Armed factions in the Syrian civil war

File:Syrian-War_main_Participants.png prior to the fall of Damascus and the Assad regime]]

A number of states and armed groups have involved themselves in the Syrian civil war (2011–present) as belligerents. The main groups were the Syrian Ba'athist regime and allies, the Syrian opposition and allies, Al-Qaeda and affiliates, Islamic State, and the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces.

Ba'athist regime and allies

A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late-2015/early-2016 the Assad regime was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias, rather than the Syrian Armed Forces.{{cite journal |last1=Dulmers |first1=Robert |last2=Voeten |first2=Teun |title=Dateline Damascus: fighting on all fronts |journal=Open Security |date=22 February 2015 |quote=In 12 days travelling some 1,200 km, except for special forces in Aleppo we hardly saw any anything of the regular army.}}{{cite book |last1=Worth |first1=Robert F. |title=A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS |date=2016 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |page=228 |isbn=9780374710712 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNOLCgAAQBAJ&q=rage+for+order+worth&pg=PP7 |access-date=31 July 2016 |quote=Assad was still in charge but he was utterly dependent on a diverse and toxic mix of volunteer warriors and `popular` militias, some of them manned by criminals. Not all of them were Syrian. A whole Shiite counter-jihad had formed – with fighters coming from Lebanon, Bahrain, even Afghanistan – under the supervision of Iran, Assad's patron. |ref=RFWRfO2016}} Between 2016 and 2020, with the help of Russia and Iran, the Syrian Arab Armed Forces were rebuilt and united most of the armed militias.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2017/06/syria-rearms-russian-deliveries-of-bmp.html|title=Syria Rearms: Russian deliveries of BMP-2s and 2S9s arrive|website=Oryx blog|date=15 June 2017|access-date=11 August 2023}}

=Syrian Armed Forces=

File:VOA Arrott - A View of Syria, Under Government Crackdown 03.jpg who was assassinated in Damascus in 2012]]

File:Liberation of Palmyra by RSII coalition (4).jpg.]]

The Syrian Armed Forces were made up of the Syrian Arab Army (includes Republican Guard), Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, the Syrian Air Defense Force and the paramilitary National Defence Forces.{{Citation |title=Syria |date=2024-04-01 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/#military-and-security |access-date=2024-04-09 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}} Before the uprising and war broke out, the Syrian Armed Forces were estimated at 295,000 regular troops and 314,000 reservists.{{Cite journal |date=2011-03-07 |title=Chapter Ten: Country comparisons – commitments, force levels and economics |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04597222.2011.559843 |journal=The Military Balance |language=en |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=451–482 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2011.559843 |issn=0459-7222}} While the higher positions in the army were mostly occupied by Alawites, the ground troops were mostly made up of Sunnis, and once the uprisings began, the Syrian regime hesitated to employ these troops against the Sunni rebels.{{Cite book |last1=Rabinovich |first1=Itamar |title=Syrian requiem: the civil war and its aftermath |last2=Valensi |first2=Carmit |date=2021 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19331-1 |location=Princeton |pages= |language=en}} Therefore, the army relied on loyal elite units and Alawite militias such as the Shabiha. Due to defections following the uprisings, by the end of 2013 the number of regular troops had decreased to around 110,000.{{Cite book |title=Syrian Civil War: the essential reference guide |date=2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC |isbn=978-1-4408-5921-2 |editor-last=Kerr |editor-first=Robert M. |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages= |language=en}} As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops.{{Cite journal |date=2024-02-12 |title=International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Personnel |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600 |journal=The Military Balance |language=en |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=542–547 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600 |issn=0459-7222}} Most of the divisions in the army were under-strength, but Russia had been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions until the Fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, whereupon the Syrian Arab Armed Forces surrendered and were de facto dissolved by the Syrian Opposition groups.

As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops. Most of the divisions in the army were under-strength, but Russia had been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions until the Fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, whereupon the Syrian Arab Armed Forces surrendered and were de facto dissolved by the Syrian Opposition groups.

As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops.Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The Military Balance 2024. SIPRI. Retrieved April 2024. Most of the divisions in the army were under-strength, but Russia had been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions until the fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, whereupon the Syrian Arab Armed Forces surrendered and were de facto dissolved by the Syrian Opposition groups.

In the aftermath, various former government-held regions came under the control of different opposition factions. Some former SAA personnel were absorbed into new regional defense forces. Efforts to form a centralized transitional military command were ongoing as of early 2025.{{cite news |title=Syria’s opposition seeks unified security force after Assad’s fall |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-opposition-seeks-unified-security-force-2025-01-15/ |work=Reuters |date=15 January 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025}}

=National Defense Forces=

The Syrian NDF (Arabic: قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) was formed out of pro-government militias in 2013.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=National Defence Force (NDF) |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/sv20tidd9j |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=BBC Monitoring}} The forces acted in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army, who provided them with logistical and artillery support. Many of the fighters were trained in Iran,{{Cite news |date=2013-04-04 |title=Syrian government guerrilla fighters being sent to Iran for training |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/04/us-syria-iran-training-insight-idUSBRE9330DW20130404/ |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=Reuters}} and they received their salaries and military equipment from the Syrian government.{{cite news |title=Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-paramilitary-insight-idUSBRE93K02R20130421 |access-date=29 May 2013 |work=Reuters |date=21 April 2013 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601144630/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/21/us-syria-crisis-paramilitary-insight-idUSBRE93K02R20130421 |url-status=live}} As of 2024, the NDF numbered around 50,000 troops.{{Cite journal |date=2024-02-12 |title=Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594 |journal=The Military Balance |language=en |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=328–395 |doi=10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594 |issn=0459-7222}} The forces had a 500-strong women's wing called "Lionesses of National Defense" which operated checkpoints.{{cite news |title=Using Women to Win in Syria |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/09/women-fighters-syria-rebels-regime.html |author=Adam Heffez |publisher=Al-Monitor (Eylül) |date=28 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111101305/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/09/women-fighters-syria-rebels-regime.html |archive-date=11 November 2013}} The NDF were mostly made up of Alawites, but many of the Syrian Christian militias (such as Sootoro in Al-Hasakah) also fought on the Syrian government's side to defend their ancient towns, villages and farmsteads from ISIL (see also Christian Militias in Syria).[https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/christian-militias-lend-muscle-to-syrian-regime-in-ongoing-battle-against-rebels-1.1859569 Christian militias lend muscle to Syrian regime in ongoing battle against rebels]. The Irish Times. 9 June 2014.

=Shabiha=

The Shabiha (Levantine Arabic: {{lang|apc|شَبِّيحَة}} {{transl|apc|Šabbīḥa}}, {{IPA|ar|ʃabˈbiːħa|pron}}; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha; {{literal translation|ghosts}}) are unofficial pro-government militias drawn largely from Syria's Alawite minority group. Since the uprising, the Baathist Syrian government has been accused of using Shabiha to break up protests and enforce laws in restive neighborhoods.{{cite web |last=Asher |first=Berman |title=Criminalization of the Syrian Conflict |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/article/criminalization-syrian-conflict |work=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=27 October 2012}} As the protests escalated into an armed conflict, the opposition started using the term Shabiha to describe civilians they suspected of supporting Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government and clashing with pro-opposition demonstrators.{{cite web |url=http://lb.boell.org/en/2014/03/03/syrian-shabiha-and-their-state-statehood-participation |title=The Syrian Shabiha and Their State – Statehood & Participation |publisher=Heinrich Böll Stiftung |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 June 2015 |author=Yassin al-Haj Salih}} The opposition blames the Shabiha for the many violent excesses committed against anti-government protesters and opposition sympathizers, as well as looting and destruction.{{cite magazine |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2011/06/hbc-90008111 |title=The Two Homs |last=Adorno |first=Esther |date=8 June 2011 |magazine=Harper's Magazine |access-date=22 September 2012}}

The Shabiha phenomenon started in the 1980s, not as one specific group but as a number of criminal and semi-criminal groups affiliated with the Assad clan. Bassel al-Assad attempted to curtail their activities in the 1990s but did not fully succeed. The Shabiha have been described as "a notorious Alawite paramilitary, who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad's government";{{cite news |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/world/93286/syria-assad-shabbiha-sectarianism |title=Assad's Devious, Cruel Plan to Stay in Power By Dividing Syria—And Why It's Working |first=Oliver |last=Holmes |date=15 August 2011 |work=TNR}} "gunmen loyal to Assad",{{cite news |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-assad-alawites-idUSTRE7433X620110504 |title=Analysis: Assad retrenches into Alawite power base |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011742/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/04/us-syria-assad-alawites-idUSTRE7433X620110504 |url-status=live}} and, according to the Qatar-based Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, "semi-criminal gangs {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} thugs close to the government". Despite the group's image as an Alawite militia, some Shabiha operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunnis.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-aleppo-idUSTRE81213720120203 |title=Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city |work=Reuters |date=3 February 2012 |access-date=18 August 2012 |first=Khaled Yacoub |last=Oweis |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013130335/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/03/us-syria-aleppo-idUSTRE81213720120203 |url-status=live}}

By the late 2010s, many Shabiha groups were integrated into formal pro-government militias such as the National Defence Forces (NDF).{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Christopher |title=The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |page=120}} Despite this integration, independent Shabiha networks continued to operate in some regions into the early 2020s, often engaging in smuggling, extortion, and looting.{{cite news |title=Inside Syria’s war economy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51106560 |work=BBC News |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=23 April 2025}} Human rights organizations have continued to document allegations of abuses by former Shabiha elements now active within other paramilitary structures.{{cite report |title=Syria: State of Torture |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=2023 |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/03/10/syria-torture}}

=Hezbollah=

Hezbollah is an Iran-backed Shia armed group and political force based in Lebanon. On 25 May 2013, its leader Hassan Nasrallah confirmed that Hezbollah troops were fighting with the Syrian army against Islamic extremists and pledged that "his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".{{Cite web |last=Mroue |first=Bassem |date=2013-05-25 |title=Hezbollah chief commits to victory in Syria |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-b211c6aa9b9c41f599c07ab6964432b6 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=AP News |language=en}} In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the takfiris, the people of our region will go into a dark period." He also called on Shiites and Hezbollah to protect the shrine of Sayida Zeinab.{{cite news |author1=Anne Barnard |author2=Hania Mourtada |date=30 April 2013 |title=Leader of Hezbollah Warns It Is Ready to Come to Syria's Aid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/01/world/middleeast/nasrallah-warns-that-hezbollah-is-ready-to-come-to-syrias-aid.html |access-date=14 May 2013 |work=The New York Times}} President Bashar al-Assad had denied earlier that May that there were foreign fighters, Arab or otherwise, fighting for the government in Syria.{{cite web |title=Syrian offensive on Qusayr deepens |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/05/2013519124646578835.html |publisher=Al Jazeera}}

Hezbollah's decision to aid the Syrian government is most likely due to the fact that they enjoy the protection of the government when it comes to the group's arms procurement and storage in Syria. Syria forms an important access corridor between Hezbollah in Lebanon and their supporter, Iran, and the survival of a regime that was friendly to Hezbollah was in the group's best interest.

In 2012 and 2013, Hezbollah was active in gaining control of territory in the Homs Governorate in Syria.[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/17/266843.html "Hezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fighting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218122629/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/17/266843.html |date=18 February 2013}}. Al Arabiya, 17 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013. By May 2013 the group was publicly collaborating with the Syrian Army{{cite news |title=Hezbollah Aids Syrian Military in a Key Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/world/middleeast/syrian-army-moves-to-rebel-held-qusayr.html |date=19 May 2013 |work=The New York Times |author1=Barnard, Anne |author-link=Anne Barnard |author2=Saad, Hwaida|author2-link=Hwaida Saad}}{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/hezbollah-chief-says-group-fighting-syria-162721809.html |title=Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria |date=25 May 2013 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=25 May 2013 |author=Bassem Mroue}} and helping them to gain control of 60 percent of Al-Qusayr by May 14. In Lebanon, an increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters was reported, as well as the shelling of Hezbollah-controlled areas by Syrian rebels.

According to independent analysts, by the beginning of 2014, approximately 500 Hezbollah fighters had died in the Syrian conflict.{{cite news |author1=Stay informed today |author2=every day |name-list-style=amp|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21592634-civil-war-neighbouring-syria-putting-ever-greater-strain-lebanons |title=Lebanon: Will it hold together? |newspaper=The Economist |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014}} In 2014, Nasrallah claimed the Hezbollah fighters had helped Assad take back control over the country, and that the Syrian regime was no longer in danger of being toppled.{{Cite news |last=Agence France-Presse |first= |date=2014-04-07 |title=Hezbollah claims it has helped Assad win Syria conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/07/hezbollah-syria-assad-win-conflict |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The current number of Hezbollah troops in Syria is estimated to be around 7000-8000.

After 2014, Hezbollah's involvement in Syria continued to grow, with the group playing a significant role in major military offensives, such as the Battle of Aleppo (2016) and the Syrian government's recapture of eastern Ghouta (2018).{{cite news |title=Hezbollah's role in Aleppo battle |work=Al Jazeera |date=25 December 2016 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/25/hezbollahs-role-in-aleppo-battle |access-date=23 April 2025}} The group also became increasingly involved in securing areas near the Syrian-Lebanese border.{{cite news |title=Hezbollah’s role in border security |work=The Guardian |date=2 February 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/02/hezbollah-expansion-syria-lebanon-border |access-date=23 April 2025}} By 2020, Hezbollah's forces were reported to be involved in the defense of strategic military positions and continued to provide military assistance to Syrian forces, despite growing opposition from Syrian rebel groups.{{cite report |title=Hezbollah's continuing presence in Syria |publisher=International Crisis Group |date=2020 |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/syria/hezbollah-in-syria }}

=Iran=

File:Return of Iranian Casualties in Syrian Civil War to Kermanshah 02.jpg, August 2016.]]

Since the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war, Iran has provided the Syrian Arab Republic with financial, technical, and military support, including the training and sending of combat troops.{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21547305 |title=The long road to Damascus |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=11 February 2012 |date=11 February 2012}} Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, as Iran sees the survival of the Assad government as being crucial to its regional interests.[http://www.understandingwar.org/report/iranian-strategy-syria Iranian Strategy in Syria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135117/http://www.understandingwar.org/report/iranian-strategy-syria |date=1 February 2016}}, Institute for the Study of War, Executive Summary + Full report, May 2013[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10654144/Iran-boosts-support-to-Syria.html Iran boosts support to Syria], The Daily Telegraph, 21 February 2014 Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, was reported to be vocally in favor of the Baathist government.{{cite web |url=http://www.insideiran.org/featured/how-iran-keeps-assad-in-power-in-syria/ |title=How Iran Keeps Assad in Power in Syria |work=Inside Iran |date=5 September 2011 |access-date=6 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320184525/http://www.insideiran.org/featured/how-iran-keeps-assad-in-power-in-syria/ |archive-date=20 March 2012}}

By December 2013, Iran was thought to have approximately 10,000 operatives in Syria. But according to Jubin Goodarzi, assistant professor and researcher at Webster University, Iran aided Baathist Syria with a limited number of deployed units and personnel, "at most in the hundreds ... and not in the thousands as opposition sources claimed".{{cite journal |last=Goodarzi |first=Jubin |journal=Viewpoints |title=Iran and Syria at the Crossroads: The Fall of the Tehran-Damascus Axis? |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/iran_syria_crossroads_fall_tehran_damascus_axis.pdf |date=August 2013 |publisher=Wilson Center |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022200408/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/iran_syria_crossroads_fall_tehran_damascus_axis.pdf |url-status=dead}} Lebanese Hezbollah fighters backed by Tehran have taken direct combat roles since 2012.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-iran-idUSBREA1K09U20140221 Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193814/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/21/us-syria-crisis-iran-idUSBREA1K09U20140221 |date=24 September 2015}}, Reuters, 21, Feb 2014 In the summer of 2013, Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Syrian forces, allowing them to make advances on the opposition. In 2014, coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II, Iran has stepped up support for Syrian President Assad. The Syrian Minister of Finance and Economy stated more than 15 billion dollars had come from the Iranian government.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140302095113/http://www.syrianef.org/En/?p=3029 The Interim Finance Minister: 15 Billion Dollars Iranian Support to Assad]}}; syrianef; 24, January 2014 Prior to his assassination, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps's Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani was in charge of Syrian President Assad's security portfolio and oversaw the arming and training of thousands of pro-government Shi'ite fighters.{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Michael |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/23/iran_is_funding_isis_syria_iraq_proxy_war |title=Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It |work=Foreign Policy |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=11 August 2014}}
{{cite magazine |last=Filkins |first=Dexter |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/30/the-shadow-commander?currentPage=all |title=The Shadow Commander |magazine=The New Yorker |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=11 August 2014}}

By 2015, 328 IRGC troops, including several commanders, had reportedly been killed in the Syrian civil war since it began.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iran-general-idUSKBN0OT0BC20150613 |title=Iran brings home body of top general killed in Syria |author=Sam Wilkin |date=13 June 2015 |work=Reuters |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019075845/https://ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-fundamentalism/18037-iran-sixteen-irgc-members-and-afghan-mercenaries-killed-in-syria |url-status=live}} As of 2024, the estimated number of Iranian troops in Syria is 1500.

=Foreign Shia militias=

File:Liwa Fatemiyoun near Palmyra 2.png fighters during the Palmyra offensive in December 2016]]

Besides training and sending troops, Iran has also recruited Shia fighters from Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight on behalf of the Syrian Arab Republic.{{Cite web |last=Saban |first=Navvar |date=2020-11-05 |title=Factbox: Iranian influence and presence in Syria |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/factbox-iranian-influence-and-presence-in-syria/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}} The number of Afghans fighting in Syria has been estimated at "between 10,000 and 18,000" at its height, but is currently estimated between 500 and 1500.{{Cite web |last=Latifi |first=Ali M |date=2020-09-26 |title='Phantom force': Young Afghans fighting in Syria face uncertain future |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-afghan-fatemiyoun-brigade-redeployed-iran |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}} The main force composed of Afghan fighters is the liwa' fatimiyun (Fatemiyoun Brigade), which was found in late 2012.{{cite news |last1=Heistein |first1=Ari |last2=West |first2=James |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=11 October 2016 |agency=National Interest}}{{Cite web |last=Majidyar |first=Ahmad |date=2017-01-18 |title=Iran Recruits and Trains Large Numbers of Afghan and Pakistani Shiites |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-recruits-and-trains-large-numbers-afghan-and-pakistani-shiites |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}} The number of Pakistani fighters is much lower, between 800 and 2500, and concentrated in the liwa' zaynabiyun (Zaynabiyun Brigade) formed in November 2015.{{Cite web |last=Wigger |first=Leo |date=2019-09-26 |title=Why Pakistan holds a key in the Iranian-Saudi confrontation |url=https://magazine.zenith.me/en/politics/pakistan-iran-and-saudi-arabia |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Zenith |language=en}} Many or most of the fighters were refugees living in Iran, and survivors and defectors of the Fatemiyoun reported being coerced or bribed into joining the militia, and being sent to the most dangerous front lines with little to no training.{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Tobias |date=2018-10-15 |title=The Fatemiyoun Division: Afghan fighters in the Syrian civil war |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/fatemiyoun-division-afghan-fighters-syrian-civil-war |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}

After 2015, the number of foreign Shia fighters in Syria continued to fluctuate. The Liwa Fatemiyoun, composed mostly of Afghan fighters, remained one of the largest foreign Shia militias in Syria, playing key roles in offensives such as the recapture of Aleppo and the battle for Deir ez-Zor.{{cite news |title=Fatemiyoun's role in Syria's Deir ez-Zor |work=Reuters |date=28 September 2017 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-fatemiyoun-idUSKCN1C70VV |access-date=23 April 2025}} The Liwa Zaynabiyun, primarily consisting of Pakistani fighters, also participated in key battles, with estimates of their numbers ranging between 800 and 2500 fighters as of 2020.{{cite news |title=Zaynabiyun's role in Syria |work=BBC News |date=5 June 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52806580 |access-date=23 April 2025}} Reports indicate that some fighters, particularly from the Fatemiyoun Brigade, continued to be recruited under coercion or financial incentives, facing high casualty rates in combat.{{cite report |title=Fatemiyoun's deployment and challenges |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=2019 |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/11/21/they-are-our-husbands/fatemiyoun-briefing-report-syrias-afghan-fighters}}

=Russia=

{{Main|Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war|Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war}}

File:International Mine Action Center in Syria (Aleppo) 27.jpg in December 2016]]

On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria (at the request of Bashar Al-Assad) to support the government of Bashar al-Assad in its fight against the rebels and Islamic State (IS).{{Cite web |last1=McDonnell |first1=Patrick J. |last2=Hennigan |first2=W.J. |last3=Bulos |first3=Nabih |date=2015-09-30 |title=Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-kremlin-oks-troops-20150930-story.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2015-09-30 |title=Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/30/russia-carries-out-first-air-strikes-in-syria |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The Russian forces proved to be a deciding factor in the war, helping the Assad regime to stay in power.{{Cite web |last=Yacoubian |first=Mona |date=2021-02-16 |title=What is Russia's Endgame in Syria? |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/02/what-russias-endgame-syria |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241128073817/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/02/what-russias-endgame-syria |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}} The Syrian war became an important testing ground and boost for Russian army and Russian-based military group, such as the Wagner Group. In 2022, Russia withdrew most of their troops from Syria, to reinforce their army at the front in Ukraine.{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Русская служба The Moscow |date=2022-09-16 |title=Россия выводит последние резервы из Сирии для переброски в Украину |url=https://www.moscowtimes.ru/2022/09/16/rossiya-vivodit-poslednie-rezervi-iz-sirii-dlya-perebroski-v-ukrainu-a24330 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Русская служба The Moscow Times |language=ru}} As of 2024, the estimated number of Russian troops in Syria is 4000. The Russian government and the Syrian government have long been allies, and the fall of the regime would have meant the loss of an important Russian ally in the region.{{Cite web |last=Petkova |first=Mariya |date=2020-10-01 |title=What has Russia gained from five years of fighting in Syria? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/1/what-has-russia-gained-from-five-years-of-fighting-in-syria |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

In a March 2023 interview with Russian media, Assad stated that he would welcome more Russian troops and military bases in Syrian territory.{{Cite web |last1=Faulconbridge |first1=Guy |last2=Davis |first2=Caleb |date=2023-03-16 |title=Syria's Assad would like more Russian bases and troops |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-says-would-welcome-more-russian-troops-2023-03-16/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Reuters}}

= Post-Assad =

{{See also|Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)|March 2025 Western Syria clashes}}

Following the collapse of the Assad regime in December 2024, pro-Assad armed groups formed and have participated in an insurgency against the Syrian transitional government and Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah, an anti-Shia and anti-Alawite Islamist militant group.{{Cite news |last=Mohamed.dibo |title=تنظيمات جهادية على التليغرام |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250306100206/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/opinion/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85 |archive-date=2025-03-06 |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=العربي الجديد |language=ar-AR}}

20px Popular Resistance of the Eastern RegionMultiple sources:
{{cite news |title=SDF threatens remnants of the Baathist regime in Deir-ez-Zor

|url=https://hawarnews.com/en/sdf-threatens-remnants-of-the-baathist-regime-in-deir-ez-zor |access-date=20 January 2025 |work=Hawarnews |language=en}}

{{cite news |title=SDF dismantles a cell affiliated with the remnants of Baathist regime in Deir ez-Zor countryside |url=https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/sdf-dismantles-a-cell-affiliated-with-the-remnants-of-baathist-regime-in-deir-ez-zor-countryside-77721 |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=ANF NEWS}} - Formed in 2018, the SDF claimed to have destroyed cells of the Popular Resistance in Eastern Syria
{{flagicon image|Syrian Popular Resistance.png}} Syrian Popular Resistance - Formed in December 2024 and allegedly relies on direct support from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=من أدوات قمع إلى "مقاومة شعبية".. ما مصير شبيحة الأسد بعد سقوط نظا |url=https://www.arraee.net/?p=110133 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=موقع الرأي |language=ar}}
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Coastal Shield Brigade{{Cite web |date=6 February 2025 |title="لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة {{!}}فيديو |script-title=ar:"لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة {{!}}فيديو |trans-title="Coastal Shield Brigade"... a militia led by Miqdad Fatiha against the state {{!}} Video |url=https://www.syria.tv/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88 |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=Syria TV}} - Formed in February 2025, it is led by Miqdad Fatiha and operates in the Latakia Governorate{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=الإعلان عن تشكيل "لواء درع الساحل" لمحاربة الهيئة.. من هو متزعم التنظ |url=https://worldnews-sy.net/?p=379680 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=أخبار سورية والعالم - worldnews |language=ar}}
{{Flagicon image|Kataib-Awliya-al-Haq-logo-600-2048x1785.png}} Guardians of Truth Battalions{{cite web | url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/01/analysis-continued-chaos-in-syria-iraqi-militias-and-an-alawite-insurgency.php | title=Analysis: Continued chaos in Syria: Iraqi militias and an Alawite insurgency | date=29 January 2025}} - Formed in January 2025 by militants in neighbouring Iraq to protect Alawites
{{flagicon image|Flag of The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria.svg}} Islamic Resistance Front in Syria{{Cite web |last=Al-Tahami |first=Ashraf |date=16 January 2025 |title=تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني |script-title=ar:تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني |trans-title=Hebrew report claims a new potential threat in Syria with Iranian support |url=https://bayan-gate.com/2025/275693/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Bayan |language=ar}}{{Cite web |last=Sela |first=Hadar |date=17 January 2025 |title=Weekend long read |url=https://camera-uk.org/2025/01/17/weekend-long-read-439/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America |language=en-US}} - Formed in December 2024 by the SSNP in opposition to both the transitional government and the Israel Defense Forces during their ongoing invasion
Military Council for the Liberation of Syria{{Cite web |last=Samir |first=Mohamed |date=2025-03-07 |title=Syrian security forces clash with former regime loyalists in Latakia countryside |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/03/07/syrian-security-forces-clash-with-former-regime-loyalists-in-latakia-countryside/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Dailynewsegypt |language=en-US}} - Formed in March 2025 and led by former SSA officer Ghiath Suleiman Dallah

Syrian opposition and allies

=Syrian National Coalition and Interim Government=

== Syrian National Council ==

Formed on 23 August 2011, the National Council is a coalition of anti-government groups, based in Turkey. The group includes signatories of the 2005 Damascus Declaration, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, Kurdish and Assyrian factions, representatives of Alawi communities and Local Coordination Committees.{{Cite book |title=Actors and dynamics in the Syrian conflict's middle phase: between contentious politics, militarization and regime resilience |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-18502-6 |editor-last=Gani |editor-first=J. K. |series=Routledge/St. Andrews Syrian studies |location=London; New York |pages=140–158 |language=en |editor-last2=Hinnebusch |editor-first2=Raymond A.}} The National Council seeks the end of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the establishment of a modern, civil, democratic state. SNC has links with the Free Syrian Army. The Kurdish parties eventually left the Council, after it resisted their demands for political decentralisation.

==Syrian National Coalition==

{{Main|National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|}}

File:Syrian National Coalition Members 11-11-2012 (Press photo).jpg members in Doha, 11 November 2012. In center, president al-Khatib, along with VPs Seif and Atassi, as well as all SNC chairmen Ghalioun, Sieda and Sabra.]]

On 11 November 2012 in Doha, the National Council and other opposition groups united as the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/syrian-opposition-deal/1697693/ |title=Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal |work=USA Today |date=11 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012}} The Syrian National Council has 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition.{{cite news |title=Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/syrian-opposition-deal/1697693/ |newspaper=USA Today |date=11 November 2012}} The following day, it was recognised as the legitimate government of Syria by numerous Arab Gulf states, and later by the US, France, Turkey, Spain and the UK as well.{{Cite web |title=National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces |url=https://carnegie-mec.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=50628 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Carnegie Middle East Center}}

Delegates to the Coalition's leadership council are to include women and representatives of religious and ethnic minorities, including Alawites. The military council will reportedly include the Free Syrian Army.{{cite news |author=Jim Muir |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20295857 |title=Syria crisis: Gulf states recognise Syria opposition |publisher=BBC |date=12 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012}} The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]."{{cite web |title=The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces |publisher=Local Coordination Committees of Syria |date=12 November 2012 |url=http://www.lccsyria.org/10488 |access-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116055359/http://www.lccsyria.org/10488 |archive-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}

The NC was criticised for their weak political and organisational dynamics, caused by internal power conflicts. The NC's main function was to coordinate the humanitarian assistance, instead of forming a real political leadership.

==Interim Government==

In 2013, after pressure from France, Turkey and Qatar, the Syrian National Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government (SIG), in order to rule the territories which had been liberated from the regime.{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-14/237847-challenges-await-new-interim-government.ashx|title=Challenges await new interim government|access-date=15 November 2013|work=The Daily Star|date=14 November 2013}} The SIG was created to give the opposition movement more legitimacy 'on the ground', by offering humanitarian assistance and governance. The minister of defence was to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=105541 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219225329/http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=105541 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister |publisher=World Bulletin |date=29 March 2013 |access-date=9 September 2013}} The interim government's headquarters in Syria are located in the city of Azaz in Aleppo Governorate.{{cite web |url= https://warontherocks.com/2017/10/turkeys-idlib-incursion-and-the-hts-question-understanding-the-long-game-in-syria/ |title=Turkey's Idlib incursion and the HTS question: Understanding the long game in Syria |first=Charles |last=Lister |date=31 October 2017

|work=War on the Rocks |access-date=3 November 2017}}{{cite magazine|url=http://amp.timeinc.net/time/4766441/russia-turkey-safe-zones-syria/?source=dam |title=Russia and Turkey Have Agreed to Create 'Safe Zones' in Syria, But Rebels Are Unimpressed |magazine=Time |agency=Associated Press |date=3 May 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017}} As of June 2019 its prime minister is Abdurrahman Mustafa and as of July 2021 its president is Salem al-Meslet.{{cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=Syrian coalition calls for 'comprehensive, non-sectarian' transitional government |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241218-syrian-coalition-calls-for-comprehensive-non-sectarian-transitional-government/ |accessdate=19 December 2024 |website=Middle East Monitor}}

On 30 January 2025, the SIG officially "placed itself at the disposal" of the ifirst Syrian transitional government,{{cite web |title="المؤقتة" تضع كوادرها تحت تصرف حكومة دمشق |url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/737589/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B9-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%85/?amp=1 |access-date=2025-02-04 |publisher=Enab Baladi |language=ar}}{{cite news |date=2025-02-05 |title=Mustafa Places Interim Government at the Disposal of the Syrian State |url=https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/mustafa-places-interim-government-at-the-disposal-of-the-syrian-state.html |website=Syrian Observer}} which began deploying its forces across former SIG territory in early February 2025.{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, February 6, 2025 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-6-2025 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}

= Free Syrian Army and affiliate groups =

File:FSA soldiers in truck moving.jpg fighters being transported by pickup truck]]

File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg

The formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was announced on 29 July 2011 by a group of defecting Syrian Army officers, encouraging others to defect to defend civilian protesters from violence by the state and effect government change.{{cite news |work=The World Tribune |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp |title=Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127210252/http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_syria0973_08_03.asp |archive-date=27 November 2011}} By December 2011, estimates of the number of defectors to the FSA ranged from 1,000 to over 25,000.{{cite news |last=Blomfield |first=Adam |title=Syrian rebels strike heart of Damascus |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8902832/Syrian-rebels-strike-heart-of-Damascus.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8902832/Syrian-rebels-strike-heart-of-Damascus.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 November 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}} The group received weaponry, provisions and money from regional states such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey, and from the US.{{Cite journal |last=Lister |first=Charles |date=2016 |title=The Free Syrian Army: A decentralized insurgent brand |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/iwr_20161123_free_syrian_army.pdf |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |issue=26}} The FSA, initially "headquartered" in Turkey, moved its headquarters to northern Syria in September 2012, and currently functions more as an umbrella organisation than a traditional military chain of command.{{Cite web |date=2012-09-22 |title=FSA moves headquarters from Turkey to Syria |url=https://www.jpost.com/video-articles/video/fsa-moves-headquarters-from-turkey-to-syria |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}

The group started out with guerilla-style raids and ambushes, but as they gathered more members more complex assault tactics were used.

