Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet#palatal hook

|+ Obsolete and/or nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

! Symbol or
exemplar

! Name

! Meaning

! Standard IPA
equivalent

! Notes

| question mark

|glottal stop

|{{IPA|ʔ}}

|typewriter substitution

| digit seven

|glottal stop

|{{IPA|ʔ}}

|typewriter substitution

| rowspan="2" | apostrophe

|glottal stop

|{{IPA|ʔ}}

|typewriter substitution

|{{IPA|ˈ}}

|a mistake

| q

|glottal stop

|{{IPA|ʔ}}

| used in Maltese, Khmer and Malayo–Polynesian languages transcriptions.

| q with hook tail

|bilabial click

|{{IPA|ʘ}}

| the tenuis bilabial click, and basis of digraphs for other bilabial clicks; equivalent to IPA [{{IPA link|ʘ}}].Larry Mattes & Donald Omark (1984) Speech and language assessment for the bilingual handicapped. College-Hill Press, San Diego.

| Greek phi

| voiceless bilabial fricative

| {{IPA|ɸ}}

| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape

| rowspan="4" | Greek psi

| retroflex click

| {{IPA|𝼊, ‪‼}}

| used by (Doke 1925).

| {{IPA|ɹ̈}}

| proposed by John Laver (1994)

| {{IPA|ʙ̝}}

| Proposed by Sinologists.{{cite book|author1=Luo Changpei (罗常培)|author2=Wang Jun (王均)|title=普通语音学纲要 [= Outline of general phonetics]|year=2002|orig-year=1957|publisher=商务印书馆}}

|p͡s

|Used by Blench (2008).{{Cite book |last=Daniel |first=Gya |url=https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Rigwe/Grammar/Rigwe%20Phonology.pdf |title=Phonology of the Rigwe language |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |date=2008}}

| sharp s

| voiced bilabial fricative

| {{IPA|β}}

| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape

| integral symbol

| voiceless postalveolar fricative

| {{IPA|ʃ}}

| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape

| digit three

| voiced postalveolar fricative

| {{IPA|ʒ}}

| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with open-mid central unrounded vowel

| d with stroke

| voiced dental fricative

| {{IPA|ð}}

| a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape

| thorn

| voiceless dental fricative

| {{IPA|θ}}

| a mistake

| turned delta

| labialized voiced alveolar or dental fricative

| {{IPA|zʷ, z͎, ðʷ}}

| intended for the voiced whistled sibilant, ɀ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 19761949 Principles of the IPA

| sigma

| labialized voiceless alveolar or dental fricative

| {{IPA|sʷ, s͎, θʷ}}

| intended for the voiceless whistled sibilant, ȿ, of Shona and related languages, withdrawn 1976

| ezh with tail

| labialized voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

| {{IPA|ʑʷ, ʒᶣ}}

| intended for w before front vowels in Twi; may also be used for the lightly rounded English {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, withdrawn 1976.

| reversed esh with top loop

| labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

| {{IPA|ɕʷ, ʃᶣ}}

| intended for hw before front vowels in Twi; may also be used for the lightly rounded English {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, withdrawn 1976.

| barred digit two

| voiced alveolar affricate

| {{IPA|d͡z}}

| withdrawn 1976

| turned voiced epiglottal trill

| voiceless alveolar affricate

| {{IPA|t͡s}}

| withdrawn 1976

| superscript digit one and two

| tonal stress

| {{IPA|ˈ◌̂ ˈ◌̌}} or {{IPA|ˈ◌̌ ˈ◌̂}}, depending on dialect

| used in Swedish and Norwegian

| superscript digit one, two, three and four

| Chinese tones

| {{IPA|◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂}} or {{IPA|◌́, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂}} or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters

| used in Chinese studies

| superscript digit one, two, three, four and five

| tones

| {{IPA|◌̏ ◌̀ ◌̄ ◌́ ◌̋}} or {{IPA|˩ ˨ ˧ ˦ ˥}}

| variant of IPA tones

| superscript digit one, two, three, four, five, seven and eight

| Southern Min tones

|

| used in Sinologists of Taiwan includes Hokkien

| eta

| moraic nasal

| {{IPA|m}}, {{IPA|n}}, {{IPA|ŋ}}, {{IPA|ɴ̩}}

| Intended for the moraic nasal {{IPA|/N/}} of Japanese. Withdrawn 1976

| {{anchor|palatal_hook}} palatal hook

| palatalization

| {{IPA|◌ʲ}}

| Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as Russian. Superseded 1989

