{rp|147}} The Kingdom of Janggala comprised the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Kahuripan. The other Kingdom was Kediri. Derived its name from the words "suro" (shark) and "boyo" (crocodile), two creatures which are in a local myth.{{cite book|title=Rangkuman 100 Cerita Rakyat Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke: Asal Usul Nama Kota Surabaya|author1=Irwan Rouf|author2=Shenia Ananda|name-list-style=amp|publisher=MediaKita|language=id|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC&pg=PA64|page=60|isbn=9786029003826|access-date=17 November 2014|date=2013-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527063458/https://books.google.com/books?id=cPJqcwuSOUkC&pg=PA64&dq=|archive-date=27 May 2016|url-status=live}}

| Kingdom of Singapura

| {{SIN}}

| 1170 AD{{citation

|last1=Abdul Rahman

|first1=Haji Ismail

|last2=Abdullah Zakaria

|first2=Ghazali

|last3=Zulkanain

|first3=Abdul Rahman

|title=A New Date on the Establishment of Melaka Malay Sultanate Discovered

|url=http://www.iksep.gov.my/images/pdf/hasil_kajian_penyelidikan_melaka.pdf

|publisher=Institut Kajian Sejarah dan Patriotisme ( Institute of Historical Research and Patriotism )

|year=2011

|access-date=2012-11-04

}} {{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

|

|Lavo Kingdom

|{{THA}}

|1180 AD

|

| Rajahnate of Cebu

| {{PHI}}

| c. 1300 AD{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/cebu-lifestyle/2009/09/13/504558/aginid|title=The Aginid - Philstar.com|website=philstar.com|access-date=2018-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143419/https://www.philstar.com/cebu-lifestyle/2009/09/13/504558/aginid|archive-date=2018-06-12|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html|title=Early Cebu History|access-date=2018-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010419/http://www.cebu-bluewaters.com/early-cebu-history.html|archive-date=2018-05-04|url-status=dead}}

| Ancient city founded by Sri Rajahmura Lumaya or Sri Lumay, a half Tamil Chola prince.{{cite journal|title="Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative|first=Romola|last=Ouano-Savellon|date=11 August 2018|journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society|volume=42|issue=3/4|pages=189–220|jstor = 44512020}} Now part of Barangay Mabolo in Northern district of Cebu City.

| Aceh Sultanate

|{{IDN}}

| 1205 AD

|

Originally named Kutaraja, which means "City of the King".

| Tondo and Rajahnate of Maynila

| {{PHI}}

| 1258 AD{{cite book | title=The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon | publisher=Villanueva Books | author=Henson, Mariano A | year=1955 | location=Manila}}

| A settlement in the Manila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by Rajah Avirjirkaya whom described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". This settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Manila as a "Muslim principality". By 1570, when the Spanish, led by Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived, it was still inhabited and led by at least one Lakan and several Rajahs.

|Đại Việt

|{{VIE}}

|1262 AD

|In 1262, Tức Mặc village was converted into the city of Thiên Trường, nowadays Nam Định city.

|Ngoenyang

|{{THA}}

|1262 AD

|

|Lanna Kingdom

|{{THA}}

|1294 AD or 1296 AD

|Mangrai founded Chiang Mai in 1294{{cite book|last1=Colquhoun|first1=Archibald Ross|url=https://archive.org/details/amongstshans00colqrich|title=Amongst the Shans|date=1885|publisher=Scribner & Welford|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/amongstshans00colqrich/page/121 121]|access-date=8 February 2018}} or 1296{{cite book|last=Cœdès|first=George|title=The Indianized States of south-east Asia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing|year=1968|isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1|editor=Walter F. Vella|author-link=George Cœdès}}{{rp|209}} on a site that the Lawa people called Wiang Nopburi.{{cite web|author=Aroonrut Wichienkeeo|year=2001–2012|title=Lawa (Lua) : A Study from Palm-Leaf Manuscripts and Stone Inscriptions|url=http://coe.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/sea/social/hayashi/Hayashi_Unnan_9Aroonrut.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707091812/http://coe.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/sea/social/hayashi/Hayashi_Unnan_9Aroonrut.htm|archive-date=7 July 2012|access-date=15 Aug 2012|work=COE Center of Excellence|publisher=Rajabhat Institute of Chiangmai}}See also the chronicle of Chiang Mai, Zinme Yazawin, in Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006J541LE

|Pagan Kingdom

|{{MYA}}

|1279 AD

|Taungoo was founded in 1279 in the waning days of Pagan as part of frontier expansion southwards.

|Sagaing Kingdom

|{{MYA}}

|1315 AD

|Sagaing was the capital of Sagaing Kingdom (1315-1364), one of the minor kingdoms that rose up after the fall of Pagan dynasty, where one of Thihathu's sons, Athinkhaya, established himself.{{rp|227}}

| Ayutthaya Kingdom

| {{THA}}

| 1350 AD

|

Derived its name from the holy Hindu city of Ayodhya, it was the capital city of Siam from 1350 until 1767.

| Majapahit

| {{MYS}}

| 1361 ADThe story is recorded in JMBRAS magazine, October 1935, Volume XIII Part 2, pp. 15–16.

|

| Khmer Empire

| {{CAM}}

| 1372 ADPeace of Angkor [http://www.peaceofangkorweb.com/PhnomPenh.htm Phnom Penh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416212310/http://www.peaceofangkorweb.com/PhnomPenh.htm |date=2007-04-16 }}. Retrieved July 27, 2007.