File:FSA rebels hold a planning session.jpg (October 2012).]]

The designation of the FSA by the West as a moderate opposition faction has allowed it, under the CIA-run programmes,{{cite news |date=12 October 2015 |title=U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html |access-date=14 October 2015 |work=The New York Times}}{{cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=US axes $500m scheme to train Syrian rebels, says NYT |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/09/us-to-axe-5-scheme-train-syrian-rebels-nyt |access-date=13 October 2015 |work=The Guardian}}
{{cite news |date=10 June 2015 |title=Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/lawmakers-move-to-curb-1-billion-cia-program-to-train-syrian-rebels/2015/06/12/b0f45a9e-1114-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html |access-date=13 October 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} to receive sophisticated weaponry and other military support from the U.S., Turkey and some Gulf countries.{{cite news |author=Nabih Bulos |date=22 September 2015 |title=US-trained Division 30 rebels 'betray US and hand weapons over to al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11882195/US-trained-Division-30-rebels-betrayed-US-and-hand-weapons-over-to-al-Qaedas-affiliate-in-Syria.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11882195/US-trained-Division-30-rebels-betrayed-US-and-hand-weapons-over-to-al-Qaedas-affiliate-in-Syria.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London}}{{cbignore}} However, the aid which was coming in from other countries did not flow through a centralised command but in a fragmented way, based on personal contacts, which led to internal rivalries within the FSA.

File:337 jpg 4f7c6af3dc.jpg

Abu Yusaf, a commander of the Islamic State (IS), claimed in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States' and Turkish and Arab military officers ended up joining IS.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/18/the-terrorists-fighting-us-now-we-just-finished-training-them/ |title=The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them. |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=19 September 2014 |date=18 August 2014 |first=Souad |last=Mekhennet}} However, by September 2014 the Free Syrian Army was joining an alliance and common front with Kurdish militias including the YPG to fight IS.{{cite web |url=https://news.vice.com/article/syrian-kurds-ally-with-rebel-groups-to-fight-the-islamic-state |title=Syrian Kurds Ally With Rebel Groups To Fight The Islamic State |work=VICE News |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014}}

In December 2015, according to the American Institute for the Study of War, groups identifying as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria, and the FSA was still "the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups."{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/12/free-syrian-army-morale-russia-strikes.html|title=Can FSA get back on its feet after Russian intervention?|last=Alami|first=Mona|date=31 December 2015|publisher=Al-Monitor (Institute for the Study of War)|access-date=27 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084956/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/12/free-syrian-army-morale-russia-strikes.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}} However, the group continued to suffer losses from fighters who joined the Syrian Democratic Forces or IS.{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces |url=https://syriadirect.org/news/15-opposition-groups-in-idlib-aleppo-join-sdf-forces/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Syria: Direct|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925122913/https://syriadirect.org/news/15-opposition-groups-in-idlib-aleppo-join-sdf-forces/ |archive-date=25 September 2018 }}

After the Turkish military intervention in Syria in 2016, and as other countries began to scale back their involvement, the FSA became more dependent on Turkish help.{{Cite news|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/10/turkey-syria-kurds-militias-in-operation-peace-spring.html|title = Who are Turkish-backed forces in latest Syria incursion? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East| newspaper=Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East }} For the FSA, Turkey was a sanctuary and a source of supplies. From late August 2016, the Turkish government assembled a new coalition of Syrian rebel groups, including many that were in the FSA. Often referred to as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA), this force would adopt the name Syrian National Army in 2017.{{cite web |url=https://www.rojavainformationcenter.com/storage/2019/03/TNA_report.pdf |title=Factsheet: Factions in Turkish-backed "Free Syrian Army" |date= |publisher=Rojava Information Center}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/25/turkey-deploys-more-tanks-in-syria-warns-kurdish-ypg/|title = Turkey deploys more tanks in Syria, warns Kurdish YPG}}

By March 2017, the FSA together with Kurdish militias finished clearing the Islamic State from the north of Syria.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-backed-rebels-enter-center-of-islamic-states-al-bab-strongholdin-syria/2017/02/23/e389a506-f9c3-11e6-9b3e-ed886f4f4825_story.html|title=Turkey-backed rebels seize Islamic State's al-Bab stronghold in Syria|date=23 February 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=23 February 2017|first1=Louisa|last1=Loveluck|first2=Liz|last2=Sly}}

The FSA currently works in the 55 km area, alongside the border with Iraq and Jordan to prevent drug trafficking and IS activity in the region.{{Cite web |title=جيش سورية الحرة |url=https://www.facebook.com/SyrianFreeArmy |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.facebook.com |language=ar}}{{Cite web |last=Salim |first=Wissam |date=2024-02-29 |title=من هو سالم تركي العنتري قائد "جيش سورية الحرة"؟ |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The New Arab |language=ar}}

In December 2024, after the fall of the Assad regime, the founding leader of FSA, Riad al-Asaad, returned to Syrian capital Damascus. He told that FSA had been working closely with Islamist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which led the overthrown of the Assad regime.{{cite news |title=Back in Damascus, rebel leader confident of post-Assad unity |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241215-back-in-damascus-rebel-leader-confident-of-post-assad-unity |work=France 24 |date=15 December 2024 |language=en}}

= Syrian National Army =

On 30 December 2017, at least 30 factions operating under the banner of the Syrian Interim Government merged in a unified armed group after four months of preparations. Jawad Abu Hatab, the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister, announced the forming of the Syrian National Army after meeting with rebel commanders in the town of Azaz. The newly formed body claimed to have 22,000 fighters, many of them trained and equipped by Turkey.{{cite web|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/31991.html|title=30 rebel groups merge under Interim Govt's banner, form 'The National Army'|work=Zaman al-Wasl|date=31 December 2017}} Though concentrated in Turkish-occupied areas, originally as a part of Operation Euphrates Shield,{{cite web|first=Sirwan|last=Kajjo|publisher=Voice of America|title=Who are the Turkey backed Syrian Rebels?|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/backed-turkey-syrian-rebels-take-fight-islamic-state-kurds/3481582.html|date=25 August 2016|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219172433/http://www.voanews.com/a/backed-turkey-syrian-rebels-take-fight-islamic-state-kurds/3481582.html|archive-date=19 February 2017|url-status=live}} the SNA also established a presence in the Idlib Governorate during the 2019 northwestern Syria offensive,{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/way-out-russia-and-turkey-idlibs-spiral-violence|title=A way out for Russia and Turkey from Idlib's spiral of violence|publisher=Middle East Institute|author=Ömer Özkizilcik|date=1 July 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-idlib/turkey-sends-weapons-to-syrian-rebels-facing-russian-backed-assault-syrian-sources-idUSKCN1SV0FA|title=Turkey sends weapons to Syrian rebels facing Russian-backed assault: Syrian sources|work=Reuters|author=Suleiman Al-Khalidi|date=26 May 2019}} and consolidated its presence when the National Front for Liberation joined the SNA on 4 October 2019.

The official aims of the group are to assist the Republic of Turkey in creating a "safe zone" in Syria, and to establish a National Army.{{cite news|title=Turkey-backed rebels could push further south in Syria, Erdogan says|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-erdogan-idUSKCN11P0HL|date=19 September 2016|first1=Orhan|last1=Coskun|first2=Seda|last2=Sezer|work=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729103828/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-erdogan-idUSKCN11P0HL|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}} They are strong opponents of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF),{{cite news |title=Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive? |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_which-syrian-groups-are-involved-turkeys-syria-offensive/6177353.html |work=VOA News |date=9 October 2019}}{{cite news |title=Money, hatred for the Kurds drives Turkey's Syrian fighters |url=https://www.apnews.com/7386b1149d2642afb3258e3d07d167dc |work=Associated Press |date=15 October 2019}} and have also fought the Islamic State (ISIL) and, to a lesser extent, the Baathist Syrian government's Syrian Arab Army. The SNA has a law enforcement equivalent, the Free Police, which is also backed by Turkey. The SNA currently controls the Afrin area, and nearby areas of Syria bordering Turkey, including the town of Jarabalus.{{Cite web |last=Ajjoub |first=Orwa |date=2022-10-26 |title=HTS, Turkey, and the future of Syria's north |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hts-turkey-and-future-syrias-north |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}} They are currently estimated to have around 70,000 fighters, and have been involved in clashes with the group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham since 2022.

=National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change=

Formed in 2011 and based in Damascus, the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change is an opposition bloc consisting of 13 left-wing and Arab nationalist political parties and "independent political and youth activists".{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15798218 |title=Guide to the Syrian opposition |work=BBC News|date=25 July 2012 |access-date=13 November 2011}} It has been defined by Reuters as the internal opposition's main umbrella group. In 2011, the group organised its first conference, opposing militarisation, internationalisation and sectarianisation of the uprising. Initially, the NCC had several Kurdish political parties as members, but all except for the Democratic Union Party left in October 2011 to join the Kurdish National Council.{{cite web |url=http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48369 |title=National Coordination Body for Democratic Change |work=Carnegie Middle East Center |access-date=11 September 2012}}

Relations with other Syrian political opposition groups are generally poor. In 2011, the on-the-ground protest movement rejected the NCC in favour of the Syrian National Council (SNC). The Syrian Revolution General Commission, the Local Coordination Committees of Syria and the Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution oppose the NCC' calls to dialogue with the Baathist government.{{cite news |url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/11/02/meet_syrias_opposition |title=Meet Syria's Opposition |work=Foreign Policy |date=1 November 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=9 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109181450/http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/11/02/meet_syrias_opposition |url-status=dead }} Some of the organisations have accused the NCC of being a "front organisation" for Bashar al-Assad's government and some of its members of being ex-government insiders.{{cite news |date=4 January 2012 |title=Syria opposition groups fail to reach accord |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f0d2797e-36ee-11e1-96bf-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=16 August 2012 |work=Financial Times}} In September 2012, the SNC reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership, it would not join with "currents close to [the] NCC".{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNLLKPIh0kIJmdrUodsoS_YEqfQ?docId=CNG.07748a4305236cb85a1e484e8022dcba.c31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219212018/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNLLKPIh0kIJmdrUodsoS_YEqfQ?docId=CNG.07748a4305236cb85a1e484e8022dcba.c31|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2014 |title=Syria's opposition SNC to expand, reform |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=2 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012}} Despite the NCC recognising the Free Syrian Army on 23 September 2012,{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/raqqa-offensive-against-isis-begin-within-weeks-ash-carter-n672996 |title=Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter |last1=Nichols|first1=Hans|date=26 October 2016 |work=NBC News |last2=Burton|first2=F. BRrinley|access-date=26 October 2016}} the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government, stating that "this opposition is just the other face of the same coin".{{cite news |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/damascus-meeting-calls-for-peaceful-change-in-syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003035956/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/damascus-meeting-calls-for-peaceful-change-in-syria/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2012 |title=Damascus meeting calls for peaceful change in Syria |agency=Reuters UK |date=23 September 2012 |access-date=23 September 2012}}

In June 2023, the NCC came to an agreement with the Syrian Democratic Council and the two groups published a "consensus document" in which they stated their shared goals and visions for the future of Syria.{{Cite news |date=2023-06-24 |title=SDC-National Coordination Committee declare "Consensus Document" for solving Syrian crisis |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/168763146036845 |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=ANHA}} These goals include the drafting of a new constitution, the rejection of separatist and divisive groups and the establishment of one united national democratic front.

=Hayat Tahrir al-Sham=

In January 2017, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) was formed when al-Nusra Front joined with other Salafi factions Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement and Liwa al-Haqq. (The Ansar al-Din Front and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement have since split off).{{cite web |date=9 February 2018 |title=New component split from "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" |url=http://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/4175 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213075603/http://www.nedaa-sy.com/en/news/4175 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2018 |work=Syria Call}}{{Cite journal |last=Schwab |first=Regine |date=2023-05-19 |title=Escalate or Negotiate? Constraint and Rebel Strategic Choices Towards Rivals in the Syrian Civil War |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=1007–1026 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2021.1998007 |issn=0954-6553|doi-access=free }} The newly-formed HTS went on to gain more followers from defectors from Ahrar al-Sham. HTS fighters went after IS militants who fled to Idlib after their defeat and cracked down on Hurras al-Din, another militant group with ties to al-Qaeda.{{Cite web |last1=Alsayed |first1=Ghaith |last2=Mroue |first2=Bassem |date=2023-05-14 |title=Syria's main insurgent group seeks to distance itself from past al-Qaida ties |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/syrias-main-insurgent-group-seeks-to-distance-itself-from-past-al-qaida-ties |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}} File:Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg]]

In November 2017, HTS created the Syrian Salvation government (HTS), an alternative government of the Syrian Opposition which governs parts of the Idlib Governorate. It is seen as illegitimate by the opposition's main SIG.{{cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=HTS-backed civil authority moves against rivals in latest power grab in northwest Syria |url=https://syriadirect.org/news/hts-backed-civil-authority-moves-against-rivals-in-latest-power-grab-in-northwest-syria/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919112904/https://syriadirect.org/news/hts-backed-civil-authority-moves-against-rivals-in-latest-power-grab-in-northwest-syria/ |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=Syria Direct}} Initially, the Salvation government harshly enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law, but in recent years the group has become more tolerant. The religious police has been disbanded and the HTS leader is advocating against the US designation of the group as a terrorist organisation, calling it "unfair". Contrary to al-Qaeda, HTS does not strive to create a global caliphate but is more locally oriented, with its primary objective being the establishment of Islamic rule in Syria through “toppling the criminal [Assad] regime and expelling the Iranian militias."{{Cite web |last=Newlee |first=Danika |date=2018-10-04 |title=Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/former-programs/transnational-threats-project-archive/terrorism-backgrounders/hayat-tahrir |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) |language=en}} The group gains money through spoils captured from the regime and opposition factions, prisoner exchange deals, the plunder of historical sites and the selling of artifacts, the claiming of private property from Christians and government supporters, and through taxes.{{Cite web |last1=Al-Zaraee |first1=Nisreen |last2=Shaar |first2=Karam |date=2021-06-21 |title=The Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/economics-hayat-tahrir-al-sham |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}

The leader of HTS was Ahmed al-Sharaa, popularly known as "Abu Mohammad al-Jolani". The group had an estimated 10,000 members in 2024. HTS has denied being part of al-Qaeda and said in a statement that it is "an independent entity and not an extension of previous organisations or factions".{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php|title=Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency|work=Long War Journal|first=Thomas|last=Joscelyn|date=10 February 2017|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216005715/http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/02/hayat-tahrir-al-sham-leader-calls-for-unity-in-syrian-insurgency.php|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}} The group has been involved in fierce clashes with the Syrian National Army in the north of Syria since 2022. In the beginning of 2024, protests broke out across Idlib province against HTS, their mismanagement of the local economy, and the detention and torture of political prisoners.{{Cite web |last=McLoughlin |first=Paul |date=2024-03-12 |title=Syria Insight: HTS's litany of errors pile pressure on Idlib |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/syria-insight-htss-litany-errors-pile-pressure-idlib |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=The New Arab |language=en}}

In November 2024, the HTS launched the Syrian opposition offensives, which it called Deterrence of Aggression reportedly capturing 11 towns and villages in western Aleppo Governorate, capturing the eponymous governorate's capital of Aleppo four days into the offensive.{{Cite web |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=27 November 2024 |title=Syrian rebels launch attack against army in Aleppo province |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-launch-attack-against-army-aleppo-province-2024-11-27/ |website=Reuters}}{{Cite web |title=HTS Takes Over Aleppo While Making Advances Towards Hama (Open access) |url=https://syria-report.com/hts-takes-over-aleppo-while-making-advances-towards-hama/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Syria Report |language=en-US}} By 4 December, HTS had captured most of Aleppo Governorate and Idlib Governorate and began to advance on Hama. On 7–8 December, Damascus fell to Syrian opposition forces, including HTS, the Southern Operations Room, and the US-backed Syrian Free Army,{{cite web |last1=Gritten |first1=David |title=What just happened in Syria? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99x0l1d432o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208102858/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c99x0l1d432o |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=BBC}} and Assad fled to Russia.{{cite web |last1=Tarasova |first1=Darya |date=8 December 2024 |title=Assad and his family arrive in Moscow and have been granted asylum, Russian state media reports |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/syria-civil-war-12-08-2024/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208094129/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/syria-civil-war-12-08-2024/index.html |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=CNN}} On 30 December, HTS leader and the de facto leader of Syria al-Sharaa announced that the organisation would be dissolved by 4–5 January 2025.{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=Syria's interim leader announces the dissolution of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330395390/syrias-interim-leader-announces-the-dissolution-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-breaking-aaj-news |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Aaj English TV |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Al-Sharaa: We will announce the dissolution of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham at the national dialogue conference |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Live-Feed/1534445/al-sharaa--we-will-announce-the-dissolution-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-at-the-national-dialogue-conference |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=MTV Lebanon |language=en}} After the fall of Damascus in December 2024, the SSG was replaced by the Syrian transitional government. On 29 January 2025, at the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference held in Damascus, Hassan Abdel Ghani, spokesperson for the Military Operations Command, announced the dissolution of HTS and declared that they would become part of "state institutions".{{Cite news |date=29 January 2025 |title=General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria |url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/ |work=Enab Baladi}}{{Cite news |date=30 January 2025 |title=Syria’s Baath party dissolved: What happens next? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/30/syrias-baath-party-dissolved-what-happens-next |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201083252/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2025/1/30/syrias-baath-party-dissolved-what-happens-next |archive-date=1 February 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}} On the same day, al-Sharaa was appointed President of Syria by the Syrian General Command for the transitional period.{{Cite web |date=29 January 2025 |title=General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria |url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/general-command-appoints-ahmed-al-sharaa-as-president-of-syria/ |accessdate=15 February 2025 |website=Enab Baladi}}

Al-Qaeda and affiliates

File:Saadallah after the explosion.jpg, for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility{{cite news |title=With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/with-wary-eye-syrian-rebels-welcome-islamists-into-their-ranks/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=25 October 2012}}]]

File:Flag of Tanzim Hurras al-Din.svg

Al-Qaeda is a jihadist militant group that was found in 1988 in Pakistan by Osama Bin Laden.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-30 |title=Al-Qaeda |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/5226209 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=BBC Monitoring}} Several groups aligned with Al-Qaeda have become armed actors in the Syrian Civil War.

=Al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham=

{{Main|Al-Nusra Front}}Prior to the expansion of ISIL, al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate,{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34411653 |title=Russia launches media offensive on Syria bombing |work=BBC News|date=1 October 2015}} the al-Nusra Front was often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9716545/Inside-Jabhat-al-Nusra-the-most-extreme-wing-of-Syrias-struggle.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9716545/Inside-Jabhat-al-Nusra-the-most-extreme-wing-of-Syrias-struggle.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Inside Jabhat al Nusra – the most extreme wing of Syria's struggle |date=2 December 2012 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Ruth |last=Sherlock}}{{cbignore}} Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings, including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012, it was recognized as a terrorist organization by the Syrian Arab Republic and was designated as such by United States in December 2012.{{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/11/al_nusrah_front_claims_3_more.php |title=Al Nusrah Front claims 3 more suicide attacks in Daraa |date=27 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202011654/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/11/al_nusrah_front_claims_3_more.php |archive-date=2 December 2012}} In April 2013, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al-Nusra Front is its branch in Syria.{{cite news |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513193707/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |agency=Agence France-Presse}} The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Julani, said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda.{{cite news |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger/ |title=Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger' |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=10 April 2013 |agency=Agence France-Presse}} From 2012 to 2016, the estimated manpower of al-Nusra Front was approximately 6,000–10,000 people, including many foreign fighters.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/23/syria-foreign-fighters-joining-war |title=Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad |work=The Guardian |date=23 September 2012 |access-date=9 December 2012 |location=London |first=Ghaith |last=Abdul-Ahad}}{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0504/Syria-crisis-Spooked-by-rebel-gains-Jordan-doubles-down-on-Islamic-State|title=Syria crisis: Spooked by rebel gains, Jordan doubles down on Islamic State|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=4 May 2015|access-date=4 May 2015}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/16/world/middleeast/al-qaeda-turns-to-syria-with-a-plan-to-challenge-isis.html|title=Al Qaeda Turns to Syria, With a Plan to Challenge ISIS|work=The New York Times|date=15 May 2016|access-date=25 July 2019}}

The relationship between the al-Nusra Front and the indigenous Syrian opposition was tense, even though al-Nusra has fought alongside the FSA in several battles and some FSA fighters defected to the al-Nusra Front.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/08/free-syrian-army-rebels-defect-islamist-group |title=Free Syrian Army rebels defect to Islamist group Jabhat al-Nusra |date=8 May 2013 |work=The Guardian |location=London}} The Mujahideen's strict religious views and willingness to impose sharia law disturbed many Syrians.{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/with-wary-eye-syrian-rebels-welcome-islamists-into-their-ranks/ |title=With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=28 January 2013}} Some rebel commanders have accused foreign jihadists of "stealing the revolution", robbing Syrian factories and displaying religious intolerance.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/17/syria-crisis-alqaida-fighters-true-colours |title=Syria crisis: al-Qaida fighters revealing their true colours, rebels say |last=Chulov |first=Martin |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}

The al-Nusra Front renamed itself Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) in June 2016. In 2017, the group merged with other groups into Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.

=Hurras al-Din=

Tanzim Hurras al-Din is a Salafi Jihadist group that was formed as a merger between several al-Qaeda aligned factions in February 2018.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Hurras al-Din |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/3hu80hovfh |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=BBC Monitoring}} The head of the group, Abu Humam al-Shami, is a Syrian who fought with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan during the 1990s and previously with the al-Nusra Front, but who left when the group broke official ties with al-Qaeda.{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |date=2019-09-30 |title=U.S. Sees Rising Threat in the West From Qaeda Branch in Syria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/29/world/middleeast/syria-qaeda-terrorism.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |title=Rewards for Justice - Reward Offer for Information on Senior Leaders of Hurras al-Din |url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/rewards-for-justice-reward-offer-for-information-on-senior-leaders-of-hurras-al-din/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}} Since 2020, Hurras al-Din has not been officially endorsed by al-Qaeda. The group is currently estimated to have around 2500 fighters, an estimated half of whom are foreign fighters, a much higher percentage than in HTS.

Islamic State

File:Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg

File:Destroyed neighborhood in Raqqa.png suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June–October 2017.]]

The group called Dā'ash or the Islamic State (abbrv. IS, ISIL or ISIS), began to make rapid military gains in Northern Syria starting in April 2013 and as of mid-2014 controlled large parts of that region, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described it as "the strongest group".{{cite news |title=Al Qaeda-linked group strengthens hold in northern Syria |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/syria-turkey-al-qaeda/ |author1=Gul Tuysuz |author2=Raja Razek |author3=Nick Paton Walsh |publisher=CNN |date=6 November 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013}} The group strives to establish a global caliphate, by waging war on the "disbelievers".{{Cite web |last=Lister |first=Tim |date=2015-12-11 |title=What does ISIS really want? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/11/middleeast/isis-syria-iraq-caliphate/index.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=CNN |language=en}} It has imposed strict Sharia law over land that it controls. The group was found by the Iraqi fighter Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and had an estimated 7,000 fighters in Syria, including many non-Syrians, by the end of 2013.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=Islamic State (IS) |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/5791088 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=BBC Monitoring}} IS was originally affiliated with al-Qaeda, until al-Qaeda officially severed ties with the group in early 2014.

The group gathered international attention for its gruesome abuses of human rights and for not tolerating non-Islamist militia groups, foreign journalists or aid workers, whose members it has expelled, imprisoned, or executed.{{cite journal |last=Birke |first=Sarah |date=27 December 2013 |title=How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/dec/27/how-al-qaeda-changed-syrian-war |journal=New York Review of Books}}{{cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Syria: Harrowing torture, summary killings in secret ISIS detention centres |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/12/syria-harrowing-torture-summary-killings-secret-isis-detention-centres/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=Amnesty International |publisher=}} Just across the border from Syria in Iraq, IS has carried out a genocide of the Yazidi people, killing hundreds of men, enslaving thousands of women and children and expelling the Yazidis from their homeland.{{Citation |last=Allison |first=Christine |title=The Yazidis |date=2017-01-25 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-254 |access-date=2024-05-14 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8}}

By summer 2014, ISIL controlled a third of Syria. It established itself as the dominant force of Syrian opposition, defeating Jabhat al-Nusra in Deir Ezzor Governorate and claiming control over most of Syria's oil and gas production.{{cite web |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/patrick-cockburn/isis-consolidates |title=ISIS Consolidates |date=1 August 2014 |work=London Review of Books |access-date=11 August 2014}} Mostly, the group was engaging in offensives against the Syrian Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army, but they also targeted the Syrian Democratic Forces.{{cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says |url=http://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/study-shows-islamic-states-primary-opponent-syria-governmen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422134342/http://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/study-shows-islamic-states-primary-opponent-syria-governmen |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=IHS Markit}} ISIL have planted bombs in the ancient city area of Palmyra, which is counted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is home to some of the most extensive and best-preserved ancient Roman ruins in the world.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-palmyra-idUSKBN0P10FW20150621?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews |title=Islamic State militants plant mines and bombs in Palmyra: monitoring group |work=Reuters |access-date=29 June 2015 |first=Mariam |last=Karouny |date=21 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/21/us-syria-crisis-palmyra-idUSKBN0P10FW20150621?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews |url-status=live }} Having lost nearly half of their territory in Iraq between 2014 and 2016, some Islamic State leaders in Iraq moved into Syria, further destabilising the region.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-mosul-idUSKCN10A0OX |title=Many Islamic State leaders trying to flee to Syria: Iraqi minister |date=30 July 2016 |work=Reuters|access-date=5 August 2016}}

Starting in 2014, an international coalition of states intervened against ISIL. A number of countries, including some individual NATO members, participated in air operations in Syria that came to be overseen by the Combined Joint Task Force, set up by the US Central Command to coordinate military efforts against ISIL pursuant to their collectively undertaken commitments, including those of 3 December 2014.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/12/234627.htm ‘Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting’]. United States Department of State, 3 December 2014. Those who have conducted airstrikes in Syria include the United States, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.{{cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=Airstrikes Hit ISIL Terrorists in Syria, Iraq |url=http://www.defense.gov/News-Article-View/Article/621107/airstrikes-hit-isil-terrorists-in-syria-iraq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002034231/http://www.defense.gov/News-Article-View/Article/621107/airstrikes-hit-isil-terrorists-in-syria-iraq |archive-date=2 October 2015 |access-date=1 October 2015 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense}} Some members are involved in the conflict beyond combating ISIL; Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq, including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases.{{cite news |last1=Zaman |first1=Amberin |date=10 June 2014 |title=Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2014/06/zaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426105227/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2014/06/zaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html |archive-date=26 April 2016 |agency=Al-Monitor}}
{{cite news |last1=Wilgenburg |first1=Wladimir van |date=6 August 2014 |title=Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/syria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201031351/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/syria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html |archive-date=1 February 2015 |agency=Al-Monitor}} As of December 2017, Russia declared ISIL to be totally defeated within Syria.{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/putin-pulls-out-of-syria-ngt8sgmbm|title=IPutin claims victory over Isis in Syria during surprise visit from Assad|website=The Times|date=21 November 2017|access-date=21 November 2017|last1=Mann|first1=Sebastian}} At the end of 2018, the US declared it defeated, although its UK and German allies disagreed.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/allies-react-with-alarm-to-trump-pull-out-tweet-kurds-fear-turkish-attack-/4707932.html|title=Allies React With Alarm to Trump Pull-out Tweet, Kurds Fear Turkish Attack|website=VOA|date=19 December 2018 }}{{cite news |title=US allies in Syria say IS group not yet defeated |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181220-trump-shocks-allies-surprise-us-troops-withdrawal-syria |work=France 24 |date=20 December 2018}} On 23 March 2019 the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces declared ISIS Defeated, after seizing their last enclave of territory.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/isil-defeated-syria-sdf-announces-final-victory-190323061233685.html|title=ISIL defeated in final Syria victory: SDF|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=24 March 2019}} In October 2019, the US assassinated IS leader al-Baghdadi.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/targetted-isil-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-191027050027973.html |title=US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials |date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |newspaper=Al Jazeera |publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network}}{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/26/politics/white-house-trump-announcement-sunday/index.html |title=ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say |first1=Ryan |last1=Browne |first2=Phil |last2=Mattingly |date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=CNN |publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |editor-first=Jeff |editor-last=Zeleny |editor-link=Jeff Zeleny |editor2-first=Kevin |editor2-last=Liptak |editor3-first=Jeremy |editor3-last=Diamond |editor3-link=Jeremy Diamond}} ISIL named Abu Ibrahim al Hashimi al-Qurayshi as Baghdadi's successor.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50254785|title=Islamic State names its new leader |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=31 October 2019 |work=BBC News Online |publisher=BBC Online |agency=BBC}} As of 2024, ISIL continues to be active militarily in Northeast Syria, although it has lost almost all of its territory.{{cite web | title=Fighting ongoing in Syria's Hassakeh as SDF raids ISIL hideouts - Syria's War News | website=Al Jazeera | date=2022-01-30 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/30/fighting-ongoing-in-syrias-hasakeh-as-sdf-raid-isil-hideouts | access-date=2022-02-02}} Instead, most of the group's activity nowadays is carried out by affiliate branches in Afghanistan, Pakistan and various countries in Africa.{{Cite web |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Sacha |last2=Al-Lami |first2=Mina |date=2023-08-04 |title=Where is ISIS today? |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/08/04/1192245987/where-is-isis-today |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=NPR}} Some international forces have remained in Syria to carry out missions against IS members and to prevent a resurgence of the movement.{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Jared |date=2023-02-02 |title=The US military is ramping up operations against ISIS in Iraq and Syria |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/us-military-operations-isis-iraq-syria-january-2023/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Task & Purpose |language=en-US}}

AANES

{{Main|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria}}The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria.{{Cite book |last1=Allsopp |first1=Harriet |title=The Kurds of Northern Syria: governance, diversity and conflicts |last2=Wilgenburg |first2=Wladimir van |date=2019 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-83860-445-5 |series=Governing diversity |location=London}}{{Cite book |last=Zabad |first=Ibrahim |title=Middle Eastern minorities: the impact of the Arab Spring |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-4724-7441-4 |edition=First issued in paperback |location=London New York}} It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor.{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage |url=https://en.hawarnews.com/electoral-commission-publish-video-of-elections-2nd-stage/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=ANHA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032359/https://en.hawarnews.com/electoral-commission-publish-video-of-elections-2nd-stage/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}} The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian civil war, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part.{{Cite news |date=2019-10-14 |title=Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49973218 |access-date=2024-05-14 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2016-12-31 |title=Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-kurds-adopt-constitution-autonomous-federal-region |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The New Arab |language=en}} The Syrian Democratic Council is the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces and serves as the legislative government of the AANES.

