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List of skin conditions#Mycobacterium-related

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Image:RougeoleDP.jpg due to measles]]

Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.{{cite journal |vauthors=Lippens S, Hoste E, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P, Declercq W|title=Cell death in the skin |journal=Apoptosis |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=549–69 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19221876 |doi=10.1007/s10495-009-0324-z|s2cid=13058619 }} The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.Burns, Tony; et al. (2006) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM. Wiley-Blackwell. {{ISBN|1-4051-3130-6}}. Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle.{{cite journal |vauthors=Paus R, Cotsarelis G|title=The biology of hair follicles |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=341 |issue=7 |pages=491–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10441606 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199908123410706 |s2cid=35532108 }} In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.{{cite book |author=Goldsmith, Lowell A. |title=Biochemistry and physiology of the skin |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-19-261253-3 }}{{cite journal |author=Fuchs E |title=Scratching the surface of skin development |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7130 |pages=834–42 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17314969 |pmc=2405926 |doi=10.1038/nature05659 |bibcode=2007Natur.445..834F }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuchs E, Horsley V|title=More than one way to skin |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=976–85 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18413712 |pmc=2732395 |doi=10.1101/gad.1645908 }}

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.{{cite book |author1=Bolognia, Jean L |title=Dermatology |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 |display-authors=etal}}

The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis.{{cite book |author=Rapini, Ronald P |title=Practical dermatopathology |url=https://archive.org/details/practicaldermato0000rapi |url-access=registration |publisher=Elsevier Mosby |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-323-01198-3 }} The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance. Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.{{cite book |author=Grant-Kels JM |title=Color Atlas of Dermatopathology (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science) |publisher=Informa Healthcare |year=2007 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=v2L21vtvm0MC&pg=PT163 163] | isbn=978-0-8493-3794-9 }} The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=T |chapter=Cutaneous Circulation |editor-last=Goldsmith |editor-first=Lowell A |title=Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of the skin |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |edition=2nd |year=1991 |page=1019 |isbn=978-0-19-505612-9 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ|title=Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=111S–115S |date=January 1993 |pmid=8423379 |doi= 10.1038/jid.1993.33|doi-access=free }}

The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia.{{cite book |author=Lynch, Peter J |title=Dermatology |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-683-05252-7 }} This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.

Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails).{{cite journal |author=King, LS |title=What Is Disease? |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=21 |issue= 3|pages=193–203 |year=1954 |doi= 10.1086/287343|s2cid=120875348 }}{{cite book |author=Bluefarb, Samuel M |title=Dermatology |publisher=Upjohn Co |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-89501-004-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dermatology00samu }} While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known.{{cite journal |vauthors=Tilles G, Wallach D|title=[The history of nosology in dermatology] |language=fr |journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=9–26 |year=1989 |pmid=2653160 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Lambert WC, Everett MA|title=The nosology of parapsoriasis |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=373–95 |date=October 1981 |pmid=7026622 |doi= 10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70100-2}} Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.{{cite journal |author=Jackson R |title=Historical outline of attempts to classify skin diseases |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=116 |issue=10 |pages=1165–68 |year=1977 |pmid=324589 |pmc=1879511 }}{{cite journal |author=Copeman PW |title=The creation of global dermatology |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=78–84 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7769599 |pmc=1295100 }} Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow).{{cite book |author1=Fitzpatrick, Thomas B |author2=Klauss Wolff |author3=Wolff, Klaus Dieter |author4=Johnson, Richard R. |author5=Suurmond, Dick |author6=Richard Suurmond |title=Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-07-144019-6 }} Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information{{cite journal |author=Werner B |title=[Skin biopsy and its histopathologic analysis: Why? What for? How? Part I] |language=pt |journal=An Bras Dermatol |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=391–5 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19851671 |doi= 10.1590/S0365-05962009000400010|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |author=Werner B |title=[Skin biopsy with histopathologic analysis: why? what for? how? part II] |language=pt |journal=An Bras Dermatol |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=507–13 |date=October 2009 |pmid=20098854 |doi= 10.1590/S0365-05962009000500010|doi-access=free }} that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.{{cite book |author1=Xiaowei Xu |author2=Elder, David A |author3=Rosalie Elenitsas |author4=Johnson, Bernett L |author5=Murphy, George E |title=Lever's Histopathology of the Skin |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-7363-8 }}{{cite book |title=Weedon's Skin Pathology, 2-Volume Set: Expert Consult - Online and Print |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7020-3941-6 }}{{cite book |author1=David J DiCaudo |author2=Dirk Elston MD |author3=Dirk M Elston |author4=Tammie Ferringer |author5=Christine J Ko |author6=Christine Ko MD |author7=Steven Peckham |author8=Whitney A High |title=Dermatopathology |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7020-3023-9 }}

Acneiform eruptions

{{see also|Category:Acneiform eruptions}}Image:Akne-jugend.jpg|alt=Adult forehead with scattered red pimples]]Image:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp - perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens - Hoffman disease - 40yo male of African descent.jpg|alt=Boggy, suppurative nodule with patchy hair loss typical of dissecting cellulitis of the scalp]]Image:Rhinopyma.JPG|alt=Adult male with a large, red, bulbous nose]]Acneiform eruptions are caused by changes in the pilosebaceous unit.{{cite journal |author=Rustin MH |title=Dermatology |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=66 |issue=781 |pages=894–905 |year=1990 |pmid=2148371 |pmc=2429766 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.66.781.894 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldman S, Careccia RE, Barham KL, Hancox J|title=Diagnosis and treatment of acne |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=2123–30 |year=2004 |pmid=15152959}}