|

| Malacca Sultanate

| {{MYS}}

| 1396{{Cite book

|last=History for Malaysia

|title=Melaka from the Top

|year=2010|publisher=De Witt, Dennis

|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2

}}

|

|Ayutthaya Kingdom

|{{THA}}

|Early 15th century AD

|The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, when it was a village on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River, under the rule of Ayutthaya.{{cite web|last1=Chandrashtitya|first1=Tipawan|last2=Matungka|first2=Chiraporn|script-title=th:ประวัติเมืองธนบุรี|trans-title=History of Thonburi City|url=http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713001017/http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html|archive-date=13 July 2010|access-date=11 December 2011|website=Arts & Cultural Office|publisher=Dhonburi Rajabhat University|language=th}}

| Đại Việt

| {{VIE}}

| 1469 AD{{Cite web |url=https://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/sach/dvsktt/dvsktt17b.html |title=Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn thư: Bản kỷ thực lục. Quyển XII. Kỷ Nhà Lê: Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế |access-date=2021-10-28 |archive-date=2021-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028010641/https://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/sach/dvsktt/dvsktt17b.html |url-status=live }}

|

| Đại Việt

| {{VIE}}

| data-sort-value="1399.9" | 1471 ADSpencer Tucker, [https://archive.org/details/vietnam00tuck/page/22 "Vietnam"], University Press of Kentucky, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8131-0966-3}}, p. 22

|

| Sunda Kingdom

|{{IDN}}

| 1482 AD

|

|Neolithic Europe, Iron Age Europe

|{{BUL}}

|6000 BC{{Better source needed|date=October 2023}}

|Evidence of continuous settlement since 6000 BC.{{cite book |last=Райчевски |first=Георги |title=Пловдивска енциклопедия |publisher=Издателство ИМН |year=2002 |isbn=978-954-491-553-7 |location=Пловдив |page=341}}{{Cite web |last=Compton |first=Nick |date=2015-02-16 |title=What is the oldest city in the world? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/feb/16/whats-the-oldest-city-in-the-world |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}{{Better source needed|date=October 2023}} Later a Thracian settlement in the Iron Age. In the 4th century BC, Philipopolis (Plovdiv) emerged as a city, founded as such by Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great.Ботушарова, Л. Стратиграфски проучвания на Небет тепе, ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 66–70.Детев, П. Разкопки на Небет тепе в Пловдив, ГПАМ, 5, 1963, pp. 27–30

| Neolithic Europe, Mycenaean Greece

| {{GRE}}

| data-sort-value=| 5000 BC{{cite book|last=Bolender|first=Douglas J.|title=Eventful Archaeologies: New Approaches to Social Transformation in the Archaeological Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSLeX0GRNqwC&q=Argos+%2B7%2C000&pg=PA121|access-date=1 January 2011|date=2010-09-17|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3423-0|pages=124–129–|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093031/https://books.google.com/books?id=TSLeX0GRNqwC&q=Argos+%2B7%2C000&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}

| The city has been continuously inhabited mostly as an urban settlement for 7,000 years. Recorded history begins in mid 2nd millennium BC.

| Mycenaean Greece

|{{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-4000" | 5th–4th millennia BC{{cite book|author=Michael Llewellyn Smith|title=Athens: A Cultural and Literary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_rAohrmHwsC|page=xiv|date=January 2004|publisher=Signal Books|isbn=978-1-902669-81-6|access-date=2016-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703145734/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_rAohrmHwsC|archive-date=2017-07-03|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last=Tung |first=Anthony |chapter=The City the Gods Besieged |title=Preserving the World's Great Cities: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/preservingworlds00anth |chapter-url-access=registration |year=2001 |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80815-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/preservingworlds00anth/page/266 266]}}{{cite book |last1=Immerwahr |first1=Sara A. |title=The Athenian Agora, Vol. XIII: The Neolithic and Bronze Ages |date=1971 |publisher=J.J. AUGUSTIN |location=Gleuckstadt, DE |isbn=978-0-87661-213-2 |page=Preface, vii |url=https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/publications/book/?i=9780876612132 |access-date=4 August 2020 |quote="The very quantity of material is a striking proof of the habitation of the Agora and the surrounding slopes of the Acropolis, Areopagus and the neighboring hills from at least the fourth millennium B.C." |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924142617/https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/publications/book/?i=9780876612132 |url-status=live }}

| Oldest recorded history begins at least from 1600 BC,Harding, pp. 20–22; Gantz, p. 234 making it the oldest European capital city.

| Mycenaean Greece

|{{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-3000" | c. 5000 BC{{cite web|author=Mark Cartwright|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Thebes_(Greece)/|year=2012|publisher=World History Encyclopedia|access-date=2022-01-05|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230524/https://www.worldhistory.org/Thebes_%28Greece%29/|url-status=live}}

|

| Mycenaean Greece

|{{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-4000" | c. 4000–5000 BC{{cite web|title=Greek travel pages|url=https://www.gtp.gr/LocInfo.asp?infoid=28&IncludeWide=1&code=EGRTLR30LARLAR&PrimeCode=EGRTLR30LARLAR&Level=8&PrimeLevel=8&LocId=12816&lng=1|access-date=2023-04-26|archive-date=2023-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145559/https://www.gtp.gr/LocInfo.asp?infoid=28&IncludeWide=1&code=EGRTLR30LARLAR&PrimeCode=EGRTLR30LARLAR&Level=8&PrimeLevel=8&LocId=12816&lng=1|url-status=live}}

| According to archaeological excavations, inhabited continuously from Early Bronze Age.