| rowspan="2" | {{anchor|retroflex_hook}} retroflex hook

| voiced alveolar or retroflex approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ / ɻ}}

| a mistake; an example like /{{IPA|ᶚ}}/ was actually [ʒ͡ɻ]

| {{IPA|ɝ, ɚ}} or {{IPA|ɜ˞, ə˞}}

| Superseded 1989; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred

| {{anchor|schwa with fishhook}} unstressed central rhotic vowel

| r-colored vowel in American English

| {{IPA|ɝ, ɚ}} or {{IPA|ɜ˞, ə˞}}

| Proposed in 1934, MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred

|

|alveolo-palatal consonants

|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}, {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}, and {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}; respectively

|broad transcription; especially Japanologists and Koreanists

|a

|

|any open vowel

|Often a substitute for {{IPA link|ɑ}} in printing when the distinction between {{IPA link|a}} and {{IPA link|ɑ}} is not needed.

|Latin alpha

|

|any open vowel

|Often a substitute for {{IPA link|ɑ}} in printing when the distinction between {{IPA link|a}} and {{IPA link|ɑ}} is not needed.

|Greek alpha

|open back unrounded vowel

|{{IPA|ɑ}}

|Old form of ⟨ɑ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [{{IPA link|ɑ}}] to avoid confusion with italic "small letter a" that written as ⟨ɑ⟩ for [{{IPA link|a}}].

|turned Greek alpha

|open back rounded vowel

|{{IPA|ɒ}}

|Old form of ⟨ɒ⟩, but still used in some italic fonts as the symbol for [{{IPA link|ɒ}}] to avoid confusion with italic "small turned letter a" that written as ⟨ɒ⟩ for [{{IPA link|ɐ}}].

| reversed a

| near-open front unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|æ}}

| Proposed in 1989, rejectedHenton, C. G. (1988). 5. Individual symbols and diacritics. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 18(02), 85. doi:10.1017/s0025100300003686

|c

|

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} or sometimes {{IPA link|t͡s}}.

|broad transcription

| nv ligature

| close front rounded vowel

| {{IPA|y}}

|proposed in 1989, rejected

| barred horseshoe u with hook

| back sulcal vowel

|

|proposed in 1989, rejected

| w with left hook

| voiced labial-velar fricative (labialized voiced velar fricative)

| {{IPA|ɣʷ}}

|proposed in 1989, rejected

| letters with left-swinging top hook

| dental consonants

| {{IPA|d̪ l̪ n̪ r̪ s̪ t̪}}

|proposed in 1989, rejected; Malayalam transcriptions

| long-leg g

| voiced velar lateral approximant

| {{IPA|ʟ}}

|proposed in 1989, rejected

| hooktop ezh

| voiced velar fricative

| {{IPA|ɣ}}

|proposed in 1989, rejected

| rowspan="3" | double-loop g

| voiced velar fricative

| {{IPA|ɣ}}

| from 1895 to 1900, {{IPA|[q]}} represented that consonant before 1895, {{IPA|[ǥ]}} after 1900

| {{IPA|ɡ}}

| standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. The preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block. For a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and the single-loop g for {{IPA|[ᶃ] (ɡ̟)}}, but the distinction never caught on.

| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}

| used in Arabic transcriptions

| single-loop g with stroke

| voiced velar fricative

| {{IPA|ɣ}}

| replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma {{IPA|[ɣ]}} around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts.{{cite book |last1=International Phonetic Association |editor1-last=Passy |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=Daniel |title=The Principles of the International Phonetic Association |date=1912 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rowAQAAMAAJ&ots=Obbw-qFTOA&dq=The%20principles%20of%20the%20International%20Phonetic%20Association.&lr&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=27 May 2025 |language=en}}

| reversed ezh

| voiced pharyngeal fricative

| {{IPA link|ʕ}}

| it is based on the Arabic letter Ayin ({{lang|ar|ع}}) instead of letter ezh,Pullum and Ladusaw (1996), page 209 used in Arabic and Ethiopic transcriptions

|j

|

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} or sometimes {{IPA link|d͡z}}

|

|barred dotless small j (or turned f in some fonts)

|

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}

|can be written as ⟨ȷ⟩ or ⟨f⟩

| subscript w

| labialization

| {{IPA|kʷ ɡʷ mʷ ʍ pʷ ʒʷ ɥʷ}} etc.