Autoinflammatory syndromes

{{see also|Category:Autoinflammatory syndromes}}

Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by bouts of inflammatory skin lesions and periodic fevers.{{cite journal |author=Fietta P |title=Autoinflammatory diseases: the hereditary periodic fever syndromes |journal=Acta Biomed |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=92–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15481697 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Centola M, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL|title=The hereditary periodic fever syndromes: molecular analysis of a new family of inflammatory diseases |journal=Hum Mol Genet |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=1581–8 |year=1998 |pmid=9735379 |doi=10.1093/hmg/7.10.1581 |doi-access=free }}

Chronic blistering

{{see also|Category:Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions}}

Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present with vesicles and bullae.{{Cite book | last1 = Chan | first1 = Lawrence S | title = Blistering Skin Diseases | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X0QzPwAACAAJ | date = 30 March 2009 | publisher = Manson Publishing Ltd |edition= 1 | isbn = 978-1-84076-066-8 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A|title=Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Dermatol Ther |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=214–23 |year=2003 |pmid=14510878 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8019.2003.01631.x |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Eming R, Hertl M|title=Autoimmune bullous disorders |journal=Clin Chem Lab Med |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=144–9 |year=2006 |pmid=16475898 |doi=10.1515/CCLM.2006.027 |author3=Autoimmune Diagnostics Working Group |s2cid=24967692 |doi-access=free }}

Conditions of the mucous membranes

{{see also|Category:Conditions of the mucous membranes}}

Conditions of the mucous membranes involve the moist linings of the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, and anus.{{cite book |author=James, William D |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |display-authors=etal}}

Conditions of the skin appendages

{{see also|Category:Conditions of the skin appendages}}

Conditions of the skin appendages are those affecting the glands of the skin, hair, nails, and arrector pili muscles.{{cite book |author1=Miller, Jeffrey H |author2=Marks, James G |title=Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology |publisher=Saunders |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4160-3185-7 }}{{cite book |author1=Christine J Ko |author2=Schwarzenberger, Kathryn |author3=Werchniak, Andrew E |title=General dermatology |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7020-3093-2 }}

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat

{{see also|Category:Conditions of the subcutaneous fat}}

Conditions of the subcutaneous fat are those affecting the layer of adipose tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying fascia.{{cite journal |vauthors=Aronson IK, Tharp MD|title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Panniculitis |journal=Dermatologic Therapy |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=317–434 |year=2010 |pmid= 20666818|doi= 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01331.x|s2cid=221647926 | issn = 1529-8019

}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Requena L, Yus ES|title=Panniculitis. Part I. Mostly septal panniculitis |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=163–83; quiz 184–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11464178 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.114736 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Requena L, Sánchez Yus E|title=Panniculitis. Part II. Mostly lobular panniculitis |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=325–61; quiz 362–64 |year=2001 |pmid=11511831 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2001.114735 |s2cid=4824297 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Phelps RG, Shoji T|title=Update on panniculitis |journal=Mt Sinai J Med |volume=68 |issue=4–5 |pages=262–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11514913 |url=http://www.mssm.edu/msjournal/68/6845262.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214234332/http://mssm.edu/msjournal/68/6845262.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2009}}

Congenital anomalies

{{see also|Category:Cutaneous congenital anomalies}}

Cutaneous congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders that result from faulty morphogenesis, the biological process that forms the shape of a human body.{{cite journal |vauthors=Küster W, Traupe H|title=[Clinical aspects and genetics of congenital skin defects] |language=de |journal=Hautarzt |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=553–63 |date=September 1988 |pmid=3053531 }}{{cite book |author1=Andrea L. Zaenglein |author2=MD, Howard Gimbel |author3=Albert C Yan |title=Pediatric Dermatology: Requisites in Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Ltd |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7020-3022-2 }}

Connective tissue diseases

{{see also|Category:Connective tissue diseases}}

Connective tissue diseases are caused by a complex array of autoimmune responses that target or affect collagen or ground substance.{{cite book |author1=Crofford, Leslie J |author2=Klippel, John H |author3=Weyand, Cornelia M |author4=Stone, John F |title=Primer on the rheumatic diseases |publisher=Arthritis Foundation |location=Atlanta, GA |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-912423-29-6 }}

= Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue =

{{see also|Category:Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue}}File:Belly Strech Marks.jpg|alt=Fuzzy red lines on an abdomen]]

Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue are caused by problems in the regulation of collagen synthesis or degradation.{{cite journal |author=Ushiki T |title=Collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint |journal=Arch Histol Cytol |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=109–26 |year=2002 |pmid=12164335 |doi=10.1679/aohc.65.109|doi-access=free }}

Dermal and subcutaneous growths

{{see also|Category:Dermal and subcutaneous growths}}

Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or neoplastic proliferation of cellular components of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.

Dermatitis

{{see also|Category:Dermatitis}}

Dermatitis is a general term for "inflammation of the skin".{{cite journal |vauthors=Alsaad KO, Ghazarian D|title=My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses |journal=J Clin Pathol |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=1233–41 |year=2005 |pmid=16311340 |pmc=1770784 |doi=10.1136/jcp.2005.027151 }}

= Atopic =

{{see also|Category:Atopic dermatitis}}

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic dermatitis associated with a hereditary tendency to develop allergies to food and inhalant substances.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wüthrich B, Cozzio A, Roll A, Senti G, Kündig T, Schmid-Grendelmeier P|title=Atopic eczema: genetics or environment? |journal=Ann Agric Environ Med |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=195–201 |year=2007 |pmid=18247450}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M|title=Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organ |journal=Physiol Rev |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=1309–79 |year=2006 |pmid=17015491 |doi=10.1152/physrev.00026.2005 |s2cid=23288191 }}{{cite journal |author=Spergel JM |title=From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march |journal=Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=99–106; quiz 107–9, 117 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20674819 |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2009.10.002 }}

  • Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, disseminated neurodermatitis, flexural eczema, infantile eczema, prurigo diathsique)

