Foreign relations of Australia#Bilateral relations
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}}
Foreign relations of Australia are influenced by its position as a leading trading nation and as a significant donor of humanitarian aid. Australia's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism, as well as to build strong bilateral relations with its allies. Key concerns include free trade, terrorism, refugees, economic co-operation with Asia and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Australia is active in the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations. Given its history of starting and supporting important regional and global initiatives, it has been described as a regional middle power par excellence.{{cite book|author1=Fels, Enrico|title=Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319456881|year=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45689-8|page=365|access-date=25 November 2016}}
It maintains significant ties with ASEAN and has become steadfastly allied with New Zealand, through long-standing ties dating back to the 1800s. The country also has a longstanding alliance with the United States of America. Over recent decades Australia has sought to strengthen its relationship with Asian countries, with this becoming the focus of the country's network of diplomatic missions.{{cite news|title=The Growing Importance of the ASEAN–Australia Relationship – Australian Institute of International Affairs|url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/the-growing-importance-of-the-asean-australia-relationship/|work=Australian Institute of International Affairs}}{{cite news|title=PM Lee congratulates new Australian PM Morrison, pens valedictory letter to former leader Turnbull|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/pm-lee-congratulates-new-australian-pm-morrison-pens-valedictory-10654384|work=Channel NewsAsia}}{{cite news|last1=Stolarchuk|first1=Jewel|title=Reflecting on the ASEAN–Australian relationship|url=http://theindependent.sg/reflecting-on-the-asean-australian-relationship/|work=The Independent}}{{cite news|title=New poll suggests Trump causes Australians to form unfavourable view of US|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/new-poll-suggests-trump-causes-australians-to-form-unfavourable-view-of-us|work=SBS News}}{{cite news|title=Trump a 'critical threat' to Australia's interests as trust in US hits record low|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-20/donald-trump-a-threat-as-trust-hits-new-low-lowy-institute-finds/9879924|work=ABC News|date=20 June 2018|language=en-AU}}{{cite book|last1=Curran|first1=J.|title=The Dilemmas of Divergence: The Crisis in American-Australian Relations, 1972–1975|date=2013|pages=377–408|url=https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-abstract/38/2/377/355536?redirectedFrom=PDF|language=en}} In 2021, Australia signed a significant security partnership with the United Kingdom and the United States of America (AUKUS) aimed at upholding security in the Indo-Pacific region.
History
{{Further|Diplomatic history of Australia}}
=Post-Federation period=
The Department of External Affairs was one of the inaugural departments created upon the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, but largely remained an appendage of the Prime Minister's Department. Outside of the prime minister, the role of Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom (established in 1910) remained the most significant conduit for Australian foreign relations, with its significance emphasisesd that the first three appointees were former prime ministers. It has been suggested that, for Australia's early governments, foreign policy meant "relations with London on matters of imperial foreign policy on which Australia might have an interest".{{Cite news|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/alfred-deakin-roots-australian-foreign-policy|title=Alfred Deakin and the roots of Australian foreign policy|first=Judith|last=Brett|date=19 September 2017|publisher=Lowy Institute|access-date=3 June 2024}}
Australia's first prime minister Edmund Barton was in favour of a uniform foreign policy for the British Empire, suggesting Australia could have no "foreign policy of its own" but expected that the British government would defer to the Australian perspective for "regional" imperial policy.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=3}} Barton's successor Alfred Deakin also repeatedly lobbied the British government for greater consultation on imperial foreign policy and suggested the establishment of an imperial department of state to coordinate policy, as part of his broader support for an Imperial Federation.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=4}} Deakin took some of the first steps towards diplomatic independence by dealing directly with the Japanese consul-general, for which he was reminded by the Colonial Office that it "expected Australia to conduct any dealings with a foreign power through London". He also dealt directly with the U.S. consul in Sydney to engineer the visit of the Great White Fleet in 1908. His actions "set a precedent for unilateralism" in foreign policy that was followed by his immediate successors as prime minister, although with a continued reliance on the British diplomatic service and policy-making apparatus and no efforts to develop Australian equivalents.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=4}}
=World War I and 1920s=
World War I brought about an increase in direct Australian engagement with governments outside the British Empire, prompted by strategic concerns including the fate of German territories in the Pacific captured by Australian troops during the war. Prime Minister Billy Hughes visited the United States in 1918 and "in a series of meetings and speeches, called on the US to cooperate with Australia in ensuring postwar security in the Far East".{{sfn|Cuffe|2021|p=16}} At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Hughes led an Australian section within the British delegation and co-signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Australia, as with other British dominions. Hughes lobbied powerfully for Australian interests at the conference, including the granting of League of Nations mandates over the former German New Guinea and Nauru and opposition to Japan's Racial Equality Proposal to protect the White Australia policy.{{cite news|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/versailles-treaty|title=Versailles Treaty|publisher=National Museum of Australia|access-date=3 June 2024}}
The 1920s marked "the genesis of a distinct Australian foreign policy", largely in response to changing power dynamics and the decline in British influence in the Pacific following the Washington Naval Conference of 1922 influence.{{sfn|Cuffe|2021|p=5}} Australia continued continued to rely on "the UK and its imperial machinery for diplomatic representation and economic and material security".{{sfn|Cuffe|2021|p=4}} Following the 1923 Imperial Conference, attempts to formulate a uniform imperial foreign policy were largely abandoned in favour of a system of dominion ratification of British decisions.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=6}} Governmental interest in foreign policy declined during the Great Depression as the Scullin government concentrated on internal economic matters. In 1929, internationalist Frederic Eggleston complained to a Senate committee that "no parliament which is responsible for its own foreign policy has less discussion on foreign affairs than does the Australian Parliament".{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=7}}
While yet to exchange formal diplomatic representatives, Australia made a number of "quasi-diplomatic" appointments in the post-war period, who functioned as official representatives of the Australian government but held no diplomatic rank. These included appointment of Henry Braddon to the United States in 1918 with the title of "commissioner" and the appointment of Clive Voss as "commercial agent" in France in 1919.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=24}} In 1921, Australia appointed its first official representative in Asia, with the appointment of Edward S. Little as trade commissioner to China, based in Shanghai.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=28}} Senator Thomas Bakhap undertook a trade mission to China in 1922 at the instigation of Hughes,{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=31}} and in the same year Egbert Sheaf was appointed as a trade commissioner to "the East", based in Singapore.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=34}} The initial trade commissioner service was partially funded by state governments and ultimately failed due to a lack of support from Prime Minister Stanley Bruce and state premiers.{{sfn|Schedvin|2008|p=36}}
=1930s: appeasement and rearmament=
The appointment of the Lyons government in 1932 marked a renewed interest in foreign policy, complemented by the establishment of foreign policy departments at universities and non-governmental advisory bodies like the Australian Institute of International Affairs. Prime Minister Joseph Lyons took a keen interest in foreign relations and exerted significant influence over the government's foreign policy.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=23}} He authorised three "Pacific initiatives" as a sign of greater Australian interest in the Asia-Pacific. The first was the Australian Eastern Mission of 1934, led by deputy prime minister John Latham, which visited seven Asian countries and has been identified as a milestone in the early development of Australian foreign policy.{{cite book|url=https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2008-08/apo-nid2694.pdf|title=Within China's Orbit?: China Through the Eyes of the Australian Parliament|first=Timothy|last=Kendall|year=2008|publisher=Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia|isbn=0975201581|page=37}} The second initiative was the appointment in 1935 of Australian representatives in China, the Dutch East Indies, Japan, and United States – albeit below the rank of ambassador – where previously Australia's interests had been represented solely by British officials. The third was Lyons's "Pacific Pact" proposal, which envisioned a non-aggression pact between the major powers in the Pacific. Although he championed the pact at the 1937 Imperial Conference, discussions failed to progress.{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=25}} In Bird's opinion, "the Lyons years should thus be seen as a part of the evolution of Australian external policy from dependency towards autonomy […] it is perhaps the continuation and acceleration of the process of transition for which Lyons as Prime Minister ought to be best remembered".{{sfn|Bird|2008|p=336}}
=World War II=
The first accredited diplomat sent to a foreign country was Richard Casey, appointed as the first Minister to the United States in January 1940.Roger John Bell, Unequal allies: Australian-American relations and the Pacific war (Melbourne University Press, 1977) This was followed shortly after by the arrival of the first Australian high commissioner to Canada,*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/canada/canada-country-brief Canada country brief]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2022. and by appointments of Ministers to Japan in 1940 and China in 1941. With the entry of Japan into the war in December 1941 and the consequent heightened vulnerability of Australia to attack, a critical decision was made by the Curtin Government to more closely seek the military protection of the United States. Since that time, United States has been the most important security ally. The close security relationship with the United States was formalized in 1951 by the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security (ANZUS) Treaty which remains the cornerstone of Australian security arrangements.{{cn|date=January 2025}}
In parallel with the evolution of the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia progressively took responsibility for fully managing its foreign relations with other states. Australia concluded an agreement in 1944 with New Zealand dealing with the security, welfare, and advancement of the people of the dependent territories of the Pacific (the ANZAC pact).Joseph Gabriel Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance (Melbourne University Press, 1965) Australia was one of the founders of the United Nations (1945) and the South Pacific Commission (1947), and in 1950, it proposed the Colombo Plan to assist developing countries in Asia. After the war, Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country's revolt against the Dutch (1945–49).E. G. Whitlam, "Australia, Indonesia and Europe's empires." Australian Journal of International Affairs (1980) 34#1 pp: 3–12.