| mark may appear above letters with descenders like {{IPA|[ɡ]}} or {{IPA|[ŋ]}}. removed 1989

| curly-tail esh

| voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

| {{IPA|ɕ}}

| variant, also for Russian щ (now {{angbr IPA|ɕ}}). removed 1989

| curly-tail ezh

| voiced alveolo-palatal fricative

| {{IPA|ʑ}}

| variant, removed 1989

| curly-tail n, d, t, l

| alveolo-palatal consonants

| {{IPA|n̠ʲ, d̠ʲ, t̠ʲ, l̠ʲ}} or {{IPA|ɲ̟, ɟ˖, c̟, ʎ̟}}

| used by some Sinologists.

| r with háček

| voiced strident apico-alveolar trill

| {{IPA|r̝}}

| Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. {{angbr IPA|ř}} from 1909, replaced by {{angbr IPA|ɼ}} in 1949, Withdrawn 1989

| rowspan="2" | long-leg r

|voiced strident apico-alveolar trill

|{{IPA|r̝}}

|Intended for ř in Czech and related languages. {{angbr IPA|ř}} from 1909, withdrawn 1989.

|{{IPA|r̩}}

|a mistake

|Cyrillic o with two dots inside

|nasal-ingressive velar trill

|

|a paralinguistic impression of a snort, due to the graphic resemblance to a pig snout.{{Cite web|url=https://specgram.com/CLXXI.1/18.vandermeer.j______.html|title=SpecGram—"Double-Dot Wide O / Nasal-Ingressive Voiceless Velar Trill"—by J–––– J––––––—Reviewed by Jonathan van der Meer|website=specgram.com}}

| rowspan="2" | Greek lambda

| voiced palatal lateral approximant

| {{IPA|ʎ}}

| a mistake

| {{IPA|d͡ɮ}}

| used by Americanists

| barred lambda

| voiceless alveolar lateral affricate

| {{IPA|t͡ɬ}}

| used by Americanists

| rowspan="2" | l with stroke

| voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

| {{IPA|ɬ}}

| used by Americanists, also a typographic substitute

| {{IPA|ɫ}}

| used by Baltic transcriptions

| small capital Cyrillic el

| voiced uvular lateral approximant

| {{IPA|ʟ̠}}

|

| s c z with háček

| postalveolar consonants

| {{IPA|ʃ t͡ʃ ʒ}}; {{IPA|ʂ ʈ͡ʂ ʐ}}

| used by Americanists, Uralicists, Semiticists, Slavicists

| j, g, ezh with háček

| voiced postalveolar affricate

| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}; {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}}

| used by Americanists, Slavicists

| curly-tail s

| voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative

| {{IPA|ɕ}}

| used by Americanists, Slavicists

| c with retroflex hook and curly-tail c or ts with retroflex hook and curly-tail ts

| voiceless retroflex and alveolo-palatal affricate

| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ}}

| used by Americanists, Slavicists

| c l n s z dz with acute accent

| alveolo-palatals or palatals and postalveolar consonants

| {{IPA|t͡ɕ l̠ʲ n̠ʲ ɕ ʑ d͡ʑ}}; {{IPA|t͡ʃ ʎ ɲ ʃ ʒ d͡ʒ}}

| used by Slavicists

| w

| voiced bilabial approximant

| {{IPA|β̞}}

| broad transcription, includes in Austronesian languages where the bilabial approximant and voiced labial–velar approximant phonemes cannot be distinguished

| x, Latin gamma

|voiceless and voiced uvular fricative (or voiced uvular approximant)