= Contact =

{{see also|Category:Contact dermatitis}}

Contact dermatitis is caused by certain substances coming in contact with the skin.{{cite journal |vauthors=Saint-Mezard P, Rosieres A, Krasteva M |title=Allergic contact dermatitis |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=284–95 |year=2004 |pmid=15358566 |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/04/05/5F/article.phtml |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Krasteva M, Kehren J, Sayag M |title=Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=144–59 |year=1999 |pmid=10066966 |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/01/88/1A/article.phtml |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma VK, Asati DP|title=Pediatric contact dermatitis |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=514–20 |year=2010 |pmid=20826990 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.69070 |doi-access=free }}

= Eczema =

{{see also|Category:Eczema}}

Eczema refers to a broad range of conditions that begin as spongiotic dermatitis and may progress to a lichenified stage.{{cite journal |author=Buxton PK |title=ABC of dermatology. Eczema and dermatitis |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=295 |issue=6605 |pages=1048–51 |year=1987 |pmid=3120868 |pmc=1248082 |doi=10.1136/bmj.295.6605.1048 }}

Image:DyshidroticDermatitisOnHandsLateStage.jpg|alt=Small blisters and crusting on the distal fingertips]]

= Pustular =

{{see also|Category:Pustular dermatitis}}

Pustular dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that presents with pustular lesions.{{cite journal |vauthors=Mengesha YM, Bennett ML|title=Pustular skin disorders: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=389–400 |year=2002 |pmid=12113648 |doi=10.2165/00128071-200203060-00003 |s2cid=30574470 }}

= Seborrheic =

{{see also|Category:Seborrheic dermatitis}}

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, superficial, inflammatory disease characterized by scaling on an erythematous base.{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwartz RA, Janusz CA, Janniger CK|title=Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |year=2006 |pmid=16848386}}

Disturbances of pigmentation

{{see also|Category:Disturbances of human pigmentation}}

Disturbances of human pigmentation, either loss or reduction, may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly.{{cite journal |vauthors=Costin GE, Hearing VJ|title=Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress |journal=FASEB J |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=976–94 |year=2007 |pmid=17242160 |doi=10.1096/fj.06-6649rev |doi-access=free |s2cid=10713500 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamaguchi Y, Brenner M, Hearing VJ|title=The regulation of skin pigmentation |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=282 |issue=38 |pages=27557–61 |year=2007 |pmid=17635904 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R700026200 |s2cid=20459727 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Davis EC, Callender VD|title=Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color |journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=20–31 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20725554 |pmc=2921758 }}

Drug eruptions

{{see also|Category:Drug eruptions}}

Drug eruptions are adverse drug reactions that present with cutaneous manifestations.{{cite journal |author=Goolamali SK |title=Drug eruptions |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=61 |issue=720 |pages=925–33 |year=1985 |pmid=2932688 |pmc=2418295 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.61.720.925 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Svensson CK, Cowen EW, Gaspari AA |title=Cutaneous drug reactions |journal=Pharmacol Rev |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=357–79 |year=2001 |pmid=11546834 |url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/53/3/357 |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013090701/http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/53/3/357 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramdial PK, Naidoo DK|title=Drug-induced cutaneous pathology |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=493–504 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19155238 |doi=10.1136/jcp.2008.058289 |s2cid=13126245 }}

Endocrine-related

{{see also|Category:Endocrine-related cutaneous conditions}}

Endocrine conditions often present with cutaneous findings as the skin interacts with the endocrine system in many ways.{{cite journal |author=Reichrath J |title=The skin is a fascinating endocrine organ |journal=Dermatoendocrinol |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=195–6 |date=July 2009 |pmid=20592790 |pmc=2835874 |doi= 10.4161/derm.1.4.9653}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Slominski A, Wortsman J|title=Neuroendocrinology of the skin |journal=Endocr Rev |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=457–87 |year=2000 |doi=10.1210/edrv.21.5.0410 |pmid=11041445 |doi-access=free }}

Eosinophilic

{{see also|Category:Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions}}

Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions encompass a wide variety of diseases that are characterized histologically by the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate, or evidence of eosinophil degranulation.{{cite journal |author=Heymann WR |title=Eosinophilic dermatoses |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=114–5 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16781301 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2006.02.058 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Machado-Pinto J, McCalmont TH, Golitz LE|title=Eosinophilic and neutrophilic spongiosis: clues to the diagnosis of immunobullous diseases and other inflammatory disorders |journal=Semin Cutan Med Surg |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=308–16 |date=December 1996 |pmid=9069598 |doi= 10.1016/S1085-5629(96)80044-7}}

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts

{{see also|Category:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts}}

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts are skin lesions that develop from the epidermal layer of the skin.{{cite book |author1=Freedberg, Irwin M |title=Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-138076-8 |display-authors=etal}}

Erythemas

File:Erythema migrans - erythematous rash in Lyme disease - PHIL 9875.jpg|alt=Large erythematous patch in the pattern of a "bull's-eye" on a woman's posterior upper arm]]

{{see also|Category:Erythemas}}

Erythemas are reactive skin conditions in which there is blanchable redness.