| Illyria

| {{ALB}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | 2250–2000 BC{{cite book|editor-last1=Galaty|editor-first1=Michael L.|editor-last2=Bejko|editor-first2=Lorenc|title=Archaeological Investigations in a Northern Albanian Province: Results of the Projekti Arkeologjik i Shkodrës (PASH): Volume One: Survey and Excavation Results|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2023|volume=64|series=Memoirs Series|isbn=9781951538736|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw_UEAAAQBAJ|pages=69–70, 50, 53}}

| Continuously inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, an urban settlement called Skodra was founded by Illyrians in the 4th century BC and fortified in moenia aeacia style,{{cite book|author1=Neritan Ceka|author-link1=Neritan Ceka|editor1-last=Nigro|title=Ilirët|date=2001|publisher=Toena|isbn=9789992700983|page=80|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGXoAAAACAAJ&q=N%C3%AB+gjysm%C3%ABn+e+dyt%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+shek.IV+p.Kr.+u+fortifikua+edhe+Skodra,|access-date=April 26, 2020|chapter=Straboni – Argjendi ilir|language=sq|archive-date=September 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094537/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGXoAAAACAAJ&q=N%C3%AB+gjysm%C3%ABn+e+dyt%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+shek.IV+p.Kr.+u+fortifikua+edhe+Skodra,|url-status=live}}{{cite book |editor-last=De Angelis |editor-first=Daniela |title=Oppo e 3 ricerche su Pomezia |publisher=Gangemi |date=2014 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8VJCAAAQBAJ&q=Scutari+fu+fondata+intorno+al+V-IV+secolo+a.C.&pg=PT67 |chapter=Scutari |isbn=9788849228823 |quote=Scutari fu fondata intorno al V-IV secolo a.C. Dagli scavi archeologici eseguiti al castello di Rozafa, si dedusse che il centro era già abitato dall’età del bronzo |access-date=2020-11-15 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094537/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8VJCAAAQBAJ&q=Scutari+fu+fondata+intorno+al+V-IV+secolo+a.C.&pg=PT67 |url-status=live }} it became the capital of the Illyrian kingdom under the Ardiaei and Labeatae and was one of the most important cities of the Balkans in ancient times.{{cite book |last1=Shpuza |first1=Saimir |last2=Dyczek |first2=Piotr |title=L'Illyrie Méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité – VI |chapter=Scodra, de la capitale du Royaume Illyrien à la capitale de la province romaine |editor1=Jean-Luc Lamboley |editor2=Luan Përzhita |editor3=Altin Skenderaj |volume=1 |publisher=Diffusion De Boccard |year=2015 |place=Paris |language=fr |isbn=978-9928-4517-1-2 |page=269}}

| Crete

|{{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-1700" | c. 1700–1500 BC{{cite web |url=http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes |title=Cydonia |publisher=The Modern Antiquarian |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=March 31, 2012 |author=Hogan, C Michael |quote=The most powerful centre of western Crete, Cydonia produced Bronze Age pottery and Linear B writings circa 1700 to 1500 BC, and was one of the first cities of Europe to mint coinage. (Pashley, 1837) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020103/http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |url-status=live }}{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2016}}

| Minoan foundation as Kydonia.

| Mycenaean Greece

|{{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-1400 BC" | Early 14th century BC{{cite book | author = Eric H. Cline | date = 2 February 2021 | title = 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed: Revised and Updated | publisher = Princeton University Press | pages = | isbn = 978-0-691-20801-5 | oclc = 1193069840 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwCEAAAQBAJ | access-date = 1 December 2021 | archive-date = 23 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093031/https://books.google.com/books?id=CjwCEAAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}|page=45

| Mentioned as Nuplija, the port of Mycenae, in the "Aegean List" of the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, early 14th century BC.

|Phoenicia

|{{ESP}}

| data-sort-value="-1100 BC" | c. 1100 BC{{cite book |year=1995 |chapter=Cádiz (Cádiz, Spain) |author=Michael D. Phillips |title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |editor1=Trudy Ring |editor2=Noelle Watson |editor3=Paul Schellinger |pages=109–112 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}

| Founded as Gadir by the Phoenicians.

| Prehistoric Italy

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value=| {{circa|1000}}{{nbsp}}BC

| According to Leonardo A. Chisena, the area was first settled in the Palaeolithic (10th millennium BC).Leonardo A. Chisena, Matera dalla civita al piano: stratificazione, classi sociali e costume politico, Congedo, 1984, p.7{{Verify source|date=November 2023}} According to Anne Parmly Toxey, Matera has been "occupied continuously for at least three millennia".{{cite book |last=Toxey |first=Anne Parmly |editor1-last=Micara |editor1-first=Ludovico |editor2-last=Petruccioli |editor2-first=Attilio |editor3-last=Vadini |editor3-first=Ettore |title=The Mediterranean Medina: International Seminar |date=2016 |publisher=Gangemi Editore |isbn=978-88-492-9013-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbhTCwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Recasting Materan Identity: the Warring and Melding of Political Ideologies Carved in Stone |page=541}}