=Syrian Democratic Council=

The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in al-Malikiyah.{{Cite web |title=Syrian Democratic Council |url=https://www.syriandemocraticcouncil.us/fact-sheet/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |language=en-US}} It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist Haytham Manna and was intended as the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces. The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support federalism in Syria, including the Movement for a Democratic Society, the Kurdish National Alliance in Syria, the Law–Citizenship–Rights Movement, and since September 2016, the Syria's Tomorrow Movement. In March 2016 the Council declared the creation of an autonomous federation in Northeast Syria and in August that year they opened a public office in al-Hasakah.{{cite news |last1=Bulos |first1=Nabih |last2=McDonnell |first2=Patrick J. |date=17 March 2016 |title=Kurdish-led group declares autonomous zone in northern Syria |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-kurds-20160317-story.html |access-date=19 March 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite news |url=http://en.hawarnews.com/inauguration-of-the-1st-msd-office/ |title=Inauguration of the 1st MSD office |agency=Hawar News Agency |date=1 August 2016 |access-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804030218/http://en.hawarnews.com/inauguration-of-the-1st-msd-office/ |archive-date=4 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}

The Syrian Democratic Council was excluded from the international Geneva III peace talks on Syria in March 2016, as well as other talks since, because of opposition from the Turkish state.

=Syrian Democratic Forces=

File:PYD supporters.PNG

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are an alliance of mainly Kurdish but also Arab, Assyrian, and Turkmen militias with mainly left-wing and democratic confederalist political leanings. They are opposed to the Assad government, but have directed most of their efforts against Al-Nusra Front and ISIL.

The group formed in December 2015, led primarily by the predominantly Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). Estimates of its size range from 55,000{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/syrian-kurds-now-say-they-now-control-territory-the-size-of-qatar-and-kuwait-combined-2015-8 |title=Syrian Kurds now say they now control territory the size of Qatar and Kuwait combined |last=Perry |first=Tom |date=15 August 2015 |website=Business Insider |access-date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816225401/http://www.businessinsider.com.au/syrian-kurds-now-say-they-now-control-territory-the-size-of-qatar-and-kuwait-combined-2015-8 |url-status=live }} to 80,000 fighters.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/12/02/us-backed-syrian-democratic-forces-emerges-as-force-against-isis.html |title=U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces emerges as force against ISIS |date=2 December 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=4 December 2015}} While largely Kurdish, it is estimated that about 40% of the fighters are non-Kurdish.{{cite news |title=Syrian-Kurdish SDF successfully absorbing non-Kurdish groups, says US |url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/090320161 |access-date=19 March 2016 |agency=Rudaw |date=9 March 2016}} Kurds – mostly Sunni Muslims, with a small minority of Yezidis – represented 10% of Syria's population at the start of the uprising in 2011. They had suffered from decades of discrimination and neglect, being deprived of basic civil, cultural, economic, and social rights.{{cite web |title=Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/countries/SY/Syria_Report_2011-08-17.pdf |publisher=UN Human Rights Council |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=30 June 2012}}{{rp|7|date=December 2012}} When protests began, Assad's government finally granted citizenship to an estimated 200,000 stateless Kurds, in an effort to try and neutralize potential Kurdish opposition.{{cite web |last=Muscati |first=Samer |date=14 May 2012 |title=Syrian Kurds Fleeing to Iraqi Safe Haven |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/14/syrian-kurds-fleeing-iraqi-safe-haven |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=30 June 2012}} Despite this concession, most Kurds remain opposed to the government, hoping instead for a more decentralized Syria based on federalism.{{cite news |last1=Blair |first1=Edmund |last2=Saleh |first2=Yasmine |date=4 July 2012 |title=Syria opposition rifts give world excuse not to act |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-rifts-idUKBRE8630IY20120704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201135118/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-rifts-idUKBRE8630IY20120704 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2016 |work=Reuters |access-date=9 July 2012}} The Syriac Military Council, like many Assyrian militias (such as Khabour Guards, Nattoreh, and Sutoro), originally formed to defend Assyrian villages, but joined the Kurdish forces to retake Hasakah from ISIS in late 2015Allott, "[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/427304/syria-christian-militia-takes-isis-jordan-allott Jordan Kurds and Christians Fight Back against ISIS in Syria]" National Review, 19 November 2015 The Female Protection Forces of the Land Between the Two Rivers is an all-female force of Assyrian fighters in north east Syria fighting ISIS alongside other Assyrian and Kurdish units.Bishop, Rachel. "[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/female-fighters-form-fierce-christian-7004827 Female-fighters-form-fierce-Christian Militia]" The Mirror, 13 December 2015

The Syrian Democratic Forces have received military and economic support from the US, which regards the group as an important ally in their fight against IS.{{Cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Elham |last2=Tabler |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Pollock |first3=David |date=2021-09-21 |title=Affirming U.S. Commitments Abroad: The View from Syria's Democratic Council |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/affirming-us-commitments-abroad-view-syrias-democratic-council |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en}}

Other external forces

File:Second us turkey joint patrol.jpg, 8 November 2018]]

=Turkey=

The Turkish Air Force force has launched multiple airstrikes into Syria against multiple factions such as the SDF,{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20221202-turkey-s-operation-against-kurds-in-syria-risks-reviving-is-group |title=Turkey's operation against Kurds in Syria risks reviving IS group |website=www.france24.com |date= 2 December 2022|access-date= }} SAAF, and ISIS. Turkey has also occupied multiple regions in northern Syria.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50039106 |title=Turkey-Syria offensive: Assad's army 'enters Manbij' |website=www.bbc.com |date= 14 October 2019|access-date= }}

=US=

The US has launched multiple targeted air raids against both ISIS and pro government forces. The United States Army has also manned the al-Tanf base and at least four other sites to support the SDF and combat ISIS.{{cite web |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/middle_east/2024-12-06/syria-american-bases-attacks-iran-16078798.html |title=US forces in Syria are able to keep their fight separate, for now |website= |date= |access-date= }}

=Israel=

Israel has attacked multiple Iranian militias in Syria and Axis of Resistance member Hezbollah. In April 2024 Israel launched an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus. After the fall of the Assad regime, the Syrian army abandoned its positions along the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) buffer area. Subsequently, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that this had voided the 1974 border agreement with Syria, and ordered an invasion of Syria.

Opposing forces

= 2013–2024 =

class="wikitable"

!{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} Syrian Arab Republic
and allies
{{flagicon image|Iranwiqu31.jpg}} Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition (until 8 Dec 2024)

!{{flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1930–1958, 1961–1963).svg}}{{flagicon|Turkey}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}}{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Syrian opposition/Syrian transitional government and allies

!{{flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1930–1958, 1961–1963).svg}}{{flagicon|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria}} Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and allies

!{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} Salafi Jihadist groups

!{{flag|Israel}}

valign="top" |{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Syrian government forces

{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg|size=22px}} Syrian Arab Armed Forces
{{army|Syria}}
{{flagicon image|Syrian Republican Guard Symbol.svg|size=17px|border=}} Republican Guard
100th Artillery Regiment
101st Security Regiment
102nd Security Regiment
103rd Commando Brigade
{{flagicon image|Syrian Marines SSI.png|border=}} Syrian Marines
104th Airborne Brigade
105th Mechanized Brigade
107th Artillery Regiment
108th Armoured Regiment
109th Armoured Regiment
124th Special Forces Brigade
151th Mechanized Regiment
152nd Mechanized Regiment
800th Regiment
Lionesses of Defence Armoured Battalion
Popular Security and Support Forces
30th Division{{cite web |author=Paul Antonopoulos |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-syrian-army-division-established-preparation-new-offensive/ |title=New Syrian Arab Army Division established in preparation of new offensive |date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Al-Masdar News |access-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012132/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-syrian-army-division-established-preparation-new-offensive/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=live }}
{{flagicon image|Mourning flag.svg}} Quwat al-Ghadab volunteers
20px 4th Armoured Division
38th Armoured Brigade
40th Armoured Brigade
41st Armoured Brigade
42nd Armoured Brigade
138th Mechanized Brigade
154th Artillery Regiment
333rd Infantry Regiment
550th SF Regiment
555th SF (airborne) Regiment
666th Infantry Regiment
Al-Imam Hussein Brigade
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Syrian-wing{{Cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2018/09/harakat-al-nujaba-interview|title = Harakat al-Nujaba': Interview| date=5 September 2018 }}
Protective Lions
20px Special Forces Command
20px Tiger Forces
Panther Forces Brigade
Cheetah Forces Brigade
Cheetah Forces Team 3
Cheetah Forces Team 6
Leopard Forces Brigade
Termah (or Tarmeh) Group/Regiment
Taha Group
Yarrob Group/Regiment
Shaheen Group/Regiment{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-special-forces-leave-west-palmyra-east-aleppo/|title=Syrian special forces leave west Palmyra for east Aleppo|date=11 February 2017|publisher=al-Masdar|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502071455/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-special-forces-leave-west-palmyra-east-aleppo/|url-status=dead}}
Shabaat Group/Regiment
Al Hawarith Group/Regiment (Navaris Group){{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/SYRIAN.SYriaRealInfosAndNews/videos/syrian-armys-tiger-forces_-history-and-capabilities/348833845868494/|title=Watch|website=www.facebook.com}}{{better source needed|dead Facebook link|date=January 2023}}
Zaydar Group/Regiment
Al Shabbour Group/Regiment
Al-Komeet Group/Regiment{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/large-number-syrian-army-reinforcements-sent-idlib/|title=Large number of Syrian Army reinforcements sent to Idlib|date=2018-01-16|work=AMN – Al-Masdar News {{!}} المصدر نيوز|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009113245/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/large-number-syrian-army-reinforcements-sent-idlib/|url-status=dead}}
Al-Luyouth Group/Regiment (Shadi Group){{better source needed|dead Facebook link|date=January 2023}}
Hayder Group/Regiment
Raqqa Hawks Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.almodon.com/print/607ac4ab-1f1e-41e5-95e1-487ce7b405af/123f47f0-c9d5-4122-95fa-550c9a5caf22 |title=السويداء: "فاطميون" و"النمر" و"حزب الله" لقيادة معركة درعا |trans-title=As-Suwayda: Fatimion, Al-Nimr and Hezbollah to lead the battle of Daraa |work=Almodon |language=ar |date=26 June 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2019/5/17/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4 |title=ريف حماة: مليشيات النظام مشغولة بالتعفيش! |trans-title=Hama countryside: the regime's militias are busy with Altafish! |work=Almodon |language=ar |date=17 May 2019 |access-date=11 August 2018 |last1=وعالم |first1=المدن - عرب }}
629th Battalion
20px Desert Hawks Brigade
1st Corps
5th Mechanized Division
15th Mechanized Brigade
112th Mechanized Brigade
12th Armoured Brigade
38th Infantry Brigade
59th Commando Battalion
175th Artillery Regiment
6th Armoured Division
55th Mechanized Brigade
45th Special Forces Regiment
{{flagicon image|SYR-inf-DIV-flag.svg}} 7th Mechanized Division
78th Armoured Brigade
70th Artillery Brigade
{{flagicon image|Syrian-9thDIV-TRF.svg}} 9th Armoured Division
52nd Mechanized Brigade
89th Artillery Brigade
{{flagicon image|Syrian-SF-TRF.svg}} 15th Special Forces Division
2nd Corps
1st Armoured Division
171st Infantry Brigade
141st Artillery Regiment
167th Anti Tank Regiment
2nd Armoured Division
73rd Infantry Brigade
826th Coastal Regiment
10th Mechanized Division
122nd Artillery Regiment
{{flagicon image|Syrian-SF-TRF.svg}} 14th Special Forces Division
3rd Corps
{{flagicon image|SYR-Armour-DIV-flag.svg}} 3rd Armoured Division
21st Mechanized Brigade
155th Missile Brigade
Qalamoun Shield Forces
Storming Battalions
Rocket Battalion
8th Armoured Division
45th Artillery Regiment
45th Mechanized Brigade
{{flagicon image|Syrian-11thDIV-TRF.svg}} 11th Armoured Division
87th Mechanized Brigade
89th Artillery Regiment
{{flagicon image|Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg}} 17th Division
137th Mechanized Brigade
93rd Armored Brigade
54th Special Forces Regiment
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg}} 18th Armoured Division
120th Mechanized Brigade
64th Artillery Regiment
25px Syrian Border Guard Forces
Infantry Border Guard Brigade
99th Army Regiment
111th Army Regiment
5th Regiment
6th Regiment
8th Regiment
10th Regiment
11th Regiment
12th Regiment
Lion Shield Forces
ISIS Hunters{{cite news|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/did-us-russian-troops-fight-their-bloodiest-battle-since-26280|work=National Interest|date=16 June 2018|access-date=8 June 2019|title=Did U.S. and Russian Troops Fight Their Bloodiest Battle Since World War I in February?|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608054630/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/did-us-russian-troops-fight-their-bloodiest-battle-since-26280|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-military-bombs-russian-tank-video-syria-attack-assad-supporters-806304|title=U.S. Military Bombs Russian Tank in Video From Syria Attack on Assad Supporters|date=13 February 2019|access-date=8 June 2019|work=News Week|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608054619/https://www.newsweek.com/us-military-bombs-russian-tank-video-syria-attack-assad-supporters-806304|url-status=live}}
Martyr or Victory
Ba'ath Legion, formed from Ba'ath Brigades volunteers
Homeland Shield Forces
Elite Light Infantry Brigade
5th Assault Corps
1st Assault Brigade
2nd Assault Brigade
3rd Assault Brigade
4th Assault Brigade
Ba'ath Brigades
5th Assault Brigade
6th Assault Brigade
7th Assault Brigade
8th Assault Brigade
25px Liwa al-Quds
Lions of al-Quds Battalion{{Cite book|title=From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria|series=Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria|first=Abdullah|last=Al-Jabassini|publisher=European University Institute|isbn=978-92-9084-767-0|year=2019}}
Defenders of Aleppo Battalion
Deterrence Battalion
Lions of al-Shahba Battalion{{cite web |url=http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/266 |title=The Palestinian al-Quds Brigade has a new Iran-backed militia for fighting in Aleppo |work=Al-Dorar al-Shamia |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133805/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/266 |url-status=dead }}
103rd and 148th Artillery Brigades
{{air force|Syria}}
{{flagicon image|Syrian Air Force Flag.svg}} 12th Attack Squadron (MiG-21MF/UM)List of Syrian Air Force bases
{{flagicon image|Syrian Air Force Flag.svg}} 24th Helicopter Brigade (Mi-8)
4th Flying Training Squadron
{{nowrap|File:Air Force Ensign of Syria (1980–2024).svg Syrian Air Defense Force}}
{{flagicon image|Syrian Arab Navy Flag.svg}} Syrian Arab Navy
{{flagicon image|InfoboxNDF.png}} National Defence Forces
Lijan Militias{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-militias-idUSBRE88612V20120907|title=Insight: Minority militias stir fears of sectarian war in Damascus|work=Reuters|date=7 September 2012 |access-date=25 October 2014}}
{{flagdeco|Ba'athist Syria}} Golan Regiment
First Battalion
Second Battalion
Third Battalion
National Shield of the Patriotic Forces{{cite web|url=https://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2017/12/22/القنيطرة-فوج-الجولان-و-صقور-القنيطرة-والصراع-على-النفوذ |title="فوج الجولان" و"صقور القنيطرة" صراع خلفه "جمعية البستان"؟ |trans-title="The Golan Regiment" and "Hawks of Quneitra" conflict behind the "Bustan Society" |work=Almodon |date=22 December 2017 |access-date=10 May 2018 |last1=الحمدان |first1=ينال }}
Quneitra Hawks Brigade
Al-Quneitra Hawks Brigade
Ta'ie Tribal Militias
Abu Jabal Brigade
Free Patriots Brigade
Saidnaya NDF Militias
Taybat al-Imam unit
Hama City unit
Units from Suqaylabia
Units from Muhrada
Units from Masyaf
As-Suwayda NDF volunteers
Palmyrene NDF Garrison
Hermon Regiment
Loyalist Tribal Militias{{cite web|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/77635 |title=Syria's Troublesome Militias |author=Kheder Khaddour |work=Carnegie |date=5 November 2018 |access-date=18 June 2019 }}
Quwat Dir' al-Watan{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/beit-jann-myths-and-reality/ |title=Beit Jann: Myths and Reality |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |work=Syria Comment |date=2 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018}}
Local Defence Forces
Fawj Shuhada Nubl wa al-Zahraa
Qamr Bani Hashim Division
313 Force
Special Assigments Battalion
Baqir Brigade
Lions of Hussein{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/18526/liwa-usud-al-hussein-a-new-pro-assad-militia-in|title=Liwa Usud al-Hussein: A New Pro-Assad Militia in Latakia|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi}}
Tribes of Manbij Regiment
Safira Regiment
Nayrab Battalion – Special Operations
Militias from Nubl and al-Zahraa{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-pro-government-forces-seen-moving-afrin-aid-fight-against-turkey-433640662 |title=Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin |work=Middle East Eye |date=20 February 2018 |access-date=19 March 2018}}
Military Intelligence Directorate
20px Military Security Shield Forces
Military Security Falcons
Southern Shield Brigade
al-Assad Shield Forces
Desert Commandos Regiment
Lions of Hamidiya
Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes
Falcons of the Euphrates
20px Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
{{flagicon image|Bakdash communist party.png}} Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)
Syrian Communist Party (Unified)
{{flagicon image|Syrian Resistance Flag.svg}} Syrian Resistance{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/aymenn-al-tamimi-speaks-to-ali-kayali-and-profiles-the-syrian-resistance-a-pro-assad-militia-force/|title=A Case Study of "The Syrian Resistance," a Pro-Assad Militia Force|date=22 September 2013 |publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=5 October 2014}}
Falcons of the Jazira and Euphrates{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/08/suqur-al-furat-a-new-pro-assad-tribal-militia|title=Suqur al-Furat: A Pro-Assad Sha'itat Tribal Militia|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi|date=10 August 2017 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate.png}} Air Force Intelligence Directorate
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Guardians of the Dawn
Lions of the Cherubim
Earthquake of Jobar
Ararat Group
Lions of the Valley
Intervention Regiment
Lions of Dwel’a
Khaybar Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-syrian-national-resistance-liwa-khaybar/|title=The Syrian National Resistance: Liwa Khaybar|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=3 January 2016|access-date=19 December 2016}}
Nusur Homs Regiment{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fifth-legion-new-auxiliary-force/|title=The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=24 December 2016|access-date=25 December 2016|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025949/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fifth-legion-new-auxiliary-force/|url-status=dead}}
Unit 333
Sahabat Group
Shabiha
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Military Council for the Liberation of Syria
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Coastal Shield Brigade

{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Police forces

20px Ministry of Interior
{{flagicon image|Syrian police emblem (Damascus).png}} Syrian Police
Political Security Directorate
General Intelligence Directorate
Criminal Security Directorate
Syrian Special Mission Forces

Allied armed groups:

Popular Resistance in Hasakah
Popular Resistance in Manbij
{{flagicon image|Syrian Popular Resistance.png}} Syrian Popular Resistance
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg}} SSNP{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/druze-militias-southern-syria/|title=The Druze Militias of Southern Syria|date=13 November 2013|access-date= 18 November 2013|author=Aymenn Al-Tamimi}}{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/28/the-eagles-of-the-whirlwind/|title=The Eagles of the Whirlwind|work=Foreign Policy|date=28 March 2016|access-date= 31 March 2016|author=Nour Samaha}}
Eagles of the Whirlwind
Al-Suqaylabiyah Unit{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Mahardah Unit{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria.svg}} The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Arab National Guard.svg}} Arab Nationalist Guard{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/ar/20140122-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A/|title=فيديو: الجيش النظامي السوري يعزز سيطرته على دمشق ومحيطها – فرانس 24|date=22 January 2014|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195415/http://www.france24.com/ar/20140122-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A/|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/another-isis-village-captured-syrian-arab-army-marches-towards-raqqa/|title=Another ISIS village captured as the Syrian Arab Army marches towards Raqqa|work=Al-Masdar News|date=6 June 2016|access-date=6 June 2017|archive-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606201524/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/another-isis-village-captured-syrian-arab-army-marches-towards-raqqa/|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Army of Monotheists
{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Rijal al-Karama{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/labawat-al-jabal-druze-female-militia/|title=Labawat al-Jabal: A Druze Female Militia in Suwayda' Province|author=Aymenn Al-Tamimi|date=14 October 2016|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=15 October 2016}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Druze.svg}} Forces of Abu Ibrahim{{cite news|title=Jabhat al-Nusra and the Druze of Idlib Province|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/15969/jabhat-al-nusra-and-the-druze-of-idlib-province|agency=Aymen Jawad|date=24 January 2015|access-date=9 February 2015}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Druze.svg}} Bayraq al-Suwayda{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19789/quwat-muqatili-al-ashair-tribal-auxiliary-forces|title=Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Druze.svg}} Mountain Brigade
Rocks of Urman Battalion{{cite web |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2018/05/the-suwayda-attacks-interview |title=The Suwayda' Attacks: Interview |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=27 July 2018 |access-date=4 August 2018 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Druze.svg}} Druze Militias
{{flagicon image|Logo of the Gozarto Protection Forces.jpg|border=no}} Sootoro
People's Army{{cite web|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/12/20121211139861.html|title=Treasury Sanctions Al-Nusrah Front Leaders, Militia Groups in Syria |publisher=usembassy.gov |access-date=11 January 2016}} {{PD-notice}}

Loyalist Army{{cite news|title=New militia battles Islamist rebels near Damascus|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/militia-battles-islamist-rebels-near-damascus-195300695.html|agency=Associated Press|date=8 February 2015|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418032006/https://www.yahoo.com/news/militia-battles-islamist-rebels-near-damascus-195300695.html|url-status=dead}}
al-Jabal Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19584/liwa-al-jabal-a-new-loyalist-militia-unity|title=Liwa Al-Jabal: A New Loyalist Militia Unity Initiative In Suwayda'|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi}}
Jalamid Urman Brigade
al-Zaghaba
Ammar bin Yasir
al-Suqur
al-Basha
Arab Socialist Movement{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Al-Awda (Allegedly)
Homeland Protection Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-dir-al-qalamoun-shifting-militia-links/|title=Quwat Dir' Al-Qalamoun: Shifting Militia Links|date=17 January 2017}}
Saladin Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-dir-al-watan-brand-liwa-salah-al-din-al-ayyubi/|title=The Dir' al-Watan Brand: Liwa Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi|date=26 February 2016}}
Jaafariyah Force{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/iran-is-outpacing-assad-for-control-of-syrias-shia-militias |title= Iran Is Outpacing Assad for Control of Syria's Shia Militias |author=Phillip Smyth |work=Washington Institute |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=15 April 2019}}
Sayyida al Raqqia Brigade
al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi Brigade
Shield of the Coast
Shield of the Lion's Lair{{cite web|title=Pro-regime militias in Syria|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/pro-regime-militias-syria-104205626.html|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=25 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418031306/https://www.yahoo.com/news/pro-regime-militias-syria-104205626.html|url-status=dead}}
Brigades of the Den{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19451/saraya-al-areen-an-alawite-militia-in-latakia|title=Saraya al-Areen: An Alawite Militia in Latakia|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi}}{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/Features/32681/Areen_Brigades_The_Assad_Family_Militia_Tyrannizing_Coastal_Residents|title=Areen 313 Brigades: The Assad Family Militia Tyrannizing Coastal Residents|first=Alsouria Net (opposition|last=website)|website=The Syrian Observer|date=28 April 2017 }}
al-Hosn
al-Berri tribe militias{{cite web|author=Kat, Iskander|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Aug-01/183024-syria-rebels-to-target-intel-as-assad-hails-army.ashx|title=Syria rebels to target intel, as Assad hails army|work=The Daily Star|date=1 August 2012|access-date=15 August 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/201281112018409533.html|title=Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=1 August 2012|access-date=15 August 2013}}
Tayy tribe militias{{cite web|last=Heras|first=Nicholas|title=The tribal factor in Syria's rebellion|url=http://www.fairobserver.com/article/tribal-factor-syria-rebellion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021204545/http://www.fairobserver.com/article/tribal-factor-syria-rebellion|archive-date=21 October 2013|work=Fair Observer|date=14 July 2013|access-date=17 February 2014}}
Raqqawi Tribe Militias
al-Jihesh Tribe Militias{{cite web|last=Muhammad|first=Bishwa|title=Pro-Assad militants storm houses of Kurdish activists in Hasakah|url=http://aranews.org/en/home/kurdish-region/664-pro-assad-militants-storm-activists-houses-in-hasakah.html|work=ARA News|access-date=17 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194331/http://aranews.org/en/home/kurdish-region/664-pro-assad-militants-storm-activists-houses-in-hasakah.html|archive-date=21 October 2013}}
{{flagdeco|Ba'athist Syria}} al-Jabalawi Battalion
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Liwa Sayf al-Mahdi
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Saraya al-Areen
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Kata’ib Humat al-Diyar{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/kataib-humat-al-diyar-prominent-loyalist-militia-suwayda/|title=Kata'ib Humat al-Diyar: A Prominent Loyalist Militia in Suwayda'|author=Aymenn Al-Tamimi|date=26 November 2016|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=26 November 2016}}
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Harakat Abna al-Jazeera wal Furat
{{flagicon|Palestine}} Palestinian Militias
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} as-Sa'iqa{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2012/04/02/analysis-a-revolution-is-taking-place-in-syria-s-palestinian|title=Analysis: A revolution is taking place in Syria's Palestinian camps|work=politics.co.uk|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140906/http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2012/04/02/analysis-a-revolution-is-taking-place-in-syria-s-palestinian|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|PFLP-GC Flag.svg}} PFLP–GC{{cite news|title=Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-10/31/content_15858497.htm|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=31 October 2012}}
{{Armed forces|Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command}}
Popular Committee-Yarmouk Refugee Camp
{{flagicon|Palestine}} Galilee Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-al-jalil-a-pro-assad-palestinian-syrian-militia/|title=Quwat al-Jalil: A Pro-Assad Palestinian Syrian Militia|date=23 December 2015}}
Fatah al-Intifada{{cite news|title=The Deal in Yarmouk: End of the Tragedy or Empty Words?|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/deal-yarmouk-end-tragedy-or-empty-words|author=Racha Abi Haidar|newspaper=Al Akhbar|date=12 February 2014|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163110/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/deal-yarmouk-end-tragedy-or-empty-words|url-status=dead}}
20px Palestine Liberation Army{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/01/world/middleeast/palestinians-in-syria-drawn-into-the-violence.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Palestinians in Syria Are Reluctantly Drawn Into Vortex of Uprising|work=The New York Times|date=30 June 2012|access-date=5 October 2014}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} Free Palestine Movement{{cite web|url=http://www.actionpal.org.uk/en/post/6732/action-group-for-palestinians-of-syria/bombardment-hits-a-vehicle-transporting-members-of-isis-in-yarmouk-camp |title=Bombardment hits a vehicle transporting members of ISIS in Yarmouk camp |work=Action Group for Palestinians of Syria |date=7 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} PPSF{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29005/Popular_Struggle_Front_Condemns_PLO_Backtrack_Yarmouk |title=Popular Struggle Front Condemns PLO Backtrack on Yarmouk |author=Al-Thawra |work=The Syrian Observer |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=29 August 2018}}
Palestinian People's Party{{cite web|url=https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/03/21/syrian-war-daily-21st-of-march-2018/|title=Syrian War Daily – 21st of March 2018|date=21 March 2018|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=11 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611075908/https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/03/21/syrian-war-daily-21st-of-march-2018/|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Liwa Fatemiyoun infobox flag.png}} Liwa Fatemiyoun{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-03/289440-iran-mourns-7-afghans-killed-fighting-for-damascus-ally.ashx|title=Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon |date=3 March 2015 |publisher=Daily Star Lebanon|access-date=7 May 2015}}
Hazrat-e Abolfazl Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/12/irgc-officers-killed-in-palmyra.php|title=IRGC officers killed in Palmyra | FDD's Long War Journal|date=15 December 2016|website=www.longwarjournal.org}}
{{flagicon image|Liwa_Zainebiyoun_infobox_flag.png}} Liwa Zainebiyoun{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=45479&cHash=b1fd0cdae422cab2030811f564ed606a|title=The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|access-date=28 July 2016}}
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} Mukhtar Army
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} Return Forces
Al-Mukhtar Brigades
Syrian National Resistance{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567339-new-syria-group-vows-to-resist-turkish-military-incursion|title=New Syria group vows to "resist" Turkish military incursion|first=Albin|last=Szakola|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207171736/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567339-new-syria-group-vows-to-resist-turkish-military-incursion|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-first-village-turkish-backed-rebels-outskirts-al-bab/|title=Syrian Army captures first village from Turkish-backed rebels on the outskirts of al-Bab|first=Chris|last=Tomson|work=Al-Masdar News|date=29 November 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220900/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-captures-first-village-turkish-backed-rebels-outskirts-al-bab/|url-status=dead}}
Kafr Saghir Martyrs Brigade (unclear)
{{flagicon image|Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas SSI.svg}} Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas{{cite news|title=Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/04/syria-islamic-sunni-shia-shrines-volunteers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604221924/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/04/syria-islamic-sunni-shia-shrines-volunteers|archive-date=4 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 June 2013|access-date=7 June 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Neo-Nazi celtic cross flag.svg}} Far-Right Volunteers{{cite web |title=Serb Nationalist Dies in Syria as Russian Volunteer Fighter |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-06-21/serb-nationalist-dies-in-syria-as-russian-volunteer-fighter}}
Russian Imperial Movement{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_radical-russian-imperial-movement-expanding-global-outreach/6189020.html|title=Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach|website=VOA|date=9 May 2020 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Imperial Legion.svg}} Imperial Legion
{{flagicon image|Flag of Falanga (alternative).svg}} {{flagicon image|Xportal flag.svg}} Falanga volunteers{{cite web | url=https://natemat.pl/65297,narodowcy-z-falangi-pojechali-do-syrii-spotkali-sie-z-premierem-oraz-przesluchiwali-wiezniow | title=Narodowcy z Falangi pojechali do Syrii. Spotkali się z premierem oraz przesłuchiwali więźniów }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of The III. Path.svg}} Third Way
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Nordic Resistance Movement.svg}} Nordic Resistance Movement
Cercle Proudhon
{{flagicon|Greece}} Greek nationalists{{cite web | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/8gd9ev/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1 | title=Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria? | date=October 2013 }}
{{flagicon image|Meandros flag.svg}} Golden Dawn
Mavros Krinos{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria? |url=http://www.vice.com/en/article/8gd9ev/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013930/http://www.vice.com/en/article/8gd9ev/are-greek-neo-nazis-fighting-for-assad-in-syria1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2024-05-29 }}
{{flagicon|Russia}} Slavonic Corps{{cite web|title=The Last Battle of the 'Slavonic Corps'|url=http://www.interpretermag.com/the-last-battle-of-the-slavonic-corps/|work=Interpreter Mag (Translation of 'Fontanka')|quote='Who we are fighting for – This was never understood. "When they spoke to us in Russia, they explained that we were going on a contract with the Syrian Ba'athist government, they convinced us that everything was legal and in order. Like, our government and the FSB were on board and involved in the project. When we arrived there, it turned out that we were sent as gladiators, under a contract with some Syrian or other, who may or may not have a relationship with the government… That meant that we were the private army of a local kingpin".'}}{{cite web |date=14 November 2013 |title=The last battle of the Slavic Corps |url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2013/11/14/060/ |access-date=13 January 2014 |work=Fontanka}}
ENOT Corp{{cite web | url=https://informnapalm.org/en/russian-private-military-companies-as-licensed-tool-of-terror/ | title=Russian Private Military Companies as Licensed Tool of Terror | date=24 November 2015 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Armenian Ministry of Defense, FOTW CRW Flags.png}} 12th Peacekeeping Brigade
{{flagdeco|IRQ}} LAAG{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-iran-is-building-its-syrian-hezbollah|title=How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah|author=Phillip Smyth|publisher=The Washington Institute|date=8 March 2016|access-date=17 September 2016}}
Fulfilled Legion{{cite web|url=http://jihadology.net/2014/01/13/hizballah-cavalcade-faylak-waad-al-sadiq-the-repackaging-of-an-iraqi-special-group-for-syria/|title=Hizballah Cavalcade: Faylak Wa'ad al-Sadiq: The Repackaging of an Iraqi "Special Group" for Syria|date=13 January 2014|author=Phillip Smyth}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region{{Cite web|url=https://orient-news.net/ar/news_show/137697/0/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7|title=مقتل عنصرين من حزب الله ومرتزق من حزب البعث اللبناني في معارك درعا|website=أورينت نت}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Lebanon.svg}} Arab Unification Party{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/lebanonnews/519212-five-arab-tawhid-party-members-killed-in-syria-clashes|title=Five Arab Tawhid Party members killed in Syria clashes|publisher=NOW.|date=5 November 2013|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214213/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/lebanonnews/519212-five-arab-tawhid-party-members-killed-in-syria-clashes|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=live}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} Amal Movement{{cite news|url=http://syriadirect.org/news/syria-direct-news-update-5-11-15/|title=News Update 5-11-15: Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria|work=Syria Direct|date=11 May 2015|access-date=27 June 2016}} (denied by Amal){{cite web|url=http://www.islamist-movements.com/28351|title=بعد نفي مشاركتها بمعركة القلمون.. تساؤلات حول توريط 'حركة أمل' في المستنقع السوري!|access-date=28 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://www.eremnews.com/news/arab-world/291550|title=حركة أمل تنفي اشتراكها مع حزب الله في الحرب السورية|date=5 June 2015 |access-date=28 July 2018}}
{{flag|Hezbollah}}
Redwan Force{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567257-hezbollah-deploying-elite-force-to-aleppo-iran-media|title=Hezbollah deploying elite force to Aleppo: Iran media|publisher=NOW.|date=8 August 2016|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829000733/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567257-hezbollah-deploying-elite-force-to-aleppo-iran-media|url-status=dead}}
Unit 910{{cite web |url=http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/07/29/irans-hizbullah-sends-more-troops-to-help-assad-storm-aleppo-fight-sunnis/ |title=Iran's Hizbullah sends more troops to help Assad storm Aleppo, fight Sunnis |date=29 July 2012 |work=World Tribune |access-date=2 August 2012 |archive-date=31 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331165817/http://worldnewstribune.com/2012/07/29/irans-hizbullah-sends-more-troops-to-help-assad-storm-aleppo-fight-sunnis/ |url-status=dead }}
Hezbollah Rocket Division{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
45th independent SF Regiment
47th independent SF Regiment
53rd independent SF Regiment
54th independent SF Regiment{{Cite web |last=Holliday |first=Joseph |date=March 2013 |title=Middle East Security Report 8: The Assad Regime, From Counterinsurgency to Civil War |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/TheAssadRegime-web.pdf |website=Institute for the Study of War |page=15}}
Lebanese Resistance Brigades
{{flagicon image|Single Color Flag - FFFF00.svg}} Liwa Dhu al-Fiqar
Homeland Shield Brigade
Leopards of Homs
Liwa al-Imam al-Hussein
Syrian Hezbollah
{{flagicon image|Flag of Quwat al-Ridha (unofficial).png}} Quwat al-Ridha[https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/08/28/syrian-shiites-take-up-arms-in-support-of-assads-army Syrian Shiites Take Up Arms in Support of Assad's Army] usnews.com{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19110/syrian-hezbollah-militias-of-nubl-and-zahara|title=Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi}}
Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19041/liwa-al-imam-al-mahdi-a-syrian-hezbollah-formation|title=Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi: A Syrian Hezbollah Formation|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|date=23 July 2016|access-date=25 July 2016}}
National Ideological Resistance{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/national-ideological-resistance-syria-syrian-hezbollah-brand/|title=The National Ideological Resistance in Syria: A 'Syrian Hezbollah' Brand|date=11 October 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/interview-sayyid-hashim-muhammad-ali-commander-national-ideological-resistance-syria/|title=Interview with Sayyid Hashim Muhammad Ali: Commander of the National Ideological Resistance in Syria|date=15 October 2014}}
Imam al-Hujja Regiment
Soldiers of the Mahdi
Al-Ghalibun{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fifth-legion-new-auxiliary-force/|title=The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force|date=24 December 2016|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025949/http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fifth-legion-new-auxiliary-force/|url-status=dead}}
Saryat al-Shaheed Abu Yasir{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/situation-al-fua-kafariya/|title=The Situation in al-Fu'a and Kafariya|date=18 December 2016}}
Saryat al-'Ishq
Kashafat al-Wilaya
Imam al-Mahdi Scouts
Fatima al-Zahara Regiment
Nakhsa{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/mobilebasic|title=Syrian Civil War factions|website=Google News}}
Guardians of Truth Battalions