Genodermatoses

{{see also|Category:Genodermatoses}}

Genodermatoses are inherited genetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories: chromosomal, single gene, and polygenetic.{{cite book |author=Joel L. Spitz |title=Genodermatoses: a clinical guide to genetic skin disorders |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7817-4088-3 }}{{cite journal |author=McLean WH |title=Genetic disorders of palm skin and nail |journal=J Anat |volume=202 |issue=1 |pages=133–41 |year=2003 |pmid=12587928 |pmc=1571049 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00141.x |last2=Epithelial Genetics |first2=Group }}

Infection-related

{{see also|Category:Infection-related cutaneous conditions|Skin and skin structure infection}}

Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused by bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or parasites.{{cite book |author=Habif, Thomas P. |title=Skin disease: diagnosis and treatment |publisher=Mosby |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8151-3762-7 }}

= Bacterium-related =

{{see also|Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions|Bacterial skin infection}}

Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.{{cite journal |vauthors=Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA |title=Common bacterial skin infections |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=119–24 |year=2002 |pmid=12126026 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020701/119.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104522/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020701/119.html |url-status=dead }}

== ''Mycobacterium''-related ==

{{see also|Category:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions}}

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions are caused by Mycobacterium infections.{{cite journal |vauthors=Frankel A, Penrose C, Emer J|title=Cutaneous tuberculosis: a practical case report and review for the dermatologist |journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=19–27 |date=October 2009 |pmid=20725570 |pmc=2923933 }}

= Mycosis-related =

{{see also|Category:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions|Fungal skin infection}}

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, or nails.

= Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites =

{{see also|Category:Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin}}

Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa.{{cite journal |author=Diaz JH |title=Mite-transmitted dermatoses and infectious diseases in returning travelers |journal=J Travel Med |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |year=2010 |pmid=20074098 |doi=10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00352.x |doi-access=free }}

= Virus-related =

{{see also|Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions|Viral skin infections}}

Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites.{{cite journal |title=The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints and therapeutic options |journal=Cutis |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=suppl 1–11; quiz suppl 12 |date=November 2010 |pmid=21214125 |last2=Rosen |last3=Stockfleth |author1 = Lebwohl MG|author-link1 = Mark . Lebwohl}}

Lichenoid eruptions

{{see also|Category:Lichenoid eruptions}}

Lichenoid eruptions are dermatoses related to the unique, common inflammatory disorder lichen planus, which affects the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair.{{cite journal |author1=Ismail SB |author2=Kumar SK |author3=Zain RB|title=Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation |journal=J Oral Sci |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=89–106 |year=2007 |pmid=17634721 |doi=10.2334/josnusd.49.89 |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/49/2/89/_pdf|doi-access=free }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite journal |author=Katta R |title=Lichen planus |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=3319–24, 3327–8 |year=2000 |pmid=10865927 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Kanwar AJ, De D|title=Lichen planus in children |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=366–72 |year=2010 |pmid=20657116 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.66581 |doi-access=free }}

Lymphoid-related

{{see also|Category:Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions}}

Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions are a group of disorders characterized by collections of lymphocyte cells within the skin.{{cite journal |vauthors=Connors JM, Hsi ED, Foss FM|title=Lymphoma of the skin |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume= 2002|issue= 1|pages=263–82 |year=2002 |pmid=12446427 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.263 |s2cid=29810336 |doi-access=free }}

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms

{{see also|Category:Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms}}

Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms are caused by either a proliferation of (1) melanocytes, or (2) nevus cells, a form of melanocyte that lack dendritic processes.{{cite book |author1=Alan N Houghton |author2=Balch, Charles M. |title=Cutaneous melanoma |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-397-51052-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cutaneousmelanom0000unse }}{{cite journal |author=Venkatesan A |title=Pigmented lesions of the vulva |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20883921 |doi=10.1016/j.det.2010.08.007 }}

= Melanoma =

{{see also|Category:Melanoma}}

Melanoma is a malignant proliferation of melanocytes and the most aggressive type of skin cancer.{{cite journal |vauthors=Petrescu I, Condrea C, Alexandru A |title=Diagnosis and treatment protocols of cutaneous melanoma: latest approach 2010 |journal=Chirurgia (Bucur) |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=637–43 |year=2010 |pmid=21141087 |display-authors=etal}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Wojas-Pelc A, Rajzer L, Jaworek A, Woźniak W|title=[The latest diagnostical methods and therapy in melanoma] |language=pl |journal=Prz. Lek. |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=674–80 |year=2006 |pmid=17441381 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Krone B, Grange JM|title=Melanoma, Darwinian medicine and the inner world |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=136 |issue=12 |pages=1787–94 |date=December 2010 |pmid=20852885 |pmc=2962785 |doi=10.1007/s00432-010-0949-x }}

Monocyte- and macrophage-related

{{see also|Category:Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions}}

Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions are characterized histologically by infiltration of the skin by monocyte or macrophage cells, often divided into several categories, including granulomatous disease,{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawryluk EB, Izikson L, English JC|title=Non-Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Skin and their Associated Systemic Diseases: An Evidence-Based Update to Important Clinical Questions |journal=Am J Clin Dermatol |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=171–81 |year=2010 |pmid=20184390 |doi=10.2165/11530080-000000000-00000 |s2cid=10907243 }} histiocytoses,{{cite journal |author=Vardiman JW |title=The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: an overview with emphasis on the myeloid neoplasms |journal=Chem. Biol. Interact. |volume=184 |issue=1–2 |pages=16–20 |date=March 2010 |pmid=19857474 |doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.009 |bibcode=2010CBI...184...16V }} and sarcoidosis.{{cite journal |vauthors=Dempsey OJ, Paterson EW, Kerr KM, Denison AR|title=Sarcoidosis |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |pages=b3206 |year=2009 |pmid=19717499 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.b3206|s2cid=220114548 }}

Mucinoses

{{see also|Category:Mucinoses}}

Mucinoses are a group of conditions caused by dermal fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides.