| Caucasus

|{{RUS}}

| data-sort-value="-8th century BC" | 8th century BC

| Continuously inhabited since the 8th century BC, it was a part of Caucasian Albania that became a satrap of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.{{Cite book|title=Šahrestānīhā Ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History|last=Daryaee|first=Touraj|publisher=Mazda Publishers, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=1-56859-143-8|location=Costa Mesa, California U.S.A.|pages=14, 18}}

| Lusitania

| {{POR}}

| data-sort-value="-800" | 8th century BC{{cite book |author=Carlos Gómez Bellard |title=Ecohistoria del paisaje agrario: La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |year=2003 |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=978-84-370-5508-4 |page=213 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128213419/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |author=Ana Margarida Arruda |author-link=Ana Margarida Arruda |title=Los fenicios en Portugal: fenicios y mundo indígena en el centro y sur de Portugal (siglos VIII-VI a.C.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Carrera Edició |isbn=978-84-88236-11-1 |pages=113–115 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191049/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |author=John Laidlar |title=Lisbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80UAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Clio Press |isbn=978-1-85109-268-0 |page=63}}

| Roman city of Olisipo. Phoenician settlement since as early as 1200 BC.{{cite book |author=Peter Whitfield |title=Cities of the World: A History in Maps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |year=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24725-3 |page=99 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210437/https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite thesis |author1=Nathan Laughlin Pilkington |title=An Archaeological History of Carthaginian Imperialism |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |website=Academic Commons, Columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=19 August 2014 |page=170 |year=2013 |doi=10.7916/D80G3SCF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211757/http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |author1=David Wright |author2=Patrick Swift |title=Lisbon: a portrait and a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1971 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=978-0-214-65309-4 |page=150 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Wachsmann |first1=Shelley |last2=Dunn |first2=Richard K. |last3=Hale |first3=John R. |last4=Hohlfelder |first4=Robert L. |last5=Conyers |first5=Lawrence B. |last6=Ernenwein |first6=Eileen G. |last7=Sheets |first7=Payson |last8=Blot |first8=Maria Luisa Pienheiro |last9=Castro |first9=Filipe|last10=Davis|first10=Dan |title=The Palaeo-Environmental Contexts of Three Possible Phoenician Anchorages in Portugal |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2009 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–253 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00224.x |url=http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |bibcode=2009IJNAr..38..221W |s2cid=130964094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091642/http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016}}

|Phoenicia

|{{ESP}}

| data-sort-value="-800" | 8th century BC[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/302785.pdf Malaka y las ciudades fenicias en el occidente mediterráneo. Siglos VI a.C. – I d.C.]{{Page needed|date=July 2024}}

| Founded as Málaka by the Phoenicians.

| Antiquity Malta

| {{MLT}}

| data-sort-value="-800" | 8th century BCCassar, Carmel (2000). A Concise History of Malta. Msida: Mireva Publications. {{ISBN|1870579526}}{{Page needed|date=July 2024}}

| Founded as Phoenician Melite.

| Latium

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value="-753" | {{circa|753}} BC

| The traditional founding date is 753 BC. Archaeology shows that the site has been inhabited since {{circa|1200|1000}} BC, with urbanisation beginning around the mid-eighth century BC.{{cite book |last1=Schultz |first1=Celia E. |last2=Ward |first2=Allen M. |last3=Heichelheim |first3=F. M. |last4=Yeo |first4=C. A. |title=A History of the Roman People |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-75470-5 |edition=7th |publication-date=2019 |orig-date=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQaQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |page=44 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-28 |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828023220/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQaQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |url-status=live }}

| Magna Graecia

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value="-743" | 743 BC{{cite book |author=Domenico Spanò Bolani |title=Storia di Reggio di Calabria ... sino all'anno ... 1797 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IBAAAAQAAJ&q=743. |language=it |access-date=19 January 2013 |year=1857 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093532/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IBAAAAQAAJ&q=743. |url-status=live }}

|

| Sicily, Magna Graecia

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value="-729" | 729 BC{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Catania|title=Catania, City in Sicily, Italy|author=Britannica.com|access-date=29 September 2023}}

| Built at the foot of Mount Etna, the city has a seismic history and it was destroyed several times by earthquakes or by eruptions and lava flows; but every time it was rebuilt again. For this reason, Catania adopted the symbol of the Phoenix and the Latin motto Melior de cinere surgo (I rise from my ashes in a better state than before).

| Corfu

| {{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-709" | c. 709 BC.{{cite book | last1=Morris | first1=S.P. | last2=Papadopoulos | first2=J.K. | title=Ancient Methone, 2003-2013: Excavations by Matthaios Bessios, Athena Athanassiadou, and Konstantinos Noulas | publisher=Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press | series=Monumenta Archaeologica | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-950446-33-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-OyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 | access-date=2023-08-24 | page=52 | archive-date=2023-08-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824000331/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-OyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 | url-status=live }}

| Founded as a colony of the Greek city of Corinth

| Thrace, Anatolia

| {{TUR}}

| data-sort-value="-685" | 685 BC Anatolia; 660 BC Thrace

|Founded as a colony of Megara; Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC.