{{Flag|Iran}}{{cite web|author=Saeed Kamali Dehghan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528174410/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/28/syria-army-iran-forces|archive-date=28 May 2012|title=Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2012}}{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iranian-general-admits-fighting-every-aspect-of-a-war-in-defending-syrias-assad|publisher=Fox News Channel|first=Lisa|last=Daftari|title=Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad|date=28 August 2012}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/state-dept-official-iranian-soldiers-are-fighting-for-assad-in-syria/2013/05/21/a7c3f4ce-c23e-11e2-914f-a7aba60512a7_story.html|title=State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=21 May 2013}} {{small|(2013–Dec 6, 2024)}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} Iranian Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} IRGC{{cite news|title=Al-Nusra Front claims responsibility for Hezbollah fighters' death|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/16420-hezbollah-fighters-killed-in-al-nusra-front-attack|newspaper=Middle East Monitor|date=19 January 2015|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170322/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/16420-hezbollah-fighters-killed-in-al-nusra-front-attack|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Quds Force.svg}} Quds Force{{cite web|title=Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime|url=http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/terrorism-fundamentalism/14327-iran-three-irgc-members-killed-in-syria-fighting-for-assad-regime|work=Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran|date=11 August 2013|access-date=12 December 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Basij.svg}} Basij{{cite web|author=Neriah, Jacques|url=http://jcpa.org/iranian-forces-on-the-golan/|title=Iranian forces on the Golan?|work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|date=29 May 2013|access-date=15 July 2013}}{{cite web|author=Gold, Dore|url=http://jcpa.org/article/the-arab-world-fears-the-safavid/|title=The Arab world fears the 'Safavid'|work=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|date=9 June 2013|access-date=15 July 2013}}{{cite news|author1=Gordon, Michael R. |author2=Myers, Steven Lee |name-list-style=amp|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/world/middleeast/iran-and-hezbollahs-support-for-syria-complicates-us-strategy-on-peace-talks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Iran and Hezbollah support for Syria complicates peace-talk strategy|work=The New York Times|date=21 May 2013|access-date=15 July 2013}}
17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ground Forces of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} IRGC Ground Forces
{{flagicon image|IRGC.Special Forces.svg}} Saberin Unit{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/10/irgc-special-forces-officers-death-highlights-involvement-in-syria.php|title=IRGC Special Forces officer's death highlights involvement in Syria – FDD's Long War Journal|date=October 2016 |access-date=24 November 2016}}
{{flagicon image|IRGC.Special Forces.svg}} 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade{{Cite web |date=2016-04-15 |title=شهادت دو رزمنده جوان زاهدانی در سوریه+ عکس |trans-title=Martyrdom of two young ascetic fighters in Syria + photo |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/557827/شهادت-دو-رزمنده-جوان-زاهدانی-در-سوریه-عکس |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=مشرق نیوز |language=fa-IR}}
25th Karbala Division{{cite web|url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/3688|title=Studies: Iranian-backed militias' loses in #Aleppo for six months|publisher=El-Dorar Al-Shamia|date=9 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002027/http://en.eldorar.com/node/3688|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=dead}}
Imam Sajjad Takavar Brigade of Kazerun{{cite web|url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/3608|title=(IRGC) Loses more Generals in #Aleppo 's battles|publisher=El-Dorar Al-Shamia|date=30 October 2016|access-date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002031/http://en.eldorar.com/node/3608|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=dead}}
Isfahan division
102nd Imam Hossein Battalion
Syrian auxiliaries
313 Battalion{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/03/the-313-battalion-a-syrian-islamic-resistance |title=The 313 Battalion: A Syrian 'Islamic Resistance' Formation |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=30 March 2017|access-date=9 October 2017}}
Ali Sultan Battalion{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/06/katibat-ali-sultan-syrian-irgc-group |title=Katibat Ali Sultan: Syrian IRGC Group |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=5 October 2017|access-date=9 October 2017}}
Liwa al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19724/liwa-al-mukhtar-al-thiqfi-syrian-irgc-militia|title=Liwa al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi: Syrian IRGC Militia|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi|access-date=28 July 2018}}
Ruhollah Formations
Alborz Division
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg}} Iranian Army
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.svg}} Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-iran-idUSKCN0X11D4?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews|title=Iranian commandos deployed to Syria as advisers: officer|website=Reuters|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=4 April 2016|access-date=8 April 2016}}
Iranian Air Force{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

{{Flag|Russia}}{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11845635/Vladimir-Putin-confirms-Russian-military-involvement-in-Syrias-civil-war.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/11845635/Vladimir-Putin-confirms-Russian-military-involvement-in-Syrias-civil-war.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war|date=4 September 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=11 September 2015}}{{cbignore}} {{small|(2015–2024)}}

{{flagicon image|Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg}} Russian Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg}} Russian Air Force
{{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Russia.svg}} Russian Navy
{{flagicon image|Morskaja pehota Rossii.gif|border=no}} Russian Naval Infantry{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/|title=Russian troops head to Aleppo City|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=29 August 2016|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=30 August 2016|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009120836/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-troops-head-aleppo-city/|url-status=dead}}
18px Black Sea Fleet
18px Caspian Flotilla{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/russia-turns-backwater-navy-syria-missile-strikes-174017802.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027232800/http://news.yahoo.com/russia-turns-backwater-navy-syria-missile-strikes-174017802.html|archive-date=27 October 2015|title=Russia turns to backwater navy for Syria missile strikes|agency=Reuters|date=9 October 2015|access-date=9 October 2015}}
{{flagicon image|Russian aerospace forces emblem.svg}} Russian Aerospace Forces
General Staff
{{flagicon image|Emblem of the GRU.svg|border}} GRU
{{flagicon image|Spetsnaz emblem.svg}} Spetsnaz GRU
431st Naval Reconnaissance Spetsnaz Point
Special Operations Command
{{flagicon image|Герб ССО.png}} Special Operations Forces{{cite web|url=http://warontherocks.com/2016/03/the-three-faces-of-russian-spetsnaz-in-syria/|title=The Three Faces of Russian Spetsnaz in Syria|work=War on the Rocks|date=21 March 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-death-idUSKCN0WQ28Z|title=Russia's special forces officer killed in Syria: Interfax|website=Reuters|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=24 March 2016}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/03/29/how-russian-special-forces-are-shaping-the-fight-in-syria/|title=How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria|author=Thomas Gibbons-Neff|date=29 March 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Federation Ground Forces.svg}} Russian Ground Forces
29th Combined Arms Army
200th Artillery Brigade{{cite web|url=https://nv.ua/opinion/goltz/i-snova-chvk-vahnera-kak-rossija-vojuet-v-sirii-2472517.html|title=И снова ЧВК Вагнера. Как Россия воюет в Сирии}}
{{flagicon image|Great emblem of Military Police of Russia.svg}} Military Police
{{flagicon image|Great emblem of the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division.svg}} 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division{{cite web|url=https://kommersant.ru/doc/3299969|title=Участник боевых действий в Сирии понес посильное наказание|date=19 May 2017|issue=87|page=6|via=Kommersant}}
74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Engineer forces flag.svg}} Russian Engineer Troops
{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Russian Airborne Troops.svg}} Russian Airborne Forces
31st Guards Air Assault Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-forces-arrive-southern-syria/|title=Russian forces arrive in southern Syria|first=Leith|last=Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|date=21 May 2017|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530204756/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-forces-arrive-southern-syria/|url-status=dead}}
45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade{{cite web|url=https://regionorel.ru/novosti/society/znaete_kakim_on_parnem_byl/|title=Знаете, каким он парнем был…|author=Sergei Shirokov|publisher=Oryol-region|date=23 February 2023|access-date=4 January 2025}}
56th Guards Air Assault Regiment{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
23px Federal Security Service
Spetsgruppa "K" advisors[https://meduza.io/en/news/2020/02/03/four-fsb-special-forces-officers-reportedly-killed-in-syria Four FSB special forces officers reportedly killed in Syria], Meduza
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia).svg}} Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)
{{flagicon image|Flag of Chechnya with Akhmad Kadyrov.svg}} Kadyrovites
20px Wagner Group{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN16T0S2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204403/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN16T0S2|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2017|title=Russia underplayed losses in recapture of Syria's Palmyra |access-date=24 February 2018}}
5 Storm unit{{cite news |date=12 February 2018 |title=Relatives and friends of Wagner mercenaries we named earlier confirm to @ru_rbc they indeed had been killed in Syria |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/12/02/2018/5a81ac729a79470fd22bc3ae?from=main}}
DShRG Rusich
Interbrigades{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.ru/world/599662 |title="Казак Владимир Логинов и член партии "Другая Россия" Кирилл Ананьев погибли в Сирии" |trans-title=Cossack Vladimir Loginov and member of the Other Russia party Kirill Ananyev died in Syria |work=www.interfax.ru}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Norway.svg}} "Thorbrandr" {{small|(Scandinavian volunteers)}}{{cite web|url=https://www.aldrimer.no/nordmenn-kjempet-pa-russisk-side-i-syria/ |title=Nordmenn kjempet på russisk side i Syria |trans-title=Norwegians fought in Syria on the Russian side |author=Kjetil Stormark |work=AldriMer.no |language=no |date=11 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018}}

{{Flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} Popular Mobilization Forces

{{flagicon image|Single_Color_Flag_-_FFFF00.svg}} Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Badr Organization{{cite web |author1=Omar al-Jaffal |date=29 October 2013 |title=Iraqi Shiites Join Syria War |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/iraqi-shiites-join-syrian-war.html |access-date=4 November 2013 |publisher=Al-Monitor}}
Forces of Martyr Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr{{cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/category/quwet-al-shahid-muhammed-baqir-al-sadr/|title=Quwet al-Shahid Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr|access-date=6 January 2019}}
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Kafeel Zainab Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.truppendienst.com/themen/beitraege/artikel/der-syrische-buergerkrieg-update-06-12-2017/|title=Der Syrische Bürgerkrieg – Update 06 12 2017 – Truppendienst|website=truppendienst.com|access-date=28 July 2018}}
Haidar al-Karar Brigades
{{flagicon image|Hisbollah-Brigaden Flagge.svg}} Kata'ib Hezbollah{{cite web|url=http://jihadology.net/2013/05/11/hizballah-cavalcade-roundup-of-iraqis-killed-in-syria-part-1/|title=Hizballah Cavalcade: Roundup of Iraqis Killed in Syria, Part 1|last=Smyth|first=Phillip|date=11 May 2013|work=Hizballah Cavalcade|publisher=Jihadology|access-date=22 September 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Iraq.svg}} Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
Golan Liberation Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/irgc-controlled-iraqi-militia-forms-golan-liberation-brigade.php|title=IRGC-controlled Iraqi militia forms 'Golan Liberation Brigade' | FDD's Long War Journal|date=12 March 2017|website=www.longwarjournal.org}}
Ammar ibn Yasir Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/12/array-of-pro-syrian-government-forces-advance-in-aleppo.php|title=Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo | FDD's Long War Journal|date=9 December 2016|website=www.longwarjournal.org}}
Peace Companies{{cite web|author=al-Salhy, Suadad|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-iraq-idUSBRE9390OB20130410|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412200950/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/10/us-syria-crisis-iraq-idUSBRE9390OB20130410|archive-date=12 April 2013|title=Iraqi Shi'ite militants start to acknowledge role in Syria|work=Reuters|date=10 April 2013|access-date=4 December 2013}}
Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
Iraqi Liberation Movement (Harakat al-Abdal){{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/12/array-of-pro-syrian-government-forces-advance-in-aleppo.php|title=Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo – FDD's Long War Journal|date=9 December 2016|access-date=28 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/5677|title=Assad regime bringing in new Iraqi militias|website=en.eldorar.com|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826095055/http://en.eldorar.com/node/5677|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
Force 313
{{flagicon image|Flag of Promised Day Brigades.svg}} Promised Day Brigade
Zulfiqar Brigade{{cite web|last=Bahaa|first=Jafra|title=Shiite militia massacre in Nabek... Rape, killing and burning|work=العربية نت |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/syria/2013/12/07/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%83-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%82.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=13 January 2014}}{{cite web|title=Hizballah cavalcade: Liwa'a Zulfiqar; Birth of a new Shia militia in Syria?|url=http://jihadology.net/2013/06/20/hizballah-cavalcade/|work=Jihadology|access-date=13 January 2014}}
Saraya al-Khorasani{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31705600 | place= Beirut |first= Nafiseh |last=Kohnavard |work=BBC | title=Tikrit: Iran key in fight to wrest city from IS | date=3 March 2015 }}
Saraya al-Jihad{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2017/06/the-us-iranian-confrontation-on-the-syria-iraq|title=The U.S.-Iranian confrontation on the Syria-Iraq Borders: Interview with an Iraqi Militia Official|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi|date=10 June 2017 |access-date=28 July 2018}}
Dir’ al Wilaya Brigades
Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda{{Cite journal |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Is the Battle for Fallujah a Battle Against Fallujah? |url=https://jmepp.hkspublications.org/2016/06/15/battle-fallujah/ |journal=Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625203025/https://jmepp.hkspublications.org/2016/06/15/battle-fallujah/ |url-status=live }}
Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/06/qassem-soleimani-spotted-in-syria-near-the-iraqi-border.php|title=Qassem Soleimani allegedly spotted in Syria near the Iraqi border|author=Amir Toumaj|work=Long War Journal|date=14 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017}}
Jihad Companies
Liwa'a Zulfiqar{{cite web |url=http://www.thebaghdadpost.com/en/story/12043/Who-leads-operates-Iran-militias-in-al-Tanf |title=Who leads, operates Iran militias in al-Tanf? |author=Mostapha Hassan |work=Baghdad Post |date=13 June 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711030651/http://www.thebaghdadpost.com/en/story/12043/Who-leads-operates-Iran-militias-in-al-Tanf |url-status=dead }}
Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.rubincenter.org/2015/07/shii-militias-in-iraq-and-syria/|title=SHI'I MILITIAS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA|website=rubincenter.org|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013453/http://www.rubincenter.org/2015/07/shii-militias-in-iraq-and-syria/|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=dead}}
Jaysh al-Mu'ammal{{cite web |url=http://jihadintel.meforum.org/group/235/jaysh-al-muammal |title=Jaysh al-Mu'ammal |work=Jihad Intel |access-date=4 August 2018 }}

Armament support:

{{flag|Russia}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16797818|title=Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad|author=Richard Galpin|date=10 January 2012|access-date=4 February 2012|work=BBC News}}[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/23/syria-crisis-russian-military-presence "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention"]. The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013. {{small|(until 2024)}}
{{flag|Iran}} {{small|(until Dec 6, 2024)}}{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/09/16/Assad-Iran-is-sending-arms-to-Syria.html |title=Assad: Iran is sending arms to Syria |work=Al Arabiya News |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2016}}{{Cite web |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Bergman |first2=Ronen |date=6 December 2024 |title=Iran Begins to Evacuate Military Officials and Personnel From Syria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/world/middleeast/iran-syria-evacuation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241207154254/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/world/middleeast/iran-syria-evacuation.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=The New York Times}}
{{Flag|China}}{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/china-enters-fray-in-syria-on-bashar-al-assad-s-side-1.2764979|title=China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side|newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=3 October 2016}}

Facility support:

{{IRQ}} {{small|(2013)}}{{cite web|title=It looks like Iraq has joined Assad's side in the Syrian war|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iraq-joins-assads-side-in-syrian-war-2013-3|work=Business Insider|access-date=16 February 2014|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162320/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/iraq-joins-assads-side-in-syrian-war-2013-3|url-status=live}}

----

{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Iraq.svg|size=22px|border=}} Iraqi Armed Forces
{{air force|Iraq}}

| valign="top" |{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Free Syrian Army {{small|(decentralized from 2015)}}