Neurocutaneous

{{see also|Category:Neurocutaneous conditions}}

Neurocutaneous conditions are due organic nervous system disease or are psychiatric in etiology.{{cite journal |author=Jafferany M |title=Psychodermatology: a guide to understanding common psychocutaneous disorders |journal=Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=203–13 |year=2007 |pmid=17632653 |pmc=1911167 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v09n0306}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Harth W, Hermes B, Niemeier V, Gieler U|title=Clinical pictures and classification of somatoform disorders in dermatology |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=607–14 |year=2006 |pmid=17229599 |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/04/28/31/article.phtml }}

Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related

{{see also|Category:Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions}}

Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell or B-cell dysfunction.{{cite journal |vauthors=Sillevis Smitt JH, Wulffraat NM, Kuijpers TW|title=The skin in primary immunodeficiency disorders |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=425–32 |year=2005 |pmid=16280293 |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/04/12/B8/article.phtml }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooper MD, Lanier LL, Conley ME, Puck JM|title=Immunodeficiency disorders |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume= 2003|issue= 1|pages=314–30 |year=2003 |pmid=14633788 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.314 |doi-access=free }}

Nutrition-related

{{see also|Category:Malnutrition}}

Nutrition-related cutaneous conditions are caused by malnutrition due to an improper or inadequate diet.{{cite journal |author=Miller SJ |title=Nutritional deficiency and the skin |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |year=1989 |pmid=2663932 |doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70144-4 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Heath ML, Sidbury R|title=Cutaneous manifestations of nutritional deficiency |journal=Curr Opin Pediatr |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=417–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16914997 |doi=10.1097/01.mop.0000236392.87203.cc |s2cid=24426312 }}

Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic

{{see also|Category:Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions}}

Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions are those that present with papules and scales caused by a thickening of the stratum corneum.

File:Pityriasis rosea-3.jpg|alt=Multiple, red, well demarcated papules and plaques on the flank of an adult male]]

= Palmoplantar keratodermas =

{{see also|Category:Palmoplantar keratodermas}}

Palmoplantar keratodermas are a diverse group of hereditary and acquired keratodermas in which there is hyperkeratosis of the skin of the palms and soles.{{cite journal |author=Christiano AM |title=Frontiers in keratodermas: pushing the envelope |journal=Trends Genet. |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=227–33 |date=June 1997 |pmid=9196328 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(97)01104-9 |doi-access=free }}

Image:Plantarkeratosis-01.jpg|alt=Bottom of an adult's foot with a thickened and scaling surface]]

  • Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa (keratoelastoidosis marginalis)
  • Aquagenic keratoderma (acquired aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma, aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma)
  • Bart–Pumphrey syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with knuckle pads and leukonychia and deafness)
  • Camisa disease
  • Carvajal syndrome (striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, striate palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy)
  • Corneodermatoosseous syndrome (CDO syndrome)
  • Diffuse epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (palmoplantar keratoderma cum degeneratione granulosa Vörner, Vörner's epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, Vörner keratoderma)
  • Diffuse nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (diffuse orthohyperkeratotic keratoderma, hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris diffusa circumscripta, tylosis, Unna–Thost disease, Unna–Thost keratoderma)
  • Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (erythrokeratodermia figurata variabilis, keratosis extremitatum progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Mendes da Costa syndrome, Mendes da Costa type erythrokeratodermia, progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma)
  • Focal acral hyperkeratosis (acrokeratoelastoidosis lichenoides, degenerative collagenous plaques of the hand)
  • Focal palmoplantar and gingival keratosis
  • Focal palmoplantar keratoderma with oral mucosal hyperkeratosis (focal epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, hereditary painful callosities, hereditary painful callosity syndrome, keratosis follicularis, keratosis palmoplantaris nummularis, nummular epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Haim–Munk syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis and arachnodactyly and acro-osteolysis)
  • Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (alopecia congenita with keratosis palmoplantaris, Clouston syndrome, Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, Fischer–Jacobsen–Clouston syndrome, keratosis palmaris with drumstick fingers, palmoplantar keratoderma and clubbing)
  • Howel–Evans syndrome (familial keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with carcinoma of the esophagus, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type III, palmoplantar keratoderma associated with esophageal cancer, tylosis, tylosis–esophageal carcinoma)
  • Hystrix-like ichthyosis–deafness syndrome (HID syndrome)
  • Keratoderma climactericum (acquired plantar keratoderma, climacteric keratoderma, Haxthausen's disease)
  • Keratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris (Buschke–Fischer–Brauer disease, Davis Colley disease, keratoderma disseminatum palmaris et plantaris, keratosis papulosa, keratoderma punctatum, keratodermia punctata, keratoma hereditarium dissipatum palmare et plantare, palmar and plantar seed dermatoses, palmar keratoses, papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma, punctate keratoderma, punctate keratoses of the palms and soles, maculosa disseminata)
  • Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness syndrome (erythrokeratodermia progressiva Burns, ichthyosiform erythroderma with corneal involvement and deafness, KID syndrome)
  • Mal de Meleda (acral keratoderma, Gamborg–Nielsen keratoderma, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma of the Gamborg–Nielsen type, palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII, palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type)
  • Naxos syndrome (diffuse non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and cardiomyopathy, diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy of Naxos, Naxos disease)
  • Olmsted syndrome (mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial keratotic plaques, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial plaques, polykeratosis of Touraine)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type I (Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome)
  • Pachyonychia congenita type II (Jackson–Lawler pachyonychia congenita, Jackson–Sertoli syndrome)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma and spastic paraplegia (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease with palmoplantar keratoderma and nail dystrophy)
  • Palmoplantar keratoderma of Sybert (Greither palmoplantar keratoderma, Greither syndrome, keratosis extremitatum hereditaria progrediens, keratosis palmoplantaris transgrediens et progrediens, Sybert keratoderma, transgrediens and progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis)
  • Porokeratosis plantaris discreta
  • Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma
  • Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome (eyelid cysts with palmoplantar keratoderma and hypodontia and hypotrichosis)
  • Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez (Huriez syndrome, palmoplantar keratoderma with scleroatrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma with sclerodactyly, scleroatrophic and keratotic dermatosis of the limbs, sclerotylosis)
  • Striate palmoplantar keratoderma (acral keratoderma, Brünauer–Fuhs–Siemens type of palmoplantar keratoderma, focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, keratosis palmoplantaris varians, palmoplantar keratoderma areata, palmoplantar keratoderma striata, Wachter keratoderma, Wachters palmoplantar keratoderma)
  • Spiny keratoderma (porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, punctate keratoderma, punctate porokeratosis of the palms and soles)
  • Tyrosinemia type II (oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, Richner–Hanhart syndrome)
  • Vohwinkel syndrome (keratoderma hereditaria mutilans, keratoma hereditaria mutilans, mutilating keratoderma of Vohwinkel, mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma)