= Cold War =
As the Cold War deepened, Australia aligned itself fully with the Western Powers. In addition to contributing to UN forces in the Korean War – it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States – Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the communist revolt in Malaya in 1948–60 and later to combat the Indonesian-supported invasion of Sarawak in 1963–65.Percy Claude Spender, Exercises in diplomacy; the ANZUS treaty and the Colombo Plan (1969). Australia sent troops to repel communism and assist South Vietnamese and American forces in the Vietnam War, in a move that stirred up antiwar activism at home.Peter Geoffrey Edwards, A Nation at War: Australian Politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965–1975 (Allen & Unwin, 1997) Australia has been active in the Five Eyes intelligence alliance, and in the Australia – New Zealand – United Kingdom agreement and the Five Power Defence Arrangement—successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
=Contemporary issues=
After the end of the Cold War, Australia remained an important contributor to UN peacekeeping missions and to other multilateral security missions, often in alliance with the United States. Notably, it joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), the Iraq War of 2003–2011 and the War in Iraq (2013-2017). In 1999 Australian peace keeping forces intervened in East Timor following its referendum to secede from Indonesia. In 2006 Australia sent a contingent of Australian troops to the state to assist in the 2006 East Timor crisis.James Cotton, East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (Routledge, 2004) Australia has also most recently led security assistance, peacekeeping and policing missions elsewhere in its neighbourhood, including in the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and Tonga.
In the late 20th Century and early 21st Century, a new element in Australia's foreign relations was the growing relationship with the People's Republic of China. After the establishment of diplomatic relations in December 1972, Sino-Australian relations grew rapidly, to a point where China became Australia's main trading partner and extensive official and people-to-people links were well established. In the first 15 years of the 21st Century, Australia maintained privileged relations with both the United States and China. Since 2017, Sino-Australian relations have deteriorated dramatically, as a result of Australian criticism of policies and actions taken under General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping. This has strongly influenced recent Australian bilateral and multi-lateral engagements such as the Pacific Step-Up with Pacific Island states, the development of comprehensive strategic partnerships with a number of regional states, and the pursuit of alliances directed at countering Chinese predominance in the Indo-Pacific region. Since 2017, existing security arrangements have been augmented by a revived Quadrilateral Security Dialogue involving India, Japan and United States, the 2021 AUKUS security partnership with the United States and United Kingdom and the 2022 Australia-Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement, which provides for closer Australian-Japanese cooperation on defence and humanitarian operations.
International agencies, treaties, and agreements
= Membership of international organizations and groupings =
{{see also|Australia and the United Nations}}
One of the drafters of the UN Charter, Australia has given firm support to the United Nations system. Australia held the first Presidency of the Security Council in 1946 and provided the first military observers under UN auspices a year later, to Indonesia. It has been a member of the Security Council a further four times, in 1956–57, 1973–74, 1986–87 and 2013–14.*[https://www.unaa.org.au/learn/australia-and-the-un/australia-and-un-security-council/ Australia and the UN Security Council]* United Nations Association of Australia. Retrieved 21 January 2022. It has been regularly elected a member of the Economic and Social Council most recently for 2020–22, a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2018–20 and its predecessor the UN Commission on Human Rights in the 1990s. Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities, including peacekeeping, disarmament negotiations, and narcotics control. In September 1999, acting under a UN Security Council mandate, Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia's withdrawal from that territory. Australia has also been closely engaged in international development cooperation and humanitarian assistance through the Specialized agencies, Funds and Programmes and Regional Commissions of the United Nations and major International Financial Institutions, in particular the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
Australia is a member of the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the APEC forum. It is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Heads of Government, the Pacific Islands Forum and other Pacific Islands regional organizations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. It has been a leader in the Cairns Group – countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. Australia is also a member of MIKTA, an informal and diverse middle power partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia, led by its foreign ministers, which seeks to promote an effective, rules-based global order.
Australia has devoted particular attention in the early 21st century to promoting regional architecture centred around the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), to support dialogue on political, security and economic challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the ASEAN sponsored East Asia Summit. Australia's place at the 2005 inaugural summit was only secured after it agreed to reverse its policy and accede to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. Australia had been reluctant to sign the treaty out of concerns regarding how it would affect Australia's obligation under other treaty arrangements including ANZUS.
= Security treaties =
| class="wikitable" | |
| Instrument
!Countries | |
|---|---|
| Five Power Defence Arrangements | {{flag|United Kingdom}} • {{flag|Australia}} • {{flag|New Zealand}} • {{flag|Singapore}} • {{flag|Malaysia}} |
| ANZUS | {{flag|Australia}} • {{flag|New Zealand}} (partially suspended) • {{flag|United States}} |
| ANZUK | {{flag|Australia}} • {{flag|New Zealand}} • {{flag|United Kingdom}} |
= Special strategic partnership =
- Japan (as of 2014).{{Cite web|url=https://japan.embassy.gov.au/tkyo/Strategic-partnership.html|title=Australian Embassy in|website=japan.embassy.gov.au}} Under this partnership, Australia and Japan have established a strong and broad-ranging security relationship under the renewed 2022 Australia-Japan Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/countries/japan/australia-japan-joint-declaration-security-cooperation Australia-Japan Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
= Comprehensive strategic partnerships =
Comprehensive strategic partnerships are broad, high level relationships which have increasingly been formalized in the Asia-Pacific region under this description since the early 21st century. They are arrangements which, in general, convey a sense of mutual value, strategic alignment and positive intent to further strengthen ties.*[https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/do-comprehensive-strategic-partnerships-matter Do comprehensive strategic partnerships matter?]* The Interpreter 9 November 2021. Lowy Institute. Retrieved 16 March 2024. They establish the framework for an intensified level of engagement across governments and indicate particularly close bilateral relations. Australia has a formal comprehensive strategic partnership with the following countries and multi-national organizations:
- Singapore (as of 2016){{Cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/singapore/Pages/joint-announcement-australia-singapore-comprehensive-strategic-partnership|title=Joint announcement: Australia-Singapore Comprehensive Strategic Partnership|website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213075617/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/singapore/Pages/joint-announcement-australia-singapore-comprehensive-strategic-partnership|url-status=dead}}
- Indonesia (as of 2018){{Cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/indonesia/joint-declaration-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-the-commonwealth-of-australia-and-republic-of-indonesia|title=Joint Declaration on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and the Republic of Indonesia|website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213075620/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/indonesia/joint-declaration-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-the-commonwealth-of-australia-and-republic-of-indonesia|url-status=dead}}
- India (as of 2020){{Cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/joint-statement-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-republic-india-and-australia|title=Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Republic of India and Australia|website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213075617/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/india/joint-statement-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-republic-india-and-australia|url-status=dead}}
- Papua New Guinea (as of 2020)*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/papua-new-guinea-australia-comprehensive-strategic-and-economic-partnership-signed.pdf Papua New Guinea-Australia Comprehensive Strategic and Economic Partnership]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- Malaysia (as of 2021){{Cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/joint-statement-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-australia-and-malaysia|title=Joint Statement on a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Australia and Malaysia|website=Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213075620/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/joint-statement-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-between-australia-and-malaysia|url-status=dead}}
- South Korea (as of 2021){{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/australia-south-korea-sign-historic-defense-agreement/a-60099713|title=Australia, South Korea sign historic defense agreement | DW | 13.12.2021|website=DW.COM}}
- ASEAN (as of 2021){{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-asean-establish-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-asean-2021-10-27/|title=Australia, ASEAN to establish comprehensive strategic partnership – ASEAN|newspaper=Reuters|date=27 October 2021|via=reuters.com}}
- Vietnam (as of 2024)*[https://thediplomat.com/2024/03/vietnam-and-australia-announce-long-awaited-diplomatic-upgrade/ Vietnam and Australia announce long-awaited diplomatic upgrade]* The Diplomat 7 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
In 2014, the Australian Prime Minister and Chinese President agreed to describe the relationship as a "comprehensive strategic partnership", and this helped facilitate an extensive program of engagement. This partnership went into dormancy, particularly from 2020, but is being gradually revived with the improvement of relations since 2023.* [https://thediplomat.com/2024/11/australia-china-relations-from-comprehensive-strategic-partners-to-frenemies/]* The Diplomat, November 25, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
Trade
{{See also|Free trade agreements of Australia}}
File:Map of countries with which Australia has free trade agreements.svg
Overall Australia's largest trading partners are the United States, South Korea, Japan, China, and the United Kingdom. Australia currently has bilateral Free Trade Agreements with New Zealand, the United States, Thailand and Singapore as of 2007 and the United Kingdom as of 2021. As well as this, Australia is in the process undertaking studies on Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN, China, Chile, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
- Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–China Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
- Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement
- Australia–Fiji Free Trade Agreement
=Armaments=
To bolster its foreign policy, Australia maintains a very well-equipped military.