|{{IPA|χ, ʁ}} or {{IPA|χ, ʁ̞}}

|broad transcriptions in Hindi, Arabic and Hebrew transcriptions

| x with dot

| voiceless uvular fricative

| {{IPA|χ}}

| used by Americanists

| uppercase x

| voiceless uvular fricative

| {{IPA|χ}}

| a mistake

| uppercase y

| voiced labial–palatal approximant

| {{IPA|ɥ}}

| a mistake

| baby gamma

| close-mid back unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɤ}}

| used from 1921 to 1989, replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma ; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both glyphs

| rho

| voiced bilabial trill

| {{IPA|ʙ}}

| common before an official letter was adopted

| barred j

| voiced post-palatal approximant

| {{IPA|ȷ̈}}

|

| barred turned h

| compressed voiced post-palatal approximant

| {{IPA|ɥ̈}}

|

| barred w

| protruded voiced post-palatal approximant

| {{IPA|ẅ}}

|

| barred small capital i / upsilon

| near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɪ̈ / ʊ̈, ɨ̞ / ʉ̞, ɘ̝ / ɵ̝, ɪ̠ / ʊ̟}}

| used by some English phoneticians, including the Oxford English Dictionary

| rowspan="2" | closed epsilon

| open-mid front rounded vowel

| {{IPA|œ}}

| alternate symbol from 1904-1920s1912 Principles of the IPA

| {{IPA|ɞ}}

| removed 1996

| Latin iota

| near-close near-front unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɪ}}

| longstanding alternate symbol until 1989

| barred Latin iota

| near-close central unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɪ̈, ɨ̞, ɘ̝, ɪ̠}}

| longstanding alternate symbol until 1989

| dotless small i

| near-close near-front unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɪ}}

| a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists.

| db and qp ligatures or footless phi and headless phi

| voiced and voiceless labiodential plosives

| {{IPA|b̪ p̪}}

| Used by Africanists.

| digit zero, slashed digit zero or uppercase slashed o

| null initial

| {{IPA|∅}}

| usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in Chinese and some Korean linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak glottal stop; the sound value of the first consonant of syllables started by a vowel.

| hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q

| voiceless implosives

| {{IPA|ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥}} or {{IPA|pʼ↓ tʼ↓ ʈʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓}}

| brief additions to the IPA; removed 1993

| turned t

| dental click

| {{IPA|ǀ}}

| removed 1989; see click letters, but in some African languages still use this symbol to avoid confusion with ⟨{{IPA link|l}}⟩ (voiced lateral approximant)

| rowspan="2" | stretched (or descended) c

| alveolar click

| {{IPA|ǃ}}

| removed 1989; see click letters

| {{IPA|ɽ}}

| some assumed this symbol was made by combining ⟨ɾ⟩ with ⟨◌̢⟩ and thus was used as the symbol for voiced retroflex flap ([{{IPA link|ɽ}}]); ⟨ɽ⟩ assumed as the symbol of voiced retroflex trill ([{{IPA link|ɽr}}]).https://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=299872https://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=300831

| turned pharyngeal fricative

| alveolar lateral click

| {{IPA|ǁ}}

| removed 1989; see click letters

| turned k

| originally a palatal click, reinterpreted as a velar click

|

| velar articulation was judged impossible.[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0802b.htm An impossible sound] later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless velodorsal stop in the extIPA.{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/extIPA_2016.pdf|title=extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech (Revised to 2015)|accessdate=15 February 2018}}

| rowspan="2" | esh with two bars

| voiced palatal implosive

| {{IPA|ʄ}}

| old form of ⟨ʄ⟩.

| {{IPA|ǂǂ}} or {{IPA|ǃ͡s}}

| uncommon letter in Ekoka !Kung transcription

| triple vertical bar

| retroflex lateral click

| {{IPA|ǁ˞}}

|

| ou

| close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative

| {{IPA|ɤ}} or {{IPA|ɣ}}

| a common mistake

|r

|alveolar trill

|any rhotic sound (including r-colored vowels)

|broad transcription

| small capital or uppercase r

| long vowel or prolonged moraic N

| {{IPA|ː}}

| used by Japanologists. This symbol represents phonemic long vowel (such as /{{IPA|aʀ}}/) or /{{IPA|aR}}/) or rarely prolonged moraic N (hatsuon).