| Sicily

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value="-680" | ca. 680-675 BC (traditionally 734 BC){{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Richard |title=Ancient Syracuse: From Foundation to Fourth Century Collapse |date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-18136-1 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaXOCwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093534/https://books.google.com/books?id=xaXOCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |title=Syracuse in Antiquity: History and Topography |date=2009 |publisher=University of South Africa Press |isbn=978-1-86888-407-0 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hMsAQAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=2023-08-26 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093534/https://books.google.com/books?id=-hMsAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Messineo |first1=Gaetano |last2=Borgia |first2=E. |title=Ancient Sicily: Monuments Past & Present |date=2005 |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-88-8162-147-7 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SWC062Jb5cC |language=en |access-date=2023-08-26 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093534/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SWC062Jb5cC |url-status=live }}

| A colony of the Greek city of Corinth.

| Magna Graecia

| {{ITA}}

| data-sort-value="-680" | c. 680 BC{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html |publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu |title=Greek Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095615/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011}}

|Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called Parthenope, was founded by settlers from Cumae. This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC.

| Illyria

| {{ALB}}

| data-sort-value="-627" | 627–625 BCAn Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 330,"Epidamnos was founded in either 627 or 625 (Hieron. Chron)"

| Founded as the Greek colony of Epidamnos in cooperation with the local Illyrian Taulantii.{{cite book|last=Sassi|first=Barbara|editor-first1=Marco|editor-last1=Cavalieri|editor-first2=Cristina|editor-last2=Boschetti|chapter=Sulle faglie il mito fondativo: i terremoti a Durrës (Durazzo, Albania) dall'Antichità al Medioevo|title=Multa per aequora. Il polisemico significato della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro|series=Fervet Opus 4, Vol. 2, part VII: Archeologia dei Balcani|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Louvain, with the support of Centre d'étude des Mondes antiques (CEMA) of the Université catholique de Louvain|year=2018|language=it|isbn=978-2-87558-692-6|chapter-url=https://pul.uclouvain.be/book/?gcoi=29303100688210|chapter-format=PDF|pages=942, 951, 952|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013153/https://pul.uclouvain.be/book/?gcoi=29303100688210|url-status=live}}

| Thrace

| {{BUL}}

| data-sort-value="-610" | 610 BC{{Cite web|last=Carro|first=Luis|date=2018|title=Sozopol, Costa del Mar Negro|url=https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/viajar-la-costa-del-mar-negro/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923213228/https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/viajar-la-costa-del-mar-negro/}}

| Founded by Milesian colonists around 610 BC, was named Apollonia Pontica in honour of the patron deity of Miletus – Apollo. The Ancient authors identify the philosopher named Anaximander as the founder of the city.

|Crimea

|{{UKR}}

|data-sort-value="-1000 | c. 610 BC

|Founded as an Ancient Greek colony known as Panticapaeum.{{cite web | url=https://crimea-platform.org/en/krim-do-okupaciyi/istorichnij-ekskurs | title=The Historical Background | Crimea Platform | access-date=2022-10-22 | archive-date=2022-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022073202/https://crimea-platform.org/en/krim-do-okupaciyi/istorichnij-ekskurs | url-status=live }}

| Gaul

| {{FRA}}

| data-sort-value="-600" | 600 BC{{Cite journal|last1=Rivet|first1=A. L. F.|last2=Drinkwater|first2=John F.|date=2016|title=Massalia|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3997|isbn=9780199381135}}{{cite book |last1=Mayle |first1=Peter |title=Encore Provence |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-193321-4 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzAAzP23G0sC&pg=PT75 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-26 |archive-date=2023-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923093534/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzAAzP23G0sC&pg=PT75 |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last1=Bachrach |first1=Bernard S. |last2=Bachrach |first2=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfgwDQAAQBAJ |title=Warfare in Medieval Europe, c. 400 – c. 1453 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-51263-1 |page=47 |language=en |quote=On the positive side of the ledger, excavations in cities such as Cologne, Metz, Paris, and Marseilles demonstrate not only continued habitation, but even robust building efforts during the fifth century and beyond. |access-date=2023-08-26 |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826040806/https://books.google.com/books?id=bfgwDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}

| Founded as a colony of the Greek city of Phocaea.

| Dobruja

| {{ROU}}

| data-sort-value="-600" | c. 600 BC{{cite web|url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/217016|title=Tomis|last=Poulter|first=A.G.|website=pleiades.stoa.org|date=April 2022 |access-date=30 June 2024}}{{Cite book |last=MacKendrick |first=Paul |author-link=Paul MacKendrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwt5Li_q2asC&pg=PA36 |title=The Dacian Stones Speak |date=1975 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807849392 |page=36}}

| Founded as the Greek colony of Tomis.{{cite web|url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-cities-the-old-harbour-city-of-constanta|title=Romanian cities: the old harbour city of Constanta|website=romania-insider.com|date=3 November 2010}}

|Budjak

|{{UKR}}

|6th century BC{{Cite web |last=Permanent Delegation of Ukraine to UNESCO |title=Tyras - Bilhorod (Akkerman), on the way from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6426 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}

|Founded as an Ancient Greek colony of Tyras.An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 941{{Cite web |last=Kryzhytskyi |first=Serhiy |title= |script-title=uk:Iсторична довiдка |trans-title=Historical reference |url=https://bilgorod-d.gov.ua/page/storina_dovdka |website=Official website of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi |language=uk}}

| Thrace

| {{BUL}}

| data-sort-value="-585" | beginning of the 6th century BC{{cite web|last=Petropoulos|first=Ilias|title=Mesembria (Antiquity)|url=http://www.ehw.gr/blacksea/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=11229|work=Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Εύξεινος Πόντος|access-date=8 June 2011|archive-date=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040525/http://www.ehw.gr/blacksea/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=11229|url-status=live}}

| Originally a Thracian settlement, known as Mesembria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, then known as Mesembria. It was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only Dorian colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionian colonies. At 425–424{{nbsp}}BC the town joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.