According to SIPRI, Australia is the eight largest importer of major weapons in the world. The US supplied 80 per cent of Australia's imports and Spain 15 per cent.{{cite web |last1=Wezeman |first1=Pieter D. |last2=Djokic |first2=Katarina |last3=George |first3=Mathew |last4=Hussain |first4=Zain |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2023 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=4 February 2025}} All armed services have received new major arms in 2014–18, but mainly aircraft and ships. The F-35 combat aircraft and antisubmarine warfare aircraft from the USA made up 53 per cent of Australian arms imports in 2014–18, while ships from Spain accounted for 29 per cent.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2018|title=Trends in international arms transfers, 2018 | SIPRI|website=sipri.org|date=March 2019|last1=Wezeman|first1=Pieter D.|last2=Fleurant|first2=Aude|last3=Kuimova|first3=Alexandra|last4=Tian|first4=Nan|last5=Wezeman|first5=Siemon T.}}
Australia is modernising its armed forces but also acquiring weapons that significantly increase its long-range capabilities. Among the weapons imported in 2010–14 were 5 tanker aircraft and the first of 2 amphibious assault ships from Spain, along with 2 large transport aircraft and 4 airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft from the USA. Australia also received 26 combat aircraft from the US, with 82 more on order (see box 3), as well as 8 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the US and 3 Hobart destroyers from Spain.
In 2021, after Australia ended its 20-year military mission in Afghanistan, the defence officials held formal talks on strengthening military ties with the United Arab Emirates. However, the human rights groups said that it was "very concerning" to witness, as the Emirates was accused of carrying out "unlawful attacks" in war-torn nations like Libya and Yemen.{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-09/australia-military-ties-united-arab-emirates-war-crime-concerns/100279162|title=Australia pushes close military ties with United Arab Emirates despite war crime concerns|access-date=8 July 2021|website=ABC News|date=8 July 2021}}
In contrast to 2014-18, the period from 2019-23 saw a 21 per cent decline in Australia's major arms imports.{{cite web |last1=Wezeman |first1=Pieter D. |last2=Djokic |first2=Katarina |last3=George |first3=Mathew |last4=Hussain |first4=Zain |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2023 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=4 February 2025}}
However, in December 2021, Australia signed a defence procurement deal with South Korea worth $1billion AUD (US$720 million) for modern artillery, supply trucks and radars supplied by South Korean defense company Hanwha. The South Korean President Moon Jae-in and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison met for the signing of the agreement and additionally announced they were formally upgrading the Australian-South Korean relationship to a "comprehensive strategic partnership."{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-china-asia-australia-south-korea-da5f264a9b7b04d34734e139429b102d|title=Australia and South Korea sign defence deal as leaders meet|date=13 December 2021|website=AP NEWS}} Moreover, in 2023 Australia reached an agreement with the UK and the USA to import at least six nuclear-powered submarines. {{cite web |last1=Wezeman |first1=Pieter D. |last2=Djokic |first2=Katarina |last3=George |first3=Mathew |last4=Hussain |first4=Zain |last5=Wezeman |first5=Siemon T. |title=Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2024/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2023 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=4 February 2025}}
International aid
According to the Australian think tank Lowy Institute, Australia is the Pacific region's largest development partner, disbursing A$17 billion worth of international aid between 2008 and 2021, accounting for 40% of the region's overseas development finance (ODF). Australian international aid in the Pacific exceeded other regional partners including the Asian Development Bank, China, New Zealand and Japan. Between 2019 and 2021, Australian's overseas development finance in the Pacific rose from A$1.34 billion in 2019 to A$1.89 billion in 2021.{{cite news|last1=Letman|first1=John|title=Australia's support to Pacific surges as China focuses on 'friendly' states, aid map shows|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/31/australias-support-to-pacific-surges-as-china-focuses-on-friendly-states-aid-map-shows|access-date=27 May 2024|work=The Guardian|date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519144628/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/31/australias-support-to-pacific-surges-as-china-focuses-on-friendly-states-aid-map-shows|archive-date=19 May 2024}}
In May 2024, RNZ reported that the Albanese Government had slightly increased Australia's foreign aid budget by four percent, bringing its total 2024–2025 aid o A$4.961 billion budget. In August 2023, the Government had released its new international development strategy, which promised new country, gender, disability and humanitarian aid strategies.{{cite news|last1=Howes|first1=Stephen|title=2024 Australian aid spending and effectiveness update|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/516989/2024-australian-aid-spending-and-effectiveness-update|access-date=27 May 2024|work=RNZ|date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520091129/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/516989/2024-australian-aid-spending-and-effectiveness-update|archive-date=20 May 2024|url-status=live}}
Diplomatic relations
As of 2011, Australia had established formal diplomatic relations with all members of the United Nations as well as the Holy See, Kosovo, Cook Islands and (in 2014) Niue. In many cases, diplomatic relations are maintained on a non-resident basis, with the Australian ambassador or high commissioner based in another country. Since 2012, diplomatic relations have been effectively suspended with the Syrian Arab Republic, with no diplomatic accreditation by either country maintained, but consular relations continue.*[https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/Consulates/192/State Consular List – Syrian Arab Republic]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 13 January 2022. In the case of Afghanistan, following the Taliban takeover in 2021, diplomatic relations are in an ambiguous status with Australia "temporarily" closing its embassy in Kabul and not recognizing the Islamic Emirate government but maintaining the credentials of the embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Canberra.*[https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/Missions/4 Diplomatic List – Afghanistan]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 25 January 2022. A number of Canadian missions provide consular assistance to Australians in countries in Africa where Australia does not maintain an office (and Australia reciprocates this arrangement for Canada in some other countries) through the Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.{{cite web|url=http://travel.gc.ca/about/assistance/consular/framework/canada-australia|title=Canada-Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement – Travel.gc.ca|access-date=6 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629042040/http://travel.gc.ca/about/assistance/consular/framework/canada-australia|archive-date=29 June 2013}}
Due to the One China Policy of the People's Republic of China, the Australian Office in Taiwan (formerly the Australian Commerce and Industry Office) unofficially represents Australia's interest in Taiwan, serving a function similar to other Australian Consulates.
= List =
List of countries which Australia maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
=Africa=
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began !Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Algeria }} | 8 July 1974 | * Australia and Algeria enjoy friendly relations and cooperate in international fora on areas of mutual interest.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Angola}} | 30 May 1988{{Cite book|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-909372130/view?sectionId=nla.obj-912691741&partId=nla.obj-909435812#page/n38/mode/1up|title=Australia establishes formal diplomatic relations with Angola|publisher=Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 59 No. 6 (June 1988)|pages=Image 39|access-date=21 April 2023}} | * Australia and Angola established diplomatic relations in May 1988 with the accreditation by Australia of an ambassador resident in Lusaka, Zambia.*[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1988/24.pdf Diplomatic and consular relations]* Australian Year Book of International Law, Volume 24, page 444. Retrieved 30 September 2021 Accreditation soon switched to the High Commissioner in Pretoria, South Africa.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Benin}} | 11 September 2010{{cite news|title=Aussie News Issue 3|url=https://nigeria.embassy.gov.au/files/aaja/Aussie%20News%20Issue%203.pdf|access-date=4 November 2022|publisher=Australian High Commission Abuja|date=December 2011}} | * Australia's ambassador is accredited from Abuja, Nigeria. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Botswana}} | 9 July 1973*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-906419061/view?partId=nla.obj-906465644#page/n51/mode/1up High Commissioner to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 44, No. 7 (July 1974) page 488. Retrieved 31 August 2021 | * Australia and Botswana have enjoyed good relations since Botswana's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973 with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian High Commissioner based in Pretoria.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}} | 13 November 2008{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1325912|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Burkina Faso and Australia as of 13 Nov. 2008|date=13 November 2008|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and Burkina Faso established diplomatic relations in 2008 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.*[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20190808185434/https://foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2010/100319_australia_and_africa.html Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future]* National Library of Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2021 |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Burundi}} | * Australia's ambassador to Burundi is accredited from Nairobi, Kenya.{{Cite web|url=https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/our-locations/missions/Pages/our-embassies-and-consulates-overseas.aspx|title=Our embassies and consulates overseas}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.mae.gov.bi/en/foreign-missions-in-burundi-with-residence-abroad/|title=Foreign Missions in Burundi with Residence Abroad}}
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cape Verde}} | 22 September 2009{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GoogleNewsCV/status/4311915444|title=Australia – Establishment of diplomatic relations with Cape Verde – ISRIA|access-date=25 February 2024}} | * Australia and Cape Verde established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cameroon}} | 2 March 2002{{Cite web|url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/2004/12.html|title=Garrett, Justine --- "Australian Practice in International Law 2002" [2004] AUYrBkIntLaw 12; (2004) 23 Australian Year Book of International Law 189|website=www5.austlii.edu.au|access-date=25 February 2024}} | * Australia and Cameroon enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in March 2002 with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian High Commissioner based in Abuja, Nigeria.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Central African Republic}} | 18 January 2010{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1318464|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Central African Republic as of 18 Jan. 2010|date=18 January 2010|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and the Central African Republic established diplomatic relations in 2010 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Chad}} | 2007 | * Diplomatic relations were formalized in 2007 with the accreditation of the first Australian ambassador, resident in Abuja, Nigeria. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Comoros}} | 27 July 1983*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1220706105/view?partId=nla.obj-1220941480#page/n73/mode/1up Representation]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 54 No. 7 (July 1983), page 376. Retrieved 9 March 2022. | * Australia and Comoros established diplomatic relations in July 1983 with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first ambassador. The two countries cooperate as members of the Indian Ocean Rim Association and through small development cooperation projects.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Congo}} | 7 May 2009{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1325370|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Congo as of 7 May 2009|date=7 May 2009|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and Congo established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | 2011 | * Australia and the DRC established diplomatic relations in 2011 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Djibouti}} | * Australia is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} | |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt }} | 8 April 1950, severed diplomatic relations from 6 November 1956 to 19 October 1959 | See Australia–Egypt relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | 23 July 2009{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1324615|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Equatorial Guinea and Australia as of 23 July 2009|date=4 September 2009|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and Equatorial Guinea established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Eritrea}} | 24 November 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1993 when first Eritrea's Ambassador to Australia Mr. Fessehaie Abraham presented his credentials{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxgOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Fessehaie+Abraham+to+Australia+on+24+November&pg=RA10-PP4 |title=Eritrea Update |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada |year=1992 |access-date=30 June 2023}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Eswatini}} | 9 July 1973 | * Australia and Eswatini have enjoyed good relations since Eswatini's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973 with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian High Commissioner based in Pretoria, South Africa.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia }} | 13 December 1965*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1207792277/view?partId=nla.obj-1207931938#page/n75/mode/1up Representation]* Current Notes on International Affairs Vol. 36 No. 12 (December 1965), page 866. Retrieved 23 April 2023. | * Ethiopia and Australia have enjoyed diplomatic relations since 1965 with an Australian ambassador accredited on a non-resident basis from Nairobi, Kenya. In 1984 an Australian embassy was opened in Addis Ababa. It was closed in 1987 due to budget cuts and accreditation returned to the High Commission in Nairobi. In September 2010, a resident Ambassador was reappointed and since then Australia has continued to maintain an embassy in Addis Ababa, with concurrent accreditation to the African Union. For a detailed history of Australian representation in Ethiopia see List of ambassadors of Australia to Ethiopia.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Gabon}} | 20 October 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1984 when Mr. A. R.Taylor, presented his letter of credence as non-resident Ambassador of Australia to Gabon.{{Cite book |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1122264692/view?sectionId=nla.obj-1268003392&partId=nla.obj-1125272809#page/n129/mode/1up |title=Australian Representation overseas |publisher=Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 55 No. 10 (October 1984) |pages=1160 |access-date=25 August 2023}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Gambia}} | 15 February 1982{{cite journal|title=Australian Representation Overseas|journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record|date=February 1982|volume=53|issue=2|page=92|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-891003459|access-date=3 November 2022|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs}} | * Australia and The Gambia have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established upon the presentation of credentials in February 1982 of Australia's first high commissioner, then resident in Accra, Ghana.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ghana }} | 6 December 1957 | * Australia has a high commission in Accra. For a detailed history of Australian representation in Ghana see List of high commissioners of Australia to Ghana.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Guinea}} | * Australia and Guinea share close interests in the mining sector. They are the two largest bauxite producers in the world (see List of countries by bauxite production) and were founding signatories in the 1970s of the (now defunct) International Bauxite Agreement. Australian companies are involved in developing the Guinean mining sector. | |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | * Australia granted de jure recognition to Guinea-Bissau on 11 August 1974, having extended de facto recognition in June 1974 in support of its independence campaign.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-919321986/view?partId=nla.obj-919391956#page/n50/mode/1up Australia recognizes Guinea-Bissau]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 45 No. 8 (August 1974), pages 553–554. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}} | 17 September 1974*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-919333331/view?partId=nla.obj-919373077#page/n58/mode/1up Australian Representation Overseas]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Volume 45 No. 9 (September 1974). Retrieved 25 October 2021 | * Australia and Côte d'Ivoire established diplomatic relations with the accreditation in September 1974 of an Australian ambassador resident in Accra, Ghana.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kenya }} | 23 August 1965 | See Australia–Kenya relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Lesotho}} | 9 July 1973 | * Australia and Lesotho have enjoyed good relations since Lesotho's independence, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in July 1973 with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian High Commissioner based in Pretoria, South Africa.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Liberia}} | 26 September 2008{{Cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Liberia and Australia as of 26 Sept. 2008|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1325979?ln=en|access-date=18 April 2023|website=United Nations Digital Library|date=26 September 2008}}*[https://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=103 Liberia and Australia Formalized Diplomatic Agreement At Ambassadorial Level] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710115602/https://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=103 |date=10 July 2023 }}* Liberian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 10 July 2023. | * Australia and Liberia established diplomatic relations in 2008 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, with Australia's high commissioner in Accra, Ghana becoming Australia's first Ambassador to Liberia in February 2009.{{cite news|title=Liberia and Australia to Establish Ties|url=https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=890&related=7&pg=sp#:~:text=New%20York%2C%20USA%20%2D%20Liberia%20and,New%20York%2C%20the%20United%20States.|access-date=4 November 2022|publisher=Liberia Executive Mansion|date=25 September 2008|format=Media Release|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104083336/https://www.emansion.gov.lr/2press.php?news_id=890&related=7&pg=sp#:~:text=New%20York%2C%20USA%20%2D%20Liberia%20and,New%20York%2C%20the%20United%20States.|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=New Ambassador of the Commonwealth of Australia to Liberia presents Letters of Credence|url=https://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=795&related=7&pg=sp&sub=44|access-date=4 November 2022|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Liberia|date=2013|format=Media Release|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104083339/https://www.mofa.gov.lr/public2/2press.php?news_id=795&related=7&pg=sp&sub=44|url-status=dead}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Libya}} | 2 January 1978, broke off 19 May 1987, Restored in June 2002 | See Australia–Libya relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Madagascar}} | 22 August 1974*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-919321986/view?partId=nla.obj-919398040#page/n62/mode/1up Representation]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Vol. 45 No. 8 (August 1974), page 565. Retrieved 23 April 2023. | * Australia and Madagascar have enjoyed friendly relations since Madagascar's independence in 1960. President Philibert Tsiranana was the first African head of state to make an official visit to Australia in November 1965.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1207545099/view?partId=nla.obj-1207748721#page/n35/mode/1u Australian Foreign Policy]* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol 37 No 3 (March 1966) page 134. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Malawi}} | 1 July 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1983 when Mr. I. L. James, the first High Commissioner of Australia to Malawi presented his letters of credentials.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mali}} | 15 March 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1984 when first non-resident Ambassador of Mali to Australia Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mauritania}} | 13 December 2001 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 2001.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mauritius }} | 25 September 1970 | * Australia and Mauritius have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations since Mauritius's independence. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in 1970. There are strong economic, education and people-to-people links.{{cite web|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/mauritius|title=Mauritius|website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430030427/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/mauritius|url-status=dead}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Morocco }} | 13 July 1976 | See Australia–Morocco relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mozambique}} | 1 April 1982*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889467052/view?partId=nla.obj-889476365#page/n39/mode/1up Australian Ambassador to Mozambique]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 53 No. 6 (June 1982), page 382. Retrieved 9 March 2022.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889411618/view?partId=nla.obj-889452392#page/n97/mode/1up Australian Representation Overseas]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 53 No. 4 (April 1982), page 248. Retrieved 15 June 2024. | * Diplomatic relations were established in April 1982 when the first Ambassador of Australia to Mozambique with residence in Harare presented his credentials to President Samora Machel. Since Mozambique was admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations, the two countries have exchanged High Commissioners.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Namibia}} | 1990 | * Australia was an active supporter for the peaceful decolonization of Namibia, becoming a member of the United Nations Council on Namibia in 1974 and contributing military engineers to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in 1989–1990 (see Australian contribution to UNTAG).
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Niger}} | 7 May 2009{{Cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Niger as of 7 May 2009|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1325368?ln=en|access-date=18 April 2023|website=United Nations Digital Library| date=7 May 2009 }} | * Australia and Niger established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Nigeria }} | 1 October 1960 | * Australia and Nigeria enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were established upon Nigeria's independence in 1960 with the appointment of an Australian high commissioner based in the then capital of Lagos.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Rwanda}} | 2007 | * Australia and Rwanda enjoy good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were formalized in 2007.*[https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/56466#:~:text=Rwanda-Australia%20diplomatic%20relations%20were%20established%20in%202007.%20Today%2C,and%20Rwanda%20as%2033rd%20Australia%E2%80%99s%20principal%20import%20sources. Australia, Rwanda Strengthen Ties]* The New Times, 22 August 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | 8 July 2009{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1325136|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Sao Tome and Principe and Australia as of 8 July 2009|date=8 July 2009|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and São Tomé and Príncipe established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Senegal}} | 26 September 1974 | See Australia–Senegal relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Seychelles}} | 29 June 1976 | * Australia and Seychelles have enjoyed good relations, as members of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, dating back prior to Seychelles' independence. Then Prime Minister James Mancham made an official visit to Australia in April 1976.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-893777212/view?partId=nla.obj-893834489#page/n30/mode/1up Seychelles: Prime Minister visits Australia]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Volume 47, No. 5 (May 1976). Retrieved 3 September 2021 Diplomatic relations were established on 29 June 1976, Seychelles' independence day.*[https://www.statehouse.gov.sc/news/4910/australian-high-commissioner-to-seychelles-bids-farewell Australian High Commissioner bids farewell]* Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles, 23 July 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2021
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}} | 9 October 1981{{cite journal|title=Diplomatic appointments|journal=Australian Foreign Affairs Record|date=October 1981|volume=52|issue=10|page=520|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-890909352|access-date=3 November 2022|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs}} | * Australia and Sierra Leone have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were formally established in October 1981 with the appointment of the first non-resident Australian high commissioner.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Somalia }} | 16 February 1982 | * Australia and Somalia first formalized diplomatic relations in February 1982 when a non-resident Somali ambassador presented credentials in Canberra.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889411574/view?partId=nla.obj-889430255#page/n49/mode/1up Foreign Representation in Australia]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 53 No 2 February 1982, Retrieved 15 June 2024. This subsequently lapsed and the two countries re-established diplomatic relations in 2010.*[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/wayback/20190808185434/https://foreignminister.gov.au/speeches/2010/100319_australia_and_africa.html Australia and Africa: Looking to the Future]* National Library of Australia archive. Retrieved 31 August 2021
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|South Africa }} | 8 May 1946 | See Australia–South Africa relations
File:Quentin Bryce and Nelson Mandela.jpg
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|South Sudan}} | 24 September 2011 | File:Nhial Deng Nhial and Kevin Rudd (2).jpg
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Sudan}} | 8 February 1974{{Cite book|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-919279280/view?sectionId=nla.obj-921656391&partId=nla.obj-919302819#page/n50/mode/1up|title=Diplomatic Relations with the Sudan|publisher=Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 45 No. 2 (February 1974)|pages=Image 51|access-date=21 April 2023}} | * Australia is accredited to Sudan from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Tanzania }} | 11 May 1962 | * Australia announced the establishment of diplomatic relations with Tanganyika on 11 May 1962. A resident high commission was opened in July 1962.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Togo}} | 22 July 2009{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1324616|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Togo and Australia as of 22 July 2009|date=4 September 2009|access-date=25 February 2024|website=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Australia and Togo established diplomatic relations in 2009 as part of a broadening of Australia's engagement with Africa under the Governments of Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard.*[https://ghana.embassy.gov.au/acra/Togo.html#:~:text=Australia%20was%20pleased%20to%20establish,diplomatic%20relations%20with%20Togo%20in%202009. Togo]* Australian High Commission, Ghana. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Tunisia}} | 17 February 1977 | * Australia is accredited to Tunisia from its high commission in Malta.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Uganda}} | 23 August 1965 | * Australia and Uganda have enjoyed good relations as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Diplomatic relations were announced in August 1965 with the accreditation of Australia's high commissioner based in Nairobi, Kenya. Australia also has an honorary consulate in Kampala.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Zambia }} | 1972 | * Australia is accredited to Zambia from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Zimbabwe }} | 18 April 1980 | See Australia–Zimbabwe relations
|
=Americas=
{{See also|Australia–Latin America relations}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began !Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | * Australia and Antigua and Barbuda enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Argentina }} | 10 December 1959 | See Argentina–Australia relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bahamas }} | 7 January 1974 | * Australia and the Bahamas enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Barbados }} | 7 January 1974 | See Australia–Barbados relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Belize}} | 17 January 1982 | * Australia and Belize enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and Belize are Co-Chairs with Mauritius of the Commonwealth Blue Charter Action Group on Coral Reef Protection and Restoration, and members of the International Coral Reef Initiative.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/belize-country-brief.pdf Belize Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215214913/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/belize-country-brief.pdf |date=15 February 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bolivia}} | 10 April 1975{{Cite web|title=Bolivia country brief (MFA Australia)|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/bolivia/bolivia-country-brief#:~:text=Australia%20and%20Bolivia%20(formally%20known,relations%20on%2010%20April%201975.&text=The%20Consulate%20of%20Bolivia%20in,Australia%20is%20resident%20in%20Ottawa.|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175628/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/bolivia/bolivia-country-brief#:~:text=Australia%20and%20Bolivia%20(formally%20known,relations%20on%2010%20April%201975.&text=The%20Consulate%20of%20Bolivia%20in,Australia%20is%20resident%20in%20Ottawa.|url-status=dead}} | * The first non-resident Australian ambassador to Bolivia presented credentials on 14 October 1975.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-909444359/view?partId=nla.obj-909491385#page/n57/mode/1up Australian Representation Overseas]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 46 No. 10 (October 1975). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil }} | 7 June 1945 | See Australia–Brazil relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Canada }} | 12 September 1939 | See Australia–Canada relations
File:Australia House, Ottawa.JPG, Canada, is an example of an Australian mission (it serves as the ambassadorial residence). As Canada is a fellow Commonwealth nation, Australia maintains a High Commission there.]]
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Chile }} | 27 December 1945 | See Australia–Chile relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Colombia}} | 9 September 1975
|See Australia–Colombia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Costa Rica }} | 15 October 1974 | * In 1884, Costa Rica opened a consular office in New South Wales.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/costa-rica/costa-rica-country-brief Costa Rica Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318204655/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/costa-rica/costa-rica-country-brief |date=18 March 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 18 March 2022. Australia and Costa Rica established formal diplomatic relations in October 1974, with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident Ambassador.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-919333462/view?partId=nla.obj-919400846#page/n85/mode/1up Representation]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cuba}} | 31 January 1989
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Dominica}} | * Australia and Dominica enjoy good relations, with links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}} |22 April 1997 |
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ecuador}} | |
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|El Salvador}} | 5 December 1983
|See Australia–El Salvador relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Grenada}} |
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Guatemala}} | 7 January 1974
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Guyana }} | 7 January 1974 | * Australia and Guyana enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Haiti }} | 2000 | * Australia and Haiti established diplomatic relations in 2000.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/haiti-country-brief.pdf Haiti Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403213700/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/haiti-country-brief.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Honduras }} | 10 July 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1984 when Mr. Cavan Hogue, Australian Ambassador presented his credentials to President of Honduras Roberto Suazo Cordova.{{Cite book |title=Latin America Report |publisher=[Executive Office of the President], Federal Broadcast Information Service, Joint Publications Research Service |year=1984 |pages=38}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Jamaica}} | 7 January 1974
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico }} | 14 March 1966{{Cite web|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/australia/index.php/bilreleng|title=Bilateral relationship|website=embamex.sre.gob.mx|access-date=25 February 2024}} | See Australia–Mexico relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Nicaragua }} | 1987 | * Australia and Nicaragua established diplomatic relations in 1987.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/nicaragua-country-brief.pdf Nicaragua Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403163633/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/nicaragua-country-brief.pdf |date=3 April 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Panama }} | 1974 | * Australia and Panama established diplomatic relations in 1974.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/panama/panama-country-brief Panama Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403163632/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/panama/panama-country-brief |date=3 April 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Paraguay }} | 30 November 1974 | See Australia–Paraguay relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Peru }} | 1 March 1963 | {{main|Australia–Peru relations}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis }} | 6 February 1986 | * Australia and Saint Kitts and Nevis enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident high commissioner on 6 February 1986.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/saint-kitts-and-nevis-country-brief.pdf Saint Kitts and Nevis Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215214903/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/saint-kitts-and-nevis-country-brief.pdf |date=15 February 2022 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1213698430/view?partId=nla.obj-1213764263#page/n107/mode/1up Australian Representation Overseas]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 2 (February 1986) page 142. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Saint Lucia }} | 1982*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/saint-lucia-country-brief.pdf Saint Lucia Country Brief]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 15 February 2022. | * Australia and Saint Lucia enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines }} | 31 January 1986 | * Australia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and sporting ties, particularly cricket. Formal diplomatic relations were established with the presentation of credentials of Australia's first non-resident high commissioner on 31 January 1986.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1213698417/view?partId=nla.obj-1213738624#page/n37/mode/1up Australian Representation Overseas]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol. 57 No. 1 (January 1986) page 36. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Suriname}} | 3 February 1994*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/suriname/suriname-country-brief Suriname Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405174517/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/suriname/suriname-country-brief |date=5 April 2023 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 5 April 2023. There is also a reference to a later date in UN archives {{Cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations Between Australia and Suriname as of 19 Jan. 1996 (UN Digital Library)|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1477462?ln=en}} | * Australia is accredited to Suriname from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | 7 January 1974 | * Australia and Trinidad and Tobago enjoy good relations, with political links through shared membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and have sporting ties, particularly cricket.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|United States }} | 8 January 1940
|File:Howard and Bush.jpg, with US President George W. Bush on 16 May 2006, during Howard's seventh official visit to the White House as Prime Minister. From left to right: the Prime Minister's wife Janette Howard, former US First Lady Laura Bush, Howard and Bush.]] See Australia–United States relations While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942, as Britain's influence in Asia declined. At the governmental level, United-States-Australia relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Uruguay }} | 1948 | See Australia–Uruguay relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Venezuela }} | 31 May 1973*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-906419020/view?partId=nla.obj-906433142#page/n2/mode/1up Relations with Venezuela]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record, Vol. 44 No. 6 (June 1973), page 422. Retrieved 14 April 2022. | * Australia is currently accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. For a detailed history of Australian representation in Venezuela see List of ambassadors of Australia to Venezuela.
|
=Asia=
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | |||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began !Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Afghanistan }} | 30 March 1969{{Cite web|url=https://www.canberra.mfa.af/news/celebrating-50-years-of-afghanistan-australia-diplomatic-relations.html|title=Celebrating 50 years of Afghanistan-Australia Diplomatic Relations – EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN CANBERRA – AUSTRALIA|first=Afghan Embassy-|last=Canberra|website=canberra.mfa.af|access-date=25 February 2024}} | File:ASLAV in Afghanistan during early 2011.jpg
[https://www.canberra.mfa.af/publications_pdf/australia_afghanistan_relations.pdf Australia-Afghanistan Relations]* Embassy of Afghanistan to Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2021
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Armenia}} | 15 January 1992 | See Armenia–Australia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Azerbaijan }} | 19 June 1992 | See Australia–Azerbaijan relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bahrain }} | 13 April 1987 | * Australia has long standing ties with Bahrain that predate its full independence in 1971. Australia maintained a consulate-general in Manama from 1964 to 1986.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bangladesh }} | 31 January 1972 | See Australia–Bangladesh relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bhutan}} | 14 September 2002{{Cite journal|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1472575|title=Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Bhutan as of 14 Sept. 2002|date=14 September 2002|access-date=25 February 2024|via=digitallibrary.un.org}} | * Relations between Bhutan and Australia date back to 1962 when Bhutan was just emerging from self-imposed isolation and starting to engage with the rest of the world. Australia's support at the time was instrumental in Bhutan being admitted as a member of the Colombo Plan. Subsequently, Australia was among the first countries to support and welcome Bhutan's membership to the United Nations in 1971.*[https://kuenselonline.com/ambassador-to-australia-presents-credentials/ Ambassador to Australia presents credentials]* Kuensel Online 30 September 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Brunei}} | 1 January 1984 | See Australia–Brunei relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cambodia}} | 15 January 1952 | See Australia–Cambodia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|China }} | 21 December 1972 | See Australia–China relations
[https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/xi-jinping-meets-with-albanese-ending-diplomatic-deep-freeze-20221115-p5byhb.html Xi-Jinping meets with Albanese, ending diplomatic deep freeze]* Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 November 2022. and regular leaders' meetings under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership have resumed from 2023.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Georgia }} | 16 July 1992 | * Australia recognised Georgia's independence and established diplomatic relations in 1992.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|India }} | 1941 | See Australia–India relationsForeign relations of India#Australia
File:Celebrating 75 years of friendship though cricket PM's together.jpg during the 75 Years of Friendship through Cricket Event.]]
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Indonesia }} | 17 March 1950 | See Australia–Indonesia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Iran }} | 21 September 1968 | See Australia–Iran relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Iraq }} | 2 December 1973 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1973
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Israel }} | 11 May 1949
|See Australia–Israel relations
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Japan }} | 14 September 1940 (broken from 8 December 1941 to 28 April 1952) | See Australia–Japan relations
Australia-Japan relations are generally warm, substantial and driven by mutual interests, and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres, including culture, tourism, defence and scientific co-operation. | |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Jordan }} | 28 April 1975 | * Australia has an embassy in Amman, established in 1979 and Jordan has an embassy in Canberra, established in 1976.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}} | 22 June 1992
|
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kuwait}} | 1 July 1974 | * Diplomatic relations between Australia and Kuwait were established in 1974 with the accreditation of the Australian ambassador in Riyadh on a non-resident basis. Australia opened an embassy in Kuwait City in December 2004.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | * Australia recognised Kyrgyzstan's independence on 26 December 1991 upon the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and established diplomatic relations the following year. | ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Laos}} | 15 January 1952 | * Diplomatic relations between Australia and Laos were established in 1952 with the appointment of an Australian Minister, resident in Saigon. This is the longest unbroken diplomatic relationship Laos has with any country.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/laos/laos-country-brief Laos Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806220312/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/laos/laos-country-brief |date=6 August 2021 }}* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 6 August 2021
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Lebanon }} | 20 February 1967 | * Australia has an embassy in Beirut.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Malaysia }} | 31 August 1957 | See Australia–Malaysia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Maldives }} | 25 January 1974 | * Australia and Maldives have a long-standing friendly relationship, with common membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Indian Ocean Rim Association.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Mongolia}} | 15 September 1972{{Cite web|url=https://mongolia.embassy.gov.au/ulnb/factsheet.html|title=Australian Consulate-General in|first=corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and|last=Trade|website=mongolia.embassy.gov.au|access-date=25 February 2024}}
| See Australia–Mongolia relations
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Myanmar}} | 1 August 1953 | * Australia has an embassy in Rangoon.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Nepal}} | 15 February 1960
|
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|North Korea}} | 31 December 1974, broken 30 October 1975, Restored 8 May 2000 | See Australia–North Korea relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Oman }} | 1981 | * The Australian ambassador in Riyadh is accredited to Oman on a non-resident basis. Australia has an honorary consulate in Muscat.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Pakistan }} | 8 March 1948 | See Australia–Pakistan relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Palestine }} | No diplomatic relations | * Australia does not recognise a Palestinian state but has committed to a two-state solution in which Israel and a future Palestinian state coexist, in peace and security, within internationally recognised borders.
[https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/palestinian-culture/palestinian-culture-palestinians-in-australia Palestinians in Australia]* SBS Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 1 April 2023. See also Palestinian Australians.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Philippines}} | 17 March 1950 | See Australia–Philippines relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Qatar }} | 1 May 1980 | * Australia and Qatar established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1980.*[http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1980/19.html Diplomatic and Consular Relations]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}* Australian Year Book of International Law (1978–1980) page 292. Retrieved 25 August 2021
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia }} | 15 January 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1974
See Australia–Saudi Arabia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Singapore}} | 18 August 1965 | See Australia–Singapore relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|South Korea }} | 30 October 1961 | See Australia–South Korea relations
The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Commonwealth of Australia began on 30 October 1961.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Sri Lanka }} | 4 February 1948
|
[http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/sri_lanka/sri_lanka_country_brief.html Sri Lanka Country Brief] | ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Syria }} | 1975 | See Australia–Syria relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Taiwan }} | 16 September 1941 – 22 December 1972 | See Australia–Taiwan relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Tajikistan }} | |
| ||
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Thailand }} | 19 December 1952 | See Australia–Thailand relations
| |
| valign="top" | {{Flag|Timor-Leste}} | 20 May 2002 | See Australia–East Timor relations
File:Hands off Timorese Oil - Brisbane May Day 2017 parade.jpg, 1 May 2017]]
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkey }} | 28 February 1967 | See Australia–Turkey relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkmenistan }} | 14 May 1992 | * Australia recognised Turkmenistan's independence on 26 December 1991 upon the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and established diplomatic relations the following year.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates }} | 16 March 1975 | See Australia–United Arab Emirates relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Uzbekistan }} | 26 December 1991 | * Australia recognised Uzbekistan's independence on 26 December 1991 upon the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and established diplomatic relations the following year.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Vietnam }} | 26 February 1973 (with Republic of Vietnam from 15 January 1952 to 5 May 1975) |
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Yemen}} | 20 December 1980 with Yemen Arab Republic (June 1984-22 May 1990 with People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) | * Australia and the Yemen Arab Republic established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1980. Australia established diplomatic relations with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1984.*[http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1987/15.html Diplomatic and Consular Relations]* Australian Year Book of International Law (1984–1987) page 455. Retrieved 25 August 2021 Relations continued with the Republic of Yemen following unification of the northern and southern states in 1990.
|
=Europe=
{{see also|Australia–European Union relations}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:12%;"| Country
!Formal relations began !Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Albania }} | 15 September 1984 | * Albania opened an embassy in Canberra in 2020 and has honorary consulates in Adelaide and Brisbane. Australia's embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Andorra }} | 2 March 1995 | * Australia and Andorra established diplomatic relations in 1995.*[https://www.exteriors.ad/en/101-continguts-angles/diplomatic-representations/diplomatic-relations Diplomatic Relations]* Andorran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 28 February 2024. Australia's first non-resident ambassador presented credentials in 1998.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria }} | 1952 | * Australia has an embassy in Vienna.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Belarus}} | 9 January 1992{{cite web|url=http://australia.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/aubel/|title=Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and Australia|work=mfa.gov.by|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016113922/http://australia.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/aubel/|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Belgium }} | 1947 | * Both countries have a growing bilateral commercial relationship, going back to World War One when they entered after Belgium was invaded by Germany.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina }} | 7 January 1993
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria }} | 5 April 1972
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia }} | 13 February 1992
|See Australia–Croatia relations Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cyprus }} | 19 April 1973*[ Vol. 44 No. 4 (April 1973) (nla.gov.au) Representation]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol 44 No 4 page 291. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Czech Republic }} | 18 June 1972/1 January 1993
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark }} | 1947 | See Australia–Denmark relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Estonia }} | 21 November 1991 | See Australia–Estonia relations
File:Estonian House Campbell Street, Surry Hills, Sydney.jpg, part of an extensive cultural network of the Estonian community in Australia. The first stage was opened in 1940, the first of its kind built by Estonians outside of Estonia.]]
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland }} | 31 May 1949 | See Australia–Finland relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|France }} | 1944 | See Australia–France relations
France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts, shared values of democracy and human rights, substantial commercial links, and a keen interest in each other's culture. |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany}} | 28 January 1952 with FRG{{Cite web|title=Australia-Germany 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Australia)|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/germany/australia-germany-70-years-diplomatic-relations|access-date=2 February 2022|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202155152/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/germany/australia-germany-70-years-diplomatic-relations|url-status=dead}} (22 December 1972 – 3 October 1990 with GDR) | See Australia–Germany relations |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Greece }} | 30 March 1953 | See Australia–Greece relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Holy See}} | 24 March 1973*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-905277484/view?partId=nla.obj-905342314#page/n67/mode/1up Relations with the Vatican]* Australian Foreign Affairs Record Vol 44 No 3 (March 1973) page 214. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Hungary }} | 6 April 1972
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Iceland }} | 17 April 1984 | * Australia is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ireland }} | 1 July 1946 | See Australia–Ireland relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Italy }} | 1948 | See Australia–Italy relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kosovo }} | 21 May 2008{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kosovo/country_brief.html|title=Kosovo Country Brief|date=3 October 2008|publisher=Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=28 March 2009}} | See Australia–Kosovo relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Latvia}} | 27 August 1991
|See Australia–Latvia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}} | 1999
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Lithuania}} | 6 November 1991
|See Australia–Lithuania relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Luxembourg}} | 18 September 1970*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1180319938/view?partId=nla.obj-1180449667#page/n44/mode/1up Diplomatic Appointments]* Current Notes on International Affairs Vol 41 No 9 (September 1970) page 493. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Malta }} | 21 September 1964
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Moldova}} | 1 April 1992
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Monaco}} | {{dts|format=dmy|2007-05-03}} | * Consular relations between Australia and Monaco date back to August 1959 when Monaco's first honorary consul in Australia was appointed.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Montenegro}} | {{dts|format=dmy|2006-09-01}}
|See Australia–Montenegro relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Netherlands }} | 18 March 1942 | See Australia–Netherlands relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|North Macedonia}} | 20 October 1995
|See Australia–North Macedonia relations
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Norway }} | 23 June 1947 | See Australia–Norway relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Poland }} | 20 February 1972{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/australia-en/bilateral-relations|title=Australia – Poland in Australia – Gov.pl website|website=Poland in Australia|access-date=25 February 2024}} | See Australia–Poland relations
File:Polish Dozynki Festival in Adelaide, Australia, 2007.jpg
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Portugal}} | 15 August 1960
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Romania }} | {{dts|format=dmy|1968-03-18}} | See Australia–Romania relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Russia }} | 10 October 1942,(broken from 23 April 1954 to 16 March 1959) | See Australia–Russia relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|San Marino }} | 13 September 1995 | * Australia and San Marino formalized diplomatic relations with the non-resident accreditation of an Australian ambassador, based in Rome.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Serbia }} | 26 April 1966 | See Australia–Serbia relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovakia }} | 1 January 1993 | * Australia's embassy in Vienna is accredited to Slovakia.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Slovenia }} | {{dts|format=dmy|1992-02-05}}
| {{cite web|url=http://canberra.embassy.si/index.php?id=1576&L=1|title=Diplomatic relations|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Canberra|access-date=14 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511185714/http://canberra.embassy.si/index.php?id=1576&L=1|archive-date=11 May 2011}}
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Spain }} | 26 October 1967 | See Australia–Spain relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Sweden }} | 26 September 1947*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1207602030/view?partId=nla.obj-1207699696#page/n67/mode/1up Diplomatic and consular list]* Current Notes on International Affairs, Vol 18 No. 8 (September 1947), page 559. Retrieved 16 December 2023. | See Australia–Sweden relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Switzerland }} | 2 June 1961 | See Australia–Switzerland relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Ukraine }} | 10 January 1992*[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/asia-and-oceania-countries Bilateral cooperation: Indo-Pacific]* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 12 April 2023. | See Australia–Ukraine relations
File:Sydney Stands with Ukraine (51919541069) cropped.jpg
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|United Kingdom }} | See Australia–United Kingdom relations
File:Australia House, London.jpg was opened on August 3, 1918.]]
|
=Oceania=
{{See also|Arc of Instability|Pacific Solution|RAMSI}}
Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations. As part of its Pacific Step-Up initiative announced in 2016"[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/pacific/engagement/stepping-up-australias-pacific-engagement Stepping-up Australia's engagement with our Pacific family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709193448/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/pacific/engagement/stepping-up-australias-pacific-engagement |date=9 July 2021 }}" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 4 July 2021 Australia has uniquely established resident High Commissions and embassies in all independent and self governing members of the Pacific Islands Forum as well as consulates-general in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours, and to Papua New Guinea. For decades, it has been the largest donor of aid to the Oceania region.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/22/asia/china-australia-pacific-investment-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Why China is challenging Australia for influence over the Pacific Islands|author=Words by Julia Hollingsworth, CNN Graphics by Jason Kwok and Natalie Leung|website=CNN|date=22 July 2019}} China and New Zealand, the next biggest donors, donated only one sixth of Australia's aid during the 2010s.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-09/aid-to-pacific-island-nations/10082702?nw=0&r=HtmlFragment|title=Which country gives the most aid to Pacific Island nations? The answer might surprise you|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=9 August 2018}}
Since the end of the Cold War, the understanding from the United States has been that Australia and New Zealand would assume responsibility for the security of much of the Oceania region, whom they already share pre-existing cultural and economic ties to.{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/the-solomon-islands-crisis-shows-america-needs-a-new-pacific-strategy/|title=The Solomon Islands Crisis Shows America Needs a New Pacific Strategy|website=thediplomat.com}}
Australia's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an "Arc of Instability" among its island neighbours. In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament:
We cannot afford to have failing states in our region. The so-called 'arc of instability', which basically goes from East Timor through to the south-west Pacific states, means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief, but also that we cannot allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime, nor indeed havens for terrorism.{{cite news|last=Dobell|first=Graeme|title=The Pacific 'arc of instability'|publisher=Correspondent's Report|date=20 August 2006|url=http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2006/s1719019.htm}}
As from early 2008, the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a "new approach" to relations between Australia and the Pacific, appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, Duncan Kerr. In February, Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Bob McMullan visited Samoa, Tonga and Kiribati in February, and stated:
Broadly, the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect. We're not going to be lecturing or hectoring, we're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started. The relationships we've established with ministers and leaders in those countries [Kiribati, Tonga and Samoa] is very positive.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192323/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/10/2158829.htm?section=australia "Aust, Pacific working on damaged relationship"], Edmond Roy, ABC News, 10 February 2008
Richard Marles, the deputy leader of the Australian Labor Party, has strongly advocated for Australia to prioritize its role in the Pacific. In 2021, he wrote a book titled Tides that bind: Australia in the Pacific, and claimed in an interview that, "By any measure, we are huge part of the Pacific. We're the largest donor into the Pacific, we've got the biggest diplomatic footprint in the Pacific, we've got the most development resources in the Pacific of any country. For most of the Pacific, we're the most important bilateral relationship they have, more important than the United States, more important than China."{{Cite web|url=https://islandsbusiness.com/news-break/australia-and-the-pacific/|title=Tides that bind: Australia and Pacific leadership|date=1 August 2021}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began !Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cook Islands}} | 1994 | * Australia and the Cook Islands established diplomatic relations in 1994, with the Australian High Commissioner resident in Wellington, New Zealand.*[https://cookislands.highcommission.gov.au/ Australian high commission to the Cook Islands]* Australian High Commission Cook Islands. Retrieved 17 July 2021
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Fiji }} | 10 October 1970{{Cite web|url=https://fiji.gov.fj/|title=The Fijian Government|website=The Fijian Government|access-date=25 February 2024}} | See Australia–Fiji relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Kiribati}} | 12 July 1979 | * Australia and Kiribati established diplomatic relations upon Kiribati's independence in 1979.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}} | 8 July 1987 | See Australia–Marshall Islands relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Micronesia}} | 6 July 1987 | See Australia–Federated States of Micronesia relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Nauru}} | 21 November 1972 | See Australia–Nauru relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|New Zealand}} | 14 December 1943 | See Australia–New Zealand relations
File:New Zealand Memorial on ANZAC Parade west side.jpg on ANZAC Parade (here showing the west side of the memorial) commemorates the close historical links between the two countries in wartime.]]
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Niue}} | 27 February 2013 | * Australia and Niue established diplomatic relations on 27 February 2013, with Australia's High Commissioner in Wellington appointed as non-resident High Commissioner to Niue. Australia established a resident High Commission in Alofi in August 2020.*[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/niue/Pages/niue-country-brief Niue Country Brief]* Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 July 2021
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Palau}} | 1 October 1994 | See Australia–Palau relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} | 16 September 1975 | See Australia–Papua New Guinea relations
File:PNG v PM's XIII 2013 (1).jpg
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Samoa}} | 13 November 1971 | * Australia and Samoa, which have enjoyed friendly relations since Samoa's independence in January 1962, formalized their diplomatic relations in 1971, with the appointment of the first non-resident Australian high commissioner based in Suva, Fiji.*[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1179824674/view?partId=nla.obj-1179905807#page/n32/mode/1up Diplomatic Appointments]* Current Notes on International Affairs Vol 41 No 12 (December 1970) page 641. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}} | 7 July 1978 | See Australia–Solomon Islands relations
File:11. RAMSI (PM Sogavare shaking hands with GG) (32015117488).jpg greeting Australian Governor-General Peter Cosgrove at ceremonies marking the end of the RAMSI mission, June 28, 2017.]]
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Tonga}} | 29 November 1970 | See Australia–Tonga relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Tuvalu}} | 1 October 1978 | See Australia–Tuvalu relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Vanuatu}} | 30 July 1980 | * Australia established a consulate in Port Vila in 1978, which was upgraded to a high commission in July 1980 upon Vanuatu's independence."[https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/vanuatu/vanuatu-country-brief Vanuatu Country Brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710174918/https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/vanuatu/vanuatu-country-brief |date=10 July 2021 }}" Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 10 July 2021 For a detailed history of Australian representation to Vanuatu see List of high commissioners of Australia to Vanuatu.
|
See also
- ANZUS
- AUKUS
- Australia and the United Nations
- Australia House (Ottawa)
- Australian contribution to the 2003 Gulf War
- CANZUK International and CANZUK
- Defence of Australia Policy
- Five Eyes
- Free-trade area
- List of Australians imprisoned or executed abroad
- List of diplomatic missions in Australia
- List of diplomatic missions of Australia
- Market access
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
- Rules of Origin
- Tariffs
- UKUSA Agreement
- Visa requirements for Australian citizens
References
{{Refbegin}}
- {{CIA World Factbook|year=2000}}
- 2003 US Department of State [https://www.state.gov/ website]
{{Refend}}
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Abbondanza, Gabriele. The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium: the Asia-Pacific Context (Aracne, 2013)
- Beeson, Mark. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy". The Australian Journal of Politics and History (2002) 48#2 [https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-100878554/issues-in-australian-foreign-policy online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115512/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-100878554/issues-in-australian-foreign-policy |date=11 December 2018 }}
- {{cite book|first=David|last=Bird|title=J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39|year=2008|publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing|isbn=9781740971577}}
- Bisley, Nick. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2012) 58#2 pp 268–82 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01636.x}}
- Chai, Tommy Sheng Hao. "How China attempts to drive a wedge in the U.S.-Australia alliance". Australian Journal of International Affairs 74.5 (2020): 511–531.
- Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon. Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government: Australia as a Middle Power? (2011)
- {{cite book|first=Honae|last=Cuffe|title=The Genesis of a Policy: Defining and Defending Australia's National Interest in the Asia-Pacific, 1921–57|isbn=9781760464684|publisher=ANU Press|year=2021 |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/51554/book.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}
- Curley, Melissa, and Dane Moores. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy, January to June 2011". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) 57#4 pp 597–613 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01617.x}}
- Dalrymple, Rawdon. Continental Drift: Australia's Search for a Regional Identity (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2003). {{ISBN|0754634469}}.
- Fels, Enrico. Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. (Springer, 2017), pp. 365–436.
- Firth, Stewart. Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy (3rd ed., 2011) [https://www.questia.com/read/108662470/australia-in-international-politics-an-introduction online 2005 edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123237/https://www.questia.com/read/108662470/australia-in-international-politics-an-introduction |date=15 December 2018 }}
- Gyngell; Allan, and Michael Wesley. Making Australian Foreign Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2003) [https://www.questia.com/read/107297901/making-australian-foreign-policy online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215125209/https://www.questia.com/read/107297901/making-australian-foreign-policy |date=15 December 2018 }}
- Hundt, David. "Issues in Australian Foreign Policy: July to December 2010". Australian Journal of Politics & History (2011) {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8497.2011.01597.x}}
- Lockyer, Adam, [https://www.mup.com.au/books/9780522869316-australias-defence-strategy Australia's Defence Strategy: Evaluating Alternatives for a Contested Asia], (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2017)
- McDonald, Scott D., and Andrew T. H. Tan, eds. The Future of the United States-Australia Alliance: Evolving Security Strategy in the Indo-Pacific (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/036732251X/ excerpt]
- Millar, T. B. Australia in peace and war: external relations 1788–1977 (1978) [https://archive.org/details/australiainpeace0000mill online], 612pp
- Patience, Allan. Australian Foreign Policy in Asia: Middle Power or Awkward Partner? (2019) [https://www.amazon.comdp/3319693468/ Book excerpt] Amazon {{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- {{cite book|url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/history-of-trade-commissioner-service.pdf|first=Boris|last=Schedvin|year=2008|title=Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|isbn=978 1 921244 57 5}}
- Suri, Navdeep. "Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling". ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020, Observer Research Foundation. [https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ORF_IssueBrief_366_China-Australia.pdf online]
- Tow, William T., and Chen-shen Yen. "Australia–Taiwan relations: the evolving geopolitical setting". Australian Journal of International Affairs 61.3 (2007): 330–350.
- Ungerer, Carl. "The 'middle power' concept in Australian foreign policy". Australian Journal of Politics & History 53.4 (2007): 538–551.
- Watt, Alan. The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965. (Cambridge UP, 1967)
External links
- [http://www.dfat.gov.au/ Australian Department of Foreign Affairs]
- [http://www.customs.gov.au/site/page.cfm Australian Customs Service]
- [http://www.dfat.gov.au/missions/ Australian Embassies, high commissions, consulates, multilateral missions and representative offices]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20150321131224/http://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Mission/list.rails Index of Foreign Embassies in Australia]
{{Australia bilateral relations}}
{{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}}
{{East Asia Summit}}
{{Foreign relations of Oceania}}
{{Pacific Islands Forum}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{Politics of Australia}}