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list of political ideologies

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In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.Roberts, Andrew (2004). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/state-of-socialism-a-note-on-terminology/4C742B00BE0D00ED3F0BE855097DE5F7 The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology]. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1. While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

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Anarchism

{{Anarchism sidebar}}{{main|Anarchism}}

File:Anarchy-symbol-red&black.svg

{{further|Anarchist schools of thought|Glossary of anarchism|Outline of anarchism}}

; Political internationals

= Classical =

{{main|Classical anarchism}}

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= Post-classical =

{{main|Post-classical anarchism}}

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= Contemporary =

{{main|Contemporary anarchism}}

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious anarchism|Anarchism and religion}}

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= Regional variants =

{{main|List of anarchist movements by region}}

== African ==

{{main|Anarchism in Africa}}

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== American ==

{{main|History of anarchism#Americas|l1=Anarchism in America}}

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== Asian ==

{{main|Anarchism in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|Individualist anarchism in Europe|l1=Anarchism in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|List of anarchist movements by region#Anarchism in Oceania|l1=Anarchism in Oceania}}

Authoritarianism

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Communitarianism

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Communism

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File:Hammer and sickle.svg

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= Authoritarian =

{{Marxism–Leninism sidebar}}{{main|Authoritarian socialism|l1=Authoritarian communism}}

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== Leninism ==

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=== Marxism–Leninism ===

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= Libertarian =

{{Anarcho-communism sidebar}}{{main|Libertarian communism}}

File:Anarcho-communism.svg Hammer and sickle.]]

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== Marxism ==

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= Other =

{{main|Marxist revisionism|Non-Marxist communism|Post-capitalism|Pre-Marxist communism}}

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious communism}}

{{see also|Communism and religion}}

= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|History of Communism#Africa|l1=Communism in Africa}}

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== American ==

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== Asian ==

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== European ==

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|History of communism#Oceania|l1=Communism in Oceania}}

Conservatism

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; Political internationals

=General=

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= Reactionary =

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= Opposition =

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= Religious variants =

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= Regional variants =

== African ==

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== American ==

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{{Conservatism in Canada}}

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=== United States ===

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== Asian ==

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== European ==

{{main|Conservatism#Europe|l1=Conservatism in Europe}}

{{Toryism}}

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== Oceanian ==

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Corporatism

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{{main|Corporatism}}

{{see also|Capitalism}}

= General =

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= Other =

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= Religious variants =

{{main|Corporatism#Corporatism in the Roman Catholic Church|l1=Corporatism in the Roman Catholic Church}}

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== Western Europe ==

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Democracy

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{{main|Democracy}}

File:Democracy_Wikipedia_20_inspired_symbol.svg

File:Barnstar_of_Democracy.png

= General =

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= Other =

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= Direct democracy movements =

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= Pirate politics =

{{Infobox political party

|name = Pirate politics

|logo = 100px

|ideology = Anti-corruption
Civil libertarianism
Civil rights
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Participatory democracy
Social liberalism

}}

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;Political internationals

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious democracy}}

== Christian democracy ==

{{Christian democracy sidebar}}{{main|Christian democracy}}

{{further|Christian democracy#History|l1=History of Christian democracy}}

; Political internationals

=== General ===

{{further|Catholic social teaching}}

=== Other ===

{{see also|Conservatism|Corporatism|Liberalism}}

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== Other ==

= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|History of democracy#Africa|l1=Democracy in Africa}}

== Asian ==

{{main|History of democracy#Asia|l1=Democracy in Asia}}

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== American ==

{{main|History of democracy#Americas|l1=Democracy in America}}

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== European ==

{{main|History of democracy#Europe|l1=Democracy in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|History of democracy#Oceania|l1=Democracy in Oceania}}

Environmentalism

{{Green politics sidebar}}{{Green economics sidebar}}{{main|Environmentalism}}

; Political internationals

= Bright green environmentalism =

{{main|Bright green environmentalism}}

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= Deep green environmentalism =

{{main|Deep ecology}}

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= Light green environmentalism =

{{main|Sustainable development}}

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= Other =

{{main|Green politics}}

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

{{main|Environmentalism and religion}}

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= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|Environmental movement#Africa|l1=Environmental movement in Africa}}

== American ==

{{main|Environmental movement#America|l1=Environmental movement in America}}

== Asian ==

{{main|Environmental movement#Asia|l1=Environmental movement in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|Environmental movement#Europe|l1=Environmental movement in Europe}}

== Oceanian ==

{{main|Environmental movement#Oceania|l1=Environmental movement in Oceania}}

Fascism

{{Fascism sidebar}}{{Neo-fascism}}

{{main|Fascism}}

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Other =

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= Opposition =

{{main|Anti-fascism}}

{{further|Criticism of fascism}}

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== By country ==

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= Religious variants =

{{main|Fascism#Catholic Church|l1=Fascism and religion}}

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= Regional variants =

{{main|List of fascist movements}}

== African ==

== American ==

{{main|Fascism#Americas|l1=Fascism in America}}

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== Asian ==

{{main|Fascism in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|Fascism in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|Fascism#Oceania|l1=Fascism in Oceania}}

Identity politics

{{main|Identity politics}}

; Political internationals

= Age-related rights movements =

{{Youth rights sidebar}}

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= Animal-related rights movements =

{{Animal rights sidebar}}

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= Disability-related rights movements =

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= Feminism =

{{Feminism sidebar}}{{Feminist philosophy sidebar}}{{main|Feminism}}

== General ==

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== Opposition ==

== Chronological variants ==

{{main|History of feminism}}

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== Ethnic and social variants ==

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== Religious variants ==

{{main|Religious feminism}}

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== Regional variants ==

=== African ===

{{main|African feminism|l1=Feminism in Africa}}

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=== American ===

{{main|History of feminism#America|l1=Feminism in America}}

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=== Asian ===

{{main|Women's liberation movement in Asia|l1=Feminism in Asia}}

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=== European ===

{{main|Women's liberation movement in Europe|l1=Feminism in Europe}}

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=== Oceanian ===

{{main|Women's liberation movement in Oceania|l1=Feminism in Oceania}}

= LGBTQ social movements =

{{LGBTQ sidebar}}

{{main|LGBTQ social movements}}

{{See also|Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights}}

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= Men's movement =

{{Masculism sidebar}}{{main|Men's movement}}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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== Regional variants ==

{{main|Fathers' rights movement by country}}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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= Self-determination movements =

{{main|Self-determination}}

== African-American ==

{{Black Power sidebar}}

{{main|Black pride}}

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== Indigenous peoples ==

{{indigenous rights}}

{{main|Indigenism}}

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== Latin American ==

{{main|La raza}}

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= Separatist and supremacist movements =

{{main|Separatism|Supremacism}}

== Ethnic ==

{{main|Ethnic separatism|Ethnic supremacism}}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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=== Black ===

=== White ===

=== Regional variants ===

==== African ====

{{main|List of active separatist movements in Africa|l1=Separatism in Africa}}

==== American ====

{{main|Separatism#Americas|l1=Separatism in the Americas}}

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==== Asian ====

{{main|Separatism#Asia|l1=Separatism in Asia}}

==== European ====

{{main|Separatism in Europe}}

==== Oceania ====

{{main|Separatism#Australasia|l1=Separatism in Oceania}}

== Gender ==

{{main|Separatism#Gender and sexist speratism|Sexism|l1=Gender separatism}}

== Religious variants ==

{{main|Religious separatism|Supremacism#Fundamentalism|l2=Religious supremacism}}

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= Student movements =

{{Students' rights sidebar}}{{main|Student rights}}

== General ==

== Regional variants ==

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Liberalism

{{Liberalism sidebar}}{{Individualism sidebar}}

{{main|Liberalism}}

{{further|Age of Enlightenment}}

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Other =

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= Opposition =

= Regional variants =

{{main|Liberalism by country}}

== African ==

{{main|History of liberalism#Africa and Asia|l1=Liberalism in Africa}}

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== American ==

{{main|History of liberalism#Americas|l1=Liberalism in America}}

{{Liberalism US}}

{{Modern liberalism US}}

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== Asian ==

{{main|History of liberalism#Africa and Asia|l1=Liberalism in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|Liberalism in Europe}}

{{Liberalism UK}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|History of liberalism#Oceania|l1=Liberalism in Oceania}}

Libertarianism

{{Libertarianism sidebar}}{{main|Libertarianism}}

; Political internationals

= Left-libertarianism =

{{Libertarian socialism sidebar}}{{main|Left-libertarianism}}

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= Right-libertarianism =

{{main|Right-libertarianism}}

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= Other =

{{see also|Classical liberalism}}

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

= Regional variants =

== African ==

== American ==

{{Libertarianism US}}

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=== United States ===

{{main|Libertarianism in the United States}}

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== Asian ==

== European ==

== Oceanian ==

Nationalism

{{Nationalism sidebar}}{{main|Nationalism}}

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Other =

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= Opposition =

{{main|Anti-nationalism}}

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= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious nationalism}}

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= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{Pan-African}}

{{main|African nationalism|l1=Nationalism in Africa}}

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== American ==

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== Asian ==

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== European ==

{{main|Rise of nationalism in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

= Unification movements =

{{main|Pan-nationalism}}

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Populism

{{populism sidebar}}

{{main|Populism}}

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Left-wing populism =

{{main|Left-wing populism}}

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= Right-wing populism =

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= Other =

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= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|Populism#Africa and Asia|l1=Populism in Africa}}

== Asian ==

{{main|Populism#Africa and Asia|l1=Populism in Asia}}

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== American ==

{{main|Populism#North America|Populism#Latin America|l1=Populism in North America|l2=Populism in Latin America}}

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== European ==

{{main|Populism#Europe|l1=Populism in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|Populism#Oceania|l1=Populism in Oceania}}

Progressivism

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{{main|Progressivism}}

; Political internationals

= General =

= Other =

= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

= Regional variants =

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Religio-political ideologies

{{main|Religion and politics}}

; Political internationals

= General =

{{humanism}}

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= Political atheism and agnosticism =

= Political Baháʼí Faith =

= Political Buddhism =

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= Political Christianity =

{{main|Christianity and politics}}

{{Integralism}}

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= Political Confucianism =

= Political Hinduism =

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= Political indigenous religions =

= Political Islam =

{{Islamism sidebar}}

{{main|Political aspects of Islam}}

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= Political Judaism =

{{main|Judaism and politics|Jewish political movements}}

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= Political Neopaganism =

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= Political Shinto =

= Political Sikhism =

= Political Taoism =

= Political Zoroastrianism =

Satirical and anti-politics

{{main|Political satire}}

{{see also|List of frivolous political parties}}

= General =

{{see also|Abstention|Dealignment|Political apathy|Political protest|Protest vote|Voter fatigue}}

= Other =

{{see also|Anti-elitism}}

= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious rejection of politics}}

= Regional variants =

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Social democracy

{{Social democracy sidebar}}{{main|Social democracy}}

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Other =

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= Opposition =

{{main|Criticism of social democracy}}

= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|African socialism|l1=Social democracy in Africa}}

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== American ==

{{main|History of socialism#Americas|l1=Social democracy in America}}

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== Asian ==

{{main|History of socialism#Asia|l1=Social democracy in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|History of socialism#Europe|l1=Social democracy in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|History of socialism#Oceania|l1=Social democracy in Oceania}}

Socialism

{{Socialism sidebar}}

{{main|Socialism}}

File:Red_star.svg

; Political internationals

= General =

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= Authoritarian =

{{main|Authoritarian socialism}}

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= Libertarian =

{{Libertarian socialism sidebar}}{{main|Libertarian socialism}}

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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= Other =

{{labor}}

{{main|Types of socialism}}

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= Opposition =

= Religious variants =

{{main|Religious socialism}}

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= Regional variants =

== African ==

{{main|African socialism|l1=Socialism in Africa}}

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== American ==

{{Socialism US}}

{{main|History of socialism#Americas|l1=Socialism in America}}

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== Asian ==

{{main|History of socialism#Asia|l1=Socialism in Asia}}

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== European ==

{{main|History of socialism#Europe|l1=Socialism in Europe}}

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== Oceanian ==

{{main|History of socialism#Oceania|l1=Socialism in Oceania}}

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Syndicalism

{{Syndicalism sidebar}}{{main|Syndicalism}}

; Political internationals

= General =

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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= Other =

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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= Opposition =

= Regional variants =

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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Transhumanism

{{transhumanism}}

{{main|Transhumanist politics}}

; Political internationals

= General =

{{main|Transhumanism}}

= Other =

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}

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= Regional variants =

See also

{{#invoke:Portal|portal|Politics}}

References

{{Reflist}}

{{political ideologies}}

*list