| Dobruja

| {{ROU}}

| data-sort-value="-600" | middle or end of the 6th century BC{{cite journal|url=https://journals.akademicka.pl/saac/article/view/3069|title=Callatis as a seaport|first=Ewa|last=Stanecka|journal=Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization|issue=17|publisher=Księgarnia Akademicka|place=Kraków|date=2013|volume=17 |pages=326–327|doi=10.12797/SAAC.17.2013.17.28 |url-access=subscription}}{{Cite book |last=Maxim |first=Juliana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWp2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Coastal Architectures and Politics of Tourism: Leisurescapes in the Global Sunbelt |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032147192 |editor-last=Bozdoğan |editor-first=Sibel |page=82 |chapter=Emblems of Socialism: Romania's Black Sea Resorts, 1950s–60s |editor-last2=Pyla |editor-first2=Panayiota |editor-last3=Phokaides |editor-first3=Petros}}

| Founded as the Greek colony of Callatis by the city of Heraclea Pontica. The Greek colony was likely developed on the site of an earlier Getic settlement named Acervetis or Carbatis.{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DK%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dkallatis|title=KALLATIS (Mangalia) SE Romania|work=Perseus Digital Library|access-date=30 June 2024}}

| Thrace

| {{BUL}}

| data-sort-value="-585" | 585–570 BC{{Cite news|last=Carro|first=Luis|date=2018|title=Varna: la capital de la costa del Mar Negro|newspaper=Senderismoeuropa.com |url=https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/varna-capital-costa-del-mar-negro/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411065627/https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/varna-capital-costa-del-mar-negro/}}

| Founded as Odessos by settlers from the Greek city of Miletus.An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 936

| Moesia

| {{BUL}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | 4th century BC{{Cite web|last=Carro|first=Luis|date=2020|title=La capital de Bulgaria: Sofía|url=https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/la-capital-de-bulgaria-sofia/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-23|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411071851/https://www.senderismoeuropa.com/la-capital-de-bulgaria-sofia/}}

| Celtic foundation as Serdica.The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond, {{ISBN|0-521-22717-8}}, 1992, page 600: "In the place of the vanished Treres and Tilataei we find the Serdi for whom there is no evidence before the first century BC. It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin." Habitation in the area since 7000 BC,{{cite book|last1=Ghodsee|first1=Kristen|title=The Red Riviera: Gender, Tourism, and Postsocialism on the Black Sea|date=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|page=21|isbn=0822387174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eb7XJbKNhVMC&q=sofia+human+habitation&pg=PA21|access-date=2021-09-28|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094536/https://books.google.com/books?id=eb7XJbKNhVMC&q=sofia+human+habitation&pg=PA21|url-status=live}}

| Illyria

| {{ALB}}

| data-sort-value="-400" | 4th century BC

| Founded by Illyrians in the 4th century BC as an urban settlement with the name Lissos, it became an important city in the Illyrian kingdom under the Ardiaei and Labeatae.{{cite book|last=Cabanes|first=Pierre|editor-last=Tsetskhladze|editor-first=Gocha R.|editor-link=Gocha R. Tsetskhladze|title=Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas |volume=2 |chapter=Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic |pages=155–186|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=9789047442448|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO55DwAAQBAJ }}{{rp|177}}{{cite book|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2013|isbn=9780295800646|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ|page=111}}{{cite book|last=Shehi|first=Eduard|title=Terra sigillata en Illyrie méridionale et en Chaonie: importations et productions locales (IIe S. AV. J.-C. -IIe S. AP. J.-C.)|volume=48|series=Col·lecció Instrumenta|publisher=Universitat de Barcelona, Publicacions i Edicions|year=2015|place=Barcelona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhoVjwEACAAJ|isbn=978-84-475-4238-3|language=fr|page=34|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094620/https://books.google.com/books?id=IhoVjwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|last=Shpuza|first=Saimir|editor-last=Dyczek|editor-first=Piotr|title=Iron Age Fortifications and the Origin of the City in the Territory of Scodra|journal=Novensia|volume=25|publisher=Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej|year=2014|place=Warszawa|isbn=978-83-934239-96|issn=0860-5777|pages=106, 116–118}}

| Thrace

| {{BUL}}

| data-sort-value="-342" | 342{{nbsp}}BC

| It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded by Philip II of MacedonWomen and slaves in Greco-Roman culture: differential equations by Sandra Rae Joshel, Sheila Murnaghan, 1998, page 214, "Philip II founded cities at Beroe, Kabyle, and Philippopolis in 342/1, and Aegean-style urban life began to penetrate Thrace."Late Roman villas in the Danube-Balkan region by Lynda Mulvin, 2002, page 19, "Other roads went through Beroe (founded by Philip II of Macedon)",Philip of Macedon by Louïza D. Loukopoulou, 1980, page 98, "Upriver in the valley between the Rhodope and Haimos Philip founded Beroe (Stara Zagora) and Philippolis (Plovdiv)."The cities in Thrace and Dacia in late antiquity: (studies and materials) by Velizar Iv Velkov,1977, page 128, "Founded by Philipp II on the site of an old Thracian settlement, it has existed without interruption from that time." although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well. It also has the oldest copper mines in Europe (5th millennium BC)

| Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

| {{GRE}}

| data-sort-value="-315" | 315 BC{{Cite book |last1=Bastéa |first1=Eleni |last2=Hastaoglou-Martinidis |first2=Vilma |chapter=Urban change and the persistence of memory in modern Thessaloniki |editor-last=Keridis |editor-first=Dimitris |editor-last2=Kiesling |editor-first2=John Brady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkjWDwAAQBAJ |title=Thessaloniki: A City in Transition, 1912–2012 |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-51366-4 |pages=260–261 |language=en |access-date=2023-08-28 |archive-date=2023-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828021835/https://books.google.com/books?id=HkjWDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Evangelidis |first=Vassilis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQxyEAAAQBAJ |title=The Archaeology of Roman Macedonia: Urban and Rural Environments |date=2022 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78925-802-8 |page=106 |language=en |quote=...{{nbsp}}especially in continuously inhabited cities like Thessaloniki or Beroia{{nbsp}}... |access-date=2023-08-26 |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826035454/https://books.google.com/books?id=oQxyEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}

| Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city Therme.

| Illyria

| {{ALB}}

| data-sort-value="-314" | 4th century BC

| Founded by Illyrians or Cassander of Macedon as Antipatreia.{{cite journal|last1=Fiedler|first1=M.|last2=Lahi|first2=B.|last3=Shehi|first3=E.|last4=Pánczél|first4=S.-P.|last5=Velo|first5=K.|last6=Döhner|first6=Gregor|title=Ausgrabungen in der Kleinsiedlung Babunjë bei Apollonia (Albanien) Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2018–2019|journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung|volume=127|year=2021|page=137|quote=Die Illyrier durchliefen eine dynamische Ent-wicklung mit Gründung eigener Städte wohl ab dem mittleren 4. Jh. v. Chr. wie Dimal und Byllis68. Ob hierzu auch Antipatreia (Berat)69 am östlichen Eingang zur Myzeqe-Ebene nur 40 km von Babunjë entfernt gehörte oder die Stadt erst durch Kassander (neu?) gegründet wurde, ist derzeit offen.}}{{cite book|last=Kiel|first=Machiel|title=Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xYzAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture|isbn=978-92-9063-330-3|page=48|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-date=2023-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094537/https://books.google.com/books?id=2xYzAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}

| Illyria

| {{SRB}}

| data-sort-value="-279" | 279 BC{{cite web|url=http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |title=Историја Београдске тврђаве |language=sr |date=June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905092854/http://www.beogradskatvrdjava.co.rs/Belgrade-Fortress-history_2178-74_2176 |archive-date=2011-09-05 }}

| The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years. Proto-urban Vinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as Singidunum.

| Lusitania

| {{POR}}

| data-sort-value="-16" | c. 16-15 BC{{Cite journal

|url=https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/130140/2/429255.pdf

|title=Transition from the Pre-Roman World to the Roman World in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula: The Example of Bracara Augusta

|last=Morais

|first=Rui

|website=Repositorio UP

|access-date=2022-03-06

|url-status=live

|archive-date=2022-03-06

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306224200/https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/130140/2/429255.pdf

}}

| Bracara Augusta was founded in 16-15 BC under the order of the emperor Augustus.

| Germania Superior

| {{FRA}}

| data-sort-value="-12" | 12 BC

| First official mention as the Roman camp of Argentoratum. The area had been populated since the Middle Paleolithic.{{cite web |title=Du Paléolithique au Néolithique |url=https://www.musees.strasbourg.eu/du-paleolithique-au-neolithique |publisher=Musées de la ville de Strasbourg |access-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215155/https://www.musees.strasbourg.eu/du-paleolithique-au-neolithique |archive-date=3 September 2018 |url-status=live }}

|Britain

|{{UK}}

|data-sort-value="-1000| 20-10 BC

|Considered to be the oldest recorded town in the United Kingdom. First British town to be given the status Colonia in the Roman empire, where it was known as Camulodunum and was recorded by Pliny the Elder. The Celtic name of the city, Camulodunon appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain Tasciovanus in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain, it was already a centre of power for Celtic king Cunobeline.{{cite web | url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Boudica-and-the-Slaughter-at-Colchester/ | title=Boudica and the Slaughter at Camulodunum | access-date=2022-10-22 | archive-date=2022-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022074711/https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Boudica-and-the-Slaughter-at-Colchester/ | url-status=live }}