{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Syrian National Army {{small|(from 2017)}}
1st Legion
File:Flag of the Hazm Movement.svg Hazzm Movement
Muntasir Billah Brigade{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Ahrar al-Sharqiya{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-kurds-analysis/syrias-kurds-reel-from-us-move-assad-seen-planning-next-step-idUSKCN1OJ2IP|title=Syria's Kurds reel from U.S. move, Assad seen planning next step|work=Reuters|date=20 December 2018|accessdate=21 December 2018|author1=Tom Perry|author2=Ellen Francis}}
Arab Ahwaz Brigade
Brigade 123
Badr Martyrs' Battalion
{{flagicon image|Logo of Jaish al-Tahrir.jpg}} Jaysh al-Nukhba
Anwar al-Hak Brigade{{cite news|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/militaeroffensive-tuerkei-deutsche-waffenexporte-hoechstem-stand-seit-jahren-13075324.html |title=Militäroffensive der Türkei: Deutsche Waffenexporte auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren |trans-title=Turkey's military offensive: German weapons exports at the highest level since 14 years |work=Frankfurter Rundschau |language=de |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019 }}
Mimati battalion{{Cite news |url=https://syriadirect.org/news/civilians-the-only-innocent-party-in-%e2%80%98operation-peace-spring%e2%80%99/ |title=Civilians the only innocent party in 'Operation Peace Spring' |author=Ammar Hamou |work=Syria:Direct |date=27 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028214850/https://syriadirect.org/news/civilians-the-only-innocent-party-in-%e2%80%98operation-peace-spring%e2%80%99/ |url-status=dead }}
Army of the East{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkomans.svg}} Samarkand Brigade
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkomans.svg}} Sultan Suleyman Shah Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens (variant 2).svg}} Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sham Legion.svg}} Sham Legion{{cite news|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=55344|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083753/http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=55344|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2014|title=The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|date=15 April 2014|access-date=13 May 2014}}
Martyrs of Islam Brigade
Central Division{{cite web|url=https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/|title=The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles|last=hasanmustafas|date=8 May 2015|access-date=1 September 2016}}
Suyuf al-Shahba Brigade
20th Division
Commandos of Islam Brigade
2nd Legion
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sultan Murad Brigade.png}} Sultan Murad Division
Alparslan Special Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of the al-Moutasem Brigade.png}} Al-Moutasem Brigade{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Elite Division
Men of War Brigade
3rd Legion
{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} Conquest Brigade
Muthanna ibn Haritha Battalion
Ghuraba al-Sham Battalion
Dir al-Wafa Battalion{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Jund al-Islam Brigade{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Suyuf al-Sham{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Sajidun{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Levant Front
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg}} Ahrar al-Sham
19th Division
32nd Division{{cite web|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/seven-dead-clashes-erupt-northern-syria|title=Seven dead as clashes erupt in northern Syria|work=The New Arab|date=19 June 2022}}
Revolutionaries of Atarib
Levant Revolutionaries Battalions
{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} Northern Storm Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|title=Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS|last=van Wilgenburg|first=Wladimir|date=27 March 2014|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011258/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
Jaysh al-Shamal{{cite tweet|user=sayed_ridha|author=Hassan Ridha|number=824973932155465728|date=27 January 2017|title=جيش الشمال بريف حلب الشمالي يعلن فك ارتباطه بحركة نور الدين الزنكي}}
Brigade of Conquest
Al-hamza Battalion
Sword of the Levant Brigade
Northern Army
Soldiers of Islam Brigade
Soldiers of Levant Brigade
Mount Turkmen Brigade
Thuwar al Sham Battalion
17px Joint Defence Alliance{{Cite web|url=http://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/121676|title="Joint defense alliance" in defense of the Barada valley and a rejection of the processes of displacement and violation of truces|work=Enab Baladi|date=26 December 2016}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Dawn of Freedom Operations Room{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
Liberation and Construction Movement{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
Glory Corps{{cite web|url=https://stepagency-sy.net/2019/07/03/المعارضة-تستهدف-مجموعة-لقوات-الأسد-بص|title=المعارضة تستهدف مجموعة لقوات الأسد بصاروخ موجه على جبهة الساحل (فيديو)|work=STEP News Agency|date=3 July 2019}}
Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement{{cite web|url=http://syriadirect.org/news/nour-e-din-a-zinki-defects-from-hts-citing-unwillingness-to-end-rebel-infighting/|title=Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting|work=Syria Direct|date=20 July 2017}}
Banners of Islam Movement
Ahl al Diyar
Qamishli Shield
Afrin Shield
Tajama a-Thuwar al-Kurd
Mustafa Brigade
Northern Hawks Brigade
Vakkas Brigade
Conqueror Lions Brigade
Resolute Storm Brigade
Sultan Othman Brigade
5th Regiment
Second Army
Justice Union
{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Hawar Kilis Operations Room
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Authenticity and Development Front
Unification Army{{cite web|url=http://civilwaralsham.com/the-northwest/2016/3/29/jaysh-al-tawhid-adf|title=Northern Homs based rebel group joins Authenticity and Development Front|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807232311/http://civilwaralsham.com/the-northwest/2016/3/29/jaysh-al-tawhid-adf|archive-date=7 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
The White Shroud
Liwa al-Mujahid Omar al-Mukhtar
Liwa al-Qadisiya al-Islamiyya
{{Flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Army of Tawhid{{cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/08/13/syrian-opposition-factions-in-the-syrian-civil-war/|title=Syrian Opposition Factions in the Syrian Civil War|date=13 August 2016|website=bellingcat}}
Tajamuu Alwiyat al-Iman Billah
Liwa Hamah al-Aqidah
Lions of Islam Brigade
Talbisah Brigade
Falcons of Talbisah Brigade
Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan Brigade
Sword of Islam Battalion
Tajamuu Alwiyat wa Kataib Suyuf al-Haq
Jaysh Ahl as-Sunna wa-l-Jama’a
Liwa al-Athar
Liwa Usud as-Sunna
Liwa Ahl al-Raya
Kataib Abd al-Rahman
9th Special Forces Division
112th Brigade
Regiment 111{{cite web|url=https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/205429|title=خلافات داخلية تفضي إلى انشقاقات في "جيش النصر" – عنب بلدي|date=9 February 2018|access-date=24 February 2018}}
Hasakah Shield Brigade
Tajamu Saraya Darayya{{cite web|url=https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/06/20/saraya-darayya-a-group-motivated-by-revenge/|title=Saraya Darayya – A Group Motivated By Revenge|work=Syrian War Daily|author=Tomasz Rolbiecki|date=20 June 2018|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502000808/https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/06/20/saraya-darayya-a-group-motivated-by-revenge/|url-status=dead}}
Salvation Front
40th Brigade{{cite web|url=http://qasioun-news.com/en/news/show/129838/Syrian_Opposition_Forms_A_New_Military_Operation_To_Stop_Syrian_Regime_East_Idlib|title=Syrian Opposition Forms A New Military Operation To Stop Syrian Regime East Idlib – Qasion News Agency|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182554/http://qasioun-news.com/en/news/show/129838/Syrian_Opposition_Forms_A_New_Military_Operation_To_Stop_Syrian_Regime_East_Idlib|url-status=dead}}
{{Flagicon image|Liwa Ahfad Saladin variant opposition flag.svg}} Descendants of Saladin Brigade{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
File:WataniaTahrirFlag.svg National Front for Liberation
Free Idlib Army{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-rebel-group-formed-idlib/|title=New rebel group formed in Idlib|work=Al-Masdar News|date=20 September 2016|access-date=20 September 2016|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609202045/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-rebel-group-formed-idlib/|url-status=dead}}{{better source needed|al-Masdar not RS for rebels|date=January 2023}}
{{Flagicon image|Insignia of the 13th Division.svg}} 13th Division
Jabhat Thuwar Saraqib{{cite web |url=http://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/Now-Syria/558310-islamic-state-not-attacking-hama-christians-activists-says |title=Islamic State not attacking Hama Christians, activists says |publisher=Now.mmedia.me |date= |accessdate=2019-11-12 |archive-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111080522/http://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/Now-Syria/558310-islamic-state-not-attacking-hama-christians-activists-says |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/syria-unlawful-attacks-by-government-forces-hit-civilians-and-medical-facilities-in-idlib/|title=Syria: Unlawful attacks by government forces hit civilians and medical facilities in Idlib|website=www.amnesty.org|date=28 March 2019 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Division (Syrian rebel group).jpg}} Northern Division
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Knights of Justice Brigade.svg}} Knights of Justice Brigade
{{flagicon image|Alternate flag of the Mountain Hawks Brigade.png}} Mountain Hawks Brigade
{{Flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Free Men of the East Brigade{{cite web|url=http://qasioun.net/en/news/show/37188/Ahrar_Al_Sharqya_Withdraw_From_Euphrates_Shield_As_They_Refuse_The_US_Forces_Interfere_To_Rai_Video|title=Ahrar Al-Sharqya Withdraw From Euphrates Shield As They Refuse The US Forces Interfere To Rai (Video) – Qasion News Agency|accessdate=9 November 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075002/http://qasioun.net/en/news/show/37188/Ahrar_Al_Sharqya_Withdraw_From_Euphrates_Shield_As_They_Refuse_The_US_Forces_Interfere_To_Rai_Video|url-status=dead}}
1st Coastal Division
2nd Army{{Self-published inline|date=January 2023}}
46th Division
312th Division
314th Company
Lightning Battalion{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens (variant 2).svg}} 2nd Coastal Division
Jaysh al-Ahrar{{cite web|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/29731.html|title=Jaish al-Ahrar leaves Tahrir al-Sham alliance: statement|work=Zaman al-Wasl|date=14 September 2017}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Jaysh al-Nasr.svg}} Jaysh al-Nasr{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/29615/Idleb_Hama_Rebels_Unite_Under_Army_Victory_Operations_Room|title=Idleb, Hama Rebels Unite Under 'Army of Victory' Operations Room|work=The Syrian Observer|date=5 August 2015 }}
al-Adiyat brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/photos/a.150495128392167.28686.121855461256134/898566113585061/?type=3&theater|title=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - 5 fighters killed in clashes against the regime forces in Latakia Mountains|website=Facebook |date=10 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2016}}
Ahrar Darayya{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/former-darayya-rebels-now-fighting-syrian-army-northern-hama/|title=Former Darayya rebels now fighting Syrian Army in northern Hama|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=28 September 2016|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414065106/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/former-darayya-rebels-now-fighting-syrian-army-northern-hama/|url-status=dead}}
{{Flagicon image|Logo of the Suqour al-Sham Brigade.svg|border=no}} Suqour al-Sham Brigades
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Islamic Freedom Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.qasioun.net/ar/news/show/88650/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1|title=Sham Legion: The Brigade of Freedom is trying to trade the blood of the elements|agency=Qasioun News Agency|date=8 August 2017|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112054931/http://www.qasioun.net/ar/news/show/88650/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}
Damascus Gathering
Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib Battalionshttp://stepagency-sy.net/archives/181604/wp-admin/install.php {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
Brigades and Battalions to Unite the Capital
Miqdad ibn Amr Brigade
Unit 82 SWAT Forces
Free Hayan Brigade
Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Battalion
23rd Division{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/analysis-insurgents-launch-major-offensive-against-assad-regime-in-hama-province.php|title=Analysis: Insurgents launch major offensive against Assad regime in Hama province – FDD's Long War Journal|website=FDD's Long War Journal|date=24 March 2017}}
{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Syrian Liberation Front
Katibat al-'Iqaab{{cite tweet|number=965335199801315333|user=badly_xeroxed|title=Liwa al-Adiyat of the Badia Sector...|date=18 February 2018}}
Sheikh Fadel al-Akel
Katibat al-Bayia Lillah
Katibat Usud al-Tawheed
Liwa al-Adiyat
Martyr Abu Omar Battalion
Syrian Front for Liberation
Sultan Suleiman Shah Division{{cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/271424/|title=After Al-Sham Legion opened road for HTS, HTS takes control over Jinderes in Afrin with the support of Al-Amshat|work=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date=12 October 2022}}
{{Flagicon image|Logo of the Army of Glory.png}} Jaysh al-Izza
{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens.svg}} Syrian Turkmen Brigades
{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens.svg}} Sultan Malik-Shah Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agPuWN-Fgic|title=Cerablus'taki Durumu, Suriye Türkmen Meclisi Bşk. Anlatıyor – Detay 13 – TRT Avaz|website=YouTube |date=7 September 2016}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens.svg}} Muntasar Billah Brigade[http://www.star.com.tr/guncel/turkmen-tugayi-turkmenlere-firat-kalkanina-katilin-cagrisinda-bulundu-haber-1181207/] Türkmen Tugayı, Türkmenlere Fırat Kalkanı'na katılın çağrısında bulundu
{{Flagicon image|InfoboxSOR.jpg}} Southern Operations Room{{cite web|url= https://greydynamics.com/conflict-in-syria-live-tactical-analysis/ | title= Conflict in Syria: Live Tactical Analysis| date=7 December 2024|work=Grey Dynamics}}
{{flagicon image|Logo_of_the_Southern_Front.png}} Southern Front
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Revolutionary Army{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
Yarmouk Army
Mu'tazz Billah Brigade
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Alliance of Southern Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81-%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%85-8-%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC.html|title=Coalition "forces of the South" includes eight factions and brigades ... and a preliminary step for integration|work=Sham News Network|date=9 February 2017}}
Omari Brigades
18 March Division
Engineering and Rocket Battalion
46th infantry division
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Southern Alliance{{cite web|url=http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1126|title=A new military alliance in the Syrian south, what does it consist of?|work=Al-Dorar al-Shamia|date=16 August 2017|access-date=24 December 2022|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920221722/http://aldorars.com/en/news/1126|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Syrian Revolutionaries Front{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-southern-front-differences.html|title=Syria dissident groups still not united|work=Al Monitor|date=5 March 2015|access-date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717151202/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-southern-front-differences.html|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead}}
Idlib Military Council
Khalid ibn al-Walid Brigade
Syrian Martyrs' Brigades{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Idlib Martyrs' Brigade{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2106648,00.html/ |title=Syrian Rebels Plot Their Next Moves: A Time Exclusive |magazine=Time |date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075808/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,2106648,00.html/ |archive-date=8 July 2013 }}
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} 406th Infantry Division{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOWlK3ob-ow|title=الجيش السوري الحر-الجبهة الجنوبية- الفرقة/406/مشاة|last=abo baker|date=8 September 2017|via=YouTube}}
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Lions of Sunna Brigade
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} First Corps
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Youth of Sunna Forces
Army of the South{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebels-in-daraa-form-new-army-to-fight-syrian-forces/|title=Rebels in Daraa form new army to fight Syrian forces|date=8 July 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=21 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121082852/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/rebels-in-daraa-form-new-army-to-fight-syrian-forces/|url-status=dead}}{{better source needed|Al-Masdar shouldn't be used for rebel facts|date=February 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg}} Jaysh al-Ababil{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/SyrianRebellionObservatory/photos/a.1648239072069399.1073741828.1648217982071508/1728189064074399/?type=1&theater|title=Timeline Photos - The Syrian Rebellion Observatory - Observatoire de la rébellion Syrienne - Facebook|website=Facebook |access-date=6 April 2015}}{{better source needed|Facebook|date=January 2023}}
Alawiyat al Qasioun
Alawiyat jidor horan
Revolutionary Army of the Jidor Area
Holding Fast Operations Room
al-Hara Military Council
Tasil Military Council
Swords of Truth Room
Liwa Ahrar Qita
Manifest Victory Operations Room
Aligned Factions of the Eastern Region
First Army
Hawks of the South{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-southern-front-differences.html|title=Syria dissident groups still not united|work=Al Monitor|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=27 March 2015}}
Daraa Military Council
Quneitra Military Council
{{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Tawhid Kata’ib Horan{{cite web|url=http://notgeorgesabra.wordpress.com/2014/10/21/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups/|title=The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups|work=الثورة الديمقراطية، الطراز السوري Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style|date=21 October 2014 |access-date=29 December 2014}}
{{Flagicon image|Logo of the Hamza Division.jpg}} Hamza Division
{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Al-Jabal Brigade{{cite web|url= https://www.eremnews.com/news/arab-world/jgf1ru2 | title= المعارضة المسلحة تصل السويداء وتسيطر على مقرات أمنية (فيديو)|date= 6 December 2024|work= Erem news}}
{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Sheikh al-Karama Forces
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Damascus Military Council
{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Revolutionary Commando Army{{cite web|url=http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%E2%80%9C%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9%E2%80%9D-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5.html|title="جيش سوريا الجديد " بحلة جديدة .. "مغاوير الثورة" تشكيل بدعم أمريكي لمحاربة تنظيم الدولة في حمص|last=Shaam.org}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Lions of the East Army
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo
Army of Free Tribes
Ahrar al-Jazeera{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades
Ummah Brigade{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
Syrian Salvation Front{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
Free Zawiya Union
Liwa Sham al-Rasul
Liwa al-Asifa
Gathering of Revolutionaries of Mahajah{{cite web |date=19 June 2018 |title=Military factions announced the formation of a 'gathering of revolutionaries Mahja' Badra |url=https://www.smartnews-agency.com/ar/wires/301648/فصائل-عسكرية-تعلن-تشكيل-تجمع-ثوار-محجة-بدرعا |agency=SMART News Agency}} {{Dead link|date=May 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
Liwa Omar al-Mukhtar
Liwa Muhammad ibn Abdullah
Liwa al-Fatah
404 Lions of Golan Division{{cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1z4MVKMGQM |access-date=24 February 2018 |via=YouTube}}
Brigades and Battalions of the Unification Army
Martyrs of Dignity Brigade
Free Men of Deir Makar Brigade
Norsur Artuz Brigade
Strangers of the Countryside Brigade
Aisha, Mother of Believers, Battalion
Neighbourhoods of Jihad Battalion
Al-Jazeera–Euphrates Liberation Front (FAEL){{cite news|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5716.html |title=Islamists Fighting Kurds in Syria Admit to Turkish Military Support |last=Azizi |first=Bradost |date=6 February 2013 |publisher=Rudaw |access-date=10 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209210918/http://www.rudaw.net/english/news/syria/5716.html |archive-date=9 February 2013 }}
{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} Al-Tawhid Brigade
Free North Brigade{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Qabda al-Shamal Battalion
Imam Ali Battalion{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/badly_xeroxed/status/1034155701000708103|title=The Imam Ali Battalion led by Waled Shagal joined the ranks of #FSA National Liberation Frontpic.twitter.com/5jFwZRWpjS|last=كودي|date=27 August 2018|access-date=6 January 2019}}
Darat Izza Brigade{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Fursan al Jabal Brigade{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Martyr Ibraheem Afesh Battalion
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Alwiya al-Furqan
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic Unity and Liberation Front
Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman Brigade
Victory of Saladin Battalions
Nasr Saladin Brigade
Katibat Mohammed bin Abdullah
Katibat Musaib bin Umair
Katibat Abu Dujana
Katibat Shuhada al-Jamaa Jund al-Rahman
Katibat Ahrar al-Badiyah
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Farouq Brigades
Regiment 777
Omar al-Farouq Brigade
{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} Saladin Ayubi Brigade
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/warring-rebel-groups-abduct-each-others-members-in-syria/|title=Warring Syrian rebel groups abduct each other's members|date=18 May 2013|publisher=Times of Israel|access-date=25 May 2013}}
Victory Brigade{{Cite web|url=http://baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/6772/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8|title=Commander of the Victory Brigade: we will change the balance of forces in northern Aleppo|work=Baladi News|date=1 June 2016|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019084400/https://www.baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/6772/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}
Liwa Ahrar Souriya {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Revolutionary Command Council.svg}} Syrian Revolutionary Command Council{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
5th Corps (Syrian rebel group)
{{flagicon image|Flag of the 101st Division (Syrian rebel group).svg}} 21st Combined Force
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad (green).png}} Fastaqim Union
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Army of Mujahedeen (Syria).png}} Army of Mujahideen{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadist-rebels-mourn-loss-16-fighters-government-forces-advance-aleppo-city/|title=Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=18 July 2016|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=19 July 2016}}{{better source needed|al-Masdar not RS for rebels|date=January 2023}}
Azadî Battalion{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2019/10/13/syrian-kurds-look-to-end-ypg-rule-in-syria |title=Syrian Kurds look to end YPG-rule in Syria |author1=NUR ÖZKAN ERBAY |author2=MUSTAFA KIRIKÇIOĞLU |work=Daily Sabah |date=13 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}
Atarib Martyrs Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Front (Syria).svg}} Islamic Front
{{flagicon image|Logo of Jaysh al-Islam.jpg}} Jaysh al-Islam
Military Council of Damascus and its Suburbs

Kurdish Islamic Front{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Liwa al-Haqq
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces {{small|(from 2012)}}
Syrian National Council {{small|(allied with National Coalition until 2014)}}
Syrian Interim Government {{small|(from 2013)}}
3rd Infantry Division
4th Infantry Division
5th Commando Division
7th Division
11th Division
Liwa Jund al-Rahman
Liwa Chouhada' Deïr ez-Zor
Liwa al-Khadra'
Liwa al-Abbas
Liwa al-Qadisiya
Liwa al-Muhajirin ila Allah
Lions of Al Jazeera
Harakat Abna' al-Islam
Jaysh Al-Tawhid
Kata'ib al-Sa’iqa
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Syrian Revolution General Commission
313th Brigade
{{flagicon image|Logo of the Syrian Islamic Front.svg}} Syrian Islamic Front
{{flagicon image|Ansar al-Sham Logo.png}} Ansar al-Sham{{cite web |url=http://jihadology.net/2017/02/07/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%e1%b9%a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/ |title=New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib Anṣār al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām" |date=7 February 2017 |website=Jihadology |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208214050/http://jihadology.net/2017/02/07/new-statement-from-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham-kataib-an%e1%b9%a3ar-al-sham-joins-hayyat-ta%e1%b8%a5rir-al-sham/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live }}
Fatah Halab{{cite web|url=http://archicivilians.com/2015/06/18/infographic-fatah-halab-military-operations-room-coalition-of-31-rebel-factions-syria/|title=Infographic: 'Fatah Halab' Military Operations Room – Coalition of 31 Rebel factions|publisher=Archicivilians|date=18 June 2015|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627062418/http://archicivilians.com/2015/06/18/infographic-fatah-halab-military-operations-room-coalition-of-31-rebel-factions-syria/|archive-date=27 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}
{{flagicon image|Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg}} Falcons of al-Ghab{{cite news |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2015/05/03/265393/rebel-worry-how-to-control-islamists.html |title=Rebel worry: How to control Islamists if Assad is pushed from northern Syria |agency=The McClatchy Company |last1=Gutman |first1=Roy |last2=Alhamadee |first2=Mousab |date=3 May 2015 |access-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507015126/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2015/05/03/265393/rebel-worry-how-to-control-islamists.html |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}
Liwa al-Haqq
Katibat al-Bara'{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Katibat Saraya al-Furat{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Free Officers Movement
Aleppo Revolutionary Council
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Jaysh Halab
Abu Amara Battalions
Ashida'a Mujahideen Brigade
1st Regiment
Al-Safwa Islamic Battalions
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Jaysh al-Ummah
{{Flagicon image|Green Shahada.png}} Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta.svg}} Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union
Al-Habib al-Mustafa Brigade
16px al-Rahman Legion
Al-Bara Brigade
Glory Brigades
Abu Musa al-Shari Brigade
Liwa Homs al-Adiya
Mashaal Tammo Brigade
Ayad al-Fahri Battalion
25px Mare' Operations Room{{cite web|url=http://archicivilians.com/factions-involved-in-north-aleppos-oppositionsdf-conflict/|title=Factions involved in North Aleppo's Opposition/SDF Conflict|work=Archicivilians|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124513/http://archicivilians.com/factions-involved-in-north-aleppos-oppositionsdf-conflict/|url-status=usurped}}
Repel the Invaders Operations Room
{{flagicon image|Bunyan al-Marsous.png}} Bunyan al-Marsous Operations Room
Close Ranks Operations Room
Triangle of Death Operations Room
Repel the Aggressors Operations Room
{{Flagicon image|Flat mountain sample.svg|border=no}} Itihad Quwat Jabal al-Sheikh
Omar bin al-Khattab Brigade
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} al-Ezz Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag-map of Syria (1946-1958, 1961-1963).svg}} National Front for the Liberation of Syria{{cite web|url=http://eldorar.com/node/113043|title=Free army factions in the south announce the formation of the 'National Front for the Liberation of Syria'|work=El-Dorar al-Shamia|date=22 July 2017}}
Jabhat Ansar al-Islam
Northern Homs Countryside Operation Room
Homs Legion
Ajnad al-Homs
313 Badr Brigade
National Liberation Movement
Men of God Brigade{{cite web|url=https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/04/09/syria-homs-div-liwa-rijal-allah-joins-harakat-tahrir-homs/|title=#Syria, Homs – Div Liwa Rijal Allah joins Harakat Tahrir Homs|date=9 April 2016|access-date=24 February 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://hasanmustafas.wordpress.com/2015/05/08/the-moderate-rebels-a-complete-and-growing-list-of-vetted-groups-fielding-tow-missiles/|title=The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles|date=8 May 2015|access-date=24 February 2018}}
{{flagicon image|Red_flag.svg}} Leon Sedov Brigade{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@badly_xeroxed/the-trotskyist-le%C3%B3n-sedov-brigade-in-the-syrian-revolution-bf6ebf5ae851|title=The Trotskyist León Sedov Brigade in the Syrian Revolution|work=Medium|author=Cody Roche|date=5 December 2017|access-date=8 August 2018|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415040207/https://medium.com/%40badly_xeroxed/the-trotskyist-le%C3%B3n-sedov-brigade-in-the-syrian-revolution-bf6ebf5ae851|url-status=dead}}{{cite web | last=Salvia | first=Mattia | title=Revolutionaries for Hire | website=The Baffler | date=24 July 2018 | url=https://thebaffler.com/latest/revolutionaries-for-hire-salvia | access-date=31 October 2018}}
Harakat al-Qiyam
Sham Liberation Army
Western Qalamoun Union
Levant Liberation Army
Martyr Mohammed Qassem Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.omrandirasat.org/images/M.C.E.UN.P/Territorial%20Control%20Map%20-%20Wadi%20Barada%20Pocket%20-%2004%20Jan%202017.pdf|title=Territorial Control Map - Wadi Barada Pocket|work=Omran Dirasat|date=4 January 2016}}
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Jaysh al-Sham
{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front
23px Ansar al-Sharia
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Ansar al-Khilafah{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/07/ansar_al_khilafah_ex.php|title=Al Nusrah Front and Ansar al Khilafah seize town near Aleppo, execute Syrian soldiers - FDD's Long War Journal|date=27 July 2013|website=www.longwarjournal.org}}
Ansar al-Khilafah of Aleppo{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Ansar al-Khilafah of al-Hasakah{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Fursan al-Joulan
Abdal al-Sham
Al Zabadani Hawks Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hezbollah-saa-capture-wadi-barada/|title=Hezbollah and the SAA Capture Most of Wadi Barada|work=Al-Masdar News|date=21 November 2014|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804062111/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hezbollah-saa-capture-wadi-barada/|url-status=dead}}

{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}}{{flagicon|Turkey}}{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Joint Operations Rooms

Unified Military Council (Idlib)
Azm Unified Command Room{{Cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/220169/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_cc6f23ffb0402f556d3206129ae48d30d3644b72-1627668778-0-gqNtZGzNAeKjcnBszQd6|title = Hours after imposing American sanctions on a Turkish-backed faction | National Army factions integrate into the unified leadership room "Azm" • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights|date = 28 July 2021}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Akhtarin Military Council{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pEjVGO3ges|title=بيان تشكيل المجلس العسكري لمدينة أخترين و ريفها|website=YouTube |date=3 September 2016}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Al-Bab Military Council
{{Flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Tal Rifaat Military Council[https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/06/13/syriatal-rifaat-formation-of-a-unified-military-council-and-political-office-are-formed/] Tal Rifaat formation of a Unified Military Council and Political office are formed
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Qabasin Military Council
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Mare Military Council

{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}}{{flagicon|Turkey}}{{flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Police forces

Free Police{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/turkish-police-video-syria.html|title=Syria's new national security force pledges loyalty to Turkey|date=25 January 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126184727/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/01/turkish-police-video-syria.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}
Special Forces{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-police-idUSKBN1582MF|title=Hundreds of police trained by Turkey start work in northern Syria|date=24 January 2017|work=Reuters}}
Ex-Free East Ghouta Police forces{{cite web |url=https://syriadirect.org/news/hidden-explosives-stunt-movement-frighten-afrin-residents-two-months-into-pro-turkish-rule/ |title=Hidden explosives stunt movement, frighten Afrin residents two months into pro-Turkish rule |author1=Bahira al-Zarier |author2=Justin Clark |author3=Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim |author4=Ammar Hamou |work=SYRIA:direct |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=16 August 2018 }}

Allied armed groups:

Grey Wolves{{cite news|url=http://www.intelligenceonline.com/government-intelligence/2015/12/02/grey-wolves-take-on-black-flag-in-syria,108114266-BRE|title=Grey Wolves take on black flag in Syria|work=Intelligence Online|date=2 December 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/defense/840960|agency=TASS|date=2 December 2015|title=Greek Defense Ministry confirms Russian Su-24M bomber was downed in Syrian airspace}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png|size=22px}} Muslim Brotherhood
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png|size=22px}} Muslim Brotherhood in Syria{{cite web|last=Sherlock|first=Ruth|title=Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9450587/Muslim-Brotherhood-establishes-militia-inside-Syria.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9450587/Muslim-Brotherhood-establishes-militia-inside-Syria.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=3 August 2012 |access-date=21 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}
Shields of the Revolution Council
{{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} Hamas (2012–22){{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-reportedly-training-Syrian-rebels-in-Damascus-308795|title=Military wing of Hamas training Syrian rebels|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=5 April 2013 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.palestinechronicle.com/assad-syria-has-no-relation-at-all-with-hamas/|title=Assad: Syria Has 'No Relation at All' with Hamas |work=Palestine Chronicle|date=19 April 2015 }}{{cite news|agency=Syrian Arab News Agency|title=Terrorist confesses to Hamas's involvement in terror activities in Syria|date=2 October 2015|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=56474}}{{cite news|title=Hamas to restore Syria ties after 10 years of dispute, sources say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-restore-syria-ties-after-10-years-dispute-sources-say-2022-06-21/|date=21 June 2022|access-date=30 September 2024|publisher= Reuters}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis
{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg}} Free Iraqi Army{{cite news|title=INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict|url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203032422/http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2012|work=Middle East Voices (VOA)|date=29 November 2012}}{{cite news|title=Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2012/Nov-10/194594-free-iraqi-army-inspired-by-syria-war.ashx|work=The Daily Star (Lebanon)|date=10 November 2012}}{{cite news|title=Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20417999|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2012}}
Army of Islam (Gaza Strip){{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2019/01/jaysh-al-islam-in-gaza-exclusive-interview |title=Jaysh al-Islam in Gaza: Exclusive Interview |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=25 January 2019 |access-date=13 February 2019}}

{{Flag|Turkey}} {{small|(from 2016)}}

Turkish Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg}} Turkish Land Forces
First Army
7th Commando Brigade
Second Army
1st Commando Brigade
3rd Commando Brigade
4th Commando Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeturk.com/baris-pinari-harekati/haber-1243438|title=SBarış Pınarı Harekatı

|website=Timeturk.com}}

11th Commando Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeturk.com/suriye-sinirina-askeri-sevkiyat/haber-1239602|title=Suriye sınırına askeri sevkiyat|website=Timeturk.com}}
Third Army
57th Commando Battalion[http://www.tgrthaber.com.tr/gundem/tsk-el-baba-onlari-gonderecek-155132 TSK El Bab'a 57. Komando Taburu'nu göndermeye hazırlanıyor] tgrthaber.com.tr
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Turkish_General_Command_of_Gendarmerie.svg}} Gendarmerie General Command{{cite news |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/son-dakika-hendek-avcisi-poh-ler-gundem-2601056/ |title=Son dakika: Hendek avcısı PÖH'ler ve JÖH'ler emir bekliyor! |date=31 January 2018 |work=Milliyet |language=tr |access-date=31 January 2018 }}
{{flagicon image|Jandarma_Özel_Aşayiş_Komutanlığı.jpg}} Gendarmerie Special Public Security Command
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Turkish_General_Command_of_Gendarmerie.svg}} Gendarmerie Special Operations (JÖH)
Village Guards System{{cite web|url=https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/intikal-basladi-afrin-merkezde-onlar-da-catismaya-girecek-turkiye-subat-2018-1|title=İntikal başladı! Afrin merkezde onlar da çatışmaya girecek! – Aydınlık|first=Aydınlık|last=Gazetesi|date=2 December 2018 }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Air Force Command.svg}} Turkish Air Force
{{flagicon image|Seal of the Turkish Navy.svg}} Turkish Naval Forces{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2017/03/01/turkey-deploys-elite-commando-units-in-syria|title=Turkey deploys elite commando units in Syria|first=daily|last=sabah|date=1 March 2017|website=Daily Sabah}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Naval Forces Command.PNG}} SAT
{{flagicon image|Sualtı Savunma logo.gif}} SAS
Marines
General Staff
{{flagicon image|Özel_Kuvvetler_Komutanlığı_Brövesi.png}} Special Forces Command
General Directorate of Security[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ozel-harekat-boyle-ugurlandi-40749906 Özel Harekat böyle uğurlandı] www.hurriyet.com.tr
Police Special Operation Department (PÖH)
National Intelligence Organization (MİT){{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/intelligence-agency-mit-playing-active-role-in-turkeys-afrin-operation-126065 |title=Intelligence agency MİT playing active role in Turkey's Afrin operation |work=Hürriyet Daily News |date=21 January 2018 |access-date=30 January 2018}}{{cite web |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html |title=Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria |author=Fehim Tastekin |work=al-Monitor |date=26 January 2018 |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128223954/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}

{{flag|United States}} (against IS, 2014–2017, and limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)

{{flagicon|United States}} US Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Army.svg}} US Army
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Air Force.svg}} US Air Force{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-02/obama-authorizes-airstrikes-to-defend-syrian-rebels-if-attacked|title=Obama Authorizes Airstrikes to Defend Syrian Rebels If Attacked|work=Bloomberg|date=3 August 2015}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Navy.svg}} US Navy
{{flagicon image|United States Army Special Forces CSIB.svg}} US Army Special Forces

{{flag|United Kingdom}} (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018){{cite news|publisher=CNN|title=US, UK and France launch Syria strikes targeting Assad's chemical weapons|date=14 April 2018|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/13/politics/trump-us-syria/index.html}}

{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} British Armed Forces
{{air force|UK}}

{{flag|France}} (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)

{{flagicon image|Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg}} French Air Force
French Navy

Armament support:

{{flag|Qatar}}{{cite news|last=Schmitt|first=Eric|title=C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/middleeast/cia-said-to-aid-in-steering-arms-to-syrian-rebels.html|work=The New York Times|date=21 June 2012}}{{cite news |author1=Risen, James |author2=Mazzetti, Mark |author3=Schmidt, Michael S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/world/africa/weapons-sent-to-libyan-rebels-with-us-approval-fell-into-islamist-hands.html|title=U.S. approved arms for Libya rebels fell into Jihadis' hands|work=The New York Times|date=5 December 2012|access-date=2 August 2013}}
{{flag|Turkey}}{{cite news|quote=The weapons, including automatic rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, ammunition and some antitank weapons, are being funneled mostly across the Turkish border by way of a shadowy network of intermediaries including Syria's Muslim Brotherhood and paid for by Turkey|work=The New York Times|title=C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition|date=21 June 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/21/world/middleeast/cia-said-to-aid-in-steering-arms-to-syrian-rebels.html}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} (2012–17){{cite web|author=El Deeb, Sarah|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/nation-world/ci_23504307/rivalries-complicate-arms-pipeline-syria-rebels|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003032128/http://www.mercurynews.com/nation-world/ci_23504307/rivalries-complicate-arms-pipeline-syria-rebels|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2013|title=Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels|work=San Jose Mercury News|date=20 June 2013|access-date=24 August 2013}}{{cite news|work=The Guardian|quote=Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria|title=Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria|date=31 August 2017}}
{{flag|France}} (2011–18){{cite news |url=http://www.enca.com/hollande-confirms-french-delivery-arms-syrian-rebels |title=Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels |date=21 August 2014 |access-date=25 January 2015 |work=eNCA |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102217/https://www.enca.com/hollande-confirms-french-delivery-arms-syrian-rebels |url-status=dead }}
{{flag|Netherlands}} (2014–18)
{{flag|Norway}} (2016–18){{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/06/iran-tests-the-us-in-southeastern-syria.php|title=Iran tests the US in southeastern Syria – FDD's Long War Journal|date=3 June 2017|website=longwarjournal.org|access-date=6 January 2019}}
{{flag|United States}} (2011–17){{cite web|author=Hosenball, Mark|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120801|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802002457/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/01/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120801|archive-date=2 August 2012|title=Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for rebels|work=Reuters|date=1 August 2012|access-date=2 August 2013}}{{cite news|author1=Londono, Ernesto |author2=Miller, Greg |name-list-style=amp|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-begins-weapons-delivery-to-syrian-rebels/2013/09/11/9fcf2ed8-1b0c-11e3-a628-7e6dde8f889d_story.html|title=U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=12 September 2013|access-date=13 September 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.svg}} Central Intelligence Agency{{cite news|title=Trump ends covert CIA program to arm anti-Assad rebels in Syria, a move sought by Moscow|date=19 July 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-ends-covert-cia-program-to-arm-anti-assad-rebels-in-syria-a-move-sought-by-moscow/2017/07/19/b6821a62-6beb-11e7-96ab-5f38140b38cc_story.html?wpisrc=al_alert-COMBO-world%252Bnation&wpmk=1|newspaper=The Washington Post}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}} (2011–18){{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/02/british-troops-halt-training-syrian-rebels-world-powers-distance/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/02/british-troops-halt-training-syrian-rebels-world-powers-distance/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=2 September 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=Britain withdraws last of troops training Syrian rebels as world powers distance themselves from opposition}}{{cbignore}}
Secret Intelligence Service (unconfirmed){{cite news|work=London Review of Books|title=The Red Line and the Rat Line

|date=17 April 2014|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n08/seymour-m-hersh/the-red-line-and-the-rat-line|quote="A highly classified annex to the report, not made public [as described by one source, said that] the CIA, with the support of MI6, was responsible for getting arms from Gaddafi's arsenals into Syria...A spokesperson for Petraeus denied the operation ever took place.}}

{{flag|Bahrain}} (2012–16)
{{flag|Jordan}} (2012–17){{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/jordan-ponders-a-change-of-course-on-syria-1.56800|work=The National|title=Jordan ponders a change of course on Syria|date=5 February 2017}}
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} (2012–16){{cite web|title=The Southern Front|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/645|access-date=12 August 2017|publisher=Stanford University}}
{{flag|Libya}}{{cite web|last=Sherlock|first=Ruth|title=Libya's new rulers offer weapons to Syrian rebels|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8917265/Libyas-new-rulers-offer-weapons-to-Syrian-rebels.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8917265/Libyas-new-rulers-offer-weapons-to-Syrian-rebels.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|date=25 November 2011 |access-date=25 May 2014}}{{cbignore}}
{{flag|Egypt}} (2012–13)
{{flag|Israel}} {{cite news|title=Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/in-syria-israel-secretly-armed-and-funded-12-rebel-groups-1.6462729|access-date=2021-01-09|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=Gross|first=Judah Ari|title=IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-chief-acknowledges-long-claimed-weapons-supply-to-syrian-rebels/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}

Support:

{{flag|Canada}} (2012–18){{cite news|title=Canada sent millions to Syrian rebels|url=https://torontosun.com/2013/08/31/canada-sent-millions-to-syrian-rebels/wcm/974c0393-49f1-4b18-b96c-e1419358bfa5|date=31 August 2013|access-date=19 February 2019|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}
{{flag|Germany}} (2012–18){{cite news|title=Germany helping Syria rebels with spy ship intel: paper|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-germany/germany-helping-syria-rebels-with-spy-ship-intel-paper-idUSBRE87I06D20120819|date=19 August 2012|access-date=19 February 2019|work=Reuters}}

----

{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg}} Syrian Salvation Government {{small|(2017–2024)}}