Pregnancy-related

File:Linea nigra.jpg|alt=Linear, vertical brown patch inferior to umbilicus on the abdomen of a pregnant woman]]

{{see also|Category:Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions}}

Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions are a group of skin changes observed during pregnancy.{{cite journal |author=Shornick JK |title=Dermatoses of pregnancy |journal=Semin Cutan Med Surg |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=172–81 |date=September 1998 |pmid=9759674 |doi= 10.1016/S1085-5629(98)80011-4}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Holmes RC, Black MM|title=The specific dermatoses of pregnancy |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=405–12 |date=March 1983 |pmid=6833540 |doi= 10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70046-0}}

Pruritic

{{see also|Category:Pruritic skin conditions}}

Pruritus, commonly known as itchiness, is a sensation exclusive to the skin, and characteristic of many skin conditions.{{cite journal |author=Greaves MW |title=Recent advances in pathophysiology and current management of itch |journal=Ann Acad Med Singap |volume=36 |issue=9 |pages=788–92 |year=2007 |doi=10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V36N9p788 |doi-broken-date=2 November 2024 |pmid=17925991 |s2cid=11300428 |url=http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/36VolNo9Sep2007/V36N9p788.pdf }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinhoff M, Bienenstock J, Schmelz M, Maurer M, Wei E, Bíró T|title=Neurophysiological, neuroimmunological, and neuroendocrine basis of pruritus |journal=J Invest Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=8 |pages=1705–18 |year=2006 |pmid=16845410 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700231 |doi-access=free }}

Psoriasis

{{see also|Category:Psoriasis}}

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by circumscribed, erythematous, dry, scaling plaques.{{cite journal |vauthors=Langley RG, Krueger GG, Griffiths CE|title=Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical features, and quality of life |journal=Ann Rheum Dis |volume=64 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=ii18–23; discussion ii24–5 |year=2005 |pmid=15708928 |pmc=1766861 |doi=10.1136/ard.2004.033217 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Luba KM, Stulberg DL|title=Chronic plaque psoriasis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=636–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16506705 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Krueger JG, Bowcock A|title=Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis |journal=Ann Rheum Dis |volume=64 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=ii30–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15708932 |pmc=1766865 |doi=10.1136/ard.2004.031120 }}

Image:Psoriasisplaque.jpg|alt=Large, red, scaly plaque]]

Reactive neutrophilic

{{see also|Category:Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions}}

Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions constitute a spectrum of disease mediated by neutrophils, and typically associated with underlying diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and hematologic malignancy.{{cite journal |author=Callen JP |title=Neutrophilic dermatoses |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=409–19 |year=2002 |pmid=12170875 |doi=10.1016/S0733-8635(02)00006-2 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallach D, Vignon-Pennamen MD|title=From acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis to neutrophilic disease: forty years of clinical research |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1066–71 |year=2006 |pmid=17097401 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2006.07.016 }}

File:Pyoderma gangrenosum 01.jpg|alt=Multiple ulcerations with undermined edges on the adult back and upper, posterior arm]]

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions

{{see also|Category:Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions}}

Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions are skin conditions of the palms and soles which are resistant to treatment.

  • Dermatitis repens (acrodermatitis continua, acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau, acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau, acrodermatitis perstans, dermatitis repens Crocker, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis, Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua, pustular acrodermatitis)
  • Infantile acropustulosis (acropustulosis of infancy)
  • Palmoplantar pustulosis (persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, pustular psoriasis of the Barber type, pustular psoriasis of the extremities, pustulosis of palms and soles, pustulosis palmaris et plantaris)
  • Pustular bacterid

Resulting from errors in metabolism

{{see also|Category:Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism}}

Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism are caused by enzymatic defects that lead to an accumulation or deficiency of various cellular components, including, but not limited to, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Resulting from physical factors

{{see also|Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors}}

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ermertcan AT, Ertan P|title=Skin manifestations of child abuse |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=317–26 |year=2010 |pmid=20657110 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.66572 |doi-access=free }}{{cite book |author1=Rebecca Tung |author2=Murad Alam MD |author3=Hayes B Gladstone |title=Cosmetic Dermatology: Requisites in Dermatology Series |publisher=Saunders Ltd |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7020-3143-4 }}

= Ionizing radiation-induced =

{{see also|Category:Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions}}

Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions result from exposure to ionizing radiation.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hymes SR, Strom EA, Fife C|title=Radiation dermatitis: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment 2006 |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=28–46 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16384753 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.054 }}

Urticaria and angioedema

{{see also|Category:Urticaria and angioedema}}

Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals, which are firm, elevated swellings of the skin.{{cite journal |author=Clarke P |title=Urticaria |journal=Aust Fam Physician |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=501–03 |year=2004 |pmid=15301166 |url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200407/14489}} Angioedema, which can occur alone or with

urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, or upper airway.{{cite journal |author=Muller BA |title=Urticaria and angioedema: a practical approach |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=1123–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15023012 }}

Image:SkinConditionFront1.PNG|alt=Raised, edematous, red skin lesions on the abdomen]]