| reversed small capital r

| voiced epiglottal trill{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

| {{IPA|ʢ}} or {{IPA|ʀ̠}}

| rare

| dotless long i with fishhook

| syllabic denti-alveolar approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ̩}},{{cite journal |last1=Lee-Kim |first1=Sang-Im |title=Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 2014 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=261–282 |doi=10.1017/S0025100314000267 |s2cid=16432272 }} {{IPA|ɹ̩, z̩, ◌͡ɯ}}{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Wai-Sum |last2=Zee |first2=Eric |title=Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=June 2003 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=109–112 |doi=10.1017/S0025100303001208 |doi-access=free }}

| used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.

| turned iota

| syllabic denti-alveolar approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ̩}}, {{IPA|ɹ̩, z̩, ◌͡ɯ}}

| old form of ⟨ɿ⟩, used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists specifically for the Miyako and Tarama languages.

| dotless long i with fishhook and tail

| syllabic retroflex approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ̩}}, {{IPA|ɻ̩, ʐ̩, ◌͡ɨ}}

| used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels

|reversed (baseline) esh

| syllabic retroflex approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ̩}}, {{IPA|ɻ̩, ʐ̩, ◌͡ɨ}}

| old form of ⟨ʅ⟩, used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels

| turned h with fishhook

| labialized syllabic denti-alveolar approximant

| {{IPA|ɹ̩ʷ, z̩ʷ, ◌͡u}}

| used by Sinologists

| turned h with fishhook and tail

| labialized syllabic retroflex approximant

| {{IPA|ɻ̩ʷ, ʐ̩ʷ, ◌͡ʉ}}

| used by Sinologists

| small capital a

| open central unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}

| used by Sinologists

| small capital turned a

| close-mid back unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɤ}}

| withdrawn in 1928.

| barred Latin alpha

| open central unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}

| Proposed by Charles-James N. Bailey in 1976{{cite journal|first=Charles-James N. |last=Bailey |title=Some additions to the phonetic alphabet |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=6 |number=1 |year=1976 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1017/s002510030000147x |jstor=44525830}}

| ao ligature

| open central unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ä, ɑ̈, ɐ̞, a̠, ɑ̟}}

| Used by Leoni & Maturi (2002).{{cite book|author1=Federico Albano Leoni|author2=Pietro Maturi|title=Manuale di fonetica|publisher=Carocci editore|year=2002|edition=3|orig-year=1995|isbn=88-430-2127-3}}

| small capital e

| mid front unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|e̞, ɛ̝}}

| Bloch & Trager (1942). Used by Sinologists and some Koreanists

| barred e

| close-mid central unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɘ}}

| used by Teuthonista

| small capital turned e

| mid back unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɤ̞, ʌ̝}}

| used by some Koreanists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between {{IPA|/ʌ/}} (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and {{IPA|/ɯ/}} (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ).{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}

| closed omega

| near-close near-back rounded vowel

| {{IPA|ʊ}}

| longstanding alternate symbol until 1989

| rowspan="2" | omega

| near-close near-back unrounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɯ̽}} or {{IPA|ʊ̜}}

| made from obsolete {{IPA|ɷ}} symbol.

| {{IPA|ɒ̝, ɔ̞}}

| Proposed by Bloch & Trager (1942) and Sinologists.{{cite journal|author1=Sun Hongkai (孙宏开)|author2=Jiang Di (江荻|title=描写中国语言使用的国际音标及附加符号|journal=Minzu Yuwen (民族语文)|volume=1|year=2004|pages=47–52}}

| small capital omega

| mid back rounded vowel

| {{IPA|o̞, ɔ̝}}

| Used by Sinologists and some Koreanists ; also Bloch & Trager (1942).

| barred o

| close-mid central rounded vowel

| {{IPA|ɵ}}

| used by Teuthonista{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}; variant shape of ɵ in some early 20th century works.For example in Wilhelm Viëtor, Wie ist die Aussprache des Deutschen zu lehren?, 1906.

| small capital u

| near-close near-back rounded vowel

| {{IPA|ʊ}}

| Americanist notation; also shape of ʊ when it was adopted as a symbol in 1898 or early 20th century works.