{{flagicon image|InfoboxHTS.svg}} Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham {{small|(from 2017)}}
Jaysh al-Usra
Movement of Mujahideen of the Sunnis of Iran
Army of Umar Ibn Khattab
Army of Abu Bakr as-Sadiq
Army of Uthman ibn Affan
Tawhid and Jihad Battalion
Popular Resistance Companies
Aleppo City Battalion
Red Bands
Al hujra brigade
Dawn of islam brigade
Liwa Moaawiyah Bin Abi Sofyan
Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas Brigades
Bin Al-Walid battalions
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Syrian_Salvation_Government.svg}} Military Operations Command
Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan{{cite web |author=Caleb Weiss |date=18 January 2018 |title=New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/01/new-uighur-jihadist-group-emerges-in-syria.php |access-date=19 January 2018 |work=Long War Journal}}
{{flagicon image|Infobox Ajnad al-Kavkaz flag.png}} Ajnad al-Kavkaz{{cite web|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?tag=ajnad-kavkaz|title=Ajnad Kavkaz – From Chechnya To Syria|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142623/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?tag=ajnad-kavkaz|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=24656|title=Abu Bakr Shishani Now Fighting Alongside Ajnad al-Kavkaz In Latakia|date=9 February 2016|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227094319/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=24656|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Adygea.svg}} Jamaat Jund al-Qawqaz{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Jama'at Ansar al-Haq[http://www.aymennjawad.org/2019/10/jamaat-ansar-al-haq-separation-from-hurras-al-din Jama'at Ansar al-Haq's Separation from Hurras al-Din: Translation and Analysis] aymennjawad.org
{{flagicon image|JunudAlMakhdiFlag.png}} Junud al-Makhdi{{cite web|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25129|title=More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab|date=3 July 2016|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906224306/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25129|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/foreign-jihadists-advertise-role-in-latakia-fighting.php|title=Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting – The Long War Journal|date=11 July 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016}}
Jamaat Bulgar
Jaish al-Shomal al-Islami
Abu Amara Battalions Covert Special Tasks Force{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/|title=Syrian Civil War factions|website=Google Docs}}{{cite web|url=http://www.all4syria.info/Archive/412366|title=With the exception of its leader ... Ajafalh Brigades (Abu Amara) announces its entry for (edit Sham)|work=All4Syria|author=Saeed Jawdat|date=21 May 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/QalaatAlMudiq/status/1030835504621793281|title=#Syria: Abu Amara Special Task Brigade announces the killing of Ahmed Habib, an officer of Military Intelligence in #Masyaf (W. #Hama).pic.twitter.com/urQ39HBUjl|first=Qalaat Al|last=Mudiq|date=18 August 2018|access-date=6 January 2019}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg}} Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Caleb|title=Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/turkistan-islamic-party-in-syria-involved-in-new-idlib-offensive.php|work=Long War Journal|date=23 April 2015}}
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jihad.svg}} Islamic Jihad Union{{cite web|title=UN: Islamic Jihad Union operates in Syria|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/07/un-islamic-jihad-union-operates-in-syria.php|website=Long War Journal|date=31 July 2019}}
Ansar ut-Turkistan{{Cite web|url=https://www.addustour.com/articles/985902?s=6bf6891777437b77a844b0f249facbb4|title=ضمانات أمريكية لتركيا بالتوقف عن تسليح أكراد سوريا|website=جريدة الدستور الاردنية}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mountain of Islam Battalion.svg}} Katibat Jabal al-Islam{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/18251/the-factions-of-north-latakia|title=The Factions of North Latakia|first=Aymenn Jawad|last=Al-Tamimi|website=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|access-date=6 January 2019}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (with Coat of Arms).svg}} Malhama Tactical
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Junud al-Sham
Liwa Usud al-Idlam
{{Flagicon image|Green Shahada.png}} Movement of Salah al-Din the Kurd{{cite web |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2019/08/kurdish-rebels-in-northwest-syria-interview-with |title=Kurdish Rebels in Northwest Syria: Interview with Harakat Salah al-Din al-Kurdi |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=6 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019 }}

Support:

{{flag|Turkey}}{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Turkey sends in jets as Syria's agony spills over every border|date=26 July 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/26/isis-syria-turkey-us?CMP=share_btn_fb}}{{cite news|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/turkey-forces-clash-tahrir-al-sham-syria-border-171008071742937.html|title=Turkey forces clash with Tahrir al-Sham in Syria|date=8 October 2017}}{{cite news|date=31 August 2018|work=Al-Araby Al-Jadeed|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/8/31/erdogan-designates-syrias-tahrir-al-sham-as-terrorist-group|title=Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group ahead of Idlib regime assault}}{{cite news|work=The Daily Beast|title=Turkey's Erdogan Has Grand Plans for al Qaeda's Syrian Spin-Off|date=8 October 2018|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/turkeys-erdogan-has-grand-plans-for-al-qaedas-syrian-spin-off}}
{{flag|Qatar}} (until 2017){{cite news|last=Khalaf|first=Roula|title=How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f2d9bbc8-bdbc-11e2-890a-00144feab7de.html|work=FT Magazine|date=17 May 2013}}{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Kim|title=Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-anti-assad-jihadists-10242747.html|work=The Independent|date=12 May 2015}}{{cite news|last=Porter|first=Gareth|title=Obama's failure on Saudi-Qatari aid to al-Qaeda affiliate|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/obama-s-fail-saudi-qatari-aid-al-qaeda-affiliate-1176814251|work=Middle East Eye|date=23 May 2015}}
{{flag|United States}} (after December 8, 2024){{cite news|last=Strobel|first=Warren|title=U.S. shared secret intelligence with Syria's new leaders|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/01/24/us-syria-intelligence-hts-isis/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=24 January 2015}}

----

Special forces {{small|(against Russia only)}}{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-special-forces-syria-attack-russians-new-war-front-report-2024-6 |title=Ukraine sent special forces to Syria to attack Russians there, revealing a new front to the war |author=Thibault Spirlet |website=www.businessinsider.com |date=2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-12-10}}{{cite web |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/did-ukraine-special-forces-strike-russia-forces-syria |title=Did Ukraine special forces strike Russia forces at a Syrian airbase? |website=www.newarab.com |date=2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-12-10}}{{Cite news |last=Zakharchenko |first=Kateryna |date=3 June 2024 |title=Ukrainian Special Forces and Syrian Rebels Decimate Russian Mercenaries in Syria |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/33695 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Kyiv Post}}
25px Main Directorate of Intelligence{{Cite news |last=Zakharchenko |first=Kateryna |date=31 July 2024 |title=Ukrainian HUR Special Forces Deliver Devastating Strike on Russian Base in Syria |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/36646 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Kyiv Post}}{{Cite news |last=Molinari |first=Maurizio |date=4 May 2024 |title=The Russian Flag on Golan Hights |url=https://www.repubblica.it/editoriali/2024/05/04/news/the_russian_flag_on_golan_hights-422824074/ |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=La Repubblica}}

| valign="top" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} Syrian Democratic Forces

{{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=}} People's Protection Units (YPG)
{{flagicon image|YPG International.svg|border=}} YPG International{{cite web |last1=Seth |first1=Harp |title=The Anarchists vs. the Islamic State |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/american-anarchists-ypg-kurdish-militia-syria-isis-islamic-state-w466069 |publisher=Rolling Stone Magazine |date=14 February 2017 |access-date=29 January 2018}}
{{flagicon image|Red and Black Mutualist Flag.png}}{{flagicon image|Anarchist flag with symbol.svg

}} Western leftist/anarchist YPG volunteers {{flagicon image|Anarchist Feminism flag 3.2 ratio.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag ANTIFA.png}}

Martyr Abid Battalion
Martyr Erdal Brigade
Free Men of the Homeland
American, British and German fighters{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
4th Division of Girê Spî{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
{{flagicon image|YPJ Flag.svg|border=}} Women's Protection Units (YPJ)
Rukan Battalion
Martyr Avesta Xabur Battalion{{Cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/women/women-from-kobane-form-a-battalion-to-support-afrin-24812 |title=Women from Kobane form a battalion to support Afrin |work=ANF News |date=9 February 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018}}
Anti-Terror Units (part of YPG & YPJ)
{{Flagicon|Rojava}} Kurdish Supreme Committee
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Union Party.svg}} Democratic Union Party
{{flagicon image|Flag of Rojava.svg}} Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM)
Kurdish National Council
Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/53884?lang=en|title=The Kurdish PUK's Syria Policy|author=Wladimir van Wilgenburg|work=Carnegie Middle East Center|date=11 December 2013|access-date=21 March 2017}}
Special Forces Regiment{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/part-of-1st-military-regiment-of-special-forces-in-al-tabqa-h2880.html|title=Part of 1st military regiment of Special Forces in al-Tabqa – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar|website=hawarnews.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}
Euphrates Region
Sapper unit{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/video/614109/syrian-democratic-forces-update|title=Syrian Democratic Forces Update|access-date=28 July 2018}}
Shammer tribe militias{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/52aef0e34.html|title=Refworld – Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of al-Sanadid Forces.svg}} Al-Sanadid Forces
Hêzên Komandos
{{flagicon image|Syrian revolution flag.svg}} Syria's Tomorrow Movement{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/02022017|title=3,000 Arab fighters to be deployed under SDF banner for Raqqa battle|work=Rudaw|date=2 February 2017}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Elite Forces (unclear){{cite web|url=http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Hasakah-28-April-2016.jpg|title=South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016|work=agathocledesyracuse.com|date=28 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531055656/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Hasakah-28-April-2016.jpg|archive-date=31 May 2016}}
{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567033-new-rebel-force-battling-isis-in-northeast-syria|title=New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria|first=Albin|last=Szakola|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527154651/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567033-new-rebel-force-battling-isis-in-northeast-syria|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Hasakah-28-April-2016.jpg|title=South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016|work=agathocledesyracuse.com |date=28 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531055656/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Hasakah-28-April-2016.jpg|archive-date=31 May 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567033-new-rebel-force-battling-isis-in-northeast-syria|title=New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria|first=Albin|last=Szakola|access-date=19 June 2016|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527154651/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567033-new-rebel-force-battling-isis-in-northeast-syria|url-status=dead}}
Saadallah al-Jabiri Battalion{{Cite news|url=https://elaph.com/Web/News/2017/3/1140180.html|title=قوات النخبة السورية تدخل مدينة الكرامة معقل داعش|first=بهية |last=مارديني|publisher=Elaph Publishing|website=Elaph|date=26 March 2017}}
25x25px Army of Revolutionaries
{{flagicon image|Roj emblem.svg|border=no}} Kurdish Front
Tel Rifaat Revolutionaries Battalion{{cite news|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/kurds-front-we-will-resist-to-the-last-gasp/|title=Kurds Front: we will resist to the last gasp|agency=Hawar News Agency|date=24 October 2016|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025045629/http://en.hawarnews.com/kurds-front-we-will-resist-to-the-last-gasp/|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}
Shahba Women's Protection Front{{Cite web|url=http://jabhetakrad.com/?p=2477|title=بيان إلى الرأي العام|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223400/http://jabhetakrad.com/?p=2477|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4/|title=تشكيل أول كتيبة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء|agency=Hawar News Agency|language=ar|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181616/http://www.hawarnews.com/%d8%aa%d8%b4%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4/|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Liwa Ahfad Othman
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Harakat al-Fedayeen
Brigade 313 – Free Men of Aqrab
Gathering Homs Revolutionaries
Martyr Qasim Areef Battalion{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/news/sdf-announces-the-launch-of-historic-operation-for-raqqa-20332|title=SDF announces the launch of 'Great Battle' for Raqqa|publisher=ANF News}}
Martyr Yusuf al-Quzhul Company
Division 30 remnants{{cite web|url=http://syriadirect.org/news/15-opposition-groups-in-idlib-aleppo-join-sdf-forces/|title=15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces|work=Syria Direct|date=18 November 2015|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925122913/https://syriadirect.org/news/15-opposition-groups-in-idlib-aleppo-join-sdf-forces/|url-status=dead}}
Seljuk Brigade
Hammam Turkmen Martyrs Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/071120162|title=SDF marching on Raqqa is mix of ethnicities, religions, genders|work=Rudaw|date=7 November 2016}}
al Qa'qa Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%83/|title=Arab fighters: ready to fight until the liberation of all over Syria|work=Hawar News Agency|date=18 December 2015|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009200505/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%83/|archive-date=2017-10-09|url-status=dead}}
Homs Commandos Brigade
99th Infantry Brigade
455th Special Tasks Brigade
Tribal Forces{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/jaysh-al-thuwar-our-operations-against-daesh-terror-continues/|title=Jaysh al-Thuwar: Our operations against Daesh terror continues|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081236/http://en.hawarnews.com/jaysh-al-thuwar-our-operations-against-daesh-terror-continues/|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/great-war-for-the-liberation-of-raqqa-begins/|title=Great War for the liberation of Raqqa begins|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609051250/http://en.hawarnews.com/great-war-for-the-liberation-of-raqqa-begins/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=dead}}
Southern Storm Company
Eagles of the Sunnah Company
Truthful Promise Company
Fighters for Justice Company
Revolutionary Shield Brigade{{cite web|url=https://anfarabic.com/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A-41128|title=Revolutionary Shield declares readiness to respond to the attacks of the Turkish occupation|agency=Firat News Agency|date=27 January 2018}}
{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} Northern Democratic Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%82/|title=Democratic Brigade North: Turkey impede our progress in coordination with Daesh|agency=Hawar News Agency|date=8 September 2016|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009202008/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%82/|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}
Shahba Forces{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hX078qIGIcs|title=Shahba forces|work=RUMAF|date=1 December 2016}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa.svg}} Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
Free Women of Raqqa Battalion{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-thuwar-raqqa-announce-a-womens-battalion-to-fight-isis/|title=Video: Thuwar Raqqa announce a women's battalion to fight ISIS|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos|publisher=al-Masdar News|date=20 October 2016|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917174616/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-thuwar-raqqa-announce-a-womens-battalion-to-fight-isis/|url-status=dead}}{{better source needed|dead link, and al-Masdar not RS for rebels|date=January 2023}}
Brigade Groups of Al-Jazira{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Raqqa Hawks Brigade
Ghanim group{{cite web|url=https://yallasouriya.wordpress.com/2016/09/07/syriaraqqa-suspicious-factions-with-the-pyd/|title=#Syria-Raqqa suspicious factions with the PYD|date=7 September 2016}}
Northern Union{{cite web|url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/4842|title=Would Assad regime Go into on the battle of #Raqqa ?|work=El-Dorar Al-Shamia|date=20 February 2017|access-date=13 March 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
Martyr Tasleem Jimmo Brigade{{Cite web |url=http://en.hawarnews.com/wrath-of-euphrates-fighters-head-for-al-sokeri/ |title=Wrath of Euphrates fighters head for al-Sokeri |access-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512155344/http://en.hawarnews.com/wrath-of-euphrates-fighters-head-for-al-sokeri/ |archive-date=12 May 2017 |url-status=dead | agency=Hawar News Agency | date=20 November 2016 }}{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/fighters-from-all-al-raqqa-clans-participate-in-the-liberation-camiagn/#prettyPhoto|title=Fighters from all al-Raqqa clans participate in the liberation camiagn|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402175418/http://en.hawarnews.com/fighters-from-all-al-raqqa-clans-participate-in-the-liberation-camiagn/#prettyPhoto|archive-date=2 April 2017|url-status=dead}}
{{flagdeco|Syrian Opposition}} Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade
Liwa Jund al-Haramain{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/edit?usp=embed_facebook|title=Syrian Civil War factions|website=Google Docs}}
Raqqa Martyrs Brigade{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/who-is-taking-part-in-ghadab-al-firat-campaign/|title=Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign?|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109061439/http://en.hawarnews.com/who-is-taking-part-in-ghadab-al-firat-campaign/|archive-date=9 November 2016|url-status=dead}}
Raqqa Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-raqqa-idUSKCN1AW1L4|title=Arab fighters struggle to assert role in Raqqa assault|work=Reuters|author=John Davison|date=16 August 2017}}
Jazeera Knights{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/fursan-al-jazira-brigades-join-sdf-ranks/|title=Fursan al-Jazîra Brigades join SDF ranks|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816171327/http://en.hawarnews.com/fursan-al-jazira-brigades-join-sdf-ranks/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
Liwa Owais al-Qorani{{cite tweet |user=Syria_Rebel_Obs|number=795521792412647425|date=6 November 2016|title=EXCLUSIVE SRO – Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago}}
Free Officers Union (unclear){{cite web|url=https://www.baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/25944/|title=بعد تبنيه خارطة "روج آفا".. حسام العواك يعلن استقالته من "قسد" – شبكة بلدي الإعلامية|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181456/https://www.baladi-news.com/ar/news/details/25944/|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/10/hundreds-syrian-rebels-join-kurdish-arab-alliance-sdf/|title=Hundreds of Syrian rebels join the pro-Kurdish SDF alliance|publisher=ARA News|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211342/http://aranews.net/2016/10/hundreds-syrian-rebels-join-kurdish-arab-alliance-sdf/|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.anfenglish.com/kurdistan/colonel-hossam-alawak-leaves-the-fsa-and-joins-the-sdf|title=Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê|publisher=ANF|date=13 October 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222161549/http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/colonel-hossam-alawak-leaves-the-fsa-and-joins-the-sdf|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Jaysh al-Salam
Liberation Brigade
Tell Abyad Revolutionaries Brigade
Free Raqqa Brigade
Free Tabqa Brigade{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/what-platoons-are-participating-in-freeing-raqqa-campaign/|title=What platoons are participating in freeing Raqqa campaign?|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813173209/http://en.hawarnews.com/what-platoons-are-participating-in-freeing-raqqa-campaign/|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=dead}}
Liwa Umana al-Raqqa
Harun al-Rashid Brigade
Euphrates Volcano
{{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Dawn of Freedom Brigades{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/profile-tajammu-alwiya-fajr-al-hurriya/|title=The Dawn of Freedom Brigades: Analysis and Interview|date=2 October 2014|publisher=Syria Comment|access-date=6 October 2014}}
{{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Retribution Army
{{flagicon|Syria|1932}} Jarabulus Company{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/factions-kobani-ayn-al-arab/|title=The Factions of Kobani (Ayn al-Arab)|publisher=Syria Comment|date=21 November 2014|access-date=25 November 2014}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad (green).png}} Jihad in the Path of God Brigade
Northern Brigade faction{{cite web|url=https://www.ypgrojava.org/Former-Euphrates-Shield-group-joined-SDF|title=Former Euphrates Shield group joined SDF|work=YPG|date=4 September 2017|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910082636/https://www.ypgrojava.org/Former-Euphrates-Shield-group-joined-SDF|url-status=dead}}
Al-Bab Revolutionary Front
Qebasîn Martyrs Brigade
Al-Bab Countryside Martyrs Battalion
Free Arima Battalion
Martyr Silo al-Rai Brigade
Kieba Martyrs Brigade
Sireen Military Council
Ashrafieh Liberation Forces
Sheikh maqsoud Liberation Forces
{{flagicon image|Gozartoflag.svg}} Syriac Union Party
{{flagicon image|Gozartoflag.svg}} Syriac-Assyrian Military Council{{cite web |author=MFS Media Center |title=بيان تأسيس المجلس العسكري السرياني الاشوري ، إتحاد MFS و MNK |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-RDapHwhG8 |via=YouTube |access-date=10 July 2019 |date=7 July 2019}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/tr/haber/suryani-askeri-meclisi-sozcusu-guclerimiz-halkinin-buyuk-destegi-ile-kuruldu-h35776.html|title=Süryani Askeri Meclisi Sözcüsü: Güçlerimiz halkının büyük desteği ile kuruldu - Hawarnews Türkçe Sayfası|website=www.hawarnews.com}}
{{flagicon image|MFS infobox flag.png}} Syriac Military Council (MFS)
{{flagicon image|HSNB infobox flag.gif}} Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces{{cite web|url=http://bianet.org/english/women/167293-bethnahrin-women-protection-forces-founded-against-isis |title=Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces Founded against ISIS|access-date=19 June 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://aina.org/news/20151219152717.htm|title=Assyrian Female Fighters Joined Battlefronts Against ISIS in Northeastern Syria|access-date=19 June 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://links.org.au/node/4503|title=The revolutionaries of Bethnahrin: cooperation between Christians and Kurds – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal|access-date=19 June 2016}}
Special Forces unit{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SyriacMFS/status/1056825627830112257|title=#Syriac Military Council, MFS also is sending special forces as reinforcements with the SDF amid ongoing hard battle against ISIS in the various fronts in the Deir ez Zor region for the total liberation of the area and safety of the population with @coalition & @CENTCOM.pic.twitter.com/qbQlPVeZnZ|last=SyriacMilitaryMFS|date=29 October 2018|access-date=6 January 2019}}
International volunteers{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/contents/afp/2017/06/syria-conflict-raqa-christians.html|title=Rosaries and rifles: Syria Christians take on IS in Raqa|author=Agence France-Presse|author-link=Agence France-Presse|work=al-Monitor|date=29 June 2017|access-date=2 July 2017}}
Ashur Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of Assyria.svg}} Khabour Guards
Martyr Joel Hanna
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Assyrians.svg}} Nattoreh
Martyr Amara Arab Women's Battalion{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2017/07/sdf-creates-female-arab-battalion-eastern-syria-fight-patriarchy-isis/|title=SDF creates female Arab battalion in eastern Syria to fight patriarchy and ISIS|date=11 July 2017|publisher=ARA News|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713213958/http://aranews.net/2017/07/sdf-creates-female-arab-battalion-eastern-syria-fight-patriarchy-isis/|archive-date=13 July 2017|url-status=dead}}
Jazira Region Young Women's Union volunteers{{cite web |url=https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/members-of-jazira-young-women-s-union-join-resistance-in-ain-issa-49250 |title= Members of Jazira Young Women's Union join resistance in Ain Issa |work=ANF News |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=14 January 2021}}
Euphrates Region Young Women Union volunteers{{cite web |url=https://anfenglish.com/rojava-syria/young-women-join-the-sdf-to-defend-their-land-48861 |title=Young women join the SDF to defend their land |work=ANF News |date=24 December 2020 |access-date=14 January 2021}}
Battalion of Karachok Martyrs{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/rojava/first-ycr-battalion-formed-in-efrin-20928|title=First YCR battalion formed in Efrîn|publisher=ANF News}}
al-Shaitat tribe militias{{cite web|url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/13416.html|title=400 Sheitat tribesmen joined U.S.-backed alliance to fight ISIS: sources|date=7 January 2016|publisher=Syria News|access-date=10 February 2016}}
Badia Hawks Brigade{{cite news|url=http://aranews.net/2016/06/kurdish-led-sdf-attracts-arab-fighters-syrias-deir-ez-zor-amid-growing-anti-isis-campaign/|title=Kurdish-led SDF attracts more Arab fighters in Syria's Deir ez-Zor amid growing anti-ISIS campaign|agency=ARA News|date=24 June 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214143148/http://aranews.net/2016/06/kurdish-led-sdf-attracts-arab-fighters-syrias-deir-ez-zor-amid-growing-anti-isis-campaign/|archive-date=14 December 2017|url-status=dead}}
Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade
Revolutionary Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1120|title=Objectives of New SDF-Led militias in the city of Afrin|work=Al-Dorar al-Shamia|date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023140432/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/1120|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=dead}}
Brigade for the Liberation of Idlib and Afrin{{Cite web|url=http://www.shaam.org/news/syria-news/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.html|title=بعد "لواء ثوار إدلب" "قسد" تشكل "لواء تحرير إدلب وعفرين" ...!!|website=shaam.org}}
Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdstreet.com/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1/|title=A leader in the 'Idlib revolutionaries' to Kurd Street network: the problems of tenderness behind Turkey .. The arrival of the Arab delegation to Kobani is to support border guards|work=Kurd Street|date=2 June 2018 |author1=Admin }}
Wrath of Olives{{cite web |url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/c598314c-abb4-4468-a0a0-66e336661b32 |title=YPG rejects involvement in attacks by mysterious groups in Afrin |author=Wladimir van Wilgenburg |work=Kurdistan 24 |date=22 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018}}
Afrin Liberation Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/afrin-liberation-forces-carried-out-2-operations-in-afrin-h5687.html|title=Afrin Liberation Forces carried out 2 operations in Afrin – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar|website=hawarnews.com|access-date=6 January 2019}}
Afrin Falcons
Harabiyya tribe militias{{cite web|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402233938/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province|archive-date=2 April 2015|title=The Battle for Syria's Al-Hasakah Province – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|date=24 October 2013}}
Ajeel tribe militias{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%82%D9%88/|title=The Ajeel tribe in Raqqa announces its support for the SDF, sends hundreds of fighters to join SDF ranks, and denies allegations that it is opposed to the SDF|agency=Hawar News Agency|date=31 March 2017|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151904/http://www.hawarnews.com/%d8%b9%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ac%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%ae%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%b4%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af-%d9%82%d9%88/|archive-date=26 April 2017|url-status=dead}}
Al-Baggara tribe militias
Zubayd tribe militias{{cite web|last=Heras|first=Nicholas|title=The battle for Syria's al-Hasakah province|url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402233938/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-battle-for-syrias-al-hasakah-province|archive-date=2 April 2015|work=Combating Terrorism Center|date=24 October 2013|access-date=17 February 2014}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} SDF Military Councils

{{Flagicon image|Infobox Manbij Military Council flag.png}} Manbij Military Council
Northern Sun Battalion
Euphrates Brigades
Soldiers of the Two Holy Mosques Brigade
Euphrates Martyrs Brigade
Dam Martyrs Brigade
Al-Qusais Brigade
Manbij Turkmen Brigade
Euphrates Liberation Brigade{{cite web|url=http://aranews.org/2016/10/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AC/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004154855/http://aranews.org/2016/10/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AC/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2016|title=Join the banner of liberalization of the Euphrates to the Military Council in Aleppo Manbej|publisher=ARA News|date=2 October 2016}}
Manbij Hawks Brigade
{{flagicon image|Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion flag.png}} Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion
Martyr Adnan Abu Amjad Regiment
Martyr Abdo Dushka Regiment
{{flagicon image|Infobox al-Bab Military Council.png}} al-Bab Military Council
{{flagicon image|Infobox al-Bab Military Council.png}} Female Battalion{{cite news|url=http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/|title=Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion|agency=ARA News|date=1 November 2016|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105234328/http://aranews.net/2016/11/inspired-kurdish-ypj-units-al-bab-military-council-launches-female-battalion-fight-isis/|archive-date=5 November 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Infobox Jarabulus Military Council.png}} Jarabulus Military Council{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/jarablus-military-council-warns-the-turkish-state|title=ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê|access-date=1 September 2016}}
Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Martyr Yusuf al-Jader Battalion
Euphrates Shield Battalion
Jarabulus Knights Battalion
Martyr Zaki Jader Brigade
Instructor Jader Brigade
Juma al-Jader Brigade
Gwadar Martyrs Brigade
Jarabulus Armoured Battalion
Jarabulus Hawks Battalion{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Free Jarabulus Battalion{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Deir ez-Zor Military Council{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/17022017|title=Next phase of SDF Raqqa operation sees alliance with Deir ez-Zur Military Council|work=Rudaw|date=17 February 2017}}
Gathering of al-Baggara Youth
Khabat al-Sha'iti Battalion{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2018/09/hajin-in-deir-az-zor-interview |title=Hajin in Deir az-Zor: Interview |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |date=28 September 2018 |access-date=20 February 2019}}
Hajin battalion
DZMC military units{{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Mohammed |date=9 September 2023 |title=Deir ez-Zor torn between Arab tribes' struggle for independence and the SDF's efforts to subdue them |work=Middle East Institute |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/deir-ez-zor-torn-between-arab-tribes-struggle-independence-and-sdfs-efforts-subdue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910044730/https://www.mei.edu/publications/deir-ez-zor-torn-between-arab-tribes-struggle-independence-and-sdfs-efforts-subdue |archive-date=10 September 2023}}
Local tribal forces
{{flagicon image|RasAlAyn_MC_infobox_flag.png|border=}} Serê Kaniyê Military Council{{cite news |last1=ÇAKSU |first1=ERSİN |title=Not a single house captured by the enemy in Serekaniye |url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/not-a-single-house-captured-by-the-enemy-in-serekaniye-38276 |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=ANF News |date=11 October 2019 |language=en}}
Ayn Issa Military Council{{cite web |url=https://syrianobserver.com/EN/news/62376/russia-propositions-sdf-in-ayn-issa.html |title=Russia Propositions SDF in Ayn Issa |work=ASHARQ AL-AWSAT |date=8 December 2020 |access-date=25 December 2020}}
Martyr Ilan Kobanê Brigade
Martyr Adel Manbij Brigade
Thuwar Tal Abyad
Annaba Clan Volunteers
Tal Abyad Military Council{{cite news |title=Tal Abyad Military Council: It is our duty to protect our people if Turkey violates the agreement |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/tal-abyad-military-council-it-is-our-duty-to-protect-our-people-if-turkey-violates-the-agreement-h11839.html |work=Hawar News |date=7 October 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}
Qamishli Military Council{{cite news |title=Qamishlo bid farewell to its four martyrs |url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/qamishlo-bid-farewell-to-its-four-martyrs-38329 |work=ANF News |date=12 October 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}
Raqqa Military Council{{cite news |title=SDF fighter Ismail Hisên laid to rest |url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/sdf-fighter-ismail-hisen-laid-to-rest-39957 |work=ANF News |date=9 December 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}
Hasakah Military Council{{cite news |title=Six SDF martyrs laid to rest in Heseke |url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/six-sdf-martyrs-laid-to-rest-in-heseke-39331 |work=ANF News |date=15 November 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}
Al-Shaddadi Military Council{{cite news |title= Emotional farewell ceremony for 8 SDF martyrs in Şedadê |url=https://anfenglishmobile.com/rojava-syria/emotional-farewell-ceremony-for-8-sdf-martyrs-in-Sedade-39211 |work=ANF News |date=28 November 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=300 fighters join to al-Shadadi Military Council after declaring general alarm by clans' notables |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/haber/300-fighters-join-to-al-shadadi-military-council-after-declaring-general-alarm-by-clans-notables-h12089.html |work=Hawar News |date=13 October 2019| access-date =11 December 2019 |language=en}}
Suwayda Military Council
Faithful Ali bin Abi Talib Forces
Nabi Shuaib Forces
Bayraq Suleiman Bin Daoud Forces

{{flagicon|Democratic Federation of Northern Syria}} Police forces

Northern Syria Internal Security Forces
{{flagicon image|Asayish infobox flag.png}} Asayish{{cite web|author=Glioti, Andrea|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/pyd-pkk-syria-kurdistan.html|title=Kurdish group gaining autonomy in northern Syria|work=Al-Monitor|date=7 May 2013|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121071442/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/pyd-pkk-syria-kurdistan.html|archive-date=21 November 2013|url-status=dead}}
Anti-Terror Forces (HAT SWAT units){{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/second-hat-course-members-graduate/|title=Second HAT course members graduate|agency=Hawar News Agency|access-date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306122240/http://en.hawarnews.com/second-hat-course-members-graduate/|archive-date=6 March 2017|url-status=dead}}
Manbij Internal Security Forces
Quick Reaction Force unit{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SOJTFOIR/status/1051900051566600193|title=A Manbij Military Council Quick Reaction Force member role plays as a casualty treated during a medical skills assessment in #Manbij, #Syria. The #MMC-QRF works with @Coalition advisors to enhance their medical skills. @shervanderwish @cjtfoirpic.twitter.com/fJ4Ijjo5xY|first=Special Ops Joint Task|last=Force-OIR (Iraq/Syria)|date=15 October 2018|access-date=6 January 2019}}
Raqqa Internal Security Forces{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/anti-coalition-trains-policemen-syrias-raqqa|title=Anti-IS coalition trains policemen for Syria's Raqqa|website=Middle East Eye}}
Quick Reaction Force unit{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OIRSpox/status/943461079623008256|title=Raqqah Internal Security Force troops help one other adjust protective vests & fit helmets during the 2nd week of Quick Reaction Force training. The 3K-strong RISF are responsible for securing Raqqah, Tabqah & surrounding areas from any ISIS resurgence #defeatDaeshpic.twitter.com/xL2YyPDx0E|author=O. I. R. Spokesman|via=Twitter|access-date=24 February 2018}}
Deir ez-Zor Internal Security Forces{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/en/haber/internal-security-forces-in-deir-ez-zor-graduated-new-course-h6196.html|title=Internal Security Forces in Deir ez-Zor graduated new course – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar|website=hawarnews.com|access-date=18 March 2019}}
Quick Reaction Force unit
Sutoro{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article121122500/Die-Christen-in-Syrien-ziehen-in-die-Schlacht.html|title=Die Welt: Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht|date=23 October 2013|access-date= 18 November 2013|work=Die Welt |language=de}}
Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces police branch

{{flagicon|Democratic Federation of Northern Syria}} Civilian defence units

{{flagicon image|Infobox_HXP.svg|border=}} Self-Defense Forces (HXP){{cite web|author=Rudaw|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/04062015|title=Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits|work=Rudaw|date=6 April 2015|access-date=22 June 2015}}
Military Discipline Units
Special Forces{{cite news|url=https://twitter.com/Rojava_News_/status/867030742731284481|title=Third batch of Special Forces consisting of 60 fighters graduate in the Self Defence Forces of Rojava, Efrîn canton.@Liveuamappic.twitter.com/OXxQuMrT4x|agency=Rojava News|date=23 May 2017|via=Twitter}}{{Self-published inline|date=January 2023}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Civilian Defense Force.svg|border=}} Civilian Defense Force (HPC){{cite web|url=http://modernslavery.calpress.org/?p=949|title=Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC)|publisher=Modern Slavery|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818045008/http://modernslavery.calpress.org/?p=949|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
Syrian Border Security Force (BSF){{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2018/01/13/syria-border-security-force-sdf-coalition/|title=Coalition and SDF are training a 30,000-strong Syrian border force|date=13 January 2018|work=The Defense Post|access-date=24 February 2018}}{{Cite web |url=https://hosted.ap.org/republicanherald/article/b6777e9046454f84b457a6397972e6a2/us-ups-border-training-syria-prevent-resurgence |date=December 22, 2017 |title=US Ups Border Training In Syria To Prevent IS Resurgence |first=Lolita C. |last=Baldor |agency=Associated Press |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073915/https://hosted.ap.org/republicanherald/article/b6777e9046454f84b457a6397972e6a2/us-ups-border-training-syria-prevent-resurgence |archive-date=14 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}

Allied armed groups:

{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} Kurdistan Workers' Party
{{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}} People's Defence Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of YJA-Star.svg|border=}} Free Women's Units
{{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Revolutionary Faction.svg}} People's Liberation Faction
International Freedom Battalion{{cite news|title=Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/07/07/inenglish/1436256819_819192.html|access-date=19 January 2016|work=EL PAÍS|date=7 July 2015}}
{{flagicon image|MLKP Banner.svg}} MLKP{{cite news|last1=Demir|first1=Arzu|title=Preparations for international brigade in Rojava|url=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/preparations-for-international-brigade-in-rojava.htm|access-date=11 February 2015|agency=Firat News Agency|date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211120154/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/preparations-for-international-brigade-in-rojava.htm|archive-date=11 February 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/mlkp-fighter-we-will-be-at-the-front-until-sinjar-is-liberated.htm|title=MLKP fighter: We will be at the front until Sinjar is liberated|date=29 December 2014|agency=Firat News Agency|access-date=11 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128055019/http://en.firatnews.com/news/news/mlkp-fighter-we-will-be-at-the-front-until-sinjar-is-liberated.htm|archive-date=28 January 2015}}
Martyr Serkan Battalion
{{flagicon image|Flag of Communist Party of Turkey-Marxist–Leninist.svg}} TKP/TIKKO
{{flagicon image|Flag of TiKKO.svg}} Turkey Workers and Peasants Liberation Army
{{flagicon image|MKP-FLAG.svg}} MKP
{{flagicon image|Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri (United Freedom Forces) flag.svg}} United Freedom Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of MLSPB-Devrim Cephesi.svg}} THKP-C/MLSPB{{cite web|url=http://tr.hawarnews.com/alper-cakas-enternasyonalist-ozgurluk-taburu-kuruldu/|title=Alper Çakas Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu|date=29 October 2015|agency=Hawar News Agency|language=tr|access-date=25 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614073420/http://tr.hawarnews.com/alper-cakas-enternasyonalist-ozgurluk-taburu-kuruldu/|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|DKP Flag.svg}} DKP/BOG{{cite news|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/f/communist-volunteers-fighting-turkish-invasion-syria |title=The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria |date=31 October 2019 |work=Morning Star |access-date=1 November 2019}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary Party of Turkey.svg}} Türkiye Devrim Partisi
{{flagicon image|Sosyal Isyan banner1.svg}} Sosyal İsyan{{cite web|title=Anarquistas en Rojava|url=http://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163842/https://325.nostate.net/tag/sosyal-isyan-social-rebellion/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava|language=tr|url=http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140718/http://sosyalsavas.org/2015/02/rojava-ve-kobanedeki-yeniden-insaa-surecinde-anarsist-ve-ekolojist-gerillalar/|archive-date=14 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Kadın Özgürlük Gücü (Women's Liberation Forces) flag.svg}} Kadın Özgürlük Gücü
{{flagicon image|Flag of Devrimci Karargâh.svg}} Devrimci Karargâh
Aziz Güler Özgürlük Gücü Milis Örgütü{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Kader Ortakaya Timi{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Kızılbaş Timi{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Mahir Arpaçay Devrimci Savaş Okulu{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Necdet Adalı Müfrezesi{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Spartaküs Timi{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Şehit Bedreddin Taburu{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi{{cite web|title=EÖC - Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi / Avrupa İnisiyatifi|url=http://www.eoc-avrupa.org/|website=EÖC - EMEK VE ÖZGÜRLÜK CEPHESİ/AVRUPA İNİSİYATİFİ|access-date=28 July 2017|language=tr-TR|archive-date=28 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728084249/http://www.eoc-avrupa.org/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi/Avrupa İnisiyatifi|url=https://www.facebook.com/EmekveOzgurlukCephesiAvrupaInisiyatifi/photos/a.144613588931855.28499.144311905628690/1312903488769520/?type=3&theater|website=Official Facebook page of EÖC|access-date=28 July 2017|language=en}}
Martyr Mahir Arpaçay Battalion{{cite web|url=http://www.etha.com.tr/Haber/2016/06/28/guncel/bog-savascisi-eylem-atas-minbicte-sehit-dustu/|title=BÖG savaşçısı Eylem Ataş Minbic'te şehit düştü|publisher=Etkin Haber Ajansı|date=28 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009213015/http://www.etha.com.tr/Haber/2016/06/28/guncel/bog-savascisi-eylem-atas-minbicte-sehit-dustu/|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Reconstrucción Comunista RC flag.svg}} PML (RC){{cite news|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2015/07/06/actualidad/1436194581_129462.html|title=Detenidos dos comunistas españoles que lucharon contra el Estado Islámico|first=Jorge A.|last=Rodríguez|newspaper=El País|date=7 July 2015}}
{{flagicon image|TKEP-L Flag.svg}} TKEP/L
{{flagicon image|DKP-BIRLIK flag.svg}} Revolutionary Communard Party/Birlik
{{flagicon image|RUIS Flag.svg}} RUIS{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2017/05/29/greek-anarchists-vow-to-implement-warfare-methods-they-learned-from-pyd-terrorists-in-syria|title=Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria|first=daily|last=sabah|date=29 May 2017|website=Daily Sabah}}
{{flagicon image|IRPGF Flag.svg}} IRPGF
{{flagicon image|TQILA Flag.svg}} TQILA{{cite magazine|last1=Moore|first1=Jack|title=FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION|url=http://www.newsweek.com/first-lgbt-unit-created-fight-isis-syria-its-name-queer-insurrection-641148|access-date=25 July 2017|magazine=Newsweek|date=25 July 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Kentish|first1=Ben|title='The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/queer-insurrection-isis-lgbt-unit-gay-islamic-state-fight-forces-coalition-syria-middle-east-a7858651.html|access-date=25 July 2017|newspaper=The Independent|date=25 July 2017}}
{{flagicon image|Logo_of_Antifascist_Forces_in_Afrin.svg}} Michael Israel Brigade{{cite web|first=Matteo|last=Puxton|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/syrie-brigade-michael-israel-des-volontaires-antifasciste-contre-armee-turque|title=Syrie - Brigade Michael Israel: des volontaires antifascistes contre l'armée turque|work=France-Soir|date=16 May 2018|access-date=24 May 2021}}
{{flagicon image|Tekosina_Anarsist_Flag.svg}} Anarchist Struggle{{cite web|title=Collective Announced in Rojava: Tekoşîna Anarşîst|url=https://www.amwenglish.com/articles/militant-anarchist-collective-announced-in-rojava-tekosina-anarsist/|publisher=AMW English|date=10 January 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115134102/https://www.amwenglish.com/articles/militant-anarchist-collective-announced-in-rojava-tekosina-anarsist/|url-status=usurped}}{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TA_Anarsist/status/1083721746069495808|title=We have been active in the final push against ISIS. TA has been attaching to a local YPG unit and doing rotations with them to the front. Tomorrow another group of our hevals will again go to DeirZor. We wish them the best of luck! Serkeftin!pic.twitter.com/BaClx5PpgQ|first=Tekoşîna|last=Anarşîst|date=11 January 2019|access-date=18 March 2019}}
{{flagicon image|Rojava anarchists flag.svg}} Henri Krasucki Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/09/28/depuis-la-syrie-le-soutien-de-la-brigade-krasucki-aux-salaries-d-air-france_1513256/|title=Depuis la Syrie, le soutien de la "brigade Krasucki" aux salariés d'Air France|website=Libération}}
{{flagicon image|Bob Crow Brigade flag.svg}} Bob Crow Brigade
Revolutionary Anarchist Action (DAF)
No Surrender Motorcycle Club{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/10/badass-dutch-biker-gang-fighting-isis-in-iraq.html|title=Badass Dutch Biker Gang Fighting ISIS in Iraq|website=Intelligencer|date=14 October 2014 }}
Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/rojava-northern-syria/hbdh-announces-revolutionaries-who-lost-their-lives-in-afrin-26584 |title=HBDH announces revolutionaries who lost their lives in Afrin |work=ANF News |date=10 May 2018 |access-date=17 February 2019}}
20px Anti-Turkish insurgents in Afrin District
{{Flagicon image|Yezidi_Flag_SVG.svg}} Sinjar Alliance
{{Flagicon image|Flag of YBŞ.svg|border=no}} Sinjar Resistance Units
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Sinjar Womens Units.svg|border=no}} Êzîdxan Women's Units
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kurdistan Freedom Party.png}} Kurdistan Freedom Party{{cite news|url=https://www.ypgrojava.org/Martyr-Mam-Hejar-is-the-slogan-of-unity-for-Kurdish-people|title=Martyr Mam Hejar is the slogan of unity for Kurdish people|work=YPG Rojava|date=26 February 2017|access-date=16 March 2017|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010095910/https://www.ypgrojava.org/Martyr-Mam-Hejar-is-the-slogan-of-unity-for-Kurdish-people/|url-status=dead}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} Iraqi Kurdistan

{{flagdeco|Kurdistan}} Peshmerga
{{flagicon image|Flag of KDP.png}} KDP Peshmerga
{{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} PUK Peshmerga
Counterterrorism Group{{cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/77726/kurdistans-counter-terrorist-group-assault-taqba-dam-syria/|title=Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria? – SOFREP|date=23 March 2017}}
{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2014/10/first-unit-peshmerga-enters-kobane/ |title=First unit of Peshmerga enters Kobane |publisher=ARA News |date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093944/http://aranews.net/2014/10/first-unit-peshmerga-enters-kobane/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/world-affairs/siege-of-kobane/article6461128.ece|title=Siege of Kobane|author=Vijay Prashad|work=Frontline}}

{{IRQ}} (until 20 November 2018)

{{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Iraq.svg|size=22px|border=}} Iraqi Armed Forces ( – 20 May November 2018)
{{army|Iraq}} ( – 20 June November 2018){{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-backed-syrian-forces-iraqi-army-islamic-state-key-border-town/4460720.html|title=SDF, Iraqis Defend Syrian Border Town from IS|publisher=Voice of America|date=29 June 2018}}
Counter Terrorism Service
{{flagicon|Iraq}} Iraqi Security Forces

Armament support:

{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} Iraqi Kurdistan
{{flagicon image|Flag of KDP.png}} Kurdistan Democratic Party{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-kurds-idUSBRE9AC14C20131113?irpc=932|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114002747/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/13/us-syria-kurds-idUSBRE9AC14C20131113?irpc=932|archive-date=14 November 2013|title=Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists|last=Irish|first=John|date=13 November 2013|work=Reuters|access-date=13 November 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.png}} Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
{{flag|France}}{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/france-will-keep-delivering-arms-to-kurdish-syrian-rebels-to-fight-islamic-state-group/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044603/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/10/15/france-will-keep-delivering-arms-to-kurdish-syrian-rebels-to-fight-islamic|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group|url-status=live|publisher=Fox News Channel}}
{{flag|United States}}{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/us-arm-syria-kurds-rebels-isis.html|title=US to arm Syrian Kurds, rebel groups fighting IS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622154632/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/us-arm-syria-kurds-rebels-isis.html|archive-date=22 June 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flag|Russia}} (sometimes){{cite news|title=Rusya YPG'ye silah indirdi|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/dunya/2015/11/30/rusya-ypgye-silah-indirdi|work=Sabah|date=30 November 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/russia-resumes-dropping-ammunition-to-pyd-2350488|work=Yeni Safak|title=Russia resumes dropping ammunition to PYD|date=2 December 2015|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204145308/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/russia-resumes-dropping-ammunition-to-pyd-2350488|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}{{cite news|work=Middle East Monitor|title=Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria|date=22 November 2018|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181122-saudi-arabia-uae-send-troops-to-support-kurds-in-syria/|quote=the forces will be stationed with US-led coalition troops and will support its tasks with ... heavy and light weapons.}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} (from 2018){{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|title=U.S. Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria|date=16 April 2018|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-seeks-arab-force-and-funding-for-syria-1523927888|quote=Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting}}{{cite news|date=30 May 2018|work=Daily Sabah|title=Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2018/05/30/saudi-arabia-in-talks-with-ypg-to-form-new-force}}
{{flag|Italy}}{{cite news |title=Soldati italiani in Siria? Arriva la smentita, ma... |url=http://www.lanuovabq.it/it/soldati-italiani-in-siria-arriva-la-smentita-ma |access-date=11 June 2018 |language=it}}
{{flag icon|Syria|1980}} Syria (sometimes; until 2024){{cite news|first=Luke|last=Coleman|url=http://basnews.com/en/news/2015/03/05/we-armed-kurds/|title=Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition|work=basnews.com|date=5 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403014709/http://basnews.com/en/news/2015/03/05/we-armed-kurds/|archive-date=3 April 2015}}{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-president-bashar-alassad-accused-of-arming-kurdish-separatists-for-attacks-against-turkish-government-8026990.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812012854/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-president-bashar-alassad-accused-of-arming-kurdish-separatists-for-attacks-against-turkish-government-8026990.html|archive-date=12 August 2012|title=Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government|work=The Independent}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2015/04/20/assad-regime-says-it-will-continue-to-provide-weaponry-money-to-kurds|title=Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds|date=20 April 2015|work=DailySabah}}{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/syria-regime-kurds-join-fight-hasakeh-070536892.html?ref=gs|title=Syria regime, Kurds join to fight IS in Hasakeh|date=20 July 2015|work=Yahoo News|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143157/https://www.yahoo.com/news/syria-regime-kurds-join-fight-hasakeh-070536892.html?ref=gs|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2014/10/141029_suriye_esad_kurtler|title=Esad yönetimi ve Kürtler birbirine nasıl bakıyor?|work=BBC Türkçe|date=31 October 2014|access-date=16 January 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.sozialismus.info/2015/08/rojava-pyd-fuehrer-fuer-buendnis-mit-assad/|title=Rojava: PYD-Führer für Bündnis mit Assad|date=19 August 2015 |access-date=19 June 2016}}

----

23px CJTF-OIR (against IS)

{{flag|United States}}{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/us-airstrikes-syria/story?id=25686031|title=Airstrikes 'Successful' Against ISIS Targets in Syria, US Military Says|publisher=American Broadcasting Company}} (also supported SDF in clashes with pro-government forces, 2017–present)
{{flagicon|USA}} US Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Army.svg}} US Army
{{flagicon image|United States Army Special Forces CSIB.svg}} US Army Special Forces
Delta Force{{cite news|title=US special forces carry out secret ground raid against Isil in Syria, 'killing at least 25 jihadists'|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/09/us-special-forces-carry-ground-raid-against-isil/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/09/us-special-forces-carry-ground-raid-against-isil/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|year=2017}}{{cbignore}}
18px XVIII Airborne Corps
18px 82nd Airborne Division
18px 101st Airborne Division
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Air Force.svg}} US Air Force
United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/04/25/this-video-gives-a-glimpse-of-what-u-s-special-operations-forces-are-doing-in-syria/|title=A breakdown of some of the gear U.S. Special Operations forces are using in Syria|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=25 April 2016}}
20px United States Air Force Combat Control Team{{cite web|url=https://www.limacharlienews.com/op-ed/trumps-middle-eastern-war-a-bay-of-pigs-in-the-making/|title=Trump's Middle Eastern War, A Bay of Pigs in the making|author=John Sjoholm|publisher=Lima Charlie|date=8 February 2017|access-date=8 March 2017}}
20px 9th Bomb Squadron{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-WB-53105 |title=B-1 Pilots Describe Bombing Campaign Against ISIS in Kobani |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=18 February 2015 |access-date=18 February 2015 |last=Barnes |first=Julian E.}}
20px 432nd Wing{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2017/04/us-air-force-40-of-strikes-carried-out-by-drones-in-liberation-of-syrias-manbij/|title=US Air Force: 40% of strikes on Syria's Manbij carried out by drones|author=Wladimir van Wilgenburg|publisher=ARA News|date=11 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062245/http://aranews.net/2017/04/us-air-force-40-of-strikes-carried-out-by-drones-in-liberation-of-syrias-manbij/|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Navy.svg}} US Navy{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/06/18/us-navy-fa18e-shoots-down-su22-over-syria.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm|title=US F/A-18E Shoots Down Syrian Su-22 in Air-to-Air Kill|author=Oriana Pawlyk|work=Military.com|date=18 May 2017|access-date=19 June 2017}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Marine Corps.svg}} US Marine Corps
20px 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit
20px 1st Battalion, 4th Marines{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/03/08/marines-have-arrived-in-syria-to-fire-artillery-in-the-fight-for-raqqa/|title=Marines have arrived in Syria to fire artillery in the fight for Raqqa|author1=Dan Lamothe|author2=Thomas Gibbons-Neff|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=8 March 2017|access-date=8 March 2017}}
20x20px United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command
24x24px Marine Raiders
20px US SOF{{cite web|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567485-more-us-special-forces-for-raqqa-than-manbij-monitor|title=More US special forces for Raqqa than Manbij: monitor|publisher=NOW|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109022510/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/NewsReports/567485-more-us-special-forces-for-raqqa-than-manbij-monitor|url-status=dead}}
19px 75th Ranger Regiment{{cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/76380/75th-ranger-regiment-hits-ground-syria-raqqa-offensive/|title=The 75th Ranger Regiment hits the ground in Syria for Raqqa offensive|publisher=SOFREP|date=6 March 2017}}
19px 5th Special Forces Group
20x20px Central Intelligence Agency
Timber Sycamore
{{flag|United Kingdom}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34992032|title=UK launches first Syria air strikes|work=BBC News}}
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} British Armed Forces
{{army|United Kingdom}}
{{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg}} Royal Air Force{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/02/22/syria-first-raf-typhoon-brimstone-missile-destroys-isis-boat/|title=First RAF Typhoon use of Brimstone missile destroys ISIS boat in Syria|date=22 February 2019|website=The Defense Post}}
United Kingdom Special Forces
Special Air Service{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/british-sas-soldier-killed-by-is-in-syria-named-as-sergeant-matt-tonroe-11311534|title=British SAS soldier killed by IS in Syria named as Sergeant Matt Tonroe|website=Sky News}}
{{flag|France}}{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20160822-france-syria-new-wave-air-strikes-islamic-state-group-strategic-targets-raqqa-arms-depot|title=France launches new wave of air strikes on IS group targets in Syria's Raqqa|date=22 August 2016|publisher=France 24}}
{{flagicon|France}} French Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Logo of the French Army (Armee de Terre).svg}} French Army
68e Régiment d'Artillerie d'Afrique{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190210-syria-final-push-jihadists-islamic-state-group-chammal|title=French army on the front line of 'final battle' against IS group|date=10 February 2019|publisher=France 24|access-date=16 February 2019}}
{{flagicon image|Logo of the French Air Force (Armee de l'Air).svg}} French Air Force
French SOF{{cite web|url=http://en.rfi.fr/france/20160609-france-admits-special-forces-are-advising-syrian-rebels|title=France admits special forces are advising Syrian rebels – France – Radio France Internationale|date=9 June 2016|access-date=10 June 2016}}
Task Force Wagram (heavy artillery)
{{flag|Germany}}
{{flagicon image|Bundeswehr Logo Luftwaffe with lettering.svg}} German Air Force
German KSK{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} {{small|(denied by Germany)}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/netherlands-agrees-to-participate-in-air-strikes-against-islamic-state-in-syria-1454084308|title=Netherlands to Extend Airstrikes Against Islamic State Into Syria|date=29 January 2016|work=The Wall Street Journal}}
{{air force|Netherlands}}{{cite web|url=https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/missie-in-irak-en-oost-syrie/militaire-bijdrage |title=Militaire bijdrage Nederland in Irak en Oost-Syrië |date=20 October 2020 |publisher=Netherlands Ministry of Defence}}
{{flag|Norway}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nrttv.com/en/Details.aspx?Jimare=14624|title=Coalition: Special forces train, equip two opposition groups in southern Syria|website=nrttv.com|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607073211/http://www.nrttv.com/en/Details.aspx?Jimare=14624|url-status=dead}}
{{flag|Jordan}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/02/jordan-isil-syria-170205054336070.html|title=Jordan hits ISIL targets in southern Syria|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 February 2017}}
{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}{{cite news|work=Middle East Monitor|title=Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria|date=22 November 2018|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20181122-saudi-arabia-uae-send-troops-to-support-kurds-in-syria/}}
{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}{{cite news|quote=Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.|work=Al-Araby Al-Jadeed|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2017/2/23/the-uae-has-it-in-for-the-muslim-brotherhood|title=The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood|date=22 February 2017}}{{cite news|url=http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349|work=Farsnews|title=UAE, Kurds Standing against US, Turkey in Syria|date=22 February 2017|access-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331155806/http://en.farsnews.ir/newstext.aspx?nn=13951204000349|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=The U.S. bombing of Syria implicates many of Trump's business interests|date=16 April 2018|work=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/4/16/17238058/syria-bombing-trump-business-interests}}

{{IRQ}} ({{small|limited airstrikes and border operations against IS in northern Syria, June – Nov 2018}})

{{air force|Iraq}} (until 20 November 2018){{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/05/iraq-syria-islamic-state-usa-terrorism.html|title=Iraqi air force targets IS sites in Syria ahead of elections|work=Al-Monitor|author=Omar Sattar|date=11 May 2018}}
{{army|Iraq}} (until 20 November 2018)

Former:

{{flag|Canada}} (2014–16){{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/isis-mission-canadian-air-strikes-in-syria-expected-in-short-order-1.3019440|title=ISIS mission: Canadian air strikes in Syria expected in 'short order'|date=2 April 2015|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}
{{flag|Denmark}} (2014–16){{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-syria-idUSKCN0UW270|title=Denmark tells U.N. it has trained radar on Syria|date=18 January 2016|work=Reuters}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-denmark-idUSKCN0W611S|work=Reuters|date=4 March 2016|title=Denmark to expand military mission against Islamic State into Syria}}
{{flag|Belgium}} (2014–17){{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=13 May 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/14/world/europe/belgiums-anti-isis-airstrikes-expand-from-iraq-into-syria.html|title=Belgium's Anti-ISIS Airstrikes Expand From Iraq Into Syria}}
{{flag|Australia|size=22px}} (2015–17){{cite news|last1=Coorey|first1=Phillip|title=Australia to take 12,000 refugees, boost aid and bomb Syria|url=http://www.afr.com/news/politics/australia-to-take-12000-refugees-boost-aid-and-bomb-syria-20150908-gji6m5|work=Australian Financial Review|access-date=10 September 2015}}{{cite news|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-australia/australia-to-end-air-strikes-in-iraq-and-syria-bring-super-hornets-home-idUSKBN1EF324|title=Australia to end air strikes in Iraq and Syria, bring Super Hornets home|date=21 December 2017}}
{{flag|Morocco}} (2014–16)
{{flag|Bahrain}} (2014–16)
{{flag|Qatar}} (2014–16)
{{flag|Turkey}}

----

{{flag|Russia}}{{cite news|title=Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2016-02-10/gunmen-open-fire-on-syria-aid-convoy-no-casualties-reported|work=US News|date=10 February 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_russia-cooperates-with-pyd-against-isil_401118.html|title=Russia cooperates with PYD against ISIL|date=9 October 2015|work=Today's Zaman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029041050/http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_russia-cooperates-with-pyd-against-isil_401118.html|archive-date=29 October 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/russian-support-for-pkks-syrian-arm-pyd-/482307|title=Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD|publisher=Anadolu Agency}}{{cite news|url=http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/middle-east/93884-151128-kurds-attack-turkish-sponsored-syrian-opposition-forces-with-russian-help|title=Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help|agency=i24 News|date=28 November 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/28112015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144328/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/28112015|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=YPG advances near Turkey's border|agency=Rudaw Media Network|date=28 November 2015}}{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/feb/8/l-todd-wood-russia-supporting-kurdish-groups-syria/|work=The Washington Times|date=8 February 2016|title=Russia supporting Kurdish groups in Syria to Turkey's detriment|first=L. Todd|last=Wood}}
(against IS and Turkish-backed rebels, 2015–17)

{{flagicon image|Flag of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.svg}} Russian Air Force

| valign="top" | {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Al-Qaeda {{small|(from 2012)}}

{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg|border=no}} Army of Conquest {{small|(until 2017)}}
Tahaluf Fatah al-sham
Liwa al-Jihad
Tajamu al-Mujahideen Nawa
Liwa Ansar al-Haq
Liwa al-Umawayn al-Islami
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Ansar Abu Bakr al-Siddiq
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg}} Al-Nusra Front/Jabhat Fatah al-Sham {{small|(until 2017)}}
Khorasan group
Suqour al-Ezz
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} Two al-Nusra battalions
Inghimasi shock troops{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Nusra Brigades
{{Flagicon image|JMIBAS Flag.svg}} Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
Mujahideen Shura Council {{small|(2014–15)}}
Katibat Usud al-Sunna
Army of Ahl al-Sunni wall Jamaa
Jabhat al-Jihad wal-Bina
Bayarq al Shaaitat
Liwa al-Qadisiya
Army of Maoata al-Islami
Army of-Ikhlas
al-Qa'qa
Alliance to Support Islam{{cite web|url=https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/04/29/syrian-war-daily-29th-of-april-2018/|title=Syrian War Daily – 29th of April 2018|work=Syrian War Daily|date=29 April 2018|author=Joško Barić|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701210515/https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/04/29/syrian-war-daily-29th-of-april-2018/|url-status=dead}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Jaysh al-Haramoun{{cite news|title=Syrian Armed Forces and Hezbollah Close-in on Al-Zabadani|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-armed-forces-and-hezbollah-close-in-on-al-zabadani/|author=Leith Fadel|newspaper=Al-Masdar News|date=7 July 2015|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709235848/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-armed-forces-and-hezbollah-close-in-on-al-zabadani/|url-status=dead}} {{small|(2015)}}
Sword of al-Sham Brigades
Ezz Brigade
Liwa Fursan al-Sunna
Liwa Jabal al-Sheikh
Liwa Osama bin Zaid
Liwa Omar ibn al-Khattab
Liwa Sayad al-Usud
Harakat Shuhada al-Sham
{{flagicon image|WaHaridFlag.svg}} Rouse the Believers Operations Room
So Be Steadfast Operations Room
{{flagicon image|AnsaralTawhidFlag.png}} Ansar al-Tawhid{{Cite web|url=https://www.baladi-news.com/news/details/28407/%20/%3E|title=منشقون عن "جند الأقصى" يشكلون "أنصار التوحيد" بإدلب|website=baladi-news.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{small|(left RtB in 2020)}}
Firqat al-Ghuraba
{{flagicon image|Guardians Of Religion INFOBOX flag.png}} Hurras al-Din
{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Ansar al-Deen Front.svg}} Ansar al-Din Front
{{flagicon image|Flag of Harakat Sham al-Islam.svg}} Harakat Sham al-Islam{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiyya
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan{{cite tweet |user=Charles_Lister |number=1413131854421450752 |first=Charles |last=Lister |date=8 July 2021 |title=#HTS's aggressive pursuit of unchallenged authority in NW #Syria took another step today, with the forcible dissolution of Junud al-Sham. It's [sic] leader, Murad Margoshvili (Muslim al-Shishani) is a revered Chechen jihad veteran & former sub-commander for #Saudi "Emir Khattab."}}{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/08/jihadists-and-other-rebels-claim-to-have-broken-through-siege-of-aleppo.php|work=Long War Journal|date=7 August 2016}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} Jama'at Ansar al-Islam
File:Jihad Coordination Flag.jpg Jihad Coordination
File:Ansar Fighters Brigade flag.jpg Ansar Fighters Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} al-Muqatileen al-Ansar Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} al-Jihad Coordination Group{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_jihadists-syrias-idlib-form-new-operations-room/6191167.html|title=Jihadists in Syria's Idlib Form New 'Operations Room'|website=Voice of America|date=15 June 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/20998|title=Clashes broke out between Tahrir Al-Sham and "Stand Firm" factions west of Idlib city|date=23 June 2020|website=Call Syria|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824230120/https://nedaa-sy.com/en/news/20998|url-status=dead}}
Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman{{cite web|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25655|title=Tarkhan's Jamaat (Katiba İbad ar-Rahman) Fighting In Hama Alongside Muslim Shishani|date=29 January 2018|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000107/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25655|url-status=dead}}
{{Flagicon image|Logo of Jaysh al-Sunna.png}} Jaysh al-Sunna{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/08/jihadists-and-other-rebels-claim-to-have-broken-through-siege-of-aleppo.php|title=Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo|author=Thomas Joscelyn|publisher=The Long War Journal|date=7 August 2016|access-date=7 August 2016}} {{small|(2015–17)}}
Xhemati Alban{{Cite web |title=Bataille d'Idlib: les snipers albanais des djihadistes d'Hayat Tahrir al-Cham |url=https://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/bataille-didlib-les-snipers-albanais-des-djihadistes-dhayat-tahrir-al-cham |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=FranceSoir |language=fr}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg}} Caucasus Emirate{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/05/caucasus-emirate-in-syria-fighting-in-aleppo.php|title=Caucasus Emirate in Syria fighting in Aleppo – The Long War Journal|date=17 May 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016}} {{small|(until 2016)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg}} Tarkhan's Jamaat
{{flagicon image|Flag of Ajnad al-Sham.png}} Ajnad al-Sham {{small|(until 2017)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jaysh al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar.png}} Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Green Battalion.svg|size=25px}} Green Battalion {{small|(2013–14)}}
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Jamaat Bayt al-Maqdis al-Islamiyya
{{flagicon image|Flag of katibat al tawhid wal jihad.png}} Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
{{Flagicon image|Al-Liwaa.svg}} Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham {{small|(2017)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Ghuraba al-Sham{{cite news|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/raging_clashes_pit_syrian_kurds_against_jihadists|title=Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists|last=AFP|date=18 January 2013|publisher=NOW|access-date=15 July 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192733/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/nowsyrialatestnews/raging_clashes_pit_syrian_kurds_against_jihadists|url-status=dead}} {{small|(until 2013)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Jundallah
{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} Taliban{{cite web |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/06/foreign-jihadists-involved-in-hama-fighting.php |title=Foreign jihadists involved in Hama fighting |author=Caleb Weiss |work=Long War Journal |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=15 June 2019}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} Pakistani Taliban{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-syria-taliban-idUSBRE96D02V20130714|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714220351/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/14/us-pakistan-syria-taliban-idUSBRE96D02V20130714|archive-date=14 July 2013|title=Pakistan Taliban set up camps in Syria, join anti-Assad war|work=Reuters}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} Imam Bukhari Jamaat{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbek-suicide-bomber-syria/27260806.html |title=Taliban-Aligned Uzbek Suicide Bomber Attacks Shi'ite Village In Syria|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=23 September 2015 |publisher=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=23 September 2015|last1=Paraszczuk |first1=Joanna |last2=Anvar |first2=Barno }}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Fatah al-Islam.png}} Fatah al-Islam{{cite web|author=O'Bagy, Elizabeth |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Jihad-In-Syria-17SEPT.pdf|title=Jihad in Syria|publisher=Institute for the Study Of War|date=September 2012|access-date=4 November 2013}}{{cite web|author=Lund, Aron|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/15/holy_warriors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018230144/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/15/holy_warriors|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=Holy Warriors|work=Foreign Policy|date=15 October 2012|access-date=4 November 2013}}{{cite web|author1=Baker, Aryn |author2=Aysha, Rami |name-list-style=amp|url=http://yalibnan.com/2012/04/23/lebanons-most-wanted-sunni-terrorist-blows-himself-up-in-syria/|title=Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria|work=Ya Libnan|date=23 April 2013|access-date=8 June 2013}}
Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance{{cite web|author=Aron Lund|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54320|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210074146/http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54320|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2014|title=The Other Syrian Peace Process|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for Peace|date=27 January 2014|access-date=14 October 2014}} {{small|(2014–15)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Liwaa al-Umma.svg}} Liwaa al-Umma {{small|(2012–15)}}
Jabhat al-Jihad wal-Bina' al-Islamiyya
Liwa Jaf’ar al-Tayyar
Liwa la Ilaha illa Allah
Liwa al-Hawaz
Liwa Ibn Qiam
Liwa al-Risalla
Liwa al-Tawhid al-Islami
Liwa Othman bin Afan
Liwa Ahfad Mohammad
Liwa Sarayat al-Rasoul
Liwa Sadiq al-Amin
Tajamm’u al-Rachidin
Brigade of al-Qaka{{cite news|title=Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/images/Documents/F199BC38846F4E72B083A4222B568E7F.pdf |newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News |date=2 September 2012 |access-date=10 September 2012}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Tawhid and Punishment Battalions and Brigades{{Cite web|url=https://eldorar.com/node/31770|title=The Rebel Brigades deny the control of the "Kurdistan" on the "Al Yaroubiya" crossing in Hasakah|work=El-Dorar al-Shamia|date=26 October 2013}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Sadqa Wa'dah Movement{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/graphic-18-group-jihadists-killed-golan-heights-attacking-tal-taranjeh/|title=(Graphic +18) Group of jihadists killed in Golan Heights after attacking Tal Taranjeh|work=Al-Masdar News|date=15 September 2016|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802003127/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/graphic-18-group-jihadists-killed-golan-heights-attacking-tal-taranjeh/|url-status=dead}}
{{Flagicon image|P0kr8w5n.jpg}} Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

Support:

{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Islamic State of Iraq {{small|(until 2013)}}

----

{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} Islamic State {{small|(from 2013)}}

{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Military of the Islamic State
Aleppo branch
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} al-Barakah Province
Tayy tribal forces{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Jibur tribal forces{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
"Army of the Caliphate" elite units
Unit 335{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/article/what-we-learned-while-embedded-with-kurdish-forces-clearing-the-islamic-state-from-hasakah|title=What We Learned While Embedded With Kurdish Forces Clearing the Islamic State From Hasakah|work=VICE News|date=19 August 2015 |access-date=2015-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820171649/https://news.vice.com/article/what-we-learned-while-embedded-with-kurdish-forces-clearing-the-islamic-state-from-hasakah|archive-date=2015-08-20|url-status=live}}
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat al-Khair
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat al-Sham
al-Khayr district{{cite web |url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c200anqo |title=Explainer: IS redraws boundaries of its local Syrian 'branches' |author=BBC Monitoring |work=BBC |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=16 November 2018}}
al-Furat district
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat Deir ez Zor
Garrison of Deir ez-Zor Province
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat Dimashq
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat Halab
pro-IS local tribes{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Badr Katiba
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat Homs
Garrison of Homs Province
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Wilayat Raqqa
Majority of al-Breij tribe{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
Elements of al-Ajeel tribe{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
Elements of al-Na'im tribe{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Ahlul Sunnah wal Jama’a{{Cite web|url=https://isqatannizam.wordpress.com/2016/05/06/abdel-basset-sarout-on-isis-and-revolution-translation-of-interview-excerpts/|title=Abdel Basset Sarout on ISIS and Revolution: Translation of Interview Excerpts|date=6 May 2016}}
Assoud al-Islam Brigade
Bayada Martyr's Brigade
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Insurgent forces
Army of the Security Forces{{cite web|author=Assad Al Mohammad|url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/The%20Islamic%20State%27s%20Effort%20to%20Co-Opt%20Tanzim%20Hurras%20Ad-Din.pdf|title=The Islamic State's effort to co-opt Tanzim Hurras ad-Din|website=Program on Extremism: The George Washington University|date=November 2019}}
Hisba police{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
Khorasan Battalion{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
{{flagicon|Islamic State}} Bayt al-Maqdis
Army of Aleppo
Inghimasi units{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-reportedly-attacked-u-s-base-northern-syria/|title=ISIS reportedly attacked U.S. base in northern Syria|author=Zen Adra|work=al-Masdar News|date=14 August 2016|access-date=14 August 2016|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704215144/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-reportedly-attacked-u-s-base-northern-syria/|url-status=dead}}
Russian-speaking battalion{{cite web|url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25224|title=Notes from Manbij - A poem|author=Joanna Paraszczuk|work=From Chechnya to Syria|date=7 August 2016|access-date=12 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151859/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=25224|url-status=dead}}
Army of Hasakah
Knights Battalion{{cite web|url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/members-arrested-kuwait-warrants-issued-others-suspects-accused-funding-promoting-fighting-radical-group/|title=IS members arrested in Kuwait, warrants issued for others – Suspects accused of funding, promoting, fighting with radical group|publisher=Kuwait Times|date=17 September 2014|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411155443/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/members-arrested-kuwait-warrants-issued-others-suspects-accused-funding-promoting-fighting-radical-group/|url-status=dead}}
Caliphate Army
Katibah Nusantara elements{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysian-is-leader-killed-in-syria-recruited-members-through/3440248.html|title=Three Malaysian ISIS jihadists killed in Raqqa airstrike|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|author=Amy Chew|access-date=6 April 2023|archive-date=17 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117141443/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysian-is-leader-killed-in-syria-recruited-members-through/3440248.html|url-status=dead}}
Rapid Response Battalion{{cite tweet|number=815626322517127168|user=DanieleRaineri|title=Abu Muhammad al Adnani named the...|accessdate=9 February 2017 |date=1 January 2017}}
Caliphate Cubs{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=44578|title=By "Caliphate Cubs and the costume of Self-Defense", "Islamic State" carry out Tal Abyad military operations|website=SOHR|access-date=8 March 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102436/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=44578|archivedate=5 March 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.petercliffordonline.com/syria-and-iraq-news/|title=ROJAVA UPDATE 190: AS "CEASEFIRE" TAKES EFFECT ACROSS SYRIA, ISLAMIC STATE LAUNCH MASSIVE ATTACK AGAINST THE KURDS|website=Peter Clifford Online|language=en-GB|access-date=7 March 2016}}
Tell Abyad sleeper cells
Abu Ubada al-Shami
Committee for Military Manufacturing and Development
Aviation sector
Al Bara’ bin Malik Brigade
Badr Battalion{{Cite web |url=http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=26231 |title=Badr in Palmyra, May 2015: Fighter account reveals IS's military strategy and tactics |author=Joanna Paraszczuk |work=From Chechnya to Syria |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425210102/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=26231 |url-status=dead }}
Sabri Battalion
Kurdish units{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Sharia police
Field army{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/inside-caliphate-army-isiss-special-forces-military-unit-foreign-fighters-1995134|title=Inside 'The Caliphate Army': ISIS's Special Forces Military Unit Of Foreign Fighters|work=International Business Times|author=Alessandria Masi|date=3 March 2015|access-date=31 December 2016}}
Defences of Al-Thawrah{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/12/islamic-state-replaces-syrian-officials-foreign-jihadists-raqqa/|title=Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa|publisher=ARA News|author=Haytham Mustafa|date=31 December 2016|access-date=31 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091249/http://aranews.net/2016/12/islamic-state-replaces-syrian-officials-foreign-jihadists-raqqa/|archive-date=1 January 2017}}
Defences of Raqqa city{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2017/06/top-isis-military-official-killed-by-sdf-fire-in-raqqa-city/|title=Top ISIS military official killed by SDF fire in Raqqa city|work=ARA News|author=Dilber Issa|date=12 June 2017|access-date=16 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617235943/http://aranews.net/2017/06/top-isis-military-official-killed-by-sdf-fire-in-raqqa-city/|archive-date=17 June 2017}}
Large number of foreign mujahideen{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/dissident-assured-on-is-collapse-mass-fleeing-situations/|title=Dissident assured on IS' collapse, mass fleeing situations |work=Hawar News Agency|date=17 June 1017}}
Defences of al-Fakhikha
{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Khalid ibn al-Walid Army{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/far-from-raqqa-and-fallujah-syria-rebels-open-new-front-against-isil-in-the-south#full|title=Far from Raqqa and Fallujah, Syria rebels open new front against ISIL in the south|work=The National|date=29 May 2016}} {{small|(2016–19)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade.svg}} Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/12/jabhat-al-nusra-islamic-state-clash-qalamoun-risks-daraa.html|title=Jabhat al-Nusra, IS clash in Daraa|work=Al Monitor|access-date=20 December 2014|date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220101714/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/12/jabhat-al-nusra-islamic-state-clash-qalamoun-risks-daraa.html|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-aleppo-countryside-hazm-movement.html#|title=Al-Nusra overtakes Hazm in Aleppo countryside|work=Al Monitor|access-date=3 March 2015|date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306174126/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2015/03/syria-aleppo-countryside-hazm-movement.html|archive-date=6 March 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mei.edu/content/article/isis-and-syria’s-southern-front|title=ISIS and Syria's Southern Front|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=18 April 2015}} {{small|(2012–16)}}
{{Flagicon image|IslamicMuthannaMovementFlag.png}} Islamic Muthanna Movement{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/fighters-take-over-rural-towns-west-daraa-2084156366|title=Islamic State raises flags over towns in Daraa after fierce battles|work=Middle East Eye}} {{small|(2012–16)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jaysh al-Jihad.svg}} Jaysh al-Jihad{{cite web|url=http://aawsat.com/home/article/285296/%C2%AB%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%C2%BB-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%80%C2%AB%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%C2%BB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%9F|title="جيش الجهاد".. هل هو خلايا نائمة لـ"داعش" في درعا والقنيطرة؟|access-date=9 May 2015}} {{small|(2015–16)}}
{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Dokumacılar{{cite web|url=http://www.medya365.com/guncel/dokumacilar-grubu-nedir-h302951.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724071113/http://www.medya365.com/guncel/dokumacilar-grubu-nedir-h302951.html|archive-date=24 July 2015|title=Dokumacılar grubu nedir?|date=23 July 2015|work=medya365.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.haberler.com/suruc-u-kana-bulayan-bombacinin-da-emniyette-7532476-haberi/|title=Suruç'u Kana Bulayan Bombacının da Emniyette Kaydı Varmış!|date=23 July 2015|work=Haberler.com}} {{small|(2013–17)}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jund al-Aqsa.svg}} Jund al-Aqsa{{Cite web|url=https://syriadirect.org/news/search-for-the-dead-begins-in-idlib-after-islamic-state-linked-brigade-leaves-for-raqqa/|title=Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa|website=Syria Direct|date=22 February 2017}} {{small|(2014–17)}}
{{flagicon image|LiwaDawudFlag.jpg}} Liwa Dawud{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AO81DQAAQBAJ&q=Liwa+Dawud&pg=PA167|title=ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror|first1=Michael|last1=Weiss|first2=Hassan|last2=Hassan|date=29 March 2016|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781682450208|via=Google Books|edition=Updated}} {{small|(2012–14)}}
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Liwa Aqab al-Islami {{small|(until 2014)}}
Group of the One and Only {{small|(until 2016)}}
{{flagdeco|Islamic State}} Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
Al-Khansaa Brigade

| valign="top" | {{armed forces|Israel}}

{{army|Israel}}
20px 98th Division "HaEsh"
20px 35th Paratroopers Brigade[https://www.idf.il/254335/ תיעודים ראשונים מכניסת לוחמי הצנחנים לסוריה] 'First reports about the entry of paratroopers into Syria'
20px 89th Brigade "Oz"
20px 210th Division "Bashan"{{Cite web|url=https://www.idf.il/255035/|title=מבט מבפנים - כך פועלים 4 צוותי הקרב החטיבתיים בסוריה|trans-title=A look from the inside - this is how the 4 brigade combat teams operate in Syria|website=IDF|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=23 December 2024}}
20px 474th Brigade "Golan"
20px 810th Brigade "HeHarim"
{{air force|Israel}}
20px 7th Special Wing
20px Unit 5101 "Shaldag"{{cite web |title=IDF Temporarily Seizes Control of Syrian Side of Mount Hermon As Regime Falls |date=8 December 2024 |url=https://crownheights.info/israel/889902/idf-temporarily-seizes-control-of-syrian-side-of-mount-hermon-as-regime-falls/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Crown Heights}}
20px Unit 669[https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-in-syria-find-part-of-israeli-helicopter-that-crashed-in-1974/ IDF troops in Syria find part of Israeli helicopter that crashed in 1974]
{{navy|Israel}}{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=10 December 2024 |title=350 strikes, targeting most arms stockpiles in Syria: IDF airs clip of its bombing spree |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/350-strikes-targeting-most-arms-stockpiles-in-syria-idf-airs-clip-of-its-bombing-spree/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}
20px Shayetet 3[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-warships-destroyed-syrian-fleet-defense-minister-katz-says/ Israeli warships destroyed Syrian fleet, defense minister Katz confirms]

= 2024–present =

class="wikitable"

!{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} Syrian Transitional Government and allies

!{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}}{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Opposition Groups

!{{flagicon|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria}} Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and allies (against the SNA)

!{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} Salafi Jihadist Groups

!{{flag|Israel}}

{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} Syrian Government Forces

{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} Syrian Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Emblem of Syria.svg|border=|size=22px}} Syrian Army{{cite web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/352265/ |title= Armed clashes. 14 members of the General Security Forces killed in Tartous countryside |work=SOHR|date=25 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024}}
{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} Military Operations Command
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sham Legion.svg}} Sham Legion{{Cite web |last= |date=25 December 2024 |title=في حادثة هي الأعنف في محافظة طرطوس.. إحراق سيارة وقتلى وجرحى باشتباكات بين مسلحين وقوى الأمن العام {{!}} المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان |url=https://www.syriahr.com/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%80-%D9%80%D9%86%D9%81-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A5/742377/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |language=ar}}
{{flagicon image|Logo of the Army of Glory.png}} Jaysh al-Izza{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
62nd Division{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-7-2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}
118th Division{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-7-2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}
{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} Syrian Air Force{{Cite web|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/new-syrian-government-deploys-air-force-in-combat-for-the-first-time/|title=New Syrian Government Deploys Air Force In Combat For the First Time|date=7 March 2025|access-date=8 March 2025|work=Militarnyi}}
{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} General Security Service
{{flagicon|Syria|revolution}} Syrian National Army
{{flagicon image|Logo of the Hamza Division.jpg}} Hamza Division{{Cite news |date=9 March 2025 |title=Syrians describe the violence targeting Alawite minority: 'Tomorrow, there won't be a man left alive in my village' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/09/syrians-describe-the-violence-targeting-alawite-minority-tomorrow-there-won-t-be-a-man-left-alive-in-my-village_6738981_4.html |access-date=10 March 2025 |work=Le Monde |language=en}}
{{flagicon image|Sultan Suleiman Shah Division Emblem Infobox.svg}} Sultan Suleiman Shah Division
First Corps
Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-7-2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}
{{flagicon image|Sultan Murat Tümeni Flag.svg}} Sultan Murad Division{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

{{flag|Turkey}} (against the SDF only)

{{flagdeco|Turkey}} Turkish Armed Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg}} Turkish Land Forces
{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Air Force Command.svg}} Turkish Air Force

Free Hasakah Forces (anti-SDF){{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-15-2025 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}

Ahrar al Jazeera Brigade (anti-SDF){{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-april-15-2025 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}

|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} Assad loyalist and Ba'athist forces

{{flagicon image|Syrian Popular Resistance.png}} Syrian Popular Resistance{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, December 31, 2024 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-31-2024 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Military Council for the Liberation of Syria{{Cite web |last=Samir |first=Mohamed |date=7 March 2025 |title=Syrian security forces clash with former regime loyalists in Latakia countryside |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/03/07/syrian-security-forces-clash-with-former-regime-loyalists-in-latakia-countryside/ |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Daily News Egypt |language=en-US}}
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Coastal Shield Brigade
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg}} Syrian Social Nationalist Party
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg}} Eagles of the Whirlwind{{Cite web |date=27 January 2025 |title=The Resilient People Expel the Occupation and Open the Way for the Army: 22 Martyrs and 124 Injured / President of the Republic: The Triumph of Justice Berri: With You, We Prevail Raad: You Are Nasrallah’s Testament |url=https://www.al-binaa.com/archives/424361 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Al Binaa |language=en}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria.svg}} Islamic Resistance Front in Syria{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Islamic Resistance Front in Syria declares its existence |url=https://gunaz.tv/en/post/113790 |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=GünAz TV |language=en}}{{cite web | url=https://m.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-840151 | title=IDF opens fire on armed group in Syrian Golan |website=The Jerusalem Post }}{{Cite web |last=Al-Tahami |first=Ashraf |date=16 January 2025 |title=تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني |script-title=ar:تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني |trans-title=Hebrew report claims a new potential threat in Syria with Iranian support |url=https://bayan-gate.com/2025/275693/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Bayan |language=ar}}{{Cite web |last=Sela |first=Hadar |date=17 January 2025 |title=Weekend long read |url=https://camera-uk.org/2025/01/17/weekend-long-read-439/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America |language=en-US}}
{{flagicon|Ba'athist Syria}} Haymed's Group

Supported by:
{{Flagicon image|Kataib-Awliya-al-Haq-logo-600-2048x1785.png}} Guardians of Truth Battalions{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/01/analysis-continued-chaos-in-syria-iraqi-militias-and-an-alawite-insurgency.php|title=Analysis: Continued chaos in Syria: Iraqi militias and an Alawite insurgency|first=Ahmad|last=Sharawi|date=29 January 2025|website=FDD's Long War Journal}}
{{flagicon image|Ya Ali Popular Formations Flag.png}} Ya Ali Popular Formations{{Cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-10-2025|title=Iran Update, March 10, 2025 |date=10 March 2025 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}
{{Flagicon|Iraq}} United Council of Sheikhs and Notables of Basra and Iraq{{Cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-18-2025|title=Iran Update, March 18, 2025 |date=18 March 2025 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}

{{Flagicon image|Flag of Abbas Shield Martyrdom Forces.jpg}} Abbas Shield Martyrdom Forces{{Cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-17-2025|title=Iran Update, March 17, 2025 |date=17 March 2025 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.basnews.com/en/babat/878178|title=New Iraqi Armed Factions Vow to Target US Over Yemen Strikes|website=Bas News|date=16 March 2025|access-date=20 March 2025}}

{{Flagicon image|Kataib Sarkhat Al-Quds.jpg}} Kataib Sarkhat al-Quds{{Cite web|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Iraq/New-Iraqi-armed-factions-vow-jihad-against-US|title=New Iraqi armed factions vow “jihad” against US|website=Shafaq News|date=16 March 2025|access-date=20 March 2025}}

{{flag|Hezbollah}}{{Cite news |date=10 February 2025 |title=Safeguarding the Frontiers: Damascus' Efforts to Control the Borders |url=https://levant24.com/news/2025/02/safeguarding-the-frontiers-damascus-efforts-to-control-the-borders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212061904/https://levant24.com/news/2025/02/safeguarding-the-frontiers-damascus-efforts-to-control-the-borders/ |archive-date=12 February 2025 |work=Levant24}}{{Cite news |last=Guliyev |first=Aghakazim |date=7 February 2025 |title=Heavy clashes erupt along Syria-Lebanon border as Hezbollah, military forces battle for control |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/heavy-clashes-erupt-along-syria-lebanon-border-as-hezbollah-military-forces-battle-for-control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212061810/https://caliber.az/en/post/heavy-clashes-erupt-along-syria-lebanon-border-as-hezbollah-military-forces-battle-for-control |archive-date=12 February 2025 |work=caliber}}{{Cite web |date=17 January 2025 |title=Syria forces accuse Hezbollah of attacks, sponsoring smuggling at border|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/amp/News/middle-east/2025/02/11/syria-forces-accuse-hezbollah-of-attacks-sponsoring-smuggling-at-border |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en-US}}

{{flagicon image|Flag of Lebanon.svg}} East Lebanese tribes

{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Druze Forces

{{flagicon image|Civil flag of Jabal ad-Druze (1921-1936).svg}} Jaramana Shield Brigade{{Cite news |last1=Halabi|first1=Einav|last2=Eichner|first2=Itamar|last3=Ben Ari|first3=Lior|last4=Zitun|first4=Yoav|date=1 March 2025 |title=Israel warns Syria against attacking Druze as tensions simmer near Damascus|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1c8p1bjke|access-date=6 March 2025|work=Ynet}}
{{flagicon image|Suwayda military council logo.webp}} Suwayda Military Council

Supported by:
{{flag|Israel}}

|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg}} Syrian Democratic Forces

{{flagicon image|Infobox Manbij Military Council flag.png}} Manbij Military Council
Tabqa Military Council{{cite web|title=Tabqa Military Council Forces Countering the Turkish Occupation Attacks in Maskana|url=https://sdf-press.com/en/2024/12/tabqa-military-council-forces-countering-the-turkish-occupation-attacks-in-maskana/|website=SDF Press |access-date=29 January 2025 |date= 7 December 2024}}
{{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=no}} People's Protection Units
{{flagicon image|YPJ Flag.svg}} Women's Protection Units{{cite web |title= YPJ: We will hold the Turkish state and its mercenaries accountable on the frontlines of resistance |url=https://anfenglish.com/women/ypj-we-will-hold-the-turkish-state-and-its-mercenaries-accountable-on-the-frontlines-of-resistance-76629 |website=Firat News Agency|date=2 December 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024}}
{{flagicon image|Infobox al-Bab Military Council.png}} Al-Bab Military Council{{cite news |title= Al-Bab Military Council repels Turkish infiltration attempts |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/al-bab-military-council-repels-turkish-infiltration-attempts |website=Hawar News Agency |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024}}
Martyr Haroun Units{{cite web|last1=Braverman|first1=Alexandra|last2=Reddy|first2=Ria|last3=Moorman|first3=Carolyn|last4=Moore|first4=Johanna|last5=Rezaei|first5=Ben|last6=Borens |first6=Avery|last7=Carl|first7=Nicholas|date=31 January 2025|title=Iran Update, January 31, 2025|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-31-2025|access-date=31 January 2025|work=Institute for the Study of War}}
Sireen Military Council{{Cite web |title= Sireen Military Council forces blow up 5 vehicles of Turkish occupation mercenaries |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/sireen-military-council-forces-blow-up-5-vehicles-of-turkish-occupation-mercenariesbij |date=9 December 2024 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=Hawar News Agency|language=en}}
Asayish{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
{{flagicon image|Infobox HXP.svg}} Self-Defense Forces{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

|{{flagicon image|P0kr8w5n.jpg}} Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah{{Cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-14-2025|title=Iran Update, February 14, 2025 |date=14 February 2025 |website=Institute for the Study of War}}

{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} Islamic State{{Cite web |last=user22 |date=2025-03-10 |title=IS*IS resurgence {{!}} Gunmen ki*ll a member of “SDF” eastern of Deir Ezzor - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/357509/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |language=en-CA}}

{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant2.svg}} Military of the Islamic State

|{{armed forces|Israel}}

{{army|Israel}}
20px 98th Division "HaEsh"
20px 35th Paratroopers Brigade[https://www.idf.il/254335/ תיעודים ראשונים מכניסת לוחמי הצנחנים לסוריה] 'First reports about the entry of paratroopers into Syria'
20px 89th Brigade "Oz"
20px 210th Division "Bashan"{{Cite web|url=https://www.idf.il/255035/|title=מבט מבפנים - כך פועלים 4 צוותי הקרב החטיבתיים בסוריה|trans-title=A look from the inside - this is how the 4 brigade combat teams operate in Syria|website=IDF|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=23 December 2024}}
20px 474th Brigade "Golan"
20px 810th Brigade "HeHarim"
{{air force|Israel}}
20px 7th Special Wing
20px Unit 5101 "Shaldag"{{cite web |title=IDF Temporarily Seizes Control of Syrian Side of Mount Hermon As Regime Falls |date=8 December 2024 |url=https://crownheights.info/israel/889902/idf-temporarily-seizes-control-of-syrian-side-of-mount-hermon-as-regime-falls/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Crown Heights}}
20px Unit 669[https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-troops-in-syria-find-part-of-israeli-helicopter-that-crashed-in-1974/ IDF troops in Syria find part of Israeli helicopter that crashed in 1974]
{{navy|Israel}}{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=10 December 2024 |title=350 strikes, targeting most arms stockpiles in Syria: IDF airs clip of its bombing spree |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/350-strikes-targeting-most-arms-stockpiles-in-syria-idf-airs-clip-of-its-bombing-spree/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}
20px Shayetet 3[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-warships-destroyed-syrian-fleet-defense-minister-katz-says/ Israeli warships destroyed Syrian fleet, defense minister Katz confirms]

Notes

The United States alleged that Belarus and Cuba have provided or attempted to provide direct military support to the Syrian government. Both countries have denied this.{{cite news|publisher=Fox News Channel|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/top-cuban-general-key-forces-in-syria-to-aid-assad-russia-sources-say/|title=Top Cuban general, key forces in Syria to aid Assad, Russia, sources say|date=14 October 2015}}{{cite news|work=Reuters|title=Cuba denies it has sent troops to Syria to help Assad|date=18 October 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-cuba/cuba-denies-it-has-sent-troops-to-syria-to-help-assad-idUSKCN0SC00D20151018}}{{cite web|title=Belarus denies US allegations on selling arms to Syria|url=http://breakingnews.sy/en/article/7421.html|work=Breaking News Network|access-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183750/http://breakingnews.sy/en/article/7421.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}} There are also unconfirmed reports that Algeria is providing military support to the Syrian government.{{cite book|title=Al Qaeda's Global Crisis|first=V.G. Julie|last=Rajan|publisher=Routledge|year=2015}}{{cite web|last=Hussain|first=Ghaffar|title=After the Arab Spring: Algeria's standing in a new world|url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/3030/after_the_arab_spring_algeria_s_standing_in_a_new_world|work=The Commentator|access-date=5 December 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702133757/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/3030/after_the_arab_spring_algeria_s_standing_in_a_new_world/|url-status=dead}}
There is regular conflict between the different rebel groups{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|title=Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS|publisher=Al Monitor|date=27 March 2014|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011258/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-kurds-pyd-ypg-isis-rebels-kobani-afrin.html|archive-date=28 March 2014}} in the inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War.
Jund al-Aqsa was allied with al-Nusra Front and other rebels as part of the Army of Conquest, which the group left in October 2015 and subsequently was accused of being allied with IS, taking part in IS-led offensives such as the 2016 Khanasir offensive. However, Jund al-Aqsa again worked with the Army of Conquest and other rebels during the 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign. Eventually most of Jund al-Aqsa joined al-Nusra. Conflict between the two broke out in 2017.
The Kurdish National Council has joined the Syrian National Coalition—though without officially committing any military forces to the opposition—while simultaneously retaining its membership in the Kurdish Supreme Committee, alongside the PYD.{{cite web|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/30092013|title=PYD Leader Skeptical of Kurdish Agreement With Syrian Opposition|publisher=Rudaw.net|date=9 March 2013|access-date=4 November 2013}}
Canada withdrew jet fighters from the US-led coalition against IS on 15 February 2016.{{cite web|url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1034599|title=Canadian Armed Forces cease airstrike operations in Iraq and Syria|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314224918/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1034599|url-status=dead}}
The Syriac Military Council (including Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces), Sutoro, Ashur Forces (Khabour Guards and Nattoreh) all represent the Assyrian people of Syria.
Turkey is part of the CJTF–OIR against IS, but is also fighting against the SDF, which is supported by CJTF–OIR.{{cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2016/02/14/turkey-shells-kurdish-positions-in-syria-for-2nd-day/|title=Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day|date=14 February 2016|access-date=1 September 2016}}{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUKKCN0VM0PA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214194026/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUKKCN0VM0PA|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2016|title=Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds|work=Reuters |access-date=1 September 2016}}
Russia provides air support to the Syrian Ba'athist government. Previously, it also provided air support to Turkey and the Syrian Democratic Forces against IS and some Syrian rebel groups, respectively, but not against one another.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/1/18/russian-and-turkish-jets-bomb-isil-in-syrias-al-bab|title=Russian and Turkish jets 'carry out joint raid on ISIL'|website=www.aljazeera.com}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/15/aleppo-airstrikes-resume-as-russia-announces-major-syria-offensive|title=Aleppo airstrikes restart as Russia announces major Syria offensive|first=Emma|last=Graham-Harrison|date=15 November 2016|work=The Guardian}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-kurds-use-russian-and-us-support-make-rapid-advances|title=Syrian Kurds use Russian and US support to make rapid advances|website=Middle East Eye}}
Serbia, a traditional ally of Russia who supports the Assad government, has assisted Russian troops in humanitarian missions on multiple occasions.[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbia-to-help-moscow-military-operations-in-syria-08-09-2016 Serbia to Help Russian Aid Operation in Syria] – Balkan Insight. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Armenia, Egypt, Venezuela, Algeria, and China send non-lethal support to the Syrian Government.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

References

External links

[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aI3yAmNGW1vLpJCOrhiVLqpUUIX9PG1RNsCqJGGfhxI/edit Syrian Civil War factions]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20171010093459/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2017/04/29/factions-syrian-civil-war/ Syrian Civil War factions] by Bellingcat

Armed groups