Vascular-related

{{see also|Category:Vascular-related cutaneous conditions}}

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of the blood or blood vessels in the dermis, or lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissues.{{cite journal |vauthors=Carlson JA, Cavaliere LF, Grant-Kels JM|title=Cutaneous vasculitis: diagnosis and management |journal=Clin. Dermatol. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=414–29 |year=2006 |pmid=16966021 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.007 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Panuncialman J, Falanga V|title=Unusual causes of cutaneous ulceration |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=1161–80 |date=December 2010 |pmid=21074034 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2010.08.006 |pmc=2991050}}

See also

Footnotes

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|colwidth=60em}}

  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Andrews RM, McCarthy J, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ |title=Skin disorders, including pyoderma, scabies, and tinea infections |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=1421–40 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19962029 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.002 }}
  • {{cite book |author1=Anthony J. Mancini |author2=Amy S. Paller |title=Hurwitz's Clinical Pediatric Dermatology: A Textbook of Skin Disorders of Childhood And Adolescence |publisher=W.B. Saunders Company |location=Philadelphia, PA |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7216-0498-5 }}
  • {{cite book |author=Asra Ali |title=Dermatology: a pictorial review |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-07-142293-2 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Bickers DR, Athar M |title=Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease |journal=J Invest Dermatol |volume=126 |issue=12 |pages=2565–75 |year=2006 |pmid=17108903 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700340 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite book |author=Callen, Jeffrey |title=Color atlas of dermatology |publisher=WB Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7216-8256-3 }}
  • {{cite book |author1=Cox, Neil |author2=White, Gary |title=Diseases of the skin: a color atlas and text |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7234-3155-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/diseasesofskinco0000whit }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Cunha PR, Barraviera SR |title=Autoimmune bullous dermatoses |journal=An Bras Dermatol |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=111–24 |year=2009 |pmid=19503978 |doi= 10.1590/s0365-05962009000200003|bibcode=2009NYASA1173..203P |doi-access=free |hdl=11449/70945 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite book |author1=Dyall-Smith, Delwyn |author2=O'Brien, Timothy J |title=Dermatological Discoveries of the 20th Century |publisher=CRC Press-Parthenon Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-85070-085-2 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Dourmishev LA, Draganov PV |title=Paraneoplastic dermatological manifestation of gastrointestinal malignancies |journal=World J. Gastroenterol. |volume=15 |issue=35 |pages=4372–79 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19764087 |pmc=2747056 |doi=10.3748/wjg.15.4372 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Ely JW, Seabury Stone M |title=The generalized rash: part I. Differential diagnosis |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=726–34 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20229971 |url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=20229971 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Ely JW, Seabury Stone M |title=The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=735–9 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20229972 |url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=20229972 }}
  • {{cite web|author=Elston, Dirk|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/dermatology|title=Dermatology Articles (Diagnosis, Dermatologic Surgery, Histology, Prognosis, Follow-up) - eMedicine|access-date=2010-11-25}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Fawcett RS, Linford S, Stulberg DL |title=Nail abnormalities: clues to systemic disease |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1417–24 |year=2004 |pmid=15053406 }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Gawkrodger DJ |title=Occupational skin cancers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=458–63 |year=2004 |pmid=15486177 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqh098 }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://dermatologyinreview.com/pdf/dermatology_study_guide.pdf |title=Dermatology In-Review Study Guide |first1=William |last1=Hanke |date=30 August 2010 |publisher=Educational Testing and Assessment Systems |access-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709013805/http://dermatologyinreview.com/pdf/dermatology_study_guide.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2011 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Harries MJ, Lear JT |title=Occupational skin infections |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=441–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486175 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqh096 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Hazin R, Abu-Rajab Tamimi TI, Abuzetun JY, Zein NN |title=Recognizing and treating cutaneous signs of liver disease |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=599–606 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19797460 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.76A.08113 |s2cid=4363109 |url=http://www.ccjm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19797460 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Jadhav VM, Mahajan PM, Mhaske CB |title=Nail pitting and onycholysis |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=631–3 |year=2009 |pmid=19915259 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.57740 |url=http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?dv09221 |doi-access=free |hdl=1807/48540 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Luba MC, Bangs SA, Mohler AM, Stulberg DL |title=Common benign skin tumors |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=729–38 |year=2003 |pmid=12613727 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030215/729.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516072518/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030215/729.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Mancini AJ |title=Skin |journal=Pediatrics |volume=113 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=1114–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15060207 |doi=10.1542/peds.113.S3.1114 |s2cid=245095463 }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Maurer TA |title=Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection |journal=Top HIV Med |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=149–54 |year=2005 |pmid=16377853 |url=http://www.iasusa.org/pub/topics/2005/issue5/149.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907204845/http://www.iasusa.org/pub/topics/2005/issue5/149.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2008 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=McLaughlin MR, O'Connor NR, Ham P |title=Newborn skin: Part II. Birthmarks |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=56–60 |year=2008 |pmid=18236823 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20080101/56.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316163947/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20080101/56.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Mulinari-Brenner F, Bergfeld WF |title=Hair loss: diagnosis and management |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=70 |issue=8 |pages=705–6, 709–10, 712 |year=2003 |pmid=12959397 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.70.8.705 |doi-broken-date=2 December 2024 |s2cid=42671663 |url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/70/8/705.full.pdf }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Mysore V |title=Invisible dermatoses |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=239–48 |year=2010 |pmid=20445293 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.62962 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Nosrati N, Harting MS, Yang DJ, etal |title=Dermatology misnomers |journal=Dermatol. Online J. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=22 |year=2008 |doi=10.5070/D316Z9W9PH |pmid=18319039 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Oji V, Tadini G, Akiyama M, etal |title=Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses: results of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Sorèze 2009 |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=607–41 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20643494 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.020 |hdl=2263/15323 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connor NR, McLaughlin MR, Ham P |title=Newborn skin: Part I. Common rashes |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=47–52 |year=2008 |pmid=18236822 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20080101/47.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316164112/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20080101/47.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Pãunescu MM, Feier V, Pãunescu M, Dorneanu F, Sisak A, Ambros-Rudolph CM |title=Dermatoses of pregnancy |journal=Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |year=2008 |pmid=18454263 |url=http://ibmi.mf.uni-lj.si/acta-apa/acta-apa-08-1/1.pdf |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007213418/http://ibmi.mf.uni-lj.si/acta-apa/acta-apa-08-1/1.pdf |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Patel S, Sethi A |title=Imported tropical diseases |journal=Dermatol Ther |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=538–49 |year=2009 |pmid=19889137 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01275.x |s2cid=33633575 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Phanuphak N |title=Skin lesions: mirror images of oral lesion infections |journal=Adv. Dent. Res. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–72 |year=2006 |pmid=16672553 |doi= 10.1177/154407370601900114|s2cid=13013116 }}
  • {{cite book |author=Poblete-Lopez, Christine|title=Dermatologic Surgery: Requisites in Dermatology |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7020-3049-9 |display-authors=etal}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Pont MS, Elster AD |title=Lesions of skin and brain: modern imaging of the neurocutaneous syndromes |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=158 |issue=6 |pages=1193–203 |year=1992 |pmid=1590106 |doi=10.2214/ajr.158.6.1590106 }}
  • {{cite book |author1=Qureshi, Abrar A. |author2=Jaffer, Saeed N. |title=Dermatology quick glance |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-07-141526-2 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Ragunatha S, Inamadar AC |title=Neonatal dermatological emergencies |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=328–40 |year=2010 |pmid=20657112 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.66575 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Richens J |title=Genital manifestations of tropical diseases |journal=Sex Transm Infect |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=12–7 |year=2004 |pmid=14755029 |pmc=1758389 |doi=10.1136/sti.2003.004093 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sand M, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Paech V, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG |title=Cutaneous lesions of the nose |journal=Head Face Med |volume=6 |pages=7 |year=2010 |pmid=20525327 |pmc=2903548 |doi=10.1186/1746-160X-6-7 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sarkar R, Basu S, Agrawal RK, Gupta P |title=Skin care for the newborn |journal=Indian Pediatr |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=593–8 |date=July 2010 |pmid=20683112 |doi=10.1007/s13312-010-0132-0 |s2cid=5171489 |url=http://www.indianpediatrics.net/july2010/593.pdf }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Scott LA, Stone MS |title=Viral exanthems |journal=Dermatol Online J |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=4 |year=2003 |doi=10.5070/D33WD095BT |pmid=12952751 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/93/reviews/viral/scott.html }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Springer K, Brown M, Stulberg DL |title=Common hair loss disorders |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=93–102 |year=2003 |pmid=12887115 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030701/93.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=14 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514130939/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030701/93.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Stulberg DL, Clark N, Tovey D |title=Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults: Part I. Diagnostic approach, café au lait macules, diffuse hyperpigmentation, sun exposure, and phototoxic reactions |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1955–60 |year=2003 |pmid=14655804 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031115/1955.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723210547/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031115/1955.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Stulberg DL, Clark N, Tovey D |title=Common hyperpigmentation disorders in adults: Part II. Melanoma, seborrheic keratoses, acanthosis nigricans, melasma, diabetic dermopathy, tinea versicolor, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1963–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14655805 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031115/1963.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709021906/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031115/1963.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Teichman JM, Sea J, Thompson IM, Elston DM |title=Noninfectious penile lesions |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=167–74 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20082512 |url=http://www.aafp.org/link_out?pmid=20082512 }}
  • {{cite journal |author=Thiers BH |title=Dermatologic manifestations of internal cancer |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=130–48 |year=1986 |pmid=3011224 |doi=10.3322/canjclin.36.3.130 |s2cid=30429984 |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Tunzi M, Gray GR |title=Common skin conditions during pregnancy |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=211–18 |year=2007 |pmid=17263216 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070115/211.html |access-date=30 June 2009 |archive-date=28 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828164334/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070115/211.html |url-status=dead }}
  • {{citation | title = The Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pocket Guide: Treatment Algorithms and Management Options | author = Van Voorhees, Abby | author2 = Steven R Feldman | author3 = John YM Koo | author4 = Mark G. Lebwohl | author5 = Alan Menter | publisher = National Psoriasis Foundation | url = http://www.psoriasis.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=354 | edition = 3 | year = 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101219230945/http://psoriasis.org/NetCommunity/Document.Doc?id=354 | archive-date = 19 December 2010 }}
  • {{cite book |last1=White |first1=Gary M |last2=Cox |first2=Neil H |url=http://www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/hcp/content/white/white.htm |title=Diseases of the Skin |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329122802/http://www.merckmedicus.com/ppdocs/us/hcp/content/white/white.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Zargari O, Elpern DJ |title=Granulomatous diseases of the nose |journal=Int J Dermatol |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=1275–82; quiz 1282 |date=December 2009 |pmid=20415668 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04167.x |s2cid=1235300 }}

{{Refend}}

External links

{{Cutaneous infections}}

{{Vesiculobullous disease}}

{{Dermatitis and eczema}}

{{Papulosquamous disorders}}

{{Urticaria and erythema}}

{{Radiation-related disorders}}

{{Disorders of skin appendages}}

{{Pigmentation disorders}}

{{Cutaneous ketatosis, ulcer, atrophy, necrobiosis, and vasculitis}}

{{Cutaneous vasculitis}}

{{Factitial dermatitis}}

{{Neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatosis}}

{{Mucinoses}}

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Category:Dermatology-related lists

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