| New South Wales

| {{AUS}}

|1788 AD

|Oldest city in Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period.{{cite news|last=Macey|first=Richard|date=2007|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html|title=Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180036/https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/settlers-history-rewritten/2007/09/14/1189276983698.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=Sydney Barani|date=2013|url=http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/|title=Aboriginal people and place|access-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208083531/http://www.sydneybarani.com.au/sites/aboriginal-people-and-place/|archive-date=8 February 2014|url-status=live}} However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs' gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP, which would mean that humans could have been in the region earlier than thought, although they lived exclusively as hunter-gatherer tribes until the early British colonial period.{{Cite book |last1= Attenbrow |first1= Val |year= 2010 |title= Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records |location= Sydney |publisher= UNSW Press |isbn= 978-1-74223-116-7 |pages= 152–153 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&q=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152 |access-date= 11 Nov 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101134225/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDxldj_SLcYC&lpg=PP1&dq=inauthor%3A%22Val%20Attenbrow%22&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=true |archive-date= 1 January 2016 |url-status= live }}{{Cite journal |last1= Stockton |first1= Eugene D. |last2= Nanson |first2= Gerald C. |date=April 2004 |title= Cranebrook Terrace Revisited |journal= Archaeology in Oceania |volume= 39 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–60 |jstor=40387277 |doi= 10.1002/j.1834-4453.2004.tb00560.x }}{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=Aboriginal peoples |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/aboriginals |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}} The first people to occupy the Sydney region were an Indigenous Australian group called the Eora.Geoffrey Blainey; A Very Short History of the World; Penguin Books; 2004; {{ISBN|978-0-14-300559-9}}Mulvaney, D J and White, Peter, 1987, Australians to 1788, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, Sydney

| Tasmania

|{{AUS}}

|1803 AD

|Second-oldest city in Australia. Prior to British settlement, the area had been occupied for at least 8,000 years, but possibly for as long as 35,000 years,{{cite web|url =https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-42568/Tasmania|title =Encyclopaedia Britannica – History of Tasmania|access-date =17 July 2008|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080706050917/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-42568/Tasmania|archive-date =6 July 2008|url-status =live}} by the semi-nomadic Mouheneener tribe, a sub-group of the Nuennone, or South-East tribe.The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia. (ed.) David Horton. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1994 [2 vols] (see: Vol. 2, pp. 1008–10 [with map]; individual tribal entries; and the 'Further Reading' section on pp. 1245–72).

|Tasmania

|{{AUS}}

|1804 AD

|Third-oldest city in Australia.

|New South Wales

|{{AUS}}

|1804 AD

|Fourth-oldest city in Australia.

|Tasmania

|{{AUS}}

|1806 AD

|Fifth-oldest city in Australia.

| Northland

|{{NZ}}

| data-sort-value="1818" | c. 1818 AD

| Oldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand.

|Kubuna

|{{FIJ}}

|1820{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Levuka Historical Port Town |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1399/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}

|Oldest European settlement in Fiji.

| Southland

| {{NZ}}

| 1824 AD

| Previously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island.

| Queensland

|{{AUS}}

| 1825 AD

| Oldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital.

| Western Australia

|{{AUS}}

| 1826 AD

|Oldest city on the West Coast of Australia.

| Western Australia

|{{AUS}}

| 1829 AD

| The area had been inhabited by the Whadjuk Noongar people for over 40,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological findings on the Upper Swan River.{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/staff/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |title=The Pleistocene Pacific |author=Sandra Bowdler |website=archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au |publisher=University of Western Australia |access-date=26 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216181223/http://www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au/about/research/bowdler__research_interests/the_pleistocene_pacific |archive-date=16 February 2008}} Published in 'Human settlement', {{cite book |editor=D. Denoon |title=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00deno |url-access=limited |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00deno/page/n58 41]–50 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521441957 }}

| Victoria

|{{AUS}}

| 1835 AD

| Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years.Gary Presland, The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-646-33150-7}}. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the Maribyrnong River valley, near present day Keilor, about 40,000 years ago." At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 20,000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous regional tribes: the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong.Gary Presland, Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, {{ISBN|0-9577004-2-3}}. This book describes in some detail the archaeological evidence regarding aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass Strait and Port Phillip from about 7–10,000 years ago, up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 {{ISBN|0-9577728-0-7}}

|South Australia

|{{AUS}}

|1836 AD

|First official European settlement in South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. Situated on Kangaroo Island, it was occupied by an Aboriginal group from as long as 16,000 years ago until their disappearance 2,000–4,000 years ago.

| South Australia

|{{AUS}}

| 1836 AD

| State Capital of South Australia, Australia's first free settled colony. European settlement began in 1836.

|Victoria

|{{AUS}}

|1838 AD

|The second-largest city in Victoria.

| Wellington Region

| {{NZ}}

| 1839 AD

| New Zealand's capital city from 1865 until the present day.{{cite web | title=Wellington New Zealand History Information, Historical Places in Wellington NZ | publisher=New Zealand Tourism Guide | date=10 April 1968 | url=https://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/regions/wellington/history.html | access-date=16 February 2023 | archive-date=23 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023205657/https://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/regions/wellington/history.html | url-status=live }}

| Auckland Region

| {{NZ}}

| 1840 AD

| New Zealand's capital city from 1841 to 1865. Prior to this, it was inhabited by Māori from about the 14th century.

| Otago Region

| {{NZ}}

| 1848 AD

| First New Zealand centre to be officially named a city (1865). Briefly the country's largest settlement.

|Victoria

|{{AUS}}

|1851 AD

|Fourth-largest city in Victoria.

| Northern Territory

|{{AUS}}

| 1869 AD

| Territory Capital.

| Australian Capital Territory

|{{AUS}}

| 1913 AD

| Capital city of Australia. Artifacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago.{{citation|last1=Flood|first1=J. M.|last2=David|first2=B.|last3=Magee|first3=J.|last4=English|first4=B.|year=1987|title=Birrigai: a Pleistocene site in the south eastern highlands|journal=Archaeology in Oceania|volume=22|pages=9–22|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4453.1987.tb00159.x}}