| barred small capital u

| near-close central rounded vowel

| {{IPA|ʊ̈, ʉ̞, ɵ̝, ʊ̟}}

| Americanist notation

| uppercase letters

|small caps

| {{IPA|ʙ ɢ ʛ ʜ ɪ ʟ 𝼄 ɴ ɶ ʀ ʏ}}

| often mistaken by typing, uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals

| rowspan="2" | small capital q

| pharyngeal stop

| {{IPA|ʡ}}

| proposed for the pharyngeal stop of Formosan languages, ExtIPA for same purpose.

|

| used by Japanologists.

| capital Q

| sokuon

|

|used by Japanologists.

|l

|all coronal liquid consonants.

|

|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists.

| belted letters

| voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal, and velar)

| {{IPA|ɭ̊˔ ʎ̝̊ ʟ̝̊}}

| now in the extIPA

|turned y

|alveolo-palatal lateral approximant

|[{{IPA|ʎ̟}}] or [{{IPA|l̠ʲ}}]

|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists and Sinologists

|n with left hook

|alveolo-palatal nasal

|[{{IPA|ɲ̟}}] or [{{IPA|n̠ʲ}}]

|broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists, Sinologists, and Japanologists

| w with hook

| bilabial flap

| {{IPA|ⱱ̟}}

|

| turned r with long leg and retroflex hook

| retroflex lateral flap

| {{IPA|ɭ̆}}

|

| esh or ezh with retroflex hook

| retroflex palato-alveolar fricatives

| {{IPA|ʃ͡ɻ}} {{IPA|ʒ͡ɻ}}

| may be impossible to pronounce{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Constable|year=2004|title=Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04046-retroflex-hook.pdf|page=7}}

| barred y

| close central compressed vowel

| {{IPA|ÿ}}

|

| small capital barred y

| near-close central compressed vowel

| {{IPA|ʏ̈}}

|

| barred straight y (Cyrillic straight u)

| near-close near-back unrounded vowel

| [{{IPA|ʊ̜}}] or [{{IPA|ɯ̽}}]

| used in Mande studies{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=David |last2=Boyd |first2=Ginger |last3=Merz |first3=Johannes |last4=Vydrin |first4=Valentin |date=2020 |title=Quantifying written ambiguities in tone languages: A comparative study of Elip, Mbelime, and Eastern Dan |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/40ac318d-3db0-4378-82db-bc0d7395badd |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=14 |issue= |pages=108–138 |hdl=10125/24915 |access-date=}}

| underdot

| retroflex or r-colored vowels

| {{IPA|ɑ˞}} {{IPA|o˞}} etc.

|

| rowspan="2" | apostrophe

| no audible release

| {{IPA|k̚}}, {{IPA|t̚}}, etc.

| removed

| {{IPA|k̟}}, {{IPA|tʲ}}, etc.

| common in X-SAMPA

| uppercase letters (not small capitals)

| fortis

| {{IPA|k͈ t͈}}, etc.

| used by some Koreanologists

|vowel with tilted line below

| lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour

|

| for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones

| turned comma above

| weak (sometimes normal) aspiration

| {{IPA|k t}} (sometimes {{IPA|kʰ tʰ}})

| First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)

| ligatures

| affricates

| {{IPA|t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ}}

| formerly acceptable variants{{cite book|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide|first=Geoffrey K.|last=Pullum|author2=William A. Ladusaw|title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide| edition=2nd|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996|isbn=0-226-68535-7|page=180}}

| ligatures with palatal hook

| palatalized affricates

| {{IPA|t͡ɕ d͡ʑ}}

|

| ligatures with retroflex hook

| retroflex affricates

| {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ}}

| John Laver used {{IPA|𝼜}} in Polish transcription{{cite book|first=John |last=Laver |year=1994 |title=Principles of Phonetics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=560 |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphon0000lave/page/560/mode/1up}}

| prime

| palatalization

| {{IPA|pʲ}} {{IPA|sʲ}} {{IPA|tʲ}} etc.

| traditional Irish phonology transcription

| combining apostrophe

|palatalization

|{{IPA|pʲ}} {{IPA|sʲ}} {{IPA|tʲ}} etc.

| traditional Russian phonology transcription

| asterisk

| syntactic gemination

| (none)

| used in some Italian dictionaries

| open corner

| release/burst

| (none)

| IPA number 490

| without diacritics

| dental consonants

| {{IPA|d̪ d̪͡ɮ̪ d̪͡z̪ l̪ ɫ̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɺ̪ n̪ r̪ ð̞ ɾ̪ s̪ t̪ t̪͡ɬ̪ t̪͡s̪ z̪}}

| broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /{{IPA|ð̞}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ð̞|ɹ̪}}⟩ for /{{IPA|r}}⁓{{IPA|ɹ}}/

| without diacritics

| approximant consonants or mid vowels

| {{IPA|β̞ ð̞ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞}} or {{IPA|e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞}}

| broad transcriptions; in Spanish, /{{IPA|j}}/ and /{{IPA|ɰ}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ʝ̞}}⟩ and ⟨{{IPA link|ɣ̞}}⟩

| without diacritics

| mid vowels

| {{IPA|e̞ ø̞ ə ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞}}

| broad transcriptions; for example in some languages, /{{IPA|e̞}}/ and /{{IPA|o̞}}/ maybe described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɛ̝}}⟩ and ⟨{{IPA link|ɔ̝}}⟩, also /{{IPA|ə}}/ maybe described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɘ̞}}⟩ or ⟨{{IPA link|ɜ̝}}⟩

| without diacritics

| central vowels

| {{IPA|ɪ̈ ʊ̈ ä ɒ̈}}

| broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /{{IPA|ä}}/ often described as ⟨{{IPA link|ɑ̈}}⟩ in English for /{{IPA|ɑ}}/

| c or stroked c

| voiceless alveolar affricate

| {{IPA link|t͡s}}

| Americanist notation

| ezh

| voiced alveolar affricate

| {{IPA link|d͡z}}

| Americanist notation

| y

| voiced palatal approximant

| {{IPA link|j}}

| Americanist notation

| a with diaeresis

| near-open front unrounded vowel, open-mid front unrounded vowel or open front unrounded vowel

| {{IPA link|æ}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}} or {{IPA link|a}}

| Uralicist notation

| o with diaeresis

| close-mid front rounded vowel, open-mid front rounded vowel or mid front rounded vowel

| {{IPA link|ø}}, {{IPA link|œ}} or {{IPA link|ø̞}}

| Americanist and Uralicist notation

| u with diaeresis

| close front rounded vowel or near-close near-front rounded vowel

| {{IPA link|y}} or {{IPA link|ʏ}}

| Americanist and Uralicist notation

| right single quotation mark

| Korean fortis

| {{IPA|k͈}} {{IPA|t͈}} etc.

| used by some Koreanists for fortis sounds; equivalent to {{IPA|⟨k*⟩}}, etc. above.

| box

| unreleased

| {{IPA|◌̚}}

| used where IPA {{IPA|◌̚}} would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the Japanese pitch accent system

| Modifier h with hook

| breathy/ voiced aspiration

| {{IPA|◌̤}}

| Equivalent on the IPA

| Modifier glottal stop

| creaky voice/ glottalization

| {{IPA|◌̰}}

| Equivalent on the IPA

| Combining middle tilde

| velarization

| {{IPA|◌ˠ}}

| Equivalent on the IPA

| Modifier high, mid and low macron behind

| high, mid and low-level tone or intonation

|

| removed

| Modifier high and low equals sign behind

| extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high, mid and low grave behind

| falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high and low acute behind

| high rising and low rising tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high and low caron behind

| high dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high and low circumflex behind

| peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high and low tilde behind

| "wavy" tone or intonation

|

|removed

| Modifier high, mid and low dot behind

| atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively

|

|removed

| Acute accent, circumflex, grave accent, breve

| stress symbols:

primary stress, weakened primary stress, secondary stress, and no stress; respectively

| ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌

| some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguistsTrager, George L., and Henry Lee Smith Jr. 1951. An Outline of English Structure. Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers 3. Norman, Okla.: Battenburg Press. use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols.

| Vertical line below or above

| moraic

|

| used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents syllabic sounds, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the moraic N ([{{IPA|n̩, ɴ̩, ŋ̍ (or ŋ̩), m̩}}]).

| Macron, acute accent, caron, grave accent

| Chinese tones

| {{IPA|◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀, ◌̂}} or {{IPA|◌́, ◌᷄, ◌᷉, ◌̂}} or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or Chao tone letters

| used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in Hanyu Pinyin